DOCSLIB.ORG

Fast Robust Ethernet in the First Mile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fast Robust Ethernet in the First Mile Fast Robust Ethernet in the First Mile Ethernet end-to-end End Points are Ethernet 90% of LANs are Ethernet Ethernet Used at Desktop Ethernet Used at Servers Ethernet is the most efficient way to carry IP traffic TCP/IP Stack fits naturally on top of Ethernet Internet Protocol (IP) is driving today’s internet Multiservice IP will drive the emerging applications : VoIP, Interactive TV, Presence, Chat, etc. Ethernet is the most cost effective network Optical Ethernet exploding in MAN/WAN Much Cheaper than ATM QOS continues to improve – Traffic Shaping, Policy Manager, Priority Queuing, etc. Copper Based EFM Bridges LAN to MAN Ethernet in the First Mile Interfaces should be 802.3 compliant No SAR - One solution is to encapsulate Ethernet Frames in HDLC Should Leverage Existing Copper Infrastructure The future is fiber (greater bandwidth, lower BER) Fiber deployment is growing, new builds often include fiber at the start BUT… far more consumers are served today by twisted pair than by fiber YANKEE Group estimates 5-7% of market served by fiber Cost of building fiber infrastructure is significant. Copper Loop based EFM can cost effectively provide bandwidth today Ethernet Over ATM Ethernet/TCP/IP Frame S Preamble F Dest Source L/T IP TCP Data FCS D 8 1 6 6 46-1500 4 Octets Segmented Into ATM Cells LLC 0xAA-AA-03 RFC1483 ATM Cell OUI 0x00-00-00 8 7 6 5 4 33 2 1Bit Octet 9 Bytes Octet EtherType 0x08-00 Header Generic Flow Control Virtual Path Identifier 11 Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Ch Identifier 22 Virtual Channel Identifier 33 IP – PDU 5 Bytes Virtual Ch Identifier Payload Cell Type Priority 44 Payload Header Error Check 55 RFC 1483 66 .. .. Frame .. 48 Bytes 48 Bytes Payload Pad (0-47 Octets) .. CPCS-UU Indicator (1 Octet) AAL5 . 8 Bytes CPI (1 Octet) CPCS-PDU .. 8 Bytes Length (2 Octets) 5353 CRC (4 Octets) Trailer Ethernet encapsulated in HDLC Ethernet/TCP/IP Frame S Preamble F Dest Source L/T IP TCP Data FCS D 8 1 6 6 46-1500 4 Octets Encapsulated in HDLC Frame Ex: EtherLoop Burst: 31 1518 Byte Frames per Burst Ethernet Frame Ethernet Frame Ethernet Frame Preamble: 135 Bytes Header, CRC, Flag: 7 Bytes Packet Size EtherLoop ATM (Bytes) 1518 0.7% 11.0% 64 0.7% 30.0% Transport Overhead Modeling the Copper Loop Copper Loop Environment Requires a solution beyond today’s DSL Must adapt to frequency slope Must equalize effects of bridged taps Should continuously adapt to environment Maintain maximum possible throughput Ensure Spectral Compatibility Industry Standard Models Exist ANSI T1E1.4 ETSI FSAN T1.417 Spectrum Management Standard Published T1.417-2001 Spectrum ManagementManagement forfor Loop Transmission Systems Standard published on 2/28/01 Two Methods of Proving Spectral Compatibility Membership in 1 of 9 Spectrum Management Classes Standardized Analysis – Method B Some of the symmetric SM Classes have deployment restrictions Short-Term Stationary (Burst) Conformance Criteria Elastic Networks was a principal author Ensure Spectral Compatibility Contains Standardized Models for Loop environment Loop Insertion Gain Models NEXT and FEXT Models Mixed Crosstalk Models Standardized Curve Fit Loop Model 1 R ( f ) = 1 + 1 4 4 + ⋅ 2 4 4 + ⋅ 2 rOC a C f rOS a S f æ ö b l + l ç f ÷ 0 ∞ è f L ( f ) = m æ ö b 1 + ç f è f m − = + ⋅ c e C ( f ) c ∞ c 0 f + = ⋅ g e G ( f ) g 0 f Copper Environment: Attenuation Slope Insertion Gain for 9kft of 26AWG Wire (CSA 6), with 100 ohm termination -30 -50 -70 -90 -110 CSA 6 Insertion Gain dB -130 -150 -170 -190 0 1000000 2000000 3000000 Freq (Hz) Loop Topologies 600’/ 26 CSA #1 5900’/26 1800’/26 Complex Topologies 700’/ 26 650’/ 26 CSA #4 modeled by 550’/ 26 6250’/26 800’/ 26 cascading 2-port ABCD models of CSA #6 segments with 9000’/26 different gauges 1500’/26 1500’/26 and lengths, and ANSI #13 9000’/26 200 0’/24 500’/ 24 500’/ 24 3-port ABCD models of bridged Indicates