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A HISTORY OF THE REGION COMPRISING THE KATAGUM DIVISION OF PROVINCE (C*ntiM**4 fr*m p. 431, VoL X.)

Kano Civil War. THE Yakin Yusubenchi, or Kano Civil War of 1893, of course affected all the neighbouring provinces, and did more than anything else to weaken the Sokoto influence. Sarkin Gumel alone gave active assistance in the fighting. Sarkin Hadeija gave his support to Yusufu, who promised him the districts of Miga and Kwenda if he should be successful. Sarkin Gumel, Abu, was also on Yusufu's side, but Gumel and Hadeija were not on such good terms that they cared to fight as allies; when therefore they met Yusufu at Gun- duawa, Sarkin Hadeija returned home and only sent gifts of horses and weapons, receiving return presents of slaves cap- tured in the war; but on his journey to Hadeija he did some pillaging on his own account. A great number on both sides were enslaved; as many as from ten to twenty slaves were given for one horse; and, corn being very scarce, 30,000 or 40,000 cowries were enough to buy a slave. Katagum took no part, but a certain amount of trade was carried on secretly with Yusufu's people. After the taking of Gaia, Yusufu returned to his head- quarters at Takai, and died at Gerko, after appointing his young brother Aliu to succeed him. Gumel continued to help Aliu in the fighting outside the capital at Gezi and Feggi, but was not present at the final conflict, "Yakin Tafashia." When the war was over and Aliu installed, Hadeija pressed his claim to the Miga and Kwenda districts, but

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Aliu said that he had not fulfilled the conditions of the agreement. Hadeija then seized these places and they were subject to Hadeija till the British occupation of Kano in 1903, after which the present Emir of Kano claimed them, and they were restored. During these nine years there was continual trouble over this question, and border fighting was incessant. Hadeija traders went to Kano at the risk of their lives, and the only way was either by Gumel or by Shira. Kano traders, on the contrary, were not discouraged, as Hadeija could not afford to do without them; and Sarkin Hadeija proclaimed that anyone seizing a Kano trader would suffer death. The most serious engagements were at Sherkawa, east of Gujungu, where the Hadeija forces under Sarkin Yaki Jarma and Makaman Shameki drove off those of Kunchi, inflicting considerable damage; at Kwenda, where Sarkin Auyo killed Sarkin Dusi; and near Kwenda, where Hadeija suffered defeat from Sarkin Ringim. At Sokwawa there were continual engagements of a minor kind between Sarkin Ringim and Galadima Adamu of Hadeija. The latter, and Sarkin Jafum Maddibo, who had married Sarkin Hadeija's daughter, were in favour of making peace, and there was a truce at one time while Sarkin Jafum took the Galadima in to Kano. But neither of the chiefs would give way on the main point at issue. This struggle never developed into open war, and the chiefs themselves did not take the field.

SECTION XII. Civil War in Katagum. The last and perhaps the most burdensome of the D«nger troubles that arose from the proximity of Bornu was the|2^ Rabeh era, incidentally leading to a civil war in Katagum, from which the country has never recovered. Sarkin Musselmi Abdu, strongly backed in this matter by Sarkin Kano Aliu, refused access to Bornu traders, and stopped any Communication with Bornu. Rabeh's drummers made the

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saying popular, "conquer Bornu and then comes Kano," and it was a paramount necessity to prevent trade in gun- powder which Rabeh's people wanted. The initial result was that the trade began to concentrate at Katagum. Sarkin Haji was instructed to put a stop to this. Afraid of disobeying his overlord on the one hand, and, on the other, of offending his neighbour, who menaced him from the east, he removed the market to , which lies one day east of Katagum, an outpost on what was then the chief Bornu high road. Sarkin Kano requested him to pillage any Kano traders found making use of this market, and to send any large traders to Kano under arrest, but Haji said he could not bring himself to treat fellow Muhammadans in such a way. He died, however, shortly after, and his son Abdu, and the latter's son Mohamadu, had no such scruples. G«n»w«. Meantime Beri-beris in crowds, fugitives from Bornu, kept coming to seek refuge in Katagum, and the increased walls of many a town bear witness to this immigration. Gamawa especially became an important centre; the town was doubled and a special wall built to include the new market. Slaves, cattle, natron and salt were the chief imports from Bornu, and from.the west came gunpowder, corn, kolas, and cloth. A large revenue was acquired from tolls, a considerable part of which .was taken by Sarkin Gamawa Magaji Sambo dan Alkali Adamu, who, mindful of possible contingencies, kept on good terms with Rabeh's officers and sent Rabeh pre- sents. But he got too big for his position, and -when Sarkin Abdu sent him instructions to prevent Kano traders doing business, he refused to take action; the Katagum toll-col- lector, Sarkin Zongo, then left Gamawa as the Sarki was taking up a rebellious attitude. Abdu, of course, lost the revenue from tolls, but he made up for this by seizing the goods of all Kano traders and taking any slaves that were with them. A circumstance now arose which brought matters to a crisis and gave Sarkin Gamawa his opportunity. Abdu's son Mohamadu (the late Emir), then Sarkin Sokwa, was

