GEORGIA ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Volume 5 Physical Environment Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments Prepared for: GSE

SLR Ref:901.12.1 Version No: V1 July 2019 Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

BASIS OF REPORT

This document has been prepared by SLR Consulting Limited with reasonable skill, care and diligence, and taking account of the manpower, timescales and resources devoted to it by agreement with GSE (the Client) as part or all of the services it has been appointed by the Client to carry out. It is subject to the terms and conditions of that appointment.

SLR shall not be liable for the use of or reliance on any information, advice, recommendations and opinions in this document for any purpose by any person other than the Client. Reliance may be granted to a third party only in the event that SLR and the third party have executed a reliance agreement or collateral warranty.

Information reported herein may be based on the interpretation of public domain data collected by SLR, and/or information supplied by the Client and/or its other advisors and associates. These data have been accepted in good faith as being accurate and valid.

The copyright and intellectual property in all drawings, reports, specifications, bills of quantities, calculations and other information set out in this report remain vested in SLR unless the terms of appointment state otherwise.

This document may contain information of a specialised and/or highly technical nature and the Client is advised to seek clarification on any elements which may be unclear to it.

Information, advice, recommendations and opinions in this document should only be relied upon in the context of the whole document and any documents referenced explicitly herein and should then only be used within the context of the appointment.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

CONTENTS

ACRONYMS

PREAMBLE

LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ...... 1 1.1 Component A - Tskaltubo to Akhaltsikhe and on to the Turkey border south of Vale ...... 1 1.2 Component B - Ozurgeti to Zoti HPP and Connection from Ozurgeti to the Paliastomi Line .. 13 1.3 Component C1 –Nenskra to Mestia ...... 22 1.4 Component C2 – Lajanuri Connections to Kheledula HPP, Oni HPP and Tskaltubo ...... 33 1.5 Component D – Reinforcement of the transmission infrastructure in Kakheti ...... 43

HYDROLOGY, GEOLOGY AND GEOHAZARDS ...... 54 2.1 Component A Tskaltubo to Akhaltsikhe and on to the Turkey border south of Vale ...... 54 2.2 Component B - Ozurgeti to Zoti HPP and Connection from Ozurgeti to the Paliastomi Line .. 62 2.3 Component C1 –Nenskra to Mestia ...... 67 2.4 Component C2 – Lajanuri Connections to Kheledula HPP, Oni HPP and Tskaltubo ...... 72 2.5 Component D – Reinforcement of the transmission infrastructure in Kakheti ...... 82

DOCUMENT REFERENCES

FIGURES

Figure 1 Component A - Sairme Line ...... 55

Figure 2 Component A - Tao Line ...... 56

Figure 3 Component B Paliastomi Loop And Guria Line –From the West ...... 63

Figure 4 Component B Paliastomi Loop And Guria Line –From the North ...... 64

Figure 5 Component C1 – Mestia And Kavkasioni Lines ...... 68

Figure 6 Component C2 – Oni HPP Line ...... 73

Figure 7 Component C2 – Kheledula HPP Line ...... 75

Figure 8 Component C2 – Lechkhumi Line, New Derchi Line, Lajanuri HPP Line and Existing Imereti Line – View from South ...... 78

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Figure 9 Component C2 – Lechkhumi Line, New Derchi Line, Lajanuri HPP Line and Existing Imereti Line – View from North ...... 79

Figure 10– Component D – Gurjaani and Akhmeta Lines ...... 84

APPENDICES Appendix A Photographs Illustrating Aspects of the Landscape Baseline Context of Each Component..

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Acronyms

Acronym Description

AA Appropriate Assessment AC/DC Alternating current/direct current AD Anno Domini (also known as Common Era) AMSL Above mean sea level AOP Protected Designation of Origin APA Agency of Protected Area AIS Air insulated switchgear ASL Above Sea Level BC Before Christ (also known as Before Common Era) BCoW Biodiversity Clark of Works BD Bird Directive [BIO-N] Measure number N committed in Volume 3 Biodiversity of the ESIA Report BP British Petroleum [CC] Environmental and social management actions under the responsibility of the Contractor relevant to both substations and transmission line CCTV Closed circuit Television CENN Caucasus Environmental Network CESMP Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan CH Critical Habitat CHS Community Health and Safety CLOs Community Liaison Officers [CO] Construction CSE Cable Sealing End dB(A) Decibels (A weighted) [DD] Detailed design EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EHS Environmental, Health and Safety ELF Extremely Low Frequency

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Acronym Description

EMF Electromagnetic Fields ENTSO European Network of Transmission System Operators’ for Electricity EPC Engineering-Procurement-Construction E&S Environmental & Social ERS External Relations Stakeholder ESHS Environment, Social, Health and Safety ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental & Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations [GC] Government of Georgia E&S management actions GE00000X Candidate Emerald Site identifier GEL Georgian Lari GEOSTAT National Statistics Office of Georgia GIP Good International Practice GIS Gas insulated switchgear GLAC Guide to Land Acquisition and Compensation GLVIA United Kingdom Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment GRC Grievance Resolution Committee GRM Grievance Resolution Mechanism GSE Georgian State Electrosystem GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating ha hectare HD Habitats Directive HDV Heavy Duty Vehicle HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle HPP Hydropower Project H&S/HS Health and Safety HSMS Health and Safety Management System

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Acronym Description

HVDC High Voltage Direct Current [HYD-N] Measure number N committed in the Hydrology, Geology and Geohazards Assessment in Volume 5 Physical Environment of the ESIA Report Hz Hertz IAS Invasive Alien Species IBA Important Bird Area ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection IDP Internally Displaced Persons IFC International Finance Cooperation IFC PS IFC Performance Standards ILO International Labour Organization JSCNH Developer of Nenskra HPP Key Biodiversity KBA Area KfW KfW Development Bank kHz Kilohertz km Kilometre KM Kilometre markers along each proposed transmission line kV Kilovolt L&V Landscape and visual LARCF Land Acquisition and Resettlement Compensation Framework LNK Lower Namakhvani LVIA Landscape and visual impact assessment [LVIA-N] Measure number N committed in the Landscape and Visual Assessment in Volume 5 Physical Environment of the ESIA Report m Metre MEPA Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture mASL Metres above sea level MCP Management of Change Procedure MLARO Municipal Land Acquisition and Resettlement Office MoESD Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Acronym Description