Central Office end taps Indicates Remote Device End Some CSA & ANSI Loops Copper Environment: Bridged Tap Echos Frequency Response 3kft 24AWG Line, with 573kft 24AWG Tap 0 -5 -10 -15 dB -20 -25 -30 -35 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1E+06 1E+06 Freq (Hz) Impluse Response, Insertion Gain 3kft 24AWG Line, with 573kft 24AWG Tap 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 Response 0 -50000 0 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 Time (Sec) Impulse Response NEXT models Two Piece Unger Model • Typically used for baseband signals • Uses one slope below 20kHz, and another slope for higher frequencies. • For one disturber, the Unger model uses a slope of 6dB per decade below 20kHz, and 15 dB per decade above 20kHz Simplified T1E1 Model = × 3/ 2 NEXTn xn f = × −14 × ()0.6 xn 8.818 10 n 49 n is the number of disturbers, and f = the frequency in Hz. NEXT measurements 99th Percentile Worst Case NEXT Models, N=1, & Measured Profiles -40 -45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 -75 Coupling Gain (dB) -80 -85 -90 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 Freq (Hz) Unger Model Simplif ied Model Meas 1_2 Meas 1_3 Meas 1_4 Meas 1_5 Meas 2_3 Meas 2_4 Meas 2_5 Meas 3_4 Meas 3_5 Meas 4_5 NEXT Statistics n-GPSn-GPS statistical statistical distributions distributions for for 1 1 to to 49 49 disturbers disturbers 45%45% 40%40% 35%35% 30%30% 25%25% 20%20% 15%15% 10%10% 5%5% 2%2% 1%1% -120-120 -110 -110 -100 -100 -90 -90 -80 -80 -70 -70 -60 -60 -50 -50 CouplingCoupling gain gain (dB) (dB) FEXT Model = 2 × 2 FEXTn H channel ( f ) klf k = 8 * 10 − 20 * ()n 49 0 .6 n = number of disturbers, l = the loop length in feet, and f = frequency in Hz. 2 Hchannel (f ) is the channel insertion gain FSAN Mixed Disturber Model 1 1 0 .6 æ 3 0 .6 3 0 .6 ö Next []f = ç ()S []f X f 2 n 0 .6 + ... + ()S []f X f 2 n 0 .6 è 1 N 1 i N i æ 1 1 ö0.6 Fext[ f ] = ç()S [ f ] H 2[]f X f 2 l n 0.6 0.6 + ... + ()S [ f ] H 2[]f X f 2 l n 0.6 0.6 è 1 1 F 1 1 i i F i i Sii[f] is the PSD of the disturber, and Hii[f] is the insertion gain of the loop •No physical significance to this model •Analytical tool, with these characteristics: 1. Reduces to the identical disturber equation for disturber ≠≠ type j, if Sii = 0 or nii = 0 for all i j. 2. Reduces to the identical disturber equation if Sii =Sjj for all i≠≠j. 3. Generates nondecreasing crosstalk power as more disturbers are added. 4. Treats all disturbers equally. Intermediate Transmission Unit (TU-I) Ref - C Ref - R TU - C TU - R New - C TU-R TU-C New - R Rptr/Amp New - R Reference Y kft Z-Y kft TU-R NEXT NEXT NEXT Z kft Z-Y FSAN kft TU - C Z kft TU - R FSAN New - C Rptr/Amp Reference FEXT TU-C FEXT FEXT AWGN Noise Z kft H(f) Z-Y kft H(f) Z kft H(f) Y kft Coupling & Coupling & Coupling Crosstalk Model for NEXT & FEXT from a repeater Directional Multiplexing Choices • SINGLE BAND, FULL-DUPLEX - NEXT-LIMITED • FREQUENCY DIVISION, FULL-DUPLEX - CONSTRAINS TRAFFIC SYMMETRY - UPPER FREQUENCY BAND HAS SHORTER REACH • TIME DIVISION, HALF-DUPLEX - BURST TRANSMISSION - SINGLE BAND, REDUCED NEXT - SYMMETRY AGILE - FREQUENCY AGILE Burst Mode vs. Constant Transmissions 10BaseT LAN Burst EFM Local Loop H D MODEM L C Silent Periods: No Crosstalk Generated Can measure SNR Can ldentify Crosstalk Coupled Systems 10BaseT LAN Continuous EFM Local Loop H D MODEM L C Idle Packets: Crosstalk Generated No measurement possible Spectrum ManagerTM Patented Spectral Compatibility Method Don’t need to design for worst case – continuously measures actual coupling on every loop No Deployment restrictions, automatically ensures spectral compatibility Allows remote monitoring of Spectrum, while in service Distributed Processing Scalable – each modem performs capture and identification Centralized Management – NOC server queries modems Allows remote monitoring of Spectrum, while in service Spectrum Manager Analysis Spectral Compatibility Safe Mode If significant coupling is present with FDD system, then Robust EFM emulates the FDD