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acting in a very high-handed manner, committing every kind of extortion in any district he chose. His father took no notice of complaints that arose, being in this respect unlike his own father Haji, who had frequently summoned him from Shira. Matters became unbearable; and, on one occasion when Mohamadu was returning from one of the Kano Ningi expeditions, he was refused admittance to a village called Zubeki, whose headman, a relation of Sarkin Shira, was determined to prevent the place being plundered. Mohamadu made his way in by force, took everything that was to be taken, and carried the headmen into Katagum, where Abdu let him go, on receiving protests from Sarkin Shira and Sarkin . The two latter, the Yeriman Chinade and Sarkin Udabo, each sent to Sarkin Musselmi, who sent for Sarkin Abdu. The latter sent first Waziri (afterwards Madaiki) Adamu, then Wazirin Katagum Saidu, each of whom the Sarkin Musselmi refused to receive. Abdu would not go himself, and the Sarkin Musselmi then gave instructions to the Kata- gum chiefs that they were to place themselves under the Yeriman Chinade, and that Katagum was to be boycotted. Sarkin Hadeija Moma was told to give support to this action; Hardawa alone stood by Abdu, and this led to serious fighting between Hardawa and Chinade and deser- tion of their villages, whose inhabitants took refuge in the towns. Sarkin Gamawa had acquired much local power and a large Beri-beri following. He entered . into negotiations with the Yerima, and the scheme was to advance to Sokwa and then to Katagum, where Abdu and his people would be blockaded and starved into submission. Sarkin Gamawa is supposed to have had ambitions regarding the Katagum Sarota, encouraged by the example of Rabeh and the grow- ing tendency towards independence of Sokoto. Sarkin Gamawa marched as far as Godia, when the Kata- y«kin gum forces came out to the attack under Mohamadu, who G*™*1™- had no mind to sit still at Sokwa. The forces under the Yerima were at Madara, south of Godia, not having yet joined up with Sarkin Gamawa. The latter was driven back

6 Vol. 11

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at Bagalu, west of Godia, and retreated to Gamawa; the Katagum forces also made east and camped at Korori close by. Yerima Chinade, accused of cowardice by Sarkin Gamawa, went back and sent conciliatory messages to Katagum. Fighting at Gamawa was imminent when a report came that Moma Sarkin Hadeija was coming to attack Katagum. Mohamadu concentrated on Katagum at once, but Moma's forces did not come, the chief having been persuaded to desist by his Galadima Adamu. Instead he sent to both Katagum and Gamawa, in order to reconcile them, but the latter refused to consider any such proposal. Sarkin Hadeija then sent some few reinforcements under one Moma Sali to Gamawa, and the Katagum chiefs also sent contin- gents, but did not themselves join him. Forty days after the first fighting at Godia, the Gamawa and Katagum forces met again at Malamri, north of Gamawa. A number were killed on both sides, including Sarkin Gamawa. Victory was with Katagum, and a large booty was taken from the traders collected at Gamawa, but the town was not touched. The Gamawa people at once appointed their late chief's son, Mohamadu, and went north to Bagam, one of the villages ceded to Hadeija after the Yakin Tushim of 1816. They were welcomed by Hadeija, and a large escort was sent to bring them in to the capital. H»daj». Sarkin Hadeija informed Katagum that he was going to install Mohamadu at Gamawa by force, and fighting was imminent, when a message came from Sarkin Musselmi to say that Abdu was forgiven. The affair was then ended; the Katagum chiefs came to Abdu and were reconciled; Mohamadu of Gamawa was allowed to settle at Jimberi, south of Godia, and one of the old Lerewa dynasty was put in at Gamawa. Relations between Hadeija and Katagum were strained, and remained so until Moma of Hadeija's death in the Hadeija expedition of 1906. The Yakin Gamawa took place in 1900. The next year Fad-el-Allah was killed, and the Rabeh era ended. The Gamawa market had ceased after the fight, and many of the

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Beri-beris returned to Bornu. Some, after seven years in Katagum, preferred to stay, but Mohamadu of Azare caught a great number who were returning, detained them as slaves and seized their goods. Those remaining behind were not interfered with, but they were afraid after the treatment of their fellow Beri-beris, and most of them fled. This circum- stance, and the civil war, account for the number of empty villages in the Katagum district. Mohamadu, having obtained the Sarota of Azare after the death of Abubekr in 1900, refrained from his former rapacious acts, other than those dealing with the Beri-beris. Peace was at last restored in Katagum, but the British advent brought unrest again and caused a large exodus of the population.