MoF Ministry of Finance MVA Mega volt-ampere MW Megawatt NACHP National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia NACRES Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Research NAPR National Agency of Public Registry NBSAP The 2nd National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NOI Noise ESMP action NOx Oxides of nitrogen NP National park NTS Non-Technical Summary [OC] Owner Construction ESMS management actions OHL Overhead line [OP] Operation PAH Project Affected Household PAP Project Affected Person(s) PBF Priority Biodiversity Feature PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls PDO Protected Designation of Origin PPE Personal Protection Equipment PR EBRD Performance Requirement PRRC Property Rights Recognition Commission PS KfW Performance Standard RAP Resettlement Action Plan RMT Resettlement Management Team RoW Right of way SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan

SF6 Sulphur hexaflouride [SOC-N] measure number N committed in Volume 4 Social of the ESIA Report

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Acronym Description

SPAB Special Protection Area for Birds TMP Traffic Management Plan TYNDP GSE’s Ten Year Network Development Plan of Georgia UK United Kingdom UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNK Upper Namakhvani VSC Valued Social Components WHO World Health Organisation WHS World Heritage Site

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Preamble This document is the Physical Environment component assessment of the Georgian Electricity Transmission Network Development projects (Project). It forms Volume 5 of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report. The Project being developed by the Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) comprises the construction of new and in some cases rehabilitation of existing transmission lines and substations. In summary, the Project is formed into 5 geographical component areas (Project Components), Components A, B, C1, C2 and D. Each new or rehabilitated line and substation is given a Project name which is used throughout the documents. The following table provides an overview of the Project Components and the Project names.

Component Line description Project name

A - Tskaltubo to Akhaltsikhe and on to Turkey border at Vale: Samtskhe- - 500kV Tskaltubo to Akhaltsikhe Substation Sairme line Javakheti - 400kV Akhaltsikhe to Turkey border (and on to Tortum in Turkey) Tao line & Imereti - Extension to the existing Akhaltsikhe Substation Akhaltsikhe extension B - Guria Ozurgeti to Zoti HPP and connection from Ozurgeti to the Paliastomi line: - 110kV Ozurgeti to Zoti HPP powerhouse - 220kV Ozurgeti to Paliastomi loop in connection Guria line - 110/220kV Ozurgeti Substation Paliastomi loop Ozurgeti Substation C1 - Nenskra to Mestia: Svaneti - 110/220/500kV Nenskra Substation Nenskra Substation - 110kV Nenskra Substation to Mestia HPPs Mestia line -500kV Kavkasioni loop in loop out to Nenskra Substation Kavkasioni loop C2 – Racha Lajanuri connections to Kheledula HPP, Oni HPP and Tskaltubo: Lechkhumi - 110/500kV Lajanuri Substation Lajanuri Substation & Imereti - 220kV Lajanuri to Oni HPP Oni HPP line - 220kV Lajanuri to Kheledula HPP Kheledula HPP line - 500kV Lajanuri to Tskaltubo Lechkhumi line - 220kV Rehabilitation of the existing 220kV Derchi line from Lajanuri to New Derchi line Tskaltubo, with new connections into Namakhvani Cascade HPP - 220kV Lajanuri Substation to Lajanuri HPP Lajanuri HPP line D - Kakheti Reinforcement of the transmission infrastructure in Kakheti: - 110/220kV line from Gurjaani to Telavi, constructed on 220kV towers Gurjaani line - 110kV line from Telavi to Akhmeta, constructed on 220kV towers Akhmeta line - 110kV loop to Tsinandali Tsinandali line - 110kV loop to Mukuzani Mukuzani line - Rehabilitation and extension of 110kV Akhmeta Substation Akhmeta Substation - Rehabilitation and extension of 110/220kV Telavi Substation Telavi Substation - Rehabilitation of 110kV Tsinandali Substation Tsinandali Substation

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Component Line description Project name

- Rehabilitation and extension of 110kV Mukuzani Substation Mukuzani Substation - Rehabilitation and upgrade of 110/220kV Gurjaani substation Gurjaani Substation

The ESIA Report is formed of a number of volumes and documents, as follows: • Volume 1 – Non Technical Summary; • Volume 2 –Project Definition – including Project introduction, need and alternatives and project description; • Volume 3 – Biodiversity: o Document 3.1 Biodiversity Project-wide Assessment o Document 3.2 Biodiversity Project Component Specific Assessment o Document 3.3 Biodiversity Figures o Document 3.4 Biodiversity Appendices • Volume 4 – Social – including assessments on people, communities, the economy, cultural heritage and Electromagnetic Fields (EMF): o Document 4.1 Social Project-wide Assessment o Document 4.2 Social Project Component Specific Assessment • Volume 5 – Physical Environment– including assessments on landscape and visual, noise, air quality: o Document 5.1 Physical Environment Project-wide Assessment; o Document 5.2 Physical Environment Project Component Specific Assessment (this Report); • Volume 6 – Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP); • Volume 7 – Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Compensation Framework (LARCF); • Volume 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): o Document 8.1 Project-wide ESMP; o Document 8.2 Transmission Lines ESMP; o Document 8.3 Substations ESMP.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Landscape and Visual