bandplan National Reliability and Interoperability Council V (NRIC5) Chartered to advise FCC on Spectrum Management Issues Has made recommendation on use of spectrum above 1.1MHz: NRIC5 Recommendation For frequencies from 1.1 MHz to 12 MHz: 1. T1E1 has selected a single high- frequency band plan (known as FSAN 998) for frequencies from 0.138 to 12 MHz for use in the VDSL draft trial use standards, after substantial efforts to optimize it for multipleservice types. FG3 acknowledges the selection of this plan and recommends that this good work be recognized and supported by the FCC as the default high- frequency band plan for use in the United States. 2. We recommend that T1E1 define PSD levels, transmit power limits, and spectral compatibility criteria for signals that support this default band plan (FSAN 998). These parameters should be specified for both the central office and customer premises locations. 3. FG3 further recommends that T1E1 include the determined PSD levels, transmit power limits, and spectral compatibility criteria in the second issue of the SM standard for protecting systems using frequencies 1. 1 MHz to 12 MHz from harm. The development of the spectral compatibility criteria should assume that only Plan 998 systems utilize frequencies 1.1 to 12 MHz.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comreg Briefing Note Series
    ComReg Briefing Note Series Future Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technology Document No: 03/01 Date: 6 January 2003 An Coimisiún um Rialáil Cumarsáide Commission for Communications Regulation Abbey Court Irish Life Centre Lower Abbey Street Dublin 1 Ireland Telephone +353 1 804 9600 Fax +353 1 804 9680 Email [email protected] Web www.comreg.ie Future DSL Technology Contents 1 Foreword.........................................................................................2 2 Comments on this Briefing Note .........................................................3 3 Introduction ....................................................................................4 3.1 WHAT IS DSL? ........................................................................................4 3.2 WHAT CAN DSL BE USED FOR? ......................................................................4 4 How DSL works ................................................................................6 4.1 DIGITAL SIGNALS ON THE COPPER LOCAL LOOP ...................................................6 4.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DSL ............................................................................6 4.3 LOCAL LOOP LENGTH, DATA RATES AND RANGES .................................................7 4.4 SPECTRUM RESOURCES AND INSTALLATION.........................................................8 4.5 STANDARDS BODIES...................................................................................8 5 Comparison with other access technologies ..........................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Telecommunication Switching Networks
    TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NffiWRKS THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a one- semester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communi- cation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowl- edge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communi- cation networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by various organizations and firms. The communication networks have unlimited research potentials. Both telecommunication switching and communication networks develop new techniques and technologies everyday. This book provides complete fun- damentals of all the topics it has focused. However, a candidate pursuing postgraduate course, doing research in these areas and the employees of telecom organizations should be in constant touch with latest technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Auf Touren Mit VDSL Wo Steht Die Entwicklung Heute, Wo Geht Sie Hin?
