Mari Kenali Hak-Hak Buruh Migran Indonesia Perspektif Islam Dan Perempuan

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Mari Kenali Hak-Hak Buruh Migran Indonesia Perspektif Islam Dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura MARI KENALI HAK-HAK BURUH MIGRAN INDONESIA PERSPEKTIF ISLAM DAN PEREMPUAN Serial Handbook BMI Malaysia-Singapura Kerjasama PP Fatayat NU-WEMC SEARC City-U HK 2010 Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura Handbook ini merupakan hasil kerjasama antara PP Fatayat NU Jakarta dengan Southeast Asia Research Centre of the City University of Hong Kong dalam Konsorsium Program Penelitian tentang “Pemberdayaan Perempuan dalam Konteks Muslim: Gender, Kemiskinan, dan Demokrasi dari Dalam ke Luar” (WEMC). Judul buku : Mari Kenali Hak-Hak Buruh Migran Indonesia Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Penulis : Nur Rofiah Ala’i Nadjib Pembaca Ahli : Maria Ulfah Anshor, Neng Dara Affiah, Imam Nakhoi, Nisma Abdullah Tim Inti Program : Maria Ulfah Anshor, Neng Dara Affiah, Nur Rofiah, Ala’i Nadjib, Muzaenah Zein Ilustrator : Mufid Aziz Layout & Design Cover : Ali Ma’mun, e-mail: [email protected] Cover : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merlion_singapore_merlion_park. jpg (Singapura) & http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com- mons/8/85/Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg (Malaysia) Disclaimer: This document is an output of the Research Programme Penerbit : Consortium on Women’s Empowerment in Muslim Contexts’ PP Fatayat NU project funded by UK aid from the UK Department for Jl. Kramat Lontar No i-60 Salemba Jakarta Pusat Indonesia Cetakan pertama: 2010 International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. v Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura v KATA PENGANTAR Tim Peneliti Buku saku (handbook) ini merupakan salah satu versi hasil penelitian PP Fatayat NU tentang Buruh Migran Indonesia (BMI), di samping versi lainnya yang berupa buku. Penelitiannya sendiri diawali dengan pengumpulan data melalui indept interview (wawancara mendalam) terhadap 9 man- tan BMI Singapura, Malaysia, Hong Kong, dan Timur Tengah, FGD (Focus Discussion Group), dan Halaqah (workshop) yang diikuti oleh unsur BMI, LSM pendamping BMI, dan organisasi Islam. Data-data tsb kemudian dipilah berdasarkan 4 kategori yaitu hak BMI sebagai warga negara, pekerja, perempuan, dan Muslim. Masing-ma- sing persoalan kemudian dianalisis keterkaitan- nya dengan wacana agama dan dirumuskan dalam bentuk pertanyaan yang dijawab dalam perspek- tif Islam dan perempuan. Perspektif Islam yang v Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura v dimaksudkan di sini adalah ayat al-Qur’an, hadis dalam masyarakat dapat dipertahankan. Dengan dan pendapat para ulama. Baik pertanyaan mau- demikian wacana Islam tidak justru melemahkan pun jawaban dirumuskan dalam kerangka hak dan posisi tawar BMI perempuan yang memang sudah perspektif Islam. lemah di hadapan agen, pengguna jasa, negara sen- Langkah terakhir inilah yang mengandung ke- diri, perwakilan negaranya KBRI /KJRI maupun sulitan cukup tinggi mengingat wacana Islam yang negara di tempat mereka kerja. lebih banyak berbicara tentang kewajiban daripada Tentu saja Fatayat NU menyadari bahwa aga- hak. Oleh karena itu, salah satu strategi perumusan ma hanyalah salah satu aspek yang terkait dengan hak dalam perspektif Islam ini adalah dengan me- persoalan BMI. Masih ada aspek hukum, politik, lihat kewajiban pihak lain terhadap BMI. ekonomi, dan lainnya. Namun demikian, hand- Kondisi khusus BMI Perempuan sangat pen- book setidaknya memberikan penguatan secara ting untuk diperhatikan dalam perumusan wacana agama terhadap apa yang menjadi hak bagi BMI. Islam. Pertama, mereka adalah anak perempuan, Semoga bermanfaat dan selamat membaca! ibu, maupun isteri yang sedang mencari nafkah keluarga. Padahal dalam Islam nafkah keluarga sesungguhnya adalah hak mereka atas ayah atau suami. Kedua, mereka keluar negeri dan pisah dari keluarga setidaknya dua tahun. Sementara itu wa- cana Islam kerap mengidealkan perempuan untuk di dalam rumah bahkan keluar balkon pun sebaik- nya tidak. Di sinilah kemudian perspektif perem- puan diperlukan. Kondisi khusus ini mesti diperhatikan agar spirit ajaran Islam untuk menjamin hak-hak kelom- pok lemah (dlaif) dan yang dilemahkan (mustadl’afin) v Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura x SAMBUTAN Ketua Umum PP Fatayat NU Menjalani hidup sebagai BMI bukanlah se- suatu yang mudah. Sistem rekruitmen, penam- pungan, pemberangkatan, penempatan, dan pe- mulangan yang belum tertib menyebabkan posisi BMI, terutama BMI perempuan, menjadi sangat rentan untuk jatuh menjadi korban human trafficking atau perdagangan manusia. Persoalan bermula dari tidak adanya sistem informasi yang memadai, sehingga BMI, orang PT (broker atau