Masculinity, Gaming, Friendship and Intimacy, and Sense Of
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
MASCULINITY, GAMING, FRIENDSHIP AND INTIMACY, AND SENSE OF COMMUNITY: A COMPARISON OF MEN IN VIRTUAL AND OFFLINE DOMAINS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN’S UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BY ELIZABETH GIBBONS, B.A., M.A. DENTON, TEXAS AUGUST, 2017 Copyright © Elizabeth Gibbons, 2017 all rights reserved. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Sally Stabb for sticking with me throughout this dissertation process. It has been a long and arduous journey, and Dr. Stabb has been an invaluable resource to me. Dr. Stabb has gamely taken on the role of mentor, cheerleader, collaborator, and supervisor. Dr. Stabb has not wavered in her support of me and this project, even amidst my procrastination, negative self-talk, and delays. Thank you, Dr. Stabb, for helping me tackle this beast and get it done! I would also like to thank my committee for being supportive and flexible, for working with me as allies, and for helping to improve the quality of my project. To Dr. Jeff Harris, thank you for modeling authenticity, for imparting your expertise as a clinician, and for pushing me to expand my thinking about my hypotheses. To Dr. Pyland, thank you for believing in me, for nudging me towards regarding myself more as an early professional rather than a subordinate, and for your flexibility and support. To Dr. Marshall, thank you for being you. You are unique, thoughtful, and quick-witted, and enjoyed immensely any time I was able to spend working with you and talking with you. Second, I want to thank my family. My parents instilled in me a thirst for knowledge, and have provided support to me in whatever ways they were able, big or small. Thank you mom and dad, I love you. To my siblings who also supported me throughout this process, thank you for your guidance, advice, and support. I couldn’t have done this without you. iv Third, I would like to thank my friends who helped me with the nitty-gritty work of completing my dissertation. Thank you to everyone who re-posted my study to social media, read and edited chapters for me, and, most importantly, provided me emotional support during the many times I questioned my ability and resolve to complete this task. Thank you for believing in me, and buoying me when I thought I would sink. To Nelly Dixon: thank you for always being there for a phone call, walk, talk, or trip. To Kayla Downing and Amanda Gray: thank you for reading and editing, for the awesome pep talks, and for cutting a path worthy of following. To Amelia Kingsley, the best friend I could ever ask for: thank you for being there through all the calls, texts, and meltdowns. To John Maddoux, Katie Redford, and Alison Roberg, thank you for pushing me and trusting in me and my abilities. To Jordan Settlemyre, thank you for being proud of me for my academic and career accomplishments and pursuits – it has meant so much. To Rekha Varghese: thank you for being an amazing friend, coworker, consultant, mentor, editor, and therapist. I love you all. Last and certainly not least, I would like to thank Dr. Shannon Scott for her support. Dr. Scott expressed confidence in me and my abilities even before I began my graduate studies, when I was a student in her Learning and Cognition class. Dr. Scott has rooted for me and advocated for me, both as a professor and as an administrator, and is a phenomenal instructor. Dr. Scott’s incredible store of and love of learning and her confident and assertive demeanor are an inspiration to me. Thank you. v ABSTRACT ELIZABETH GIBBONS MASCULINITY, GAMING, FRIENDSHIP AND INTIMACY, AND SENSE OF COMMUNITY: A COMPARISON OF MEN IN VIRTUAL AND OFFLINE DOMAINS AUGUST 2017 The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible relationships between masculinity, gaming, friendship/intimacy, and sense of community in online versus offline contexts. A total of 201 men who self-identified as gamers completed the survey. The participant pool was largely young, White, single, middle-class, heterosexual, and educated. Self-identified gamers were recruited via use of undergraduate students who volunteered for course credit and advertisements posted to social media and gaming- related websites. Participants were given a demographic and gaming questionnaire, followed by the Gender Role Conflict scale (O’Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986), the Miller Social Intimacy scale (modified to measure friend groups online and offline; Miller & Lefcourt, 1982), the Sense of Community Index-2 (Chavis, Lee, & Acosta, 2008), and the Sense of Virtual Community measure (Blanchard, 2007). Canonical correlations, Pearson correlations, z-tests, multiple regressions, and a two- factor repeated MANOVA were run to test hypotheses. Results showed that as gender role conflict increased, so did sense of community offline and friendship and intimacy vi with offline friends. The researchers found that the relationship between masculinity and friendship and intimacy with offline friends was stronger than between masculinity and sense of friendship and intimacy with online friends. Men with higher masculinity scores also demonstrated stronger relationships among friendship and intimacy and sense of community with their offline friends than with their online friends. The results of this study suggest that friendship and community may be more strongly related to masculinity than was previously thought. The present study’s results also challenge negative associations between masculinity and gaming, and suggest that masculinity may not play a consistent role in online interactions and relationships. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COPYRIGHT ......................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT. ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. .xi LIST OF FIGURES. ............................................................................................... xii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. ............................................................................................. ..1 Overview and Significance of the Proposed Study ............................................. 1 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 6 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 8 Masculinity. ........................... ...............................................................................8 Definitions of Masculinity.............................................................................. ..8 Development of Gender. ............................................................................ .10 Positive and Negative Aspects of Masculinity ............................................. 14 Masculinity and Emotion ............................................................................ 19 Gaming .......................................................................................................... ...21 Positive Aspects of Gaming. ........................................................................ 25 Negative Aspects of Gaming ....................................................................... .27 Gaming: Problematic use and Addiction. ..................................................... 29 Friendship and Intimacy.................................................................................... 35 Sense of Community ......................................................................................... 37 Sense of Virtual Community ............................................................................. 39 Masculinity and Gaming. ................................................................................. .40 Masculinity and Friendship and Intimacy. ....................................................... ..42 Gaming, Friendship and Intimacy, and Sense of Community ........................... .45 viii Masculinity, Friendship and Intimacy, and Sense of Community. ...................... 49 Masculinity, Gaming, Friendship and Intimacy, and Sense of Community ......... 50 Summary and Rationale for the Current Study ................................................... 51 Research Questions………………........................................................................54 III. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 55 Participants. ..................................................................................................... .55 Instrumentation ................................................................................................. 59 Demographic and Gaming Questionnaire ................................................... 59 Gender Role Conflict Scale. ...................................................................... .59 Miller Social Intimacy Scale ...................................................................... 61 Sense of Community Index and Sense of Virtual Community..................... 62 Procedure. .......................................................................................................