SECTION XIII. The British Occupation. British occupation was effected without any conflict. Katagum, Hadeija, Gumel, and Jemaari sent in their sub- mission on the occupation of Kano in 1903. Messau did not fight the British, buf the approach of the Me latter caused a terrible civil war. In 1902 the British came drfl w> from Gujba as far as Dambam, which caused a scare in Katagum and Messau. The British force turned back after reaching the Messau river, which was taken as the boundary between Bornu and Katagum; but Sarkin Yaiya Abdu fled to Jugg** near Azare; Sarkin Azare Mohamadu prepared to leave and sent some of his people to Dogonjeji in Jemaari, while Sarkin Bornu Amadu of Messau left his town, carry- ing off most of his property, and made for Isori in Shira. His brothers, Yerima Sambo and Teffida Alhaji, remained at Messau. The latter was the younger, but was chosen as chief; Sambo remained Yerima, but was later on expelled, and is now Sarkin Beli in Shira. When the British left, Amadu returned, but was refused

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admission.1 He then blockaded the town for six months, during which the country was laid waste and none dared show themselves outside the town. Amadu, besides his following, was joined by Basheru Sarkin Tejari, and, in May, 1903, by Attahiru Ex-Sarkin Musselmi. A great number of people flocked from Katagum to join Attahiru, including Sarkin Shira Usuman and his son Waziri Moma. Sarkin Azare Mohamadu was preparing to join him, and Sarkin Jemaari had already advanced as far as Ngoroari in Azare. The British forces, in pursuit of Attahiru, scattered those of Katagum at Zadawa, and the siege of Messau was raised. Attahiru and Amadu went to Burmi; Amadu survived the fighting there and went to Mecca. One of his brothers, Sarkin Yakin Musa, who had been turned out of Messau, had tried to represent to the British Resident at that he was the proper successor to Amadu, but on the arrival of the British at Messau, from Bauchi, just after Amadu's flight, his brother Alhaji was chosen. After a vain attempt to obtain the Sarota at Bur- buri, he fled to Bornu and died at Dikwa. Alhaji was allowed to recover some of his people's property at Burmi, but the country is only now recovering; the population was reduced by half, and Messau authority being gradually, limited to his territory, very little of its former greatness now remains. Its traditions, however, are not forgotten, p Katagum was occupied at the end of 1903, and a province don- formed. In 1904, Dambam and Messau were transferred to the Katagum Resident from Bornu and Bauchi Provinces respectively. These two and Jemaari were placed under the Emir of Katagum, but, as might have been expected from their history, this arrangement did not answer, and in 1907 independence was restored to each. Hadeija was occupied early in 1905, but there was a strong anti-British faction which was reinforced by malcontents from other parts. An ultimatum was issued in April, 1906, which was repudiated; the town was at once attacked by a strong British force, and the opposition quelled. A large number fell, including the Emir Moma, Sarkin Yaki Chil- 1 Cf. Unnnan in 1861, and Umoxn of Hideqi, 1865.

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lom, Jarma Mama Warkati, Shameki Dan Dauda, Madaiki Amadu, Sarkin Dawaki Dan Gazau, and Mabudi Zakar. The present Emirs of Katagum and Hadeija are grand- sons of Sarki Abdu and Sarki Moma; they are very young, and should learn to develop their territories on useful lines. From 1905 the administration of these units has been included in Kano Province.

SECTION XIV. Some Details of Local Histories. I have now given a chronological account of the chief events of the last century, and have tried to trace the general influences which gave rise to them. There remain a great many events of less general interest or importance. It is not likely that even a single year passed, in which every one of these States was not engaged in some small war or expedition offensive or defensive; to detail the wars of each reign would be tedious work, and it is often impossible to determine even their approximate dates. The history all through is little more than a record of war and of the per- sonal influence of the chiefs and of a few other prominent individuals. I shall therefore confine my remarks to a few events that seem worth noting, which occurred in various reigns.

Katagum. In Dankawa's reign (1816-1846) the degeneracy of the Fulani spirit seems to have become noticeable. They "had become rich and were afraid of blows."x Dankawa was, however, able to re-conquer and hold the country, which had risen after Malam Zaki's death. His forces were cal- culated by Clapperton at 4,000 horse and 20,000 foot.* Cowries were commonly used in his reign,8 though they 1 CUpperton, voL ii p. 139 (3rd ed., 1818). * lUd. p. 346. » Ibid. p. 147.

