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Connection and Control COMMON SENSE RESEARCH CONNECTION AND CONTROL: Case Studies of Media Use Among Lower-Income Minority Youth and Parents The case studies were conducted with support from the Thrive Foundation for Youth. www.thrivefoundation.org Introduction 3 Methods 5 Key Insights 7 Carla and Jaden: A Brother-Sister Team 12 Andre: A Video Gamer and a Reader 18 Makayla: Reading as Part of a “Weird” Identity 22 Gabe and Samuel: Brothers 26 Markus: A Video Gamer with Equipment “Limitations” 34 Jayla: ”This Lady Blows Up My Phone” 38 Jasmine: Living in Two Worlds 42 Chris: Media Practices Through a Transition 46 Zara: ”I Got Clout” 50 Conclusions 55 References 61 Appendixes 62 Appendix A: Screening Tool . 62 Appendix B: Youth Media Practices Interview Protocol . .63 Appendix C: Youth “Device Tour” Guide. 64 Appendix D: Parent/Guardian Media Practices Interview Protocol . 65 Appendix E: Experience Sampling Protocol . 65 CONNECTION AND CONTROL:CASE STUDIES OF MEDIA USE © COMMON SENSE MEDIA INC. 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. AMONG LOWER-INCOME MINORITY YOUTH AND PARENTS 1 Board of Directors 66 Board of Advisors 67 CONNECTION AND CONTROL:CASE STUDIES OF MEDIA USE 2 AMONG LOWER-INCOME MINORITY YOUTH AND PARENTS © COMMON SENSE MEDIA INC. 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. INTRODUCTION Media experiences and practices among youth are often The recent Common Sense Census: Media Use by Teens and Tweens discussed as if children were a monolithic group. However, the (2015) (referred to as the Census throughout this report) ways in which youth use media are far more complicated and examines the full range of youth media use, including where, how varied. Simply put, different youth use media differently, often, and in what contexts youth engage with media. Some depending on their age, living circumstances, interests, access, striking results emerged from this study, including the finding that and a range of other considerations. Despite the temptation to teens (13- to 18-year-olds) spend an average of about nine hours label children’s media use as “screen time,” it is inaccurate to a day using media, excluding for homework and in-school use. Yet lump together different forms of screen media use, because each the range of hours is quite broad (from no time at all to over 10 serves different needs. It also would be a mistake to assume that hours), and what precisely these teens are doing during these there is a “typical teen media user” given the many reasons teens hours varies tremendously. The Census also reveals striking engage with media and the varied contexts in which media use information about the digital equality gap between higher- and occurs. Youth watch videos, play games, interact with friends, lower-income families: For instance, over 90 percent of youth in take and share photos, create art, and engage in many other higher-income families have a laptop in the home while just over activities using media and technology. Statistics are helpful for 50 percent of kids in lower-income families do. Youth from painting a broad portrait of youth media use, but case studies can lower-income families also are less likely to have access to a be instrumental in understanding the stories and lives of youth, smartphone or a tablet. Furthermore, lower-income youth and and they can provide a window into what teens’ media use reveals minority youth spend more hours with digital media than their about their development. In this report, we delve into the real higher-income counterparts. Teens from lower-income families lives behind the numbers to understand the “what” and “why” of spend more time with media than those from higher-income the significantly higher hours spent by lower-income minority families: 10 hrs. and 35 mins. (10:35) vs. seven hrs. and 50 mins. youth on media. Responding to recent findings, we focus on (7:50) of total media use. Moreover, the Census indicates African-American and Latino youth in lower-income households. differences across race/ethnicity in media use that we examine. TABLE 1. TWEEN MEDIA PROFILES* Video Social Mobile Heavy All Light Users Gamers Networkers Gamers Readers Viewers Percent of all tweens 100% 27% 23% 15% 14% 11% 10% Total screen media 4:36 1:35a 6:42b 7:54b 4:48c 1:34a 5:55b Total media 5:55 2:16a 7:41b 9:59b 6:17c 3:44d 7:15bc Average time per day with each media activity: a b b c a d Watching TV/DVDs/videos 2:26 1:05 3:00 3:12 2:26 1:00 5:08 a b c d a a Playing games 1:19 :18 3:06 1:12 1:57 :18 :29 a b c a a a Video :35 :04 2:10 :24 :04 :02 :03 Computer :11 :08 :16 :10 :09 :09 :20 a b b c a a Mobile :33 :06 :41 :39 1:44 :07 :06 a ac b c ac ac Listening to music :51 :33 :45 1:44 :48 :36 :50 a b b b c b Reading :29 :09 :17 :21 :43 1:35 :31 Using social media :16 — — 1:43 — — — Note: A dash (“—”) indicates that the mean is zero minutes by definition of the media type. Superscripts are used to denote whether differences between groups are statistically significant (p<.05). Items with different superscripts differ significantly. Items that do not have a superscript, or that share a common superscript, do not differ significantly. * Common Sense Media, 2015 CONNECTION AND CONTROL:CASE STUDIES OF MEDIA USE © COMMON SENSE MEDIA INC. 