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Diseases of Feral Swine

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Diseases of Feral Swine Diseases of Bacterial Diseases Brucellosis Feral Swine What is it? Brucellosis is a disease in feral swine caused by Brucella suis. In the U.S., biovars 1 and 3 have been identified in feral swine. How is it transmitted? In swine, B. suis transmission occurs primarily through sexual contact, but can also occur through mucosal membranes, damaged skin, or through ingestion of infected tissues. Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and other livestock? Yes. In swine, infection can cause abortion, Leptospirosis lameness, hind limb paralysis, inflamed testicles or mammary glands, and abscesses in various What is it? tissues or extremities. However, the domestic Leptospirosis in feral swine is caused by members swine industry is considered brucellosis free. of the spirochete bacteria Leptospira interrogans, Asymptomatic infection with B. suis has been most commonly serovars bratislava and pomona. reported in cattle. How is it transmitted? Can it be transmitted to humans? Infectious leptospires are transmitted through Yes. Humans become infected when blood, body direct contact with contaminated urine and fluids, or tissues from an infected animal come in reproductive tract fluids, or through indirect contact with the eyes, nose, mouth, and cuts in contact with contaminated lakes, creeks, and the skin. Brucellosis in humans may cause fever, mud. excessive perspiration, headache, muscle and joint pain, or fatigue. Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and other livestock? Yes. In swine, infection can cause abortion, fever, and a possible rash; however, infected feral swine may not show signs and still shed infective In the United States (U.S.), feral swine leptospires. Clinical signs of leptospirosis are (Sus scrofa) are defined as Eurasian wild similar in cattle and other livestock species. boar, wild-living pigs descended from Can it be transmitted to humans? domestic swine, and hybrids of the two. Yes. Humans may become infected through The negative impacts of this non-native direct contact with contaminated urine or species on agriculture, human health, indirectly through contaminated water that comes in contact with the skin, eyes, or mucosal and wildlife health are significant. This is membranes. Leptospirosis in humans can a quick reference guide to some of the cause fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, pathogens that can be found in swine. jaundice, and diarrhea. Apparent antibody prevalence of Brucella spp. in feral swine Bacterial Diseases How is it transmitted? Pathogenic E. coli Transmission occurs through ingestion of What is it? Salmonella bacteria. Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals. Some Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and strains are pathogenic and can cause food other livestock? poisoning in humans. Yes. In swine and other livestock species, no symptoms may be visible, or the bacteria can How is it transmitted? cause fever, diarrhea, and weakness. Transmission of E. coli occurs through ingestion of fecal-contaminated material. Can it be transmitted to humans? Yes. Humans can become infected by eating Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and contaminated food that has not been completely other livestock? cooked, or has become contaminated after Yes. In swine and other livestock species, no preparation. Salmonellosis in humans can cause symptoms may be visible, or the bacteria can headache, fever, abdominal cramps, or diarrhea. Tularemia cause fever, diarrhea, and weakness. What is it? Can it be transmitted to humans? Tuberculosis Tularemia, also called rabbit fever or deer fly Yes. Humans can become infected by ingesting fever, is a disease caused by Francisella tularensis. food contaminated with small amounts of fecal What is it? material. Infection with pathogenic E. coli can Tuberculosis in feral swine is caused by How is it transmitted? cause fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, or in Mycobacterium bovis. Molokai, Hawaii is the only The bacteria are transmitted through the bites of some cases, death. place in the U.S. the disease has been reported in fleas, ticks, and other arthropods that have fed feral swine. on infected wildlife, inhalation of contaminated particles, skin contact with infected animals, or How is it transmitted? ingestion of contaminated water. Mycobacterium bovis is transmitted through inhalation of bacteria exhaled in the air by Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and infected animals, or through ingestion of other livestock? contaminated tissues or feed. Yes. In swine and other susceptible livestock species such as cattle and sheep, infection can Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and cause fever, weakness, and enlarged lymph nodes other livestock? when associated with a vector bite. Yes. In swine, cattle, and other livestock species, infection can cause weight loss, chronic cough, Can it be transmitted to humans? and enlargement of lymph nodes. Yes. Tularemia spreads to humans through insect bites or direct exposure to an infected animal. Can it be transmitted to