    NETZE Auf Touren mit VDSL Wo steht die Entwicklung heute, wo geht sie hin? Andreas Bluschke, Nach anfänglichen Schwierigkeiten Nadeshda Panchenko bei der Begriffsbil- dung (VADSL oder VHDSL oder BDSL Haupttriebkraft für VDSL-basierende [1]) behauptet VDSL heute nicht Dienste ist der wachsende Bedarf an nur seinen Platz in breitbandiger Übertragungs- der xDSL-Familie, sondern baut ihn kapazität für multimediale Inhalte. noch weiter aus. Bild 1: Topologien der optischen Netzabschlußeinheiten (ONU – Optical Die weltweiten Network Unit) Anwendungen wie Video over DSL, xDSL-Teilnehmer- Rundfunk und Internet lassen ADSL zahlen haben die 18-Millionen-Gren- Von Bedeutung ist dabei, daß sich seit ze erreicht, und vom DSL-Forum wer- 2000 auch die „Ethernet-Verfechter“ mittlerweile immer mehr an seine den für 2005 annähernd 200 Mio. beim IEEE mit VDSL im Zusammen- Grenzen stoßen. Doch den vielen xDSL-Teilnehmer prognostiziert [2], [3]. hang mit „Ethernet in the First Mile – In Deutschland sollen es zu diesem EFM“ beschäftigen. Erste Ideen zur Worten, die die Entwicklung von Zeitpunkt schon etwa 10 Mio. xDSL- Kombination von VDSL und Ethernet Teilnehmer (ohne ISDN-Teilnehmer) wurden schon von Savan Communi- VDSL begleitet haben, müssen nun sein [4], von denen ein nicht uner- cations (heute Infineon Technologies) endlich Taten folgen. heblicher Anteil auf VDSL entfallen vor einigen Jahren mit 10BaseS um- wird. Für Japan werden für das Jahr gesetzt. Das S steht dabei für symme- 2006 schon 2,63 Mio. VDSL- und trisches Ethernet [6]. Seit man sich FTTH-Anschlüsse (Fiber to the Home) beim IEEE unter der Losung „Letzter erwartet [5]. Nagel für den ATM-Sarg“ mit VDSL In der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre beschäftigt (z.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Voice Over Digital Subscriber Line (Vodsl)
    Voice over Digital Subscriber Line (VoDSL) Definition The changes in the forces that shape the communications industry have been well documented and are nearing the level of common knowledge; examples include regulation and technology. Digital subscriber line (DSL) is the technology that is employed between a customer location and the carrier’s network that enables more bandwidth to be provided by using as much of the existing network infrastructure as possible. Speeds of up to 9 Mbps to the home are possible, given a number of limitations (e.g., distance and line quality). Using a greater range of frequencies over the existing copper line makes this increase in bandwidth possible. Voice over DSL (VoDSL) represents a breakthrough service by means of this technology. Overview This tutorial will explore the topic of VoDSL, emphasizing transport methods and standards groups. First, however, it provides a short history and explanation of DSL technology. Topics 1. DSL Primer 2. Interworkings of DSL 3. With All of This Variety, How Big Is the Market? 4. About ADSL 5. About VoDSL 6. How Does VoDSL Work? 7. Transport Methods within VoDSL 8. Standards Groups Involved with VoDSL 9. The Future of VoDSL Self-Test Correct Answers Glossary 1. DSL Primer A Brief History of DSL The first practical application of high-speed data over copper wire was demonstrated in the late 1980s at the labs of Bellcore. This first harnessing of higher frequencies was offered as a one-way traffic flow, called asymmetrical. These first efforts led to the integrated services digital network (ISDN), which is historical proof that the idea of integrated voice and data is not new with DSL.
