AUGUST 31, 1929] NATURE 345 apt to branch widely. The problem for us, for use experiments as imperfect illustrations ; but this example, is not to find out how the eye sees or the is the wrong order of things, though it has been by ears hears, but how the animal and man do. No far the commonest and is still the easiest. doubt we can answer this problem only in an im• Finally, there is the question of the relation of perfect way, but it takes us no ·nearer perfection to the results of specific experimentation to the claims cut the ear or the eye out of the man. This is true of general systematic theorising. I am not for one with increasing force as we go higher in the level of moment for the haphazard experiment that has no response. Indirect cues are neither to be ignored, idea. no broadly formulated problem, behind it. nor to be cut out, but definitely to be studied. Also I would condemn that scatter of descriptive Secondly, no experimental psychologist must results, unco-ordinated, unsystematised, which is profess, with unvarying belief, the dogma of con• common in many directions nowadays. We must stancy of objective conditions. If, biologically explain our results and not merely collect and speaking, human reactions had been built up to exhibit them. Yet I would urge that when we have, meet a series of unchanging environments, emphatic for example, satisfactorily stated the conditions of insistence upon rigidity of conditions would be some particular perceptual reaction, we have no justifiable. Obviously, they are not so built. So more right to pronounce magisterially upon a far as the psychologist is concerned, many of the complex problem of reasoning than a physiologist most important characters that dominantly set the who has studied respiratory functions has to pre• course of our reactions belong directly to the tend at once to clear up the secrets of spinal organism with which he is dealing, to its immediate reflexes. No doubt the physiologist would never and remote past history and to its present specific for a moment attempt to do this, but unfortunately and general state of adaptation. it is not so easy to answer for the pretensions of the In the third place, the position which I have experimental psychologist in a like case. It may stated carries with it that the experimental even be that all our specific studies will lay bare psychologist, at the end of his studies, has to be common broad principles of the determination of satisfied with indicating trends, directions, pro• response. Even so, the broad principles are not. clivities rather than dogmatic laws. His pheno• the explanation of the specific problem, and for mena are essentially biological, in process of develop• whatever they may be worth, before we erect them ment, displaying no hard-and-fast boundaries any• into a comprehensive system, we must have the where. He may formulate dogmatic laws, and specific problems widely and patiently worked out.

Obituary. SIR E. RAY LANKESTER, K.C.B., F.R.S. pride as a physiologist and anatomist ! But on ARLY in the year 1879 I received a letter from every occasion when I returned to England I E . the eminent comparative anatomist, Kitchen eagerly refreshed my personal acquaintance with Parker, advising me to come over to Cambridge to him, spending delightful hours in his rooms in take Francis Balfour's course of lectures in com- Chelsea, partly recalling our Cambridge days but parative embryology. I sailed from New York more frequently discussing the newer phases of our two days later, and by far the leading personal knowledge of the ascent of man revealed by the impression of my life was in meeting Francis discovery of the rostro-carinate flints along the Balfour in the great court of Trinity College, shores of East Anglia. It was probably Lankester Cambridge. At this first moment he seemed to who suggested this highly appropriate name for me a superman, and the impression was continually these 'beak-keeled' implements found by J. Reid strengthened during the frequent and ever memor- Moir of Ipswich. able contacts in lecture room, laboratory, afternoon I consider Lankester's warm support of Reid bicycling trips, and evening dinners in Balfour's Moir's excavations and his courageous advocacy rooms. On these weekly occasions he was wont to of the human origin and manufacture of these invite two or three of his students, including primordial flints, against the incredulous and William B. Scott and myself, to meet sympathetic indifferent attitude of the reigning archreologists colleagues of his from London, Cambridge, and of the day, one of the most striking evidences of his Oxford. Among the latter I recall especially young independence of judgment and of his powers of Oscar Wilde, who was just beginning to attract observation. He loved to handle the few specimens attention; Henry N. Moseley, fresh from the of these flints of East Anglia and of Piltdown, Challenger voyage; and E. Ray Lankester, then Sussex, which he kept in his home, and he forcibly professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at and often vehemently championed their authen• University College, London. ticity. On one very salient point we always This fortunate early acquaintance with Lankester differed; namely, on the geological age of the ripened into a lifelong friendship, sustained in more rostro-carinates. He steadily insisted that they recent years by active correspondence and inter- were Pleistocene, while I maintained that they change of ideas. I was never able to induce were Pliocene, a distinction with a very important Lankester to visit America, because, as he freely difference. confessed, there was one thing in the world which As the last survivor of the great group of Vic• he hated and dreaded, and that was a sea voyage- torian zoologists and a veteran of many scientific probably from unhappy experiences in crossing and geological contests, Lankester represented all the English Channel which undoubtedly hurt his the ardent convictions and intensities of feeling No. 3122, VoL. 124] © 1929 Nature Publishing Group 346 NATURE [AUGUST 31, 1929 which have now given way to the placid contempla• drew on his many blackboards with firm sweeps of tion of past controversies and a lack of intense wide lines clear diagrams, which were left un• conviction and even personal animosity over differ• touched during the day for those who had been ences of scientific opinion and interpretation. On unable to copy as quickly as he drew. I have no the occasion of my last visit to Chelsea, in the summer recollection of seeing him refer to notes except to of 1926, he flared up on a theological question and dictate the definitions of groups, or rarely for some vividly recalled to my mind the heated arguments drawing. of the period when I first had the privilege of meet• For us in 1881, Lankester was infallible, yet his ing him in Cambridge. Overcoming his advancing lectures set us arguing and theorising and longing physical infirmity with characteristic courage, to advance knowledge. " The reproduction of Lankester gave up attendance at gatherings in Euglena is not known ", he said in one lecture ; which he was wont to be a gladiatorial leader, but " this is not because there is any impossibility of the fires of his intellectual, scientific, and moral knowing it, but because it has not been observed. intensity burned as brightly as ever. Next to Any one of you may find it out by carefully watching Huxley he was the most combative zoologist of and examining a glass of water containing Euglena his age, and next to Huxley the most ardent dis• for twenty or thirty hours, and if you write down seminator of the truths of Nature. While violent your observations they will be read with interest and even uncompromising in controversy and in his by every zoologist in Europe ". He told us of one opinions and estimates of other men, on the other important discovery by the patience of an unknown side of his nature was a delightful spirit of romance, amateur and of another important discovery tenderness, and warmth of affection which endeared through accident, and breathed into us the passion him to all his closer friends. for advance of knowledge which informed his life. In the passing of Sir E. Ray Lankester we have GEO. P. BIDDER. lost one of the great figures and forces in the zoology and biology of the nineteenth century.

