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eISSN: 2231-0541 CAS CODEN: PHARN8 An EMBASE, EMCare Covered Journal PHARMANEST An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volume 5|Issue 6|November-December 2014|Pages 2528-2531

Original Research Paper

THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES ON WATER QUALITY OF WYRA RESERVOIR, KHAMMAM DISTRICT, ,

a,bJOHN MOHAMMAD. M*, cP.V. KRISHNA aDepartment of Environmental studies, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, Guntur, , India. bDepartment of Humanities and science, Bomma Institute of Technology &Science, Khammam- 507 318,Telangana, India. cDepartment of Zoology & Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University,Nagarjunanagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Author for Correspondence: [email protected]

Received: 04-09-2014 Revised: 08-10-2014 Accepted: 19-10-2014 Available online: 10-11-2014

ABSTRACT

The present study dealt with assessment of the physico –chemical characteristic of Wyra reservoir of Khammam district, Telangana, India. Monthly changes in physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for a period of one year from 2010 January to December. The results revealed that there were significant seasonal fluctuations in some physico- chemical parameters and most of the parameters were permissible limits and indicted better quality of reservoir water. It has been found that the water is best for drinking purpose in winter and summer seasons, it can be used for irrigation and pisciculture. Key Words: Physico-chemical, Wyra reservoir, Pisciculture.

INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most abundantly available substances in nature, covering more than 70 percent chemical parameters of water bodies. Impacted of the earth’s surface. Water resources are of critical changes in the quality of water are reflected in the importance to both natural ecosystem and human biotic community structure, with the vulnerable development. Water is used for domestic purposes dying, while the most sensitive species act as for cleaning, cooking, bathing, and carrying away indicators of water quality. Wyra reservoir being an wastes, and in agriculture for irrigation, power important ecological site, this study is aimed at generation, industries, navigation, recreation and providing useful inputs and necessary for the many other reasons. The healthy aquatic ecosystem management of the environmental aspects of the is dependend on the physic-chemical and biological many multi-purpose lakes and reservoirs. Hence, the characterstics1. On the planet, water is continuously present study was conducted too reveled out the moving through the cycle involving evaporation, pollution status of reservoir in terms of physico- precipitation, and runoff to the sea, thus influencing chemical characteristics of Wyra reservoir for a the earth’s climate. Many researches are being period of January -2010 to December -2010. carried out till present (Rajesh et al 2002, MATERIALS AND METHODS Anilakumary et al., 2007; Damotharan et al., 2010; Study area Prasanna and Ranjan, 2010)2-4. Water of good To evaluate the water quality an effort was made to quality is required for living organisms. In last two investigate the water in wyra reservoir, Khammam decades, there has been a growing necessity for district, Telengana, India. It lies between North conservation our resources, especially water. At the latitude 17° 11΄ and East longitude 80° 22΄ the total same time, growing populations, progressive catchment area of 19.14 sq.km. The climatic industrialization and intensification of agriculture conditions of the study area with hot summer, cool have led to increased pollution of surface waters. winter and rainy season. The region gets much This induces ecological imbalance, deleterious for rainfall from south west monsoon. The place gets sustained development of fisheries resources most of its rain fall from June to September during Nevertheless, an increasing number of specially the monsoon generally highest rainfall observed in created environmental agencies are being assigned the month of June during the study period. The the task of conserving water quality for all use within average rainfall of this study area is 793.06mm. The one river or lake basin. Water quality monitoring is reservoir water is used for drinking, agriculture, of immense importance in the conservation of water boating (recreation) and supports fish culture. resources for fisheries, water supply and other activities; it involves the assessment of physico-

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 6| November-December 2014 Available online: http://www.pharmanest.net

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Fig.Map of the study area showing Wyra reservoir