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were introduced a good deal latw in Bornu,1 and were un- known at Yola in 1851.* It is worth while to note Barth's observation* that the chiefs under Sokoto styled themselves "Sultan"; but they probably only used the title locally. Abduraman (1846-1851) was unlike Dankawa in character, being proud and difficult of access, and not lavish of the wealth which he accumulated. He was known as Madugu or "the merchant." He was a strong chief, and when he died, Bohari made the saying "Madugu is dead; now is our increase."4 Abduraman's wars, besides the outbreak with Hadeija, were with the Keri-keri (Yakin Langawa) and with the South Nguzums, when he took Kaweri and Guduba. After Abduraman's death the direct line of Malam Zaki ceased as regards the Sarota. Kadr, son of Dankawa, had a reign (1851-1868) full of war, and his reign is looked back on as a period of hunger, for around Katagum there was, at one time, scarcely any farming for three years. His successes against Bohari were few, only one or two raids. Fandam in Hadeija was taken by Haji (then Sarkin Shira), Alkali Adamu took Chanchamno, Berinde (of Shira) took Daia. His warfare elsewhere was directed against the recalcitrant Lerewa, against the Keri-keris (Yakin Daniske), in which he had no success; and he had an encounter with Sarkin Dambam Moma near Shellem, Yakin Gaiawa. The im- portant town of Hardawa, famous for its bowmen, and founded by Fulani from Jafum in Kano, revolted during this year. Kadr's brother, Moma Haji (1868-1896) left a reputation for justice. In his reign the taxes were increased, and Shukka taxes inaugurated. There was a famine about 1878, "Yungwan Gagia"; a

1 Birth, p. 311. » Rid. p. 446. » Ibid. p. 496. 4 Mtdngn y. mntn, abin nanra ya karu.

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cattle epidemic, "Rangaza," about 1880, and another—the great cattle plague, " Kadaberi"—about 1890. Epidemics of sleeping-sickness occurred locally during this reign. Haji's first fighting ("jefamashe") was against the Lere town of Kalilua; elsewhere he fought against the Keri-keris at Dasgu and Jellum, against Ninghi at Tumfafi and Bajellu (as already related), and against Dambelkore of Marade, for Sarkin Musselmi, when he suffered severely in the "Jejin Rugu." His wars for Sokoto included also Yakin Mada- ramfa and Yakin Fatotowa against Gobir, Yakin Dan Halima against Maradi, and an expedition against Argungu, led by his son Abdu. There was trouble about 1874 *n connection with the Sarota of Shira. Most of the people wanted Umoru, son of their late Sarki Berinde, but Haji, through means which would to a European appear treacherous and base, promoted his own son Audu from Azare; and Umoru son of Berinde was taken captive. One reason, or excuse, was that he was too friendly with Ninghi. Umoru gave trouble again some twenty years later. There was also some trouble of a similar kind at Chinade about 1890. The present Yerima installed himself and refused to go to Katagum until Haji had sent him installa- tion presents. Haji's son Abdu'5 reign (1896-1905) was a time of good harvest and of plenty except for the Yakin Gamawa. Even in the famine of 1903 there was enough in the markets for buyers from the south. When the British force came to Shira in 1903 and the Sarkin (Usuman) had gone to join the ex-Sarkin Musselmi, his son, Chiroma Mohamadu, was announced as Sarki. When he returned from Zadawa he became Sarki again, but his son was a thorn in his side, and did his best to get appointed until 1908, when he died. Sarki Abdu had wanted to put his son Mohamadu at Shira, as he had done on first succeeding in 1896; but being unable to accom- plish this he cut off the Shira sub-districts of Zabi, Kurba, , Oarijia, and Zarami, and gave them to Azare, where

