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Shri Jagannath Temple Management Orissa Review Shri Jagannath Temple Management he ancient Temple of Lord Jagannath at Puri ever since its Tinception has been an institution of unique importance in which millions of Hindu Devotees have reposed their faith and belief regarding it as the epitome of their tradition and culture. The affairs of Shri Jagannath Temple at Puri were looked after with great devotion and care by the successive Hindu ruling dynasties of Odisha for whom Shri Jagannath Mahaprabhu had come to be regarded as the family or the State deity. The famous Ganga monarch Chodoganga, after constructing the present edifice in the 12th Century A.D., conferred the old endowments of Shri Jagannath, made new endowments and laid the foundation of a sound administration for managing the affairs of the temple. Madala Panji, the chronicle of Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri eulogistically records the extensive endowments in land and fabulous gifts of gold metal made by Anangabhima Deva. He is also credited with organizing the Chhatisa Nijoga or as many as thirty six genres of temple servitors and instituting numerous Bhogas and Yatras (festivals). The Suryavamsi rulers who succeeded the Gangavamsis were great devotees of Shri Jagannath and from some of their inscriptions in the Temple it is evident that they not only enriched the coffers of the Temple by their numerous gifts, but also looked to the strict and punctual performance of the rituals (nitis) of the deities. Political power of Odisha fast declined from the time of Gajapati Prataprudra Deva and with the death of Mukunda Deva, the last independent Hindu King or Orissa, in 1568 A.D., the governance thereof passed into the hands of the Afghan powers of contemporary Bengal, for a time span. The bigoted Afghan-General Kalapahad who has earned a great deal of notoriety in popular tradition as a cruel iconoclast desecrated and plundered the temple of Jagannath in 1568 A.D. According to Madalapanji Shri Jagannath had been removed from the temple and hidden, but Kalapahad found out the deities and taken them away and consigned to flames on the banks of the Ganges. A devotee namely Bisara Mohanty who had followed in disguise somehow succeeded in recovering the Bramha from the charred remains and kept in custody of the Khandayat of Kujang. July - 2011 5 Orissa Review King Ramachandra Deva (I) of Bhoi dynasty had carved out a small Hindu kingdom on the ruins of the vast Gajapati empire with its capital at Khurda. After stabilizing his powers and position in the new kingdom, lost no time in retrieving back to Puri the Bramha from Kujang Garh and performed the Nabakalebar ceremony of Jagannath. The deities were installed in the great temple at Puri in 1575 A.D. King Ramachandra Deva not only re-installed Jagannath in the temple, but also re-established the sanctity of Mahaprasad, the offering of which had been stopped for about a decade. For reviving the worship of Jagannath at Puri after the temple was desecrated by Kalapahad, Raja Rama Chandra Deva of Khurda was popularly called as ‘Abhinava Indradyumna’ or incarnation of Indradyumna. In 1590 A.D. Raja Mansingh, the great Mughal General, proclaimed Rama Chandra Deva as the Gajapati ruler of Khurda, under the Mughal Emperor and also as the Superintendent of the Jagannath Temple. The The Rajas of Khurda continued to be the hereditary superintendents. The temple affairs were managed under their direct supervision till Odisha passed into the hands of the Marathas. By the treaty concluded between Nawab Alivardi Khan of Bengal and Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur in 1751 A.D., the province of Cuttack i.e., Orissa (Odisha) as far as the river Suvarnarekha was ceded to the Marathas over which they became the de facto rulers. The Marathas kept the management of Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri in their own hands and being Hindus encouraged the worship of Jagannath. They got the ceremonies and festivals properly conducted, and made good of the deficit between the receipt and the expenditure of the temple. The day to day affairs of the temple were managed by the Parichhas, appointed by the Maratha Government. There were three types of parichas, viz. Shewaji Ungits (3rd Parichha), Jagannath Rajguru (2nd Parichha) and morar Pandit (Head Parichha), whose sole duty it was to take care of interior management of the temple and any complaint against them were referred to Ekadee Pandit at Cuttack, who decided upon them finally. The authority of the Rajas of Khurda was very limited in the temple during the time of the Maratha government which assumed almost the entire control. Gajapati Dibyasingh Deva-II was loyal to the Marathas. During his time, the Jagannatha temple was again plastered. Jhulan Yatra was introduced in the temple. The Arun Pillar was brought from Konark and installed infront of main entrance way of the Jagannath Temple. The Marathas were defraying