Collection of sample The physico-chemical parameters such as In order to determine the water quality, water temperature, pH, DO, organic and inorganic samples collected from the Wyra reservoir during constituents play an important role in determining January –December 2010 in the first week of every the nature and pattern of fluctuations of population month. Some of the results were recorded in the densities of zoo plankton in an aquatic environment. laboratory, according to APHA in 2005 and Kodrakar The physico-chemical analysis of water is the prime et al, 20085. considerations to access the water quality for its best Statistical analysis utilization like drinking, irrigation, industrial fisheries All the Statistical analyses were carried out using purpose and helpful in the understanding the SPSS for windows release 10.0. The season wise complex process interaction between the climatic and grouped data were used to calculate Student- biological process in the water. The physico-chemical Newmen-Keuls test (this is the one way ANOVA post parameters of water and dependence of all life hoc non parametric test, for making comparision process of these factors make it desirable to take among the means of three different seasons). water has environment. Therefore any change in any RESULTS AND DISCUSSION one of the factor directly or indirectly influence the The monthly variation in physico-chemical other parameters. parameters was presented in Table.1.

Table.1.The monthly variation of physico-chemical parameters of wyra reservoir January-December 2010

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 6| November-December 2014 Available online: http://www.pharmanest.net

P a g e | 2530 salts of calcium and magnesium or sulphate chloride 1. Atmospheric temperature or other anions of mineral acids. The above higher Temperature is a primary environmental factor that values may be due to increased concentration of affects and governs the biological activities and these ions. Hardness is inversely proportional to solubility of gases in water. Owing to the gases in water volume and directly proportional to rate of air, humidity, dust and other colloidal particles, the evaporation. When the concentration of calcium and air temperature is always higher than water magnesium ions is less than 40 ppm, it is considered temperature. The Atmospheric temperature of Wyra as soft water and if the concentration is greater than ranged from 22.8°C to 33.5°C in different seasons. 40ppm it is hard water. Hujare (2008)15 reported Variation in the air and surface water temperatures total hardness was high during summer than rainy are due to changing seasons. The temperature season and winter season. directly influences some of chemical reactions in 7. Electro conductivity aquatic eco systems and it is important physical The electrical conductivity of water depends upon parameter (Jakhar and Rawat, 2003)6. ions present in water. It reflects the 2. Water temperature Nutrient status of water and distribution of Temprature is basically important parameters and Macrophytes. In the present study, the EC values affects on the chemical and biological in the ranged from 525 to 661 mmho. The overall mean organisms of water (Trivedi and Goel, 1986)7. The record was 593.75 mmho. The seasonal variation of temperature of reservoir water ranged from 21°C to the conductivity in the present study may be due to 31.5°C in different seasons. The water temperature the insufficient inflows of freshwater, discharge of silt is always lower than air temperature. The reason for and salts from the surrounding agricultural fields as higher temperature values can be attributed to low well as the discharge of domestic effluents. Das water level, low velocity, clear atmosphere and (2000)16 studied the limno-chemistry of some greater solar radiation while its lower values can be important reservoirs of Andhra Pradesh and observed explained due to frequent clouds, high percentage of that specific conductivity was in the range of 316 to humidity, high current velocity and high water levels. 