1.11.11.1 Component A --- Tskaltubo to Akhaltsikhe and on to the Turkey border south of ValeValeVale

1.1.1 Component A Baseline Landscape The proposed route of the Sairme line between Tskaltubo and Akhaltsikhe crosses a diverse landscape. The northern end of the proposed Sairme line lies to the south of Tskaltubo and west of Kutaisi. The transmission line would cross the landscape in a southerly direction before heading east to the Akhaltsikhe Substation. The 400kV Tao line would head west from the Akhaltsikhe Substation, generally parallel to the Sairme line before diverging from this near Akhaltsikhe and heading south west towards the border with Turkey. The northern most part of the proposed Sairme line (to KM25) crosses a relatively low lying landscape associated with the Rioni Valley. This is a settled landscape with the transmission line routed between a series of villages. The western edge of Kutaisi, the largest settlement in the vicinity of this proposed transmission line, lies to the east (KM0 to KM10). Around the settlement pattern is a patchwork of small regular shaped fields, typically used for growing crops and enclosed by scrub and tree belts. Between the settlements the landscape is more open, comprising grassland with occasional small areas of woodland. Other notable components of this landscape include the former Kutaisi Airport (east of KM4) on the western edge of Kutaisi and the River Rioni (KM19/KM20). South of the river, the landform rises, though it continues to be a relatively settled landscape. A network of villages and dispersed properties occupy the valley sides and slopes, surrounded by a small scale field system that is enclosed by scrub and trees (to KM31). There is an increasing amount of woodland cover, particularly on the steepest slopes and highest land. South of Saprasia and Dzulukhi (KM31), the landform continues to rise and the landscape becomes increasingly remote. The settlement pattern diminishes and a sense of wildness prevails. The landform is mountainous, forming part of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, rising to over 2,500m above sea level (ASL). The rugged landscape is wooded in places, particularly in the area south of Dzulukhi, but in other places grassland is the primary land cover, giving rise to an open landscape. Part of this landscape is designated as Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park, located some 2.3km to the east of the proposed route. The southern part of the Sairme line (from KM74), and also the eastern part of the Tao line (KM0 to KM12) cross a settled agricultural landscape. The settlement pattern is less dense than that found near Kutaisi, with small villages positioned on lower slopes and within valleys. The field pattern comprises a mix of small rectangular fields and terrace systems stepping down the hillsides. Tree cover is generally greater on the lower slopes and within the bases of the valleys, with elevated land typically being more open and unenclosed. To the west of Klde (KM12), up to the Turkish border the Tao line crosses a more intensively used agricultural landscape. The field system is generally larger, with no scrub or tree belts forming boundaries. Parts of this landscape are uncultivated, particularly the higher ground and land cover comprises grassland with occasional areas of scrub. The Tao line would be routed parallel with the existing 400kV Meskheti line. There are numerous cultural heritage assets within the landscape associated with Component A. While the potential impacts on these are addressed in the Cultural Heritage sections of Document 4.2, Volume 4 Social, they also have relevance to this assessment in relation to the potential value associated with the landscape. The western region of Georgia is rich in archaeology associated with occupation since at least the Bronze Age, including the village of Abatsumani (approximately 4km north of KM78 of the Sairme line) and the city of Vani

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

(approximately 10km west of KM23 of the Sairme line). Cultural heritage sites in the vicinity of Component A include a number of ruined complexes/fortresses, churches, and monasteries. The routes of the proposed Sairme and Tao transmission lines and the location of the Akhaltsikhe Substation do not cross or lie within any landscapes that are recognised for their value by any form of character based designation. However, the Borjomi Kharagauli National Park lies to the east and north of the proposed transmission lines. The sensitivity of the landscape in which Sairme line, Tao line and substation extension would be located is variable. The settled and urban fringe landscapes to the west and south of Kutaisi are of relatively limited value and susceptibility. This is a result of the human influences on the landscape and limited scenic quality. However the combination of valleys and wooded upland landscapes through which the transmission line would be routed between Amaghleba and Shoka (i.e. across the Little Caucuses Mountains) (KM24 to KM74 of the Sairme line) gives rise to a scenic landscape, with a sense of wildness and remoteness, resulting in higher value and susceptibility to the Project. The presence of the Borjomi Kharagauli National Park is also a reflection of these landscape characteristics and its higher value and susceptibility. The southern sections of the Sairme line, the Tao line and Akhaltsikhe Substation extension are routed through/located within a working agricultural landscape, which already contains existing transmission lines, limiting its susceptibility and value. Overall, it is considered that the landscapes associated with the northern and southern parts of the Sairme line, the Tao line and the substation extension are likely to be of medium/low to low sensitivity and the landscape associated with the central part of the Sairme line is likely to be of medium/high sensitivity. Visual Photographs that illustrate aspects of the baseline context for the route of Component A are included in Appendix A. There is a relatively high concentration of settlement pattern at the northern end of the proposed Sairme line, around the western fringes of Kutaisi and to the northern bank of the River Rioni. The closest settlements to the Sairme line to the north of the Rioni River include Ternali (KM0), Maghlaki (KM3), Mitsatsieli (KM6), Kopitnari (KM7), Partskhanakanevi (KM10), Meskheti (KM9), Mukhiani (KM11), Gegut (KM14)i, Patiketi (KM16), Opshkviti (KM16) and Tkachiri (KM18). To the south of the River Rioni, the landform influences settlement pattern, with the rising ground quickly reducing the density of development. To the south of the river, either side of the proposed Sairme line are the settlements of Amaghleba (KM23), Kveda Bzvani (KM26), Zeindari (KM23), Kveda Gora (KM25), Inashauri (KM27), Saprasia (KM30) and Dzulukhi (KM31). Between Dzulukhi and Shoka (KM74), where the proposed transmission line crosses mountainous and wooded terrain, settlement pattern is very sparse. Settlement pattern in the vicinity of the southern part of the Sairme line, both between Shoka (KM74) and Akhaltsikhe Substation and then along the proposed Tao line up to the border with Turkey is relatively limited. Residential properties are typically concentrated the valleys and lower lying landscapes, including Nakurdevi (Sairme line KM76), Tsakhnistskaro (Sairme line KM80), Ani (Sairme line, KM83) and Persa (Tao line, KM4). The road network pattern generally matches that associated with settlements. There is a concentration of road infrastructure at the northern end of the Sairme line and the southern part of the Tao line, with an absence of routes between Dzulukhi (KM32) and Shoka (KM74), where the proposed transmission line crosses mountainous and wooded terrain. The proposed transmission line crosses several roads that radiate from Kutaisi (such as Kutaisi-Khoni Samtredia (KM3)), together with roads that are routed parallel with the River Rioni (including the E60 motorway (KM13)). To the south of the River Rioni the proposed Sairme line crosses the Bagdati-Vani-Dapnari road (KM22), before the route passes into more elevated undulating land where the road network is smaller in scale. The southern part of the Sairme line and the Tao line mainly cross minor roads that connect villages. The exceptions to this are the Kutaisi-Baghdati-Abastumani-Benara road (crossed by the Sairme line, KM78) and the Batumi-Akhaltsikhe road (crossed by the Tao line, KM25).