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. AMONG LOWER-INCOME MINORITY YOUTH AND PARENTS 3 TABLE 2. TEEN MEDIA PROFILES* Heavy Gamers/ Social All Light Users Viewers Computer Users Readers Networkers Percent of all teens 100% 32% 26% 20% 13% 10% Total screen media 6:40 2:26a 13:20c 6:57b 3:00d 7:03b Total media 8:56 3:40a 16:24c 9:17b 5:58d 9:34b Average time per day with each media activity: a b c c c Watching TV/DVDs/videos 2:38 1:09 6:24 1:34 1:22 1:34 a b c ac bc Listening to music 1:54 1:15 2:40 1:59 1:32 2:16 a b b a a Playing games 1:21 :32 2:11 2:27 :30 :44 a b b a a Video :37 :18 :57 1:12 :12 :12 a b Computer :19 — :28 1:00 — — a b a ac bc Mobile :25 :14 :46 :15 :18 :31 a b c d e Using social media 1:11 :15 2:09 :53 :20 3:17 a b b c b Reading :28 § :32 :29 1:31 :22 § Less than one minute but greater than zero. * Common Sense Media, 2015 Note: A dash (“—”) indicates that the mean is zero minutes by definition of the media type. Superscripts are used to denote whether differences between groups are statistically significant (p<.05). Items with different superscripts differ significantly. Items that do not have a superscript, or that share a common superscript, do not differ significantly. For instance, African-American teens use an average of 11:10 of understand which devices they use and which activities they media a day compared with 8:51 among Latinos and 8:27 among engage in, how they use their devices, and the meanings they and whites. There is a significant overlap in the U.S. among the their parents draw from media use. These portraits reveal the demographic factors of income and race/ethnicity, which is complexity of their media practices and, perhaps most striking, reflected in the Census. These case studies reflect that overlap, how interconnected youth media practices are with their investigating media use in lower-income African-American and relationships, their parents’ practices and resources, and their Latino youth. living situations. All of the parents in this study are mothers, most are single mothers, and all are raising their children with limited Another objective of these case studies, then, is to better financial resources. This study also examines how these mothers understand the day-to-day media practices of different types of approach their children’s media practices, balancing an attention lower-income minority youth. As mentioned above, youth are not to phones, tablets, and games with other parenting and living monolithic in their practices; in fact, the Census describes distinct challenges. types of media users among tweens and teens, depending on media preferences and time spent with individual media. The Among the research questions the case studies address and that types include Heavy Viewers, Gamers and Computer Users (only we attempt to answer in the Conclusions section (page 59) are: for teens), Video Gamers (only for tweens), Readers, Social How do youth of different media “types” engage differently Networkers, and Light Users (see Tables 1 and 2 for breakdowns with media and the people around them? of all media user types for tweens and teens). We use these categories to explore how each media type interacts with youth How do youth engage differently across media devices and interests and values, parenting practices and resources activities? (particularly money and time), and living situation. How and when do youth engage in consumption versus creation? The below case studies of 11 African-American and Latino youth, age 11 to 15, in lower-income households offer a window into How do youth interact with the people and things around them these tweens’ and teens’ moment-by-moment media practices. when multitasking? Using in-depth interviews of these youth and their parents; How do youth use media to support informal learning? observations of their use of phones, tablets, and gaming systems; and a series of texting prompts over several days, we paint How do parenting practices influence youth media practices? detailed portraits of these youths’ media practices in an effort to How do youth and their parents talk about their sense of well- being, and how does this connect to media usage? CONNECTION AND CONTROL:CASE STUDIES OF MEDIA USE 4 AMONG LOWER-INCOME MINORITY YOUTH AND PARENTS © COMMON SENSE MEDIA INC.
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