    [Show full text]
  • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
    DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Digital Subscriber Line or Digital Subscriber Loop(DSL) is a type of high-speed Internet technology that enables transmission of digital data via the wires of a telephone network. DSL does not interfere with the telephone line; the same line can be used for both Internet and regular telephone services. The download speed of DSL ranges between 384 Kbps and 20 Mbps. The most popular implementation of DSL today is Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). It is asymmetric because the upload and download speeds are not the same (not synchronized). Upload is typically much slower than the download because it is usually not as needed as the high download speed. One thing to note is that the distance in which the data has to travel does somewhat reduce the upload and download speed. Modern day ADSL can handle upward of 24 Mbits/s over a 2 kilometer stretch of wire. However, when the wire is made to be longer than 2 kilometers (or anything longer than 1.25 miles), the data transfer becomes diminished. It is because of this that, while the ADSL can have a great download rate, the farther the individual is from the service provider the less that they are likely to get. Therefore, the service providers tend to advertise the low ball, but a consumer might get more. It all depends on the distance the information has to travel across the copper wires. DSL splits the frequencies used in a solitary phone-line into two main bands. The high- frequency band is used to send ISP data, and the low-frequency band is used to send voice data.
    [Show full text]
  • 33068000956335.Pdf
    ITESM ¿ - Ge fv;PUS CD . ..,...... ..., 1J M~ x,c··o ¡, L '. '·-' BIBLIOTECA Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México División de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Maestría en Administración de las Telecomunicaciones Centro de Investigación en Telecomunicaciones y Tecnologías de la Información "IMPACTO DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA DE ACCESO DSL SOBRE UNA RED METROPOLITANA PARA ENTREGA DE INFORMACIÓN FINANCIERA EN TIEMPO REAL EN LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO" Autor: Contreras Barón Ricardo Tomás 992343 Asesor(es): Dr. Jose Ramón Alvarez Bada Dr. Guillermo Alfonso Parra Rodríguez México, D.F. Marzo 2004 RESUMEN El crecimiento de las tecnologías de acceso ha permitido que los medios que anteriormente eran obsoletos como el cobre, en comparación con los desarrollos de la fibra óptica, las técnicas inalámbricas y las transmisiones satelitales; tomen un nuevo auge en la integración de una solución viable para los accesos a Internet que permitan a más usuarios su conexión al mismo y que los costos de conexión sean más atractivos para estos usuarios. Sin duda, el acceso al Internet de banda ancha es uno de los mayores éxitos de los operadores telefónicos de la actualidad. Esto da al operador el potencial de ofrecer muchos nuevos servicios tanto a clientes residenciales como a corporativos, por lo que introduce modelos de conexión dependiendo de las necesidades del cliente. El presente trabajo plantea la necesidad de enviar información en tiempo real que está en función del movimiento financiero de los mercados mundiales
    [Show full text]
  • CSR Volume 13 #4, Feb. 21, 2002
    COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS REVIEW Volume 13, Number 4 February 21, 2002 REPORT OF ETSI TM6 #25, ACCESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ON METALLIC CABLES, FEBRUARY 4 – 8, 2002, TORINO, ITALY The following report represents the view of the reporter and is not the official, authorized minutes of the meeting. ETSI TM6 #25, Access Transmission Systems on Metallic Cables, Feb. 4 – 8, 2001, Torino, Italy.3 Future of ETSI TM6.............................................................................................................4 Liaison from ETSI TC STQ.................................................................................................4 Liaison from ETSI TC AT....................................................................................................4 Report from ITU-T Q4/15....................................................................................................4 Report from T1E1.4..............................................................................................................5 Joint CENELEC ETSI Coordination Meeting......................................................................5 SDSL..........................................................................................................................................5 Deactivation/Warm Start.......................................................................................................6 Test Noise.............................................................................................................................8 Multi-Pair.............................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Broadband and Remote Access Technologies
    Broadband and Remote Access Technologies Broadband cable and DSL technologies are very popular and widely deployed and used in, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, North America, and parts of Central America. Broadband technologies enable faster Internet access, Voice over IP (VoIP) capabilities, and the ability to easily stream video and music, amongst many numerous things. The ISCW exam objectives covered in this chapter are: Describe Cable (HFC) technologies Describe xDSL technologies Configure ADSL (i.e., PPPoE or PPPoA) Verify basic teleworker configurations This chapter is divided in the following sections: . Data Transmission Basics . Cable Technology . The Public Switched Telephone Network . Digital Subscriber Line . Sending Data over DSL Networks . Configuring PPPoE and PPPoA for DSL Data Transmission Basics Data transmission refers to the process of sending data or the progress of the sent data signals after they have been transmitted. It is imperative to have a solid understanding of some of the different technologies and principles pertaining to data transmission in order to completely understand Cable and DSL transmission broadband technologies. Although going into detail on all specifics pertaining to data transmission is beyond the scope of the ISCW, this section covers and briefly describes the following relevant terms and technologies: . Analog and Digital Signaling . Data Modulation . Multiplexing . Baseband and Broadband . Noise (Interference) . Attenuation . Coaxial Cable . Twisted Pair Cable . Fiber Optic Cable Analog and Digital Signaling On data networks, information can be transmitted using either analog signaling or digital signaling. Computers generate and interpret digital signals as electric current, which is measured in volts. The stronger the electrical signal, the higher the voltage.