610 ms/cm. High seasonal variations were observed at different 8. Total Dissolved Solids sites of reservoir. The water temperature was high Dissolved solids are important in drinking water and due to the low water levels and high air other water qulity standards. Water probability temperatures. Sharma et.al, (2000)8 observed that depends on the total dissolved solids. Total dissolved water temperature fluctuate between 21°C to 29°C solids value ranged from 338 to 452 mg/l in different during limnological studies of Udaipur lakes. Water seasons. Similar values of TDS are reported by Rao temperature plays an important role which influences et al (2003)17, Kirubavathi et al (2005)18. The TDS chemical, biological characteristics of water body. It analysis plays an important role in the control of is noticed that water temperature is always lower Biological and physical waste water treatment than that of air temperature due to various reasons processes. During present study the total dissolved like gases in the air, humidity, dust and other solids were high in summer followed by winter and colloidal particles. rainy. Devi (1997)19 also reported the maximum 3. PH total dissolved solids during preomonsoon season During the present study water pH values were found and lowest during monsoon in Shathamraj and to be 7.18 to 7.82. It is indicating that it Ibrahimbag reservoirsof . Possesses alkalinity nature throughout the study 9. Fluorides period. The high values may be due to the sewage In the present study fluoride values ranged from 0.4 discharged from agricultural fields and higher to 0.6 mg/l with the mean value 0.5.High temperatures. PH values were important for plankton concentration of fluoride may reflects on aquatic growth (Chisty, 2002)9. Earlier studies reported by ecosystem. 10 H Umavathi et.al, (2007) recorded taht P is ranged 10. Nitrates from 5 to 8.5 which is best for plankton growth. Nitrates are essential nutrients for plant growth. 4. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) During the study nitrate fluctuated between 0.01 to Dissolved oxygen is a most important aquatic 0.03mg/l. these values are much lower than the parameter, it is vital to aquatic fauna. It plays an Chisty (2002)9 and Rani et al (2004)21. High important role in the respiration process. In the concentration of nitrate in drinking water is toxic present study, the DO values ranged from 4.1 to (Umavathi et al 2007)10. 6.4mg/l (figure). Previous studies reported by 11. Calcium Benerjee (1967)11, and Torzwell (1957)12, stated that Calcium is found in all the natural waters and its the DO concentration of about 5mg/l throughout the main source is weathering of rocks from which it year was found to be productive for Fish culture. leaches out .In the present study Calcium ranged 5. Alkalinity from 40 to 120g/l with mean value 85.83 Alkalinity of natural water is do to the salts of concentration of Calcium ions indicates the hardness carbonate, bicarbonates, silicates phosphates along of water the hardness of water with 15 ppm more with hydroxyl ions. In the present study alkalinity satisfactory for growth of fishes 21. values were ranged from 40-140mg/l. The direct 12. Chlorides relation of alkalinity to productivity has been Chlorides plays a very important role to determine reported by Goldman and Wetzel man (1963)13 and the water quality in a water body, indicate the Sreenivasan (1964)14. presense of high organic matter. Chlorides occure in 6. Hardness most fresh water, as the salts of sodium or calcium. In the present study, total hardness ranged from Chloride ions are essential for plants and animals. 180-240 mg/l in different seasons. Hardness often Chlorides found high during the study ranged in employed as indicator of water quality depends on between 120 to 220 mg/l. In the present study the the concentration of carbonates and bicarbonate higher chloride values were recorded in summer and