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Other transport infrastructure crossed by or in the vicinity of the proposed transmission lines includes railway lines that lie to the east of Kutaisi, including the routes that connect Kutaisi with Tskaltubo (KM2), and Kutaisi with Samtredia (KM11). The Tao line lies close to the railway that extends to the west of Akhaltsikhe. In addition, the former Kutaisi Airport lies to the east of the proposed Sairme line (KM4). Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park forms the main area for recreational uses close to the proposed project infrastructure in Component A. This area is promoted for nature conservation value, scenic qualities and recreational potential. The National Park includes a number of trails that are promoted for hiking. Horse tours also take place within the National Park. The proposed Sairme line also crosses the River Rioni (KM20), which is used for kayaking and rafting. Key visual receptors within the Study Area comprise the residents of settlements and dispersed properties, together with people using the local transport infrastructure (include road networks) and people engaged in outdoor recreation in the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park and along the River Rioni. For the purpose of this assessment, residents and people engaged in outdoor recreation are likely to be of high or medium/high sensitivity, and users of transport infrastructure of medium/low to low sensitivity to the proposed development.

1.1.2 Component A Impact Assessment Potential Visibility The proposed Sairme and Tao transmission lines would be clearly visible new elements, noting that the Tao line would be located parallel to the existing Meskheti line. The Sairme line would use towers that are typically approximately 50m tall and the Tao line would use towers that are typically approximately 34m tall. The landscape between Tskaltubo and the rising ground to the south of the River Rioni is open and relatively flat. Vegetation and buildings would provide some restrictions to views. However, it is expected that the transmission line would be a visible element in this agricultural and urban fringe landscape. South of the River Rioni, where the landform rises and the transmission line would cross the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, the towers would still be potentially visible over a wider area. However the nature of the landform is expected to result in this pattern of visibility being fragmented, with the ridges truncating sight lines. In addition vegetation, particularly the extensive woodland cover, would have considerable influence over actual visibility of the towers, including from locations within the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park. The Sairme line to the south of Shoka (KM74), together with the Tao line, cross an open and undulating agricultural landscape and would be visible elements in the landscape. This visibility would be greatest on the higher ground, while views from the valleys would be more limited. The extension the Akhaltsikhe Substation would be positioned on the ridge above Zikilia and Tsinubani. There would be relatively distant views from surrounding high ground, but potential visibility from the settled valleys would be more limited by intervening landform. However, the proposed extension would be relatively small in the context of the existing substation. Landscape Impacts The analysis of the baseline has identified important potential sensitivities. A large proportion of the proposed Sairme transmission line crosses an undeveloped, upland landscape, parts of which are wooded. While no part of the landscape crossed by the Sairme or Tao line or associated with the substation site is designated specifically for its landscape character, the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park lies 2.3km at its nearest point to the east and north of the Sairme line. The likely sensitivity of the landscape to the Project is variable. The landscapes associated to the north and south of the high mountain ridge are likely to be of medium/low to low sensitivity and landscape associated with the central part of the route likely to be of medium/high sensitivity. Both the construction and operational phases would result in changes to the landscape along the length of the two transmission lines and at Akhaltsikhe Substation. The Project would introduce a number of

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019 industrial/utilitarian structures to the landscape and result in the construction of tracks, temporary compounds and the clearance of vegetation. However, it is anticipated that access to the Tao line will generally be via exiting access tracks to the Meskheti line. Potential impacts on specific landscape receptors during the construction phase would arise due to the loss of landscape features/elements. This would comprise changes to the landscape resulting from construction activities as well as the presence of construction equipment. For the transmission line, this would comprise vegetation clearance at tower locations and along the route of the overhead conductors to accommodate transmission line clearances, depending on the height of nearby trees (see Section 3 Volume 2 Project Definition). Vegetation clearance may also be necessary to enable access for construction equipment. In addition, it is estimated that eight residential structures (four of which are abandoned or uninhabited) would need to be demolished along the length of the overhead lines. Installation of the transmission lines would have a relatively limited geographical extent and influence and would be short-term in nature (lasting less than 16 months and 12.5 months for the Sairme and Tao lines respectively) within the construction period; however, the clearance corridor would remain for the life of the Project. The impacts of Component A on the landscape would vary. At the northern end of the Sairme line the landscape is already strongly influenced by human activities. This gives rise to a settled and, in places, urban fringe landscape. The landscape to the south of the high mountain ridge is also influenced by human activity, evident in the large scale, open agricultural landscape. Within these areas, the potential impacts of the transmission lines and substation extension on the landscape are likely to be moderate or moderate/minor, and not significant. However, the central part of the Sairme line crosses an undeveloped upland landscape, and the introduction of the transmission line would contrast with this, and is likely to result in a high or high/moderate and significant impact. However, it is unlikely that a significant impact would occur in relation to the landscape within Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park. This is due to the combination of the separation distance and the influence that woodland cover is likely to have on intervisibility. Visual Impacts The proposed transmission lines and (to a much lesser extent) the substation extension would also have potential impacts on visual receptors. The greatest potential for visual impacts is at the northern and southern ends of the Sairme line and Tao line respectively. This corresponds with the settlement pattern and, therefore, where the greatest concentrations of people are found. In these areas the baseline context, including existing structures would reduce the relative change, but there is potential for significant impacts to occur, especially for local residents. Where the Sairme line would cross the undeveloped, upland landscape there are very few visual receptors. This is a scenic, remote and tranquil landscape. There is no notable settlement pattern and there is limited human activity, with the exception of isolated and seasonal herder’s huts. Where people do experience the changes resulting from the Project in this upland landscape these have the potential to be significant due to the contrast with the baseline. For receptors such as people visiting the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park, the separation distance and limited visibility due to a combination of landform and vegetation is likely to restrict or prevent potential visual impacts on visitors.

