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Motloutse Dam Feasibility/Preliminary Design Study

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Motloutse Dam Feasibility/Preliminary Design Study Department of Water Affairs Republic of Botswana MOTLOUTSE DAM FEASIBILITY/PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDY. ANNEX B WATER RESOURCES DRAFT July 1989 SIR M MACDONALD & PARTNERS Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2RS, England Department of Water Affairs Republic of Botswana MOTLOUTSE DAM FEASIBILITY/PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDY. SIR M MACDONALD & PARTNERS Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CBI 2RS, England Department of Water Affairs 1 Republic of Botswana MOTLOUTSE DAM • FEASIBILITY/PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDY. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON OR BEFORE THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE eN-fic-- (oc) SIR M MACDONALD & PARTNERS I Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2RS, England MOTLOUTSE DAM FEASIBILITY/PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDY This report consists of a MAIN REPORT ALBUM OF DRAWINGS Accompanied by thirteen Annexes : Annex A: Hydrology Annex B: Water Resources Annex C: Geology and Site Investigations Annex D: Dam Studies Annex E: Water Supply Annex F: Soils and Land Suitability Annex G: Agriculture Annex H: Markets and Prices Annex I: Irrigation Engineering Annex J: Economic and Financial Analysis of Irrigation Development Annex K: Environmental Impact Studies Annex L: Pollution Studies Annex M: Development Economics UST OF CONTENTS Page No. CHAPTER B1 INTRODUCTION B1.1 General B1 -1 CHAPTER B2 RESERVOIR YIELD ANALYSIS B2.1 Reservoir Operation Modelling B2 -1 B2.1.1 General B2 - 1 B2.1.2 Reservoir Inflow Sequence B2- 1 B2.1.3 Rainfall on the Reservoir B2 - 2 82.1.4 Evaporation B2 - 3 B2.1.5 Initial Conditions B2 - 3 B2.1.6 Sedimentation B2 - 3 B2.1.7 Reliability Criteria B2 - 3 B2.1.8 Dam Operation in the Early Years After Commissioning B2 - 4 B2.2 Reservoir Yields for Urban Supply B2 - 5 B2.2.1 Various Dam Sites B2 - 5 B2.2.2 Yields from Letsibogo Dam B2- 6 B2.2.3 Sensitivity Tests for Letsibogo Yields B2 - 8 B2.2.4 Fluctuations in Letsibogo Level and Area B2 - 9 B2.2.5 Bunded Reservoir Option B2 -10 CHAPTER B3 LETLHAKANE RESERVOIR B3.1 I ntroduction B3 -1 B3.2 Reservoir Yield Estimates B3 -1 B3.2.1 Single Reservoir B3 -1 B3.2.2 Yield of Letlhakane Combined with Letsibogo B3 - 3 B3.2.3 Reduction in Yield due to Siltation B3 - 5 B3.2.4 Pattern of Drawdown B3 - 6 B3.3 Rules for joint Operation of Reservoirs B3 - 6 CHAPTER B4 LETLHAKANE FAULT ZONE B4.1 Introduction B4- 1 B4.2 Hydrogeological Setting B4 - 1 B4.3 - Aquifer Parameters B4 - 3 B4.4 Recharge to the Fault Zone B4 - 3 B4.5 Fault Zone Yield B4 - 5 B4.6 Cost of Groundwater Development B4 - 7 B4.7 Interaction Between Letlhakane Dam and Fault Zone B4 - 10 B4.8 Water Quality B4 -10 B4.9 Combined Yield of Letsibogo Dam, Letlhakane Dam and Fault Zone B4 - 10 LIST OF CONTENTS (cont.) Page No. CHAPTER B5 SAND