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 6| November-December 2014 Available online: http://www.pharmanest.net

P a g e | 2531 lower in rainy. Many results are also reported in turbidity values ranged from 0.3 to 1.8 NTU .the different studies by Swarnalatha and Narsing rao maximum values (1.8 NTU) Was recorded in the (1998)22 and Umavathi et al., (2007) showed that months of May and June it might be human higher concentration of chloride indicates the activities, decrease in water levels and presence of increased levels pollution in water bodies. suspended particulate matter, and minimum value 13. Turbidity (0.3NTU) in the months of April and October. The Water turbidity is mainly due to suspended in organic similar pattern of exceptional abnormal quantity in substances like clay, silt, phyto-zooplankton and monsoon was from Wyra lake (Chandrasekhar and sand grains Reservoirs with clay bottom are likely to Nageswara Rao, 2009)23. have high turbidity. During the present study

CONCLUSIONS parameters are within the permissible limits. The present investigation is an attempt to assess Reservoir is not polluted. The water is useful for the physico-chemical parameters in Wyra reservoir of drinking, irrigation, fishing and hydro electric Khammam district Telangana, India. All water quality generation activities.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST Authors declare no Conflict of Interest. REFERENCES [1] Venkatesharaju, K., Ravikumar, P., Somashekar, R.K., [12] Tarzwell, C. M., (1957). Water quality criteria for aquatic Prakash, K.L., (2010). Physico-chemical and life. In: Biological problems in water pollutions. U.S. Bacteriological investigation on the river Cauvery of Deptt. Of Health Education and welfare, P. H. S., pp 246- 272. Kollegal Stretch in , Journal of Science [13] Goldman, C.R. and R.G.Wetzel., (1963). A study of the Engineering and Technology, 6 (1): 50-59. primary productivity of clear Lake, Lake Country, [2] Rajesh KM, Gowda G, Mendon MR., (2002). Primary Colifornia. Ecology,44,pp:283-294. productivity of the bracksihwater impoundments along [14] Sreeenivasaan,A.(1964). Limnological studies and fish Nethravathi estuary, Mangalore in relation to some yield in three upland Lakes of Madras State (India). physico-chemical parameters. Fish Technology, 39, pp 85- Lminoloceanogr. 9(4), pp: 564-575. 87. [15] Hujare, M.S., (2008). Seasonal variation of physico- [3] Damotharan, P., Permal, N.V., Perumal, P., (2010). chemical parameters in the Perennial tank of Talsande, Seasinal variation of physic-chemical characterastics of , Ecotoxicology and Environmental point Calimere coastal waters 9South east coast of india). Monitoring, 18(3), pp 233-242. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 6(4): 333-339. [16] Das A. K. (2000). Limno – chemistry of some [4] Prasanna, M., Ranjan, P.C., (2010). Physico-chemical AndhraPradesh Reservoirs, J. Inland Fish. Soc.Ind., 32 properties of water collected from Dharma estuary, (2), 37– 44. International Journal of Environmental Science, 1(3): 334- [17] Rao K.D.S, Ramakrishniah M. Karthikeyan M. Sukumaran 342. P.K., (2003). Limnology and fish yield enhancement [5] Kodarkar, M. S., A.D. Diwan, N.Murugan, K.M. Kulkarni Reservoir (Cauvery River System), Journal of Inland and Anuradha Remesh., (1998). Methodological water fisheries society of India, 35, pp 20-27. analysis (physico-chemical, biological and Microbiological) [18] Kirubavathy AK, Binukumari S, Mariamma N, Rajammal I.A. A. B. Publication, Hyderabad. T., (2005). Assessement of water quality of Orthupalayam [6] Jakher, G.R. and M.Rawat(2003). Studies on physico- reservoir, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, Journal of chemical parameters of a Tropical lake, Rajasthan,India. Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 5, pp 53-54. J.Aqua.Biol., 18(2), pp:79-83. [19] Devi, B.S., (1997). Present status, potentialities, [7] Trivedi, R.K. and Goel, P.K., (1986). Chemical and management and economics of fisheries of two minor biological methods for water pollution studies, reservoir of Hyderabad. Ph.D Thesis Osmania University. Environmental Publications, Kard(India). Ress Company, [20] Rani, R., Gupta, B.K and Srivastava, K.B.L., (2004). New York. Smith, G.M Ronald, Press Company, New York. Studies on water quality assessment in Satna city (M.P): [8] Sharma MR, Gupta AB., (2004). Seasonal variation of Seasonal parametric variations, Nature Environment and physico-chemical parameters of Hathli stream in outer Pollution technology, 3(4), pp 563-565. Himalayas, Poll. research, 23(2), pp 265-270. [21] Rajasekar KT,Peramal P, Santhanam P., (2005). [9] Chisty. N., (2002). Studies on Biodiversity of Freshwater Phytoplankton diversity in the coleroon estuary, Zooplankton in Relation to Toxicity of selected Heavy southeast coast of India, Journal of Marine biological Metals. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to M.L Sukhadia association of India, 47, pp 127-132. Univeristy Udaipur. [22] Swaranlatha, S. and A.Narsingrao., (1998). Ecological [10] Umavathi, S., Longakumar, K and Subhashini., studies of Banjara lake with reference to water pollution, (2007). Studies on the nutrient content of Sulur pond Journal of Eenvironmental Biology, 19(2), pp 179-186. in Coimbator, Tamil Nadu, Journal of Ecology and [23] Chandrasekhar, S.V.A., C.A. Nageswara Rao (2009). Eenvironmental Conservation, 13(5), pp 501-504. Introduction and Limnology: Wyra Lake. A Rec. Zool. [11] Benerjee S. M., (1967). Water quality and soil condition of Surv. India (submitted for publication) fishponds in states of India in relation to fish production, Indian Journal of Fisheries, 14(1&2), pp 115-144.

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE John Mohammad.M*,P.V.Krishna.(2014 November 10). The Physico-Chemical Studies on Water Quality of Wyra Reservoir, Khammam District, Telangana, India. PHARMANEST,5(6),2528-2531.http://www.pharmanest.net

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences Volume 5|Issue 6| November-December 2014 Available online: http://www.pharmanest.net