1.1.3 Component A Mitigation Landscape and visual considerations were an integral part of the evaluation of alternatives and also route selection. This is discussed in more detail in the alternatives assessment in Section 2 of Project Definition (Volume 2). This process considered the qualities and characteristics of the landscape along different potential routes, together with potential impacts on visual amenity and cumulative effects with existing overhead lines. A range of mitigation measures could be implemented in relation to the proposed transmission lines and substation extension. Some of these are specific to or more relevant to landscape or visual impacts. However, on the whole measures that assist the integration of the structures and restoration of disturbed areas will help

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019 to reduce both landscape and visual impacts. Section 2.5 of Document 5.1 sets out the mitigating measures that are applicable on a project-wide basis. Component specific mitigation is described below. The design status of the Project means that further specific mitigation may become apparent as the design is finalised. Overhead lines Should the alignment be refined prior to construction, consideration should be given to ensure that the distance between the transmission line and Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park is not reduced. This is to ensure that the transmission line does not result in a greater impact on this designated landscape and the people visiting it. Special precautions are also necessary for the section of the Sairme line that passes through the remotest area of the route, KM55 to KM59. As set out with the Biodiversity Project Component Assessment (Document 3.2), construction activities should be restricted in this section to minimise the footprint of the Project in this remote and natural environment. All other sections of the route have been impacted by human intervention. Measures here would include restricting the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, construction compounds, workers’ accommodation camps and any other activity which would result in the removal of vegetation and soils. Mitigation requirement • [L&V-9] During detailed design, the distance between the Sairme line and the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park should not be reduced. • [L&V-10] Construction works through the central part of the Sairme line (KM55-KM59) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only. Substation extension There are no site-specific mitigation measures proposed for the Akhaltsikhe Substation Extension. The site is not located in a sensitive landscape and there are no views to nearby residential areas that would warrant screening i.e., landscape planting.

1.1.4 Component A Cumulative Assessment Tskaltubo Substation and Tskaltubo to Jvari 500kV transmission line Relevant associated and cumulative development for the Sairme line comprises the associated development of Tskaltubo Substation and Jvari-Tskaltubo 500kV transmission line. In addition there would be potential cumulative impacts resulting from the Tao transmission line in combination with the 220kV Akhaltsikhe-Batumi transmission line. The potential combined impacts with Tskaltubo Substation would be localised, affecting landscape and visual receptors to the west of Kutaisi. The relatively limited scale and extent of the substation will limit these impacts. The impacts associated with the both the Sairme line and Tskaltubo Substation would be associated with an area that is already influenced by other urbanising feature and elements, which would limit the extent of additional change and impact. The Jvari-Tskaltubo 500kV transmission line is routed in a different direction to the proposed Sairme transmission line. The key area where cumulative landscape and visual impacts are most likely to occur is between Maghlaki and Ternali. Existing urbanising influences are likely to limit potential impacts, although combined the two projects will adversely affect the landscape to the west of Kutaisi and views seen by local residents and road users. As the two projects are routed in different directions from Tskaltubo Substation the extent of these potential adverse impacts would be limited.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

No specific additional mitigation need has been identified as a result of the combined impact of these projects. Akhaltsikhe to Batumi 220kV transmission line There is the potential for cumulative impacts resulting from the Tao line in combination with the 220kV Akhaltsikhe-Batumi transmission line. The northern part of the Tao line (up to KM25) would be routed parallel with the Akhaltsikhe-Batumi transmission line. Combined, these transmission lines would result in greater physical disturbance to the landscape. The transmission lines would be routed through an open agricultural landscape, with limited urbanising features or elements, where the changes to the landscape and visual amenity would be apparent. Where the Tao and Akhaltsikhe-Batumi transmission lines diverge (KM25), the potential for cumulative effects would quickly diminish. No specific additional mitigation need has been identified as a result of the combined impact of these projects.

1.1.5 Component A Transboundary Impacts The Tao line would end at the border between Georgia and Turkey. Initial appraisal work has reviewed potential route options between the border and Tortum within Turkey. The potential route options cross land used for agriculture as well as relatively elevated/mountainous terrain. Some of these landscapes, particularly those that are more mountainous have scenic qualities and the presence of a new overhead line would adversely affect landscape character, particularly where it would contrast with undeveloped, more remote characteristics. The settlement pattern is relatively limited, however, potential routes are likely to pass near towns and villages, from which the overhead line is likely to be visible. The overhead line is also likely to be visible from the road network in this part of Turkey. Significant landscape and visual impacts are likely to occur in relation to this overhead line. However, the nature and level of these impacts would depend on the route that is selected.

1.1.6 Component A Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the landscape and visual impacts of Component A.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Producing Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape fabric

Vegetation   M [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles M ESMP Document 8.1 loss/removal during refinement of the transmission Sections 5.3.10 Vegetation loss would occur along the route line routes and substations as outlined of the overhead line, access tracks, at the ESMP Document 8.2, substation extension and construction in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document sections 3.2.1, 4.2.1 compounds. Clearance would be repeated 8.2). ESMP Document 8.3, during the operational phase. [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V--10] Construction works through the central part of the Sairme line

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Producing Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

(KM55-KM59) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

Landscape character

Presence of   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1 transmission during refinement of the transmission Sections 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to landscape character. lines/substation line routes and substations as outlined Impact will be greatest in undeveloped, more ESMP Document 8.2, extension and in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document remote areas. sections 3.2.1, 4.2.1 access tracks 8.2). ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-3] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the substations/substation extensions

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Producing Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

[L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-9] During detailed design, the

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Producing Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

distance between the Sairme line and the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park should not be reduced. [L&V-10] Construction works through the central part of the Sairme line (KM55-KM59) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

Visual amenity

Changes in view   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1 for residents during refinement of the transmission Sections 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to views seen by local line routes and substations as outlined residents. The level of effect will vary based ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document on the relationship between a specific local section 3.2.1, 4.2.1 8.2). and the Component. ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, Changes in views   M [-] Permanent visual design principles in a M for road users 3.7.1 Permanent change to views seen by road management of change process for the users. The lower sensitivity of the receptor environmental assessment of new would reduce the likely level of effect. transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside Changes in views   Hi [-] Permanent the assessment corridor of this study. M for people

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Producing Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction engaged in Permanent change to views seen by people [L&V-3] Consideration of design recreation engaged in outdoor recreation. Assessment principles, such as the selection of is moderate due to the relatively limited materials and finishes, during detailed presence of recreational uses focussed on the design of the substations/substation appreciation of the landscape. extensions. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Producing Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-9] During detailed design, the distance between the Sairme line and the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park should not be reduced. [L&V-10] Construction works through the central part of the Sairme line (KM55-KM59) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