tekong), bahkan agen tidak tahu kondisi sebenarnya calon pengguna jasa BMI. Sementara itu, ketika sampai di rumah penggu- na jasa, BMI tidak punya kesempatan lagi untuk membatalkan kontrak kerjanya meskipun ternya- ta pengguna jasa adalah peternak atau pemelihara anjing maupun babi, bahkan anggota keluarganya sangat banyak padahal dia hanya dipekerjakan se- x Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura x orang diri, atau rumah mereka sangat kecil sehing- melemahkan BMI, khususnya perempuan, terma- ga BMI satu kamar dengan suami-istri yang men- suk celah yang menggunakan kedok agama. jadi pengguna jasanya, atau bahkan ketika ternyata Handbook (buku saku) ini merupakan upa- BMI dilacurkan. ya memahami masalah BMI dengan pandangan Kondisi yang serba tidak jelas ini kadang di- agama. Spirit atau semangatnya adalah menolak perparah dengan penggunaan agama sebagai alat pemahaman agama yang melemahkan BMI pe- untuk melemahkan posisi BMI, khususnya perem- rempuan dan sebaliknya menyajikan pemahaman puan. Misalnya pandangan bahwa BMI perempu- agama yang menguatkan mereka yang sejalan de- an adalah perempuan yang tidak shalehah karena ngan misi organisasi Fatayat NU untuk member- meninggalkan keluarganya walaupun pergi dalam dayakan perempuan berlandaskan Islam. rangka menafkahi keluarga. Banyak juga kasus di Untuk menambah pengalaman yang perlu di- mana BMI perempuan bekerja membanting tulang tuliskan dan supaya sesuai dengan harapan teman- di negeri orang, menanggung ancaman kekerasan teman BMI, handbook ini juga sudah diujicobakan fisik dan seksual seorang diri, namun suami di ta- melalui bedah draft bersama teman-teman BMI nah air malah menggunakan gaji yang dikirimkan- dan pendampingnya di PP Fatayat NU pada Maret nya untuk menikahi perempuan lain dan dibenar- 2010 dan juga di Pengurus Cabang Istimewa Ma- kan oleh agama atas nama poligami. laysia pada Mei 2010. Dalam kondisi di mana banyak keluarga sa- Terimakasih disampaikan pada teman-teman ngat miskin di Indonesia yang tidak mampu hidup BMI dan para pendampingnya yang telah berke- secara layak, menjadi BMI kadang menjadi satu- nan menjadi narasumber utama penelitian, WEMC satunya pilihan. Oleh karena itu, menutup rapat- SEARC City University Hong Kong yang telah rapat kesempatan jutaan keluarga di Indonesia bekerjasama dengan PP Fatayat NU dalam pro- untuk mengubah nasibnya ini menjadi sangat ti- gram penelitian ini, Tim Peneliti, yaitu Neng Dara dak adil. Apa yang harus ditutup serapat mungkin Affiyah sebagai supervisor, Nur Rofiah sebagai adalah setiap celah yang bisa dipergunakan untuk Kordinator, Alai Najib dan Muzaenah Zein seba- x Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura x gai anggota, Mas Imam Nakhoi dan mbak Nisma Abdullah sebagai pembaca ahli, dan semua pihak yang tidak bisa kami sebut satu per satu. Semoga handbook ini bermanfaat dalam usaha perbaikan Preface kualitas hidup BMI. Jakarta, Mei 2010 Maria Ulfah Anshor In 2009, Indonesian women working ab- road contributed approximately US $7 billion to the national economy via remittances, reaffirming their reputation as the country’s unsung heroines. Despite this enormous contribution, no effective mechanisms protect the rights and dignity of these women who commonly work as domestic workers in prosperous countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. While statistics are diffi- cult to come by, there are increasing reports of se- vere human rights violation of migrant workers. In the course of research undertaken with Indonesian migrant workers by the Southeast Asia Research Centre of the City University of Hong Kong as part of the multi-country research con- sortium, Women’s Empowerment in Muslim Contexts: gender, poverty and democratisation from the inside out, Islam emerged as a key reference in defining and xv Mari Kenali Hak-Hak BMI Perspektif Islam dan Perempuan Seri Malaysia-Singapura xv legitimising rights in the eyes of Indonesian wo- and tend to stress on the obedience and obliga- men migrant workers, the majority of whom are tion of migrant workers instead of their rights. On Muslims. Few women, it transpired, are confident the issue of zakat, for example, migrant workers about what can be considered legitimately to be were regarded as muzakki (wealthy and privileged their rights from the perspective of Islam. In dis- Muslims who must pay zakat) rather than mustahiq cussions doubts often arose about women’s rights (poor and marginalised people entitled to receive regarding their working conditions, such as: zakat from the rich). In the same light, religion was used to justify discriminatory policies and practi- • What is the role of the government in the work ces vis a vis Indonesian migrant workers. In Natio- relations between migrant workers, placement nal Regulation no. 39/2004 regarding
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