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Assessment of the Water Quality of the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana Using Remote Sensing Techniques

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Assessment of the Water Quality of the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana Using Remote Sensing Techniques UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Integration of physicochemical assessment of water quality with Remote sensing techniques for the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana By KAGISO MOSIMANEGAPE M.Sc. THESIS IN IWRM HARARE, MAY 2016 Assessment of the Water Quality of the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana using Remote Sensing Techniques In collaboration with UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Integration of physicochemical assessment of water quality with Remote sensing techniques for the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana By KAGISO MOSIMANEGAPE MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS IN INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Integrated Water Resources Management of the University of Zimbabwe SUPERVISORS: Eng. Z. Hoko Mr W. Gumindoga JULY 2016 Assessment of the Water Quality of the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana using Remote Sensing Techniques DECLARATION I, Kagiso Mosimanegape, declare that this research report is my own work. It is submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) at the University of Zimbabwe. It has not been submitted before for any other degree of examination at any other University. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this study neither reflect the views of the University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering nor those of the individual members of the MSc Examination Committee, nor of their respective employers. Signature: ___________________________________ Date: ________________ MSC IWRM 2015/16, KAGISO MOSIMANEGAPE I Assessment of the Water Quality of the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana using Remote Sensing Techniques CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... vi APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. ix ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Justification ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 Main objective .......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Specific objectives .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Water quality monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Electrical conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids ................................................................................. 8 2.2.4 Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium ............................................................................................... 8 2.2.5 Sodium and Potassium ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.6 Chloride ................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.7 Nitrates and Total Nitrogen ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.8 Total Phosphate and Orthophosphate ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.9 Sulphates ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.10 Alkalinity .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.11 Chemical Oxygen Demand .................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.12 Algae .................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Water quality challenges ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Agricultural use of fertilizer and runoff ................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2 Population growth, uncontrolled disposal of human and industrial wastes .......................................... 12 MSC IWRM 2015/16, KAGISO MOSIMANEGAPE II Assessment of the Water Quality of the Dikgathong Dam in Botswana using Remote Sensing Techniques 2.3.3 Mining activities .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Land use impacts on water quality ................................................................................................................ 13 2.5 Climate change ............................................................................................................................................. 13 2.6 Remote sensing of water quality ................................................................................................................... 14 2.6.1 Availability of satellite data ................................................................................................................... 15 2. 6.2 Empirical Determination of water quality variables ............................................................................ 16 2.6.3 Analytical models for water quality monitoring .................................................................................... 16 Quasi Analytical Algorithm ............................................................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.0 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................................. 20 3.1 Location ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 3.1.1 Population .............................................................................................................................................. 21 3.1.2 Rainfall .................................................................................................................................................. 21 3.1.3 Soils, geology and vegetation ................................................................................................................ 21 3.1.4 Socio-economic issues ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Potential point and non-point sources of pollution in the Dikgathong Catchment Area............................... 21 CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 4.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Land use and Land cover Classification for 2010 and 2015 ........................................................................
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