1.21.21.2 Component B --- Ozurgeti to Zoti HPP andandand Connection from OOzurgetizurgeti to the Paliastomi Line

1.2.1 Component B Baseline Landscape Component B crosses two key landscape types, the settled agricultural landscape to the south of Ozurgeti and the elevated landscape that comprises part of the Adjara Imereti ridge. The Paliastomi loop and Ozurgeti Substation would be located within the settled agricultural landscape. This is a relatively low lying landscape, at approximately 100m ASL. The land is primarily used for pasture and growing arable crops. The River Bzhuzha, a tributary of the River Gubazeuli, extends to the south of Ozurgeti. Low density residential development roughly follows the courses of these rivers comprising the settlements of Likhauri, Kyachalati, Zemo Makvaneti and Gogieti. The proposed Ozurgeti Substation lies to the west of Sajavakho-Chokhatauri-Ozurgeti-Kobuleti road. The site comprises undeveloped agricultural land. The Paliastomi loop also crosses undeveloped agricultural land, terminating to the west of a river south of Naruja. To the east of Likhauri (KM5) and Kvachalati (KM3), the Guria line would initially cross an elevated and partly wooded landscape (up to KM18). This landscape is predominately unsettled, giving rise to a sense of wildness and remoteness. The landform is mountainous, forming part of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains and Adjara Imereti ridge, rising to over 2,000m ASL. Beyond KM18 near to Gomismta, the landscape becomes more open, comprising an upland grassland landscape with occasional wooded slopes in the vicinity of Bakhmaro. At KM33 woodland cover becomes more prevalent, before, at the eastern end, the route drops into the valley to the west of Zoti. Whilst the eastern end of the proposed Guria line is routed across the unsettled, wooded valley sides, the valley floors include the settlements of Chkhakoura, Kvabagha and Zoti, together with associated small scale agricultural land uses. The Cultural Heritage section of Volume 4 Social, identifies that no sites of cultural heritage interest have been identified within the 500m buffer zone defined for the proposed development. The landscape is not recognised for its value by any form of character based designation. The settled, agricultural landscape in which the western parts of Project Component B would be located is of relatively limited value and susceptibility. This is a result of the human influences on the landscape and limited scenic quality. However, the combination of valleys, wooded upland landscape and upland grassland landscape through which the majority of the Guria line would be routed does gives rise to a scenic landscape, with a sense of wildness and remoteness, resulting in higher value and susceptibility to the Project. Overall, it is considered that the landscape to the south of Ozurgeti (between KM0 and KM5 and the Paliastomi line) is likely to be of medium/low sensitivity, while the landscape between Likhauri (KM5) and Zoti (KM46) is likely to be of medium/high sensitivity. Visual Photographs that illustrate aspects of the baseline context for the route of Component B are included in Appendix A. There is a relatively high concentration of settlement pattern at the western end of Project Component B, around the southern fringes of Ozurgeti. As well as Ozurgeti itself, the closest settlements at the western end of Project Component B include Kvachalati (KM3), Likhauri (south of KM5), Zemo Makvaneti (north of KM5), and Gogieti (north of KM6). To the east of Likhauri (KM5) the landform and forestry land cover influences settlement pattern, with the rising ground quickly reducing the density of development. The next settlement to be passed is Gomismta which is located to the south of the line between KM18 to KM21. Towards the eastern end of the Guria line

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019 route are settlements within the valleys, including Bakhmaro and some small outlying settlements between KM32 and KM40, Chkhakoura (west of KM44), Kvabgha (north of KM46) and Zoti (east of KM46). The road network pattern generally matches that associated with settlements. There is a concentration of road infrastructure at the western end of Project Component B, i.e. between KM0 to KM4 of the Guria line, with roads extending from the southern edge of Ozurgeti towards surrounding settlements. The two larger routes that would be crossed by the Guria line are the Sajavakho-Chokhatauri-Ozurgeti-Kobuleti (KM0) and Ozurgeti-Shemokmedi-Gomismta roads (KM12). There are few routes between Gomismta (KM18) and to the east of Bakhmaro (KM32), though there are some remote access tracks that connect Gomismta and Bakhmaro. The proposed Guria line crosses the Chokhatauri-Bakhmaro road that provides access to Bakhmaro to the east of the settlement (KM39). The Guria line would terminate at the Zoti HPP Powerhouse, close to the road between Kvabgha and Zoti (KM46). The uplands that the proposed Guria line crosses between Likhauri and Zoti comprise a scenic landscape with wild qualities. However, it appears that the use of this land for recreation is generally limited. The exception to this is at Bakhmaro, which forms a popular tourist destination during the summer months. Key visual receptors within the Study Area comprise the residents of settlements and dispersed properties, together with people using the local transport infrastructure (include road networks) and people engaged in outdoor recreation around Bakhmaro. For the purpose of this assessment, residents and people engaged in outdoor recreation are likely to be of high or medium/high sensitivity, and users of transport infrastructure of medium/low to low sensitivity to the Project.

1.2.2 Component B Impact Assessment Potential visibility The proposed Paliastomi loop and Guria line would be clearly visible new elements. The Paliastomi loop would use towers that are typically approximately 50m tall and the Guria line would use towers that are typically approximately 37m tall. The Paliastomi loop, together with the western end of the transmission line between Ozurgeti and Zoti (up to the ridge between Likhauri and Gogieti, i.e. KM0 to KM5) cross a landscape that is relatively flat, open and low lying. Vegetation and buildings would provide some restrictions to views. However, it is expected that the transmission lines would be visible elements in this agricultural and urban fringe landscape. To the west of the ridge between Likhauri and Gogieti (beyond KM5) the landform rises and the Guria line would cross part of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The towers would be potentially visible over a wide area. However, the nature of the landform in the mountainous landscape is expected to result in this pattern of visibility being fragmented, with the ridges truncating sight lines. The extensive woodland cover would have considerable influence over actual visibility of the towers in places. However, where the Guria line crosses the upland grasslands the landscape is more open and as consequence visibility would be greater. Within the Gubazeuli river valley, near Zoti, the landform would contain potential visibility, although there would be views from both the valley sides and along the base of the valley. The proposed Ozurgeti Substation would be positioned in the relatively flat agricultural landscape referred to above. The transformers within the substation would be approximately 5m tall and the terminal towers approximately 37m tall. While it would be a new element, the vertical scale of the substation is likely to mean it is only particularly visible from the immediate surroundings. Landscape Impacts The analysis of the baseline has identified important potential sensitivities. A large proportion of the proposed Guria line crosses an undeveloped, upland landscape, parts of which are wooded. No part of the landscape crossed by the proposed transmission lines or associated with the substation site is designated specifically for its landscape character. The likely sensitivity of the landscape to the Project is variable. The landscape