    [Show full text]
  • Cisco – Long Reach Ethernet Breitband Lösungen Für Die Letzte
    Cisco Systems GmbH Cisco Systems GmbH Cisco Systems GmbH Cisco Systems GmbH Cisco Systems GmbH Cisco Systems GmbH Kurfürstendamm 22 Neuer Wall 77 Hansaallee 249 Industriestraße 28-34 Am Wilhelmsplatz 11 Lilienthalstraße 9 D-10719 Berlin 20354 Hamburg 40549 Düsseldorf 65760 Eschborn 70182 Stuttgart 85399 Hallbergmoos (Herold Center) LRE Tel.: 0180-367 10 01 Tel.: 0180-367 10 01 Tel.: 0180-367 10 01 Tel.: 0180-367 10 01 Tel.: 0180-367 10 01 Tel.: 01803-67 10 01 Fax: 030-97 89-21 10 Fax: 040-37 674-444 Fax: 0211-95 47-10 Fax: 06196-479-777 Fax: 0711-239 11-11 Fax: 0811-55 43-10 Cisco – Long Reach Ethernet Cisco Systems hat über 190 Niederlassungen in den folgenden Ländern. Adressen, Telefon- und Faxnummern entnehmen Sie bitte der Cisco.com-Website unter www.cisco.com/go/office Breitband Lösungen Argentinien • Australien • Belgien • Brasilien • Chile • China • Costa Rica • Dänemark • Deutschland • Dubai, UAE • Finnland • Frankreich • Griechenland • Großbritannien • Hong Kong • Indien • Indonesien • Irland • Israel • Italien • Japan • Kanada • Kolumbien • Korea • Kroatien • Luxemburg • Malaysia • Mexiko • Neuseeland • Niederlande • Norwegen • Österreich • Peru für die letzte Meile • Philippinen • Polen • Portugal • Puerto Rico • Rumänien • Russland • Saudi-Arabien • Schweden • Schweiz • Singapur • Slowakei • Slowenien • Spanien • Südafrika • Taiwan • Thailand • Tschechei • Türkei • Ukraine • Ungarn • Venezuela • Vereinigte Staaten Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. PIX ist eine Marke. Cisco, Cisco IOS, Cisco Systems und das Cisco Systems-Logo sind eingetragene Marken von Cisco Systems, Inc. oder dessen Partner in den USA und bestimmten ande- ren Ländern. Alle weiteren, in diesem Dokument aufgeführten Marken sind das Eigentum ihrer jeweiligen Inhaber.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods for Providing Rural Telemedicine with Quality Video Transmission
    METHODS FOR PROVIDING RURAL TELEMEDICINE WITH QUALITY VIDEO TRANSMISSION A thesis submitted in fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Doctor ofTechnology (D. Tech): Electrical Engineering in the Faculty ofEngineering ofthe Cape Peninsula University ofTechnology by Phumzile Malindi Supervisor: Professor MTE Kahn February 2007 Declaration I, Phumzile Malindi, hereby declare that the work "METHODS FOR PROVIDING RURAL TELEMEDICINE WITH QUALITY VIDEO TRANSMISSION" on which this thesis is based is my original work and all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Neither the whole work nor part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in any other institution. Phumzile Malindi September 2006 ii METHODS FOR PROVIDING RURAL TELEMEDICINE WITH QUALITY VIDEO TRANSMISSION by Phumzile Maliudi KeyWords Telemedicine, Rural Telemedicine, Quality Video, Multiservice Networks, Rural Area Networks (RANETs), Video communication, Quality of Service (QoS), lP-based Networking, H.264, DiffServ, MPLS, Traffic Engineering. 111 Abstract METHODS FORPROVIDING RURAL TELEMEDICINE WITH QUALITY VIDEO TRANSMISSION By PMalindi Doctor ofTechnology (D. Tech): Electrical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University ofTechnology Telemedicine has been identified as a tool to distnllUte medical expertise to medically underserved rural community. However, due to the underdeveloped or non-existent telecommunication infrastructure, which is needed as the platform for telemedicine, the full benefits of telemedicine are yet to be realized in most parts of South Africa and Africa as a whole. This study aims to explore ways onhow to provide lP-based lCI system that can be used as a communication platform for telemedicine in rural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Cisco Long-Reach Ethernet Technology