humans? Depending on the exposure route, tularemia Salmonellosis Yes. Humans become infected by eating or in humans can cause skin ulcers at the site of drinking contaminated or unpasteurized dairy a vector bite, inflammation of the eyes, sore What is it? products, through direct contact with a wound, throat, tonsillitis, cough, chest pain, and difficulty Salmonellosis is a disease caused by infection or inhaling the bacteria in air exhaled by animals breathing. with Salmonella bacteria. It is one of the most infected with M. bovis. Tuberculosis in humans common foodborne diseases. may cause fever, chronic cough, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, or chills. Viral Diseases How is it transmitted? The virus is primarily transmitted via direct contact with infected animals, or the ingestion of contaminated pork or garbage. Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and other livestock? Yes. Infection with high virulence CSF virus can cause fever, abortion, bleeding, skin discoloration, and death (similar to ASF). Low virulence CSF virus may be difficult to detect as the symptoms, including fever and poor reproductive performance, may mimic other common diseases of swine. Arrows indicate lesions of FMD on the foot and mouth of an infected pig Can it be transmitted to humans? Hepatitis E African Swine Fever No. What is it? What is it? African swine fever (ASF) is a disease of swine Hepatitis E is a disease caused by hepatitis E caused by African swine fever virus. African swine Foot and Mouth Disease virus (HEV). Hepatitis E virus genotypes 3 and 4 fever is a foreign animal disease, and has never can infect swine. been reported in the U.S. What is it? Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is caused by foot How is it transmitted? How is it transmitted? and mouth disease virus. The disease is a foreign HEV is transmitted primarily through African swine fever virus is primarily transmitted animal disease, and last occurred in the U.S. contaminated water, but the ingestion of via direct contact with infected animals, by ticks, or via ingestion of contaminated garbage. in 1929. contaminated meat can also result in infection. Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and How is it transmitted? Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and other livestock? In swine, FMD virus is primarily transmitted via other livestock? Yes. Infection can cause fever, abortion, bleeding, aerosolized virus, or by contact with infected Yes. In swine, infection can cause inflammation of skin discoloration, and death. African swine fever individuals, tissues, or contaminated materials. the liver (hepatitis). Cattle, sheep, and goats can virus is not known to cause disease in animals also have hepatitis following infection with HEV. other than swine. Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and other livestock? Can it be transmitted to humans? Can it be transmitted to humans? No. Yes. In swine, cattle, sheep, goats, and other Yes. Humans can become infected with any of artiodactyl species, infection can cause fever, the known genotypes (1, 2, 3, or 4), typically vesicles and ulcers on the tongue and mucosa, through ingestion of contaminated water or feet, and teats (similar to vesicular stomatitis virus). consumption of undercooked meat. Infection can Classical Swine Fever Salivation and weight loss may also occur. cause fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. What is it? Can it be transmitted to humans? Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease caused No. by classical swine fever virus. The disease is a foreign animal disease that was eradicated from the U.S. in 1978. High and low virulence forms exist. Viral Diseases Influenza A Porcine Circovirus transmits to all ages of pigs, but causes very high mortality rates (up to 100%) in piglets. Porcine What is it? What is it? epidemic diarrhea virus is not known to infect The most common subtypes of Influenza A Infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) other livestock species. viruses found in swine are H1N1 and H3N2. is widespread in pigs and occasionally develops into porcine circovirus type 2-associated disease Can it be transmitted to humans? How is it transmitted? (PCVAD). In many cases, PCV2 requires a No. Influenza A viruses are most commonly coinfection with another pathogen to progress transmitted by inhalation of the virus, but to PCVAD. transmission can also occur through contact with excretions from infected individuals. How is it transmitted? Transmission of PVC2 may occur via direct Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and contact (oronasal, fecal, and urinary routes) with other livestock? infected animals. Transmission may also occur via Yes. In swine, no symptoms may be visible, or contact with contaminated materials and through infection may cause lethargy, coughing, sneezing, biting insect vectors. Infected pigs can carry the and fever. Horses, poultry, and waterfowl are virus for months. also susceptible to infection with certain types Porcine Reproductive and of influenza A viruses, and clinical signs include Can it be transmitted to domestic swine and lethargy, lack of appetite, weakness, and death.
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