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/XI/XLI/62/118399 by Mount Royal College user on 21 January 2018 72 JOURNAL OP THE AFRICAN SOCIETY his son was. This was reversed by the Resident of Kano just before Abdu's death in 1905. Those who went to Burmi in 1903 included Sarkin Zadawa Mohamadu, Sarkin Yaiya Audu, Sarkin Shellum Abdu, Sarkin Beli Bagudu, Sarkin Makawa Ali, Sarkin Raga Abdu (eldest son of Sarkin Udubo Jato). Abdu was succeeded by his son Mohamadu (1905-1909), who had a great reputation for fighting, chiefly earned by the Yakin Gamawa. In 1907 Sarkin Shira Usuman was made to retire, Moha- madu's son, of Azare, being put in his place. Yerima Chinade moved to Azare, and Sarkin Gadau to Chinade. These appointments were reversed a year later, and Sarkin Shira again restored. The famine of 1908 is known as Apafai. After Mohamadu's death there arose a dispute as to the succession; the situation was very closely analogous to that of 1896, when Abdu succeeded, and not unlike that of Hadeija after the death of Bohari. In each case the son succeeded, and in each case the rival candidate, an uncle, was given a high appointment. In 1909 the brother, Mustafa, made one small but foolish attempt to get the new Emir Abdulkadri into trouble; this action appears to have been done on the spur of the moment, and, had it not been suggested, probably all would have settled down. As it was, Mustafa, just promoted to Azare, was degraded, along with the chief men of his faction. The population of Katagum is about 170,000, and the taxes now paid come to ,£4,531.

Hadeija. Sambo Digimsa (1808-1848). There was constant fight- ing with the Bornu provinces adjoining Hadeija. Dema- geram and Machina became traditional enemies. Sambo espoused the cause of a Machina faction which separated off on account of a dispute as to succession, and settled at Feme, some thirty-nine miles west of Machina. Their leader was summoned to Bornu, together with the

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new chief of Machina, the succession decided in favour of the latter, and himself imprisoned and put to death. On their return, these people of Feme still refused to obey Machina; and they had no wish to be under Hadeija. The protection formerly afforded by the latter then became annexation, against which they fought. Ferae was deserted and only a small portion remained to follow Hadeija, the rest making a settlement at Balmari, further north. Their descendants now occupy a small district in their former ter- ritory which for a long time was uninhabited bush, owing to Demageram aggression. They have lately been placed under their kinsmen of Machina. Clapperton describes * his meeting with Sambo of Hadeija at Kano in 1824. In Bohari's reign (1848-1863) occurred the great famine, " Banga-banga " (the word means "widespread" or "uni- versal "). Among his innumerable expeditions was one against Miga, which was taken, and another against Ngelewa, which has lately become the residence of the Galadima Bornu; the latter place he surprised by a raid on the day of the big Muhammadan festival, a deed which is remembered with much bitterness. Haruna (1865-1885) had a hard task to become master of the country which his successful intrigues had given him. After he had expelled Umoru, there were a number of trucu- lent towns among the Nguzums which had to be dealt with one by one. Adiani, as has been mentioned before, gave special trouble; the people resisted the combined forces of Katagum, Jeraaari and Hadeija, which they kept off by throwing fire brands from the walls among the scaling parties in the ditch below. They eventually submitted, but, until quite recently, Hadeija's hold over them was very small. Haruna introduced the title Waziri which was given to his son, Chiroma Moma. Moma was also given the title Sarkin Mannar after the death of one of Bohari's men, Dan Maikinta, who, from being Galadima had been the first to be given this title. Moma held three titles, Sarkin Mannar, 1 Vol. li. p. 373.

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Waziri and Chiroma, till he succeeded his father, after which the two former were not revived. Moma (1885-1906) had three expeditions among the Keri- keri and three against the Beddes. One of these latter was led by Sarkin Libde Kukoji, who, after taking the town of Marcha1 was deserted by his own side—a pre-arranged plot—and was killed. In 1896 he befriended Maiduma, chief of the Beddes, who had fled rather than submit to Rabeh's emissary, Shehu Dap. His father, Haji dan Babuji, had sent presents to Rabeh; on his death there was a dispute as to the succes- sion. Maiduma killed his brother Ari, and another brother Sale fled and joined Bornu. Maiduma refused to acknow- ledge Rabeh; the latter sent Shehu Dap, who, after some engagements with Maiduma, came to Gorgoram and found it deserted. Sale (the present chief) was installed, but Maiduma obtained help from Moma of Hadeija; Hadeija and Katagum combined to reinstate him by force, but this failed, and after about a year Maiduma died at Wachekal. After Moma's death in 1906 his son Haruna succeeded. He was a delicate man and lived in a secluded fashion. He had a reputation for learning. He died in 1909, and was succeeded by his young son Abdulkadri. The population of Hadeija is about 113,000. The taxes now paid amount to ,£3,431. J. M. FREMANTLE. 1 TU> wat a Sooth Ngumm town, bat bad been given to Sarkin Bedde by Bnkr of Bonra together with others which were taken by hrm from Katagum. See p. 415 (JOUKNAL for July, 1911). [On the map publnhed in the JOUBNAL for April, 1911, this town b erroncoolly marked ai Merita.—ED.]

(To be continued.)

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