RIVER RESOURCES B5.1 Introduction B5 - 1 B5.2 Aquifer Properties B5 - 2 B5.3 Sand River Water Resource B5 - 2 B5.4 Return Flow from Selebi - Phikwe B5 - 2 B5.5 Flow Measurements in the Sand River B5 - 3 B5.6 Evaporation Losses from the Sand River B5 - 4 B5.7 Sand River Water Balance Model B5 - 5 B5.7.1 General B5 - 5 B5.7.2 Model Details B5 - 6 B5.7.3 Consumptive Use B5 - 7 B5.8 Calibration of Model B5 - 9 B5.9 Median Year B5 - 11 B5.10 Dry Year B5 - 12 B5.11 Long - term Impacts B5 - 12 B5.12 Conclusions B5 - 13 CHAPTER B6 RELEASES FOR IRRIGATION B6.1 Introduction B6 - 1 B6.2 Reliability for Irrigation Supplies B6 - 1 B6.3 Available Long Term Yield for a Multi - Use Dam B6 - 1 CHAPTER B7 SUPPLY AND DEMAND AFTER LETSIBOGO IS COMMISSIONED B7.1 Introduction B7 - 1 B7.2 Demand B7 -1 B7.3 Primary Demand Reliability in the Early Years B7 - 3 B7.4 Reliability of Supply in the Early Years with Irrigation Demands B7-4 REFERENCES APPENDIX B - A Data Inputs for Reservoir Simulations APPENDIX B - B Sample Outputs for Reservoir Simulations APPENDIX B - C Ground Water Investigations in Letlhakane Fault Zone APPENDIX B - D Sand River Model Data APPENDIX B - E Reservoir Simulation with Secondary Demand APPENDIX B - F Reservoir Simulation with Growing Demand ii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. B2.1 Derivation of Catchment Correction Factors for Inflow Sequences B2 - 2 B2.2 MAP for each Dam Site B2 - 2 B2.3 95/99% Yield for Various Sites B2 - 5 B2.4 Level/Area/Volume for Letsibogo Reservoir B2- 6 B2.5 Annual 95/99% Yields for Letsibogo Dam B2 - 7 B2.6 Letsibogo Dam Yields for Different Reliability Criteria B2- 8 B2.7 Sensitivity of 95/99% Yields B2 - 9 B2.8 Median Reservoir Levels Over 66 Year Simulation B2 - 10 B3.1 Level/Area/Volume for Letlhakane Reservoir B3- 1 B3.2 Annual 95/99% Yields for Letlhakane Dam B3- 2 B3.3 95/99% Yields for Letsibogo and Letlhakane Dams B3 - 3 B3.4 Average Releases from Letlhakane Dam (m3106/yr) B3 - 4 B3.5 Reduction in 95/99% Yields due to Siltation over 45 years B3 - 5 B3.6 Median Letlhakane Reservoir Levels Over 66 years Simulation B3 - 6 B4.1 Components of the Reservoir Simulation B4-6 B4.2 Borehole Details B4 - 8 B4.3 Cost of Wellfield with Delivery Capacity of 5m3106/year B4 - 9 B5.1 River Flow Measurements B5 - 3 B5.2 Small- scale Irrigation Between Letsibogo and Tobane B5- 7 B5.3 Gross Water Requirements for Small - scale Irrigation from the Sand River B5 - 7 B5.4 Estimates of Water Demand for Local Populations Between Letsibogo and Tobane B5- 8 B5.5 Estimates of Water Demand for Cattle and Livestock B5 - 8 B5.6 Water Levels in the Sand River During a Three Year Drought B5 -13 B6.1 Joint Yields from Letsibogo Dam B6- 2 B7.1 Theoretical Demands on Letsibogo Dam B7-2 B7.2 Primary Demand Reliability for 1995 to 2007 B7- 3 B7.3 Primary and Secondary Demand Reliabilities for 1995 to 2007 B7-5 B - A1.1 Synthesised/Recorded Flows for Tobane Gauge used for Reservoir Simulations B- Al -1 B- A1.2 Tobane Catchment Rainfall Record B- Al - 2 B- B1.1 Sample Output for Reservoir Simulation for Tobane Dam B- B1 - 1 B- B1.2 Sample Output for