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN 0 THE influence of so prominent, so highly cul• tured, and so energetic a naturalist as Sir Edwin Ray Lankester could not fail to have an important UNIVERSITY CoLLEGE, London, celebrated its cen• effect in his day, especially as the value and extent tenary last year, yet Ray Lankester succeeded of his own original labours covered so wide a field, the first professor of zoology-Robert Grant of namely, from Protozoa to Vertebrates. Since his Edinburgh. Grant had many pupils of eminence, early paper on the developmental history of the including Sir Michael Foster, but his brilliant early Mollusca, with its twelve quarto plates, zoologists promise was not fulfilled, and waned before his felt that here was a brilliant colleague, and his death into insignificance. Ray Lankester suddenly subsequent career more than justified the opinion, and swiftly made the zoological lecture-room one not to allude to the able men such as Benliam, of the most noted places in the College. It was Goodrich, Willey, Sydney Hickson, Robt. Gunther, said that he was the only man in London who could and others trained under him. hold his lectures at one o'clock, the sacred luncheon• In every field he entered Lankester left his mark ; hour, and have them crowded. His lecture-room, and with his facile pen and pencil extended our and Balfour's at Cambridge, were the two foci from knowledge of Nature and her ways. To the last which the new views on morphology and evolution he resolutely fought for the early introduction of were spread through the academic world, and his the study of Nature in the school curriculum, and Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science was the for the liberal treatment of natural science and its organ of publication for the researches-now classic workers by our legislators. No man had a wider -which were going so swiftly, and apparently so influence in spreading the knowledge of biological surely, to complete Darwin's work. science amongst the public ; indeed, his labours Lankester's lectures were astoundingly perfect. in this respect-:-from first to last-call for grateful Three days a week, at one o'clock, the lecture-room remembrance. His fascinating lectures, and his was lined with wall-diagrams, made under Lan• attractive popular articles in various channels, kester's direction and often from his own drawings, rendered him, perhaps, the best known zoologist and hung on the wall in appropriate order by his of his day, whilst his familiarity with physics and skilful coadjutor Jessop (happily still with us). chemistry enabled him to add breadth to his views. Every seat was filled, and one or two women His influence spread to the medical profession by students were allowed to listen, unseen, in the his suggestive papers on Trypanosoma and other gallery. The professor entered-a powerful, reso• dangerous tropical pests, on Pasteur and hydro• lute, confident figure, with strong black hair and phobia, and on centenarianism. muscular torso. He l'ooked round the diagrams, Lankester's life-long interest in marine zoology surveyed us (as we felt, somewhat as if we were culminated in the establishment of the important cockroaches), and gave for an hour a clear con• Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and few know of secutive account of forms and conceptions wholly the minute study he made previously of the only new to us, with such skill that we were unconscious British Marine Laboratory and its surroundings of the marvellous scope and concentration of his along with Prof. Hubrecht and Mr. (now Sir) lectures, and unconscious of difficulty in the subject. A. G. Bourne. Lastly, as Director of the Natural At the same time, apparently without effort, he History Departments of the British Museum, No. 3122, VoL. 124]

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