the expenses of the temple from the tax they collected from the pilgrims. Besides, they also set apart some lands for the worship of Lord Jagannath in the Praganas of Rahang, Sirai, Chabiskud and Lembai which they received from the Raja of Khurda in lieu of payment for rendering military services. This endowment yielding a revenue of Rs.27,000/- was known as Satais Hazari Mahal. But the discipline and the administration of the temple seem to have much deteriorated during the Maratha rule. With the British occupation of Odisha in 1803, the Management of the Jagannath Temple was taken over by the East India Company. The Governor General, Lord Wellesley in his dispatches to Lt. Col. Campbell, the Commander of the Southern Forces, had particularly stressed the need for respecting the great sanctity attached to the temple of Jagannath at Puri. Before the British army marched into 6 July - 2011 Orissa Review Odisha, Wellesley had instructed — “On your arrival at Juggernaut, You will employ every possible precaution to preserve the respect due to the Pogoda and to the religious prejudices of the Brahmins and the pilgrims. You shall furnish the Brahmins with such guards as shall afford perfect security to their persons, rites and ceremonies and to the sanctity of the religious edifices, and you will strictly enjoin those under your command to observe your orders on this important subject with the utmost degree of accuracy and vigilance…” For the better administration of the temple and the endowed properties, the Government of Odisha as a preliminary step towards undertaking a comprehensive legislation passed the Puri-Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952 providing for the appointment of a Special Officer to consolidate and prepare a Record of Rights and duties of Sebaks, Pujaris and such other persons connected with the Seva, Puja and management of the temple and for the endowments of the temple. A Special Officer of the rank of a District Judge was accordingly appointed who submitted his report on the 15th March, 1954, that disclosed serious mismanagement of the affairs of the temple and in consequence Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1954 (Orissa) Act II of 1955was passed. The Act became law in November, 1955. Raja Ramachandra Deva, the Superintendent of the Temple filed a writ petition in the Orissa High Court challenging the validity of the Act. The High Court delivered judgment on 30.4.1957 dismissing the writ petition. The main grounds of challenge interalia are, that Jagannath Temple is founded, owned and controlled by the Gajapati kings to whom the temples belongs secondly, it is not necessary to prepare and promulgate a special Act, when a general Act was inforce. In the mean time Birakrishore Deva became the Superintendent. The Act was brought into force on 27.10.1960 under Law Department Notification No. 6619 dt.24.10.1960 by constituting a statutory committee. The Committee took over possession of the Temple and managed its Seva Puja and other affairs with effect from the said date. Raja Birakishore Deva had preferred an appeal in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court passed an order granting an ad interim stay over the committee. Consequent upon vacation of the order, the Committee again took over possession and management of the Temple on 17.12.1960. The Temple Record of Rights was prepared in four volumes describing the rituals, duties & responsibilities of as many as 119 categories of Sevaks and including individual Seva. Sri Jagannath Temple Act, 1954 (Orissa Act 11 of 1955) forms the basis of the existing administrative pattern of the temple and its endowments. Section 5 of the Act states that “the administration and the governance of the Temple and its endowments shall vest in a committee called Shri Jagannath Temple Managing Committee constituted as such by the State Government. It shall be a body corporate, having perpetual, succession and a common seal, and by the said name sue and be sued. Section 6 provides for the constitution of the Committee with the Raja of Puri as the Chairman. No person who does not profess the Hindu religion shall be eligible for membership. The Collector of the District of Puri is an ex-officio member and was designated as the Vice-Chairman of the committee till Feb, 2005. Sections 19 & 21 deal with the appointment, powers and functions of the Administrator (Now Chief Administrator) of the Temple who shall be the Secretary of the Committee and its Chief Executive Officer and shall be subjected to the control of the Committee, have powers to carry out the decisions in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The Chief Administrator shall be responsible for the custody of all records and properties of the Temple. July - 2011 7 Orissa Review After the introduction of Shri Jagannath Temple Amending Act, 2004 the Managing Committee as well as administrative structure are upgraded with effect from Feb, 2005.
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