    WHITE PAPER Cisco Long-Reach Ethernet Technology Long-Reach Ethernet: Delivering The market opportunity in Europe and Asia is just Cost-Effective Broadband to as substantial. Currently, high-bandwidth Internet Multiunit Buildings access is negligible for most users outside North In the highly competitive world of America. However, that situation is about to telecommunications, service providers constantly change. In Europe alone, total households with seek new market niches that will yield robust broadband access will skyrocket in the coming revenue and profits. In this spirit, service years. In fact, residential broadband access in providers are preparing to meet an emerging, Europe is expected to jump from about 1 percent highly lucrative market opportunity focused on household penetration in 2000 to 11 percent by providing cost-effective, high-bandwidth service 2004. “There is a US$23 billion-plus local to multiunit (MxU) buildings, such as hotels, broadband opportunity [in Europe] in the next residential, and commercial buildings. few years,” according to NorthPoint Communications. In the United States, the broadband market for multiunit buildings is vast. Among all multiunit Why is the MxU building market for broadband buildings, the U.S. market for high-speed Internet about to take off? Because hotel guests, office access is expected to jump from $371 million in workers, and apartment dwellers require faster 2000 to $2 billion in 2004. In the U.S. hospitality and faster connections to drive increasingly industry alone, the broadband market will complex Internet-based applications. Typically, explode from $137 million in 2000 to $674 these applications devour bandwidth as they million in 2004, according to Cahners In-Stat feature sophisticated video, graphics, and audio.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is ADSL? Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Is: • a Telephone Loop Technology That Uses Existing Phone Lines
    What is ADSL? Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is: • A Telephone Loop Technology that uses existing phone lines • Provides high-speed data and analog voice (Data over Voice) • Dedicated digital line for an IP connection • Data rates (North America) combinations of : Upstream/downstream 256 kbps/256 kbps 384 kbps/128 kbps 384 kbps/384 kbps 384 kbps/1.5 Mbps and many others • Wide range of CPE options, including Ethernet 10baseT Interfaces. • Dedicated ISP connection (static or dynamic addresses) • Can support an IP subnet (from 1 to 254 IP addresses, depending on ISP) • Priced lower than dedicated private line (T1) connections The idea to distribute media through telephone wires are _NOT_ new, it has existed since early 1953, to distribute analog radio over telephone wires. ADSL Applications ADSL was designed to provide a dedicated, high-speed data connection for Internet/Intranet Access, using existing copper phone lines. This allows ADSL to work on over 60-80% of the phone lines existing in the U.S. without modification. Additionally, ADSL provides speeds approaching T1 (1.5Mbps), which are much greater than analog modems (56kbps) or ISDN (128kbps) services provided over the same type of line. ADSL is usually priced to be much less other dedicated digital services, and is expected to priced somewhere between T1 and ISDN services (including the ISDN usage charges). The Telcos see ADSL as a competitive offering to the Cable Company's Cable Modems, and as such, are expected to provide competitive pricing/configuration offerings. Although Cable Modems are advertised as having 10-30Mbps bandwidth, they use a shared transmission medium with many other users on the same line, and therefore performance varies, perhaps greatly, with the amount of traffic and other users.
    [Show full text]