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List of Abbreviations (for Bibliographical Notes, and Notes and References) B.M. British Museum C.C.E. Committee of the Council on Education Ec.H.R. Economic Hi5tory Review E.H.R. Engli5h Hi5torical Review HJ. Hi5torical Journal L.G.B. Local Government Board P.L.B. Poor Law Board P.L.C. Poor Law Commission P.P. Parliamentary Paper; P.R.O. Public Record Office R.C. Royal Commission S.C. Select Committee (Unless otherwise stated, the place of publication in the ensuing lists is Lon­ don.) Bibliographical Notes 1. SETTLEMENT, REMOVAL AND THE NEW POOR LAW 1 Contemporary Material A large amount of printed material on settlement and removal, much of it highly critical of the system, exists for the nineteenth century. Here we can only llldicate the main areas where this is located. A useful llltroduction to the complex state of settlement law can be found in J. R. McCulloch, Statistical Account of the British Empire, 4th edn (1854) vol. II, pp. 652-3. Sir George Nicholls, History of the English Poor Law, '101. I II by T. Mackay (reissued, Ig04), ch. x v I offers a fuller but equally clear exposition of the state of the law and the problems involved in its reform, as does P. F. Aschrott, The English Poor Law System, Past and Present, 2nd edn (lg02) part II, ch. 1, sec. I I I. Details of the various statutes affecting settlement and removal, and of some of the more important legal cases involving settlement, can be found in the numerous legal textbooks on settlement published to help parish and union officials and others involved in settlement litigation fina their way through the tangle of statute and case law on the subject. r. F. Archbold, The Poor Law Comprising the Whole of the Law of Settlement and All the Authorities, 15th edn (18g8) which went through ten editions between 1850 and 18g8, J. F. Symonds, The Law of Settlement and Removal, 4th edn (lg03) and Herbert Davey, The Law of Settlement (lg08) are good examples of this, whilst E. Lidbetter, Settlement and Removal (1932) shows that, even after the disappearance of the unions and the boards of guardians, a knowledge of the law of settlement was considered essential for aspiring candidates in local government service. George Coode, Report to the Poor Law Board on the Law of Settlement and Removal of the Poor (1851), and Robert Pashley, Pauperism and Poor Laws (1852), constitute the two most comprehensive critiques of the law of settlement as it existed at mid-century. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900, vol. I ( Ig66) vol. I I (lg 7 2) provides a useful aid to tracking down some of the numerous articles on settfement and removal which appeared in nineteenth­ century periodicals. Sir Edmund Head's article of 1848 in the Edinburgh Review has recently been reprinted in A. W. Coats (ed.), Poverty in the Victorian Age, vol. II (lg73). Discussions of settlement and removal also figure prominently in the voluminous pamphlet literature on the Poor Law. An indispensable source of information and opinion is of course the great mass of evidence collected by the many nineteenth-century parliamentary select committees on settlement and removal, particularly those of 1847 (P.P., 1847, XI); 1854 (P.P., 1854, XVII); 1857-60 (P.P., 1857-8, XIII); (P.P., 1859 [sess. 21 VII); 1860 (P.P., 1860, XVII) and 1878 (P.P., 1878-g, XII), together with the evidence on, and discussion of, the problem of settlement in the reports and appendices of the Royal Commissions of 1832-4 and Ig05-09· 196 NEW POOR LAW IN THE N I NET E E NTH C E N T U R Y 2 Recent Works In contrast to the spate of nineteenth-century writing on settlement and removal, the question has been relatively neglected by modern social historians, particularly with regard to developments after the 1834 Act. Inevitably S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, English Poor Law History, Part II, The Last Hundred Years, vol. I (1929; reprinted, 1963) provides the basic account of the reforms of the law of settlement and their effects after 1834. Arthur Redford's pioneering Labour Migration in England 1800-1850 (1926; 2nd edn with introauction by W. H. Chaloner, 1963) contains a valuable dis­ cussion of the operation of the law of settlement and its effect on labour mobility. More recently, historical geographers and economic historians have begun to show a renewed interest in Poor Law settlement and removal as it affected the pattern of settlement and population distribution in rural areas. Dennis R. Mills, 'The Poor Laws and the Distribution of Population, c. 1600-1860, with Special Reference to Lincolnshire', Transactions oj the Institute of British Geographers, XXVI (1959) pp. 185-g5, marks the beginnings of this type of study, and chapter 8 of his English Rural Communities: The Impact of a Specialised Economy (1973) continues the analysis with reference to Not­ tinghamshire. Another