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019 associated with the western parts of Project Component B is likely to be of medium/low sensitivity and landscape associated with the eastern part of the route likely to be of medium/high sensitivity. Both the construction and operational phases would result in changes to the landscape along the length of Paliastomi loop, the Guria line and at Ozurgeti Substation. It would introduce a number of industrial/utilitarian structures to the landscape and result in the construction of tracks, temporary compounds and the clearance of vegetation. Potential impacts on specific landscape receptors during the construction phase would arise due to the loss of landscape features/elements. This would comprise changes to the landscape resulting from construction activities as well as the presence of construction equipment. For the two transmission lines, this would comprise vegetation clearance at tower locations and along the transmission line to accommodate the right of way. Vegetation clearance would be much greater for the Guria line due to wooded sections along parts of the line. In contrast, between Gomismta (KM18) and Bakhmaro (KM32), the line would largely cross grassland, with less vegetation clearance as a consequence. The Paliastomi loop crosses agricultural land meaning tree cover and, therefore, vegetation clearance requirements, would be much less. Vegetation clearance may also be necessary to enable access for construction equipment. Installation of the transmission lines would have a relatively limited geographical extent and influence and would be short-term in nature (lasting less than 12 months) within the construction period, however, the clearance corridor would remain for the life of the Project. The impacts of Project Component B on the landscape would vary. The landscape crossed by the Paliastomi loop and western end of the Guria line (KM0 to KM5) is already influenced by human activities. This gives rise to a settled and, in places, urban fringe landscape. Within this area the potential impacts of the transmission lines and substation on the landscape is likely to be moderate or moderate/low, and is unlikely to be significant. However, much of the Guria line crosses an undeveloped upland landscape, and the introduction of the transmission line would contrast with this, and is likely to result in a high or high/moderate and significant impact. Visual Impacts The proposed transmission lines and substation would also have potential impacts on visual receptors. The greatest potential for visual impacts is generally associated with the Paliastomi loop, the substation and at the western end of the Guria line (up to approximately KM7 to KM8 south of Gogieti). This corresponds with the settlement pattern, and, therefore, where the greatest concentrations of people are found. In these areas the baseline context, including existing structure would reduce the relative change, but there is potential for significant impacts to occur, especially for local residents. Where the Guria line would cross the undeveloped, upland landscape there are relatively few visual receptors. However, the Guria line would be routed within 500m of Gomismta and in close proximity (within 50m) to some outlying houses near to Bakhmaro. This is a scenic, remote and tranquil landscape. However, where people do experience the changes resulting from the Project in this upland landscape these have the potential to be significant due to the contrast with the baseline. At Bakhmaro, which is used as a summer tourist destination, the Guria line has been routed near the ridge above the settlement and has the potential to comprise a prominent feature in the landscape. However the overhead line has been routed away from the edge of the settlement, where the intervening landform and vegetation is likely to limit potential visibility.

1.2.3 Component B Mitigation A range of mitigation measures could be implemented in relation to the proposed transmission lines and Ozurgeti Substation. Some of these are specific to or more relevant to landscape or visual impacts. However, on the whole measures that assist the integration of the structures and restoration of disturbed areas will help to reduce both landscape and visual impacts. Section 2.5 of Document 5.1 sets out the mitigating measures

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019 that are applicable on a project-wide basis. Component specific mitigation is described below. The design status of the Project means that further specific mitigation may become apparent as the design is finalised Overhead lines Should the alignment be refined prior to construction consideration should be given to maintaining the distance between the Guria line and Bakhmaro to ensure that the local landform and woodland cover could be used to maximise the screening of the transmission line. Mitigation requirement [L&V-11] During detailed design, should the alignment of the Guria line alter in the vicinity of Bakhmaro this should be evaluated carefully to ensure the local landform and woodland cover are used to maximise the screening of the transmission line. Substation There are no site-specific mitigation measures proposed for Ozurgeti Substation. Given its location and setting and the lack of residential areas around the substation, there is no need for screening or specific landscape planting other than reinstatement of any planting removed from its perimeter. Site reinstatement is covered in the Project-wide mitigation (Physical Environment, Document 5.1).

1.2.4 Component B Cumulative Assessment Relevant associated development for the Guria transmission line comprises Zoti Hydroelectric Power Project (HPP). The presence of the Guria line together with Zoti HPP would result in a greater degree of infrastructure development in the valley with associated vegetation clearance and the perception of the characteristics of this landscape. However, the potential combined impacts with Zoti HPP would primarily occur only in relation to the powerhouse. There are residential properties within the landscape surrounding the powerhouse and people living in these properties may experience visual impacts as a result of both developments.

1.2.5 Component B Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table provides a summary of the landscape and visual impacts of Component B.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape fabric

Vegetation   M [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles M ESMP Document 8.1 loss/removal during refinement of the transmission Section 5.3.10 Vegetation loss would occur along the route line routes and substations as outlined of the overhead line, access tracks, at the ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document substation extension and construction section 3.2.1 8.2). compounds. Clearance would be repeated ESMP Document 8.3, during the operational phase. [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study.. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape character

Presence of   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1 transmission during refinement of the transmission Section 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to landscape character. lines/substation line routes and substations as outlined Impact will be greatest in undeveloped, more ESMP Document 8.2, extension and in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document remote areas. section 3.2.1 access tracks 8.2). ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-3] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the substations/substation extensions [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes.