Reservoir Simulation for Lerala Dam B- B1-3 B- B1.3 Sample Output for Reservoir Simulation for a Dam at Site 40 B- B1 - 4 B - B1.4 Sample Output for Reservoir Simulation for a Dam at Site 70 B- B1 - 5 B- B1.5 Sample Output for Twin Reservoir Simulation for Letsibogo and Letlhakane B- B1- 6 B- D1.1 Data Inputs for Sand River Model B- D1 - 1 B- D1.2 Moisture Characteristics of Sand River as used in Computer Model B- D1-2 B- D1.3 Water Levels Measured at Mmadinare and Tobane B - D1 - 3 iii LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Table No. Page No. B-E1.1 Letsibogo Reservoir Simulation with Secondary Demand at 80% Reliability B- E1 -1 B- E1.2 Letsibogo Reservoir Simulation with Secondary Demand at 90% Reliability B- E1 - 3 B- F1.1 Letsibogo Reservoir Simulation for the Early Years with Primary Demand Only B- F1-1 B- F1.2 Letsibogo Reservoir Simulation for the Early Years with Irrigation B- F1-6 iv LIST OF FIGURES On or Following Figure No. Page No. B1.1 Potential Water Resources B1 -1 B2.1 Letsibogo and Letlhakane Reservoirs B2 - 6 B2.2 Level/Area/Volume Characteristics for Letsibogo Dam B2 - 6 B2.3 Annual 95/99% Yields for Letsibogo Dam B2 - 7 B2.4 Letsibogo Fluctuations in Level B2 -10 B2.5 Letsibogo Fluctuations in Area B2 - 10 B2.6 Letsibogo Level Frequency Plot B2 -10 B3.1 Level/Area/Volume Characteristics for Letlhakane Reservoir B3 - 2 B3.2 95/99% Yields for Letsibogo and Letlhakane Dams B3 - 4 B3.3 Letlhakane Fluctuations in Level B3 - 6 B3.4 Letlhakane Fluctuations in Area B3 - 6 B3.5 Letlhakane Level Frequency Plot B3 - 6 B3.6 Letsibogo/Letlhakane Comparative Area/Volume Characteristics B3 - 6 B4.1 Location of Letlhakane Fault Zone B4 - 2 B4.2 Conceptual Model of Letlhakane Fault Zone Aquifer B4 - 2 B4.3 Letsibogo Level Fluctuations in Conjunctive Use with Ground Water B4 - 6 B4.4 Fault Zone Fluctuations in Level B4 - 6 B4.5 Incremental Yield with Varying Aquifer Characteristics B4 - 6 B5.1 Extent of Sand River Model B5 - 2 B5.2 Observed Channel Losses B5 - 4 B5.3 Capillary Flux Potential B5 - 4 B5.4 Computed Channel Losses B5 - 6 B5.5 Sand River Model Calibration B5 -10 B5.6 Dry Season Water Levels (Median Year) B5 - 12 B5.7 Comparison of Water Levels in Sand River B5 -12 B5.8 Annual Water Level in the Median Year B5 - 12 B5.9 Dry Season Water Levels (Dry Year) B5 -12 B5.10 Annual Water Levels in the Dry Year B5 -12 B6.1 Long Term Yield of Multi - use Dam B6 - 2 B7.1 Primary Demand Reliability After Commissioning B7 - 4 B7.2 Primary and Secondary Demand Reliability After Commissioning B7 - 4 ABBREVIATIONS AGC Australian Groundwater Consultants BCL Bamangwato Concessions Limited DWA Department of Water Affairs Eo Open water evaporation ETo Potential reference crop evapotranspiration MAP Mean annual precipitation MAR Mean annual runoff NSC North — South Carrier SMEC Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation CHAPTER B1 INTRODUCTION B1.1 General The water resource studies for the Motloutse Dam Feasibility/Preliminary Design Study were carried out between June 1988 and June 1989.
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