article by the same author, 'Francis Howell's Report on the Operation of the Laws of Settlement in Nottinghamshire, 1848', Tran­ sactions oj the Thoroton Society, LXXVI (1972) pp. 46-52, examines the report of one of the Poor Law Board's inspectors on the effects of settlement and removal in his area. B. A. Holderness, '''Open'' and "Close" Parishes in England in the 18th and 19th Centuries', Agricultural History Review, xx (197l/) pp. 1l/6-39 contains a valuable discussion of the number, distribution and effect of 'close' parishes in rural areas. Dennis R. Mills, 'Spatial Implications of the Settlement Laws in Rural England' in Poverty and Social Policy, 1750-1870, Open Universiry Arts Fourth Level Course, Great Britain 1750-1950: Sources and Historiography Block IV Units 1l/-16 (1974) provides an excellent brief summary of the changes in the law of settlement between 1834 and 1865, and also makes suggestions as to the possible design of further local research into questions of settlement, 'close' and 'open' parishes and population distribution in rural areas, which may go some way towards remedYing the relative neglect of nineteenth-century settlement and removal by historians. 2. MEDICAL SERvICES UNDER THE NEW POOR LAW Surprisingly, in view of its comparative neglect by social historians, the Poor Law medical service is one of the most fully documented aspects of nineteenth -century social administration. The Annual Reports of the Poor Law Commission from 1834 to 1846, those of the Board from 1847 to 1870, and of the Local Government Board from 1871 on provide, in addition to the texts of the relevant Orders, some basic statistics and commentary on the evolution of the service from its initiation in 1834. All these reports were printed in the normal sessional series of Parliamentary Papers. To supple­ ment this regular series there were also, from time to time, periodic enqUiries into the operation of medical relief and the state of the workhouse infir­ maries. The most useful of these were the Report of the Select Committee on the Poor Law Amendment Act, P.P. XVIII (1837-8); the Report of the Select Committee on Medical Poor Relief, IX (1844); the Report of the Select Committee on Medical BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 197 Relief, x I I (1854); the Report of the Select Committee on the Administration of Relief to the Poor, IX (1864), and Report of Dr Edward Smith . .. on the Metropolitan Workhouse Infirmaries and Sick wards, P.P., LXI (1866). The Reports of the Royal Sanitary Commission, PP., XXXII (1868-9) and xxxv (1871), contain some valuable evidence about the public-health activities (or inactivity) of the guardians. The unprinted records of the central authorities - the Commission and the later Boards - embracing a vast mass of correspondence on matters relating to medical relief with boards of guardians, assistant commissioners and in­ spectors, are all preserved in the Ministry of Health series in the Public Record Office in London. At local level there is a wealth of archival material in the records of individual boards of guardians, most of it preserved and available for historians in County and City Record Offices. These extensive manuscript sources have as yet been little exploited by historians apart from a number of unpublished theses for higher degrees. Outside the official sphere the history of the Poor Law medical service is also well served by the publications of institutions and professional associations with a close interest in the medical aspects of poor relief. The issues of the medical journals, particularly the Lancet from 1834 and the British Medical Journal from 1856, frequently contain material of direct relevance, much of it critical, while the specia1 report of the Lancet's 'Com­ mission' of 1865 - Report of the Lancet Sanitary Commission for Investigating the State of the Infirmaries of Workhouses (1866) - has been explicitly referred to above. After its formation in 1857, the National Association for the Promo­ tion of Social Science published many papers on this subject in the Trans­ actions in which its annual conferences were reported. Much information may also be found in the considerable pamflhlet literature which was a J?rincipal vehicle for the campaign for reform of the Poor Law medical servICe. This literature is nowhere comprehensively sur­ veyed, and it is probably most fully exploited - as are so many other areas of Poor Law pamphleteering - in the footnotes of the Webbs' Poor Law History: The periodical reviews - particularly the Fortnightly, Macmillan's and Fraser's­ occasionally gave space to propaganda for reform of the medical service. At the most personal and intimate level, the memoirs of medical men and workhouse visitors provide some of the most revealing glimpses of the reality of the Poor Law medical service.
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