Visual amenity

Changes in view   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1 for residents during refinement of the transmission Section 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to views seen by local line routes and substations as outlined residents. The level of effect will vary based ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document on the relationship between a specific local section 3.2.1, 4.3.1 8.2). and the Component. ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, Changes in views   M [-] Permanent visual design principles in a M

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction for road users Permanent change to views seen by road management of change process for the 3.7.1 users. The lower sensitivity of the receptor environmental assessment of new would reduce the likely level of effect. transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside Changes in views   Hi [-] Permanent the assessment corridor of this study. M for people Permanent change to views seen by people engaged in [L&V-3] Consideration of design engaged in outdoor recreation. Assessment recreation principles, such as the selection of is moderate due to the relatively limited materials and finishes, during detailed presence of recreational uses focussed on the design of the substations/substation appreciation of the landscape. extensions. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-11] During detailed design, should the alignment of the Guria line alter in the vicinity of Bakhmaro this should be evaluated carefully to ensure the local landform and woodland cover are used to maximise the screening of the transmission line

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

1.31.31.3 CCComponentComponent C1 –––Nenskra–Nenskra to Mestia

1.3.1 Component C1 Baseline Landscape The Nenskra Substation, together with the western end of Mestia line (KM0 to KM8) and the Kavkasioni loop would be located within or routed through the Nenskra Valley. The substation would be located on undeveloped land within the base of the valley, close to the river. The Kavkasioni loop extends approximately 480m on west side of the Nenskra Valley to the south of the proposed Nenskra Substation. It crosses the settled, lower valley and western slope, terminating where it meets the existing transmission infrastructure. The Mestia line would be routed along the eastern side of the valley, gradually climbing the steep terrain before heading east between North Kirari and South Kirari mountains (KM14 to KM19) and then descending towards the Nakra Valley. The route climbs the eastern site of the Nakra Valley then crosses the lower mountain slopes to the north of the Enguri Valley, crossing the multiple side valleys and tributaries that flow towards the River Enguri. The route drops into the Enguri Valley near Shkaleri (KM49) and then follows the Mestiachala Valley to Ushguli (KM57). The Mestia line would cross a mountainous and valley landform, with the highest section being the col (elevation 2700m ASL (KM18)) between North Kirari and South Kirari mountains (3156m ASL and 3226m ASL respectively) in the Nakra Pass. Much of the transmission line would cross elevated terrain, which is also frequently wooded. The land surrounding the proposed transmission line is rugged and mountainous in all directions. The rivers are central and defining elements of the landscape. The valley floors are the focus for human activity, with settlements and infrastructure typically found at these lower elevations. The sides of Nenskra and Enguri valleys (and associated tributaries) are typically wooded, predominately comprising a mix of broad- leaved trees. The lower valley slopes are cultivated close to settlements and used for agriculture. Land uses comprise pasture for cattle and growing crops, including vegetables and fruits. The Enguri valley is predominately rural and overall the settlement pattern is generally limited. There are several towns and villages within the valley (with more detail provided below in relation to potential visual receptors). The nature of the landform means the settlement pattern is concentrated within the valleys, both the main valleys and the adjoining minor valleys. There are numerous cultural heritage assets within the valleys. While the potential impacts on these are addressed in the Cultural Heritage sections of Document 4.2, Volume 4 Social, they also have relevance to this assessment in relation to the potential value associated with the landscape. Monuments which are deemed to be immovable monuments by the Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia include a number of churches, towers and cemeteries. The settlements of Kvemo Marghi (KM4), Svipi (KM41), Sidianari (KM48) and Mestia (KM53) are noted for sites of cultural heritage and archaeological value. The landscape is not recognised for its value by any form of character based designation. However, this area forms part of the High Caucasus Mountains and the dramatic landforms, valleys, rivers and other water courses, and land cover gives rise to a landscape that has very recognisable scenic qualities and a sense of naturalness. Its predominately rural character contributes to a tranquil landscape, although this is also influenced by human activity and infrastructure in the valleys. In addition, there are a number of structures and locations within the Study Area that are recognised for their cultural heritage value. While this does not translate directly into landscape value, it is a potential influencing factor in people’s appreciation of it and can also attract visitors. Overall, it is considered that the landscape in the area in which Nenskra Substation and Mestia line, and in particular the Nakra Pass between KM15 and KM20, would be located is likely to be of high value, high susceptibility and high sensitivity, despite the absence of any formal designation.

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Visual Photographs that illustrate aspects of the baseline context for the route of Component C1 are included in Appendix A. Overall the settlement pattern in the vicinity of the proposed Mestia line, Kavkasioni loop and Nenskra Substation is limited, although this is concentrated in the bases of the valleys. Settlements within the Nenskra valley, in the vicinity of Nenskra Substation, the Kavkasioni loop and the western end of the Mestia line, include Lukhi (to the south), Lakhami (KM0/KM1), Kvemo Marghi (KM4), Letsperi (Km5), Zemo Marghi (KM6), Kari (KM7) and Sgurishi (KM8). After the Mestia line heads in an easterly direction, it crosses the foothills of the High Caucasus Mountains, a more remote area. It crosses the settled Nakra Valley and further east, several settlements lie in the foothills of the mountains and in the vicinity of the proposed transmission line, including Tsaleri (KM30), Hamashi-Totoleshi (KM32), Paledi (KM33), Khosrari (KM34) and Svipi (KM41). In addition there are several settlements within the Enguri Valley to the south, such as Tsalanari (KM38) and Zeda Luha (KM36). The Mestia line would cross the valley containing Iskari (KM38), then near Ugvali (KM39) and Hedudi (KM41) before crossing the valley containing Ushkhvanari (KM43). Near Leshguani (KM46), the Mestia line would descend into the Enguri Valley and then follow the Mestiachala Valley, passing near Sidianari (KM47), Shkaleri (KM48), Lenashi (KM48), Pechuari (KM48), Mestia (KM53) and Ushguli (KM57). The road network pattern follows the valley landforms, with the road to Nenskra and on to Tita routed through the lower part of the Nenskra Valley. The Zugdidi-Jvari-Mestia-Lasdii road follows the Enguri Valley. There are several more minor roads that connect with these routes, providing access to surrounding settlements. The uplands that the proposed Mestia line crosses along its entire route comprise a scenic landscape with wild qualities. These are widely used for recreation, with many opportunities for walking, and climbing throughout the mountains and foothills. Features within the landscape with potential to draw people, including tourists, include Becho Waterfalls, Koruldi Lakes, and Chalaadi Glacier. There is also a ski resort to the south of Mestia (KM53), with lifts and a mountain-top restaurant. Plans also exist for a trekking route from Mestia that follows the Enguri Valley south, passing through the lower slopes of the Caucus Mountains near to the route of the Mestia line. Key visual receptors within the Study Area comprise the residents of settlements and dispersed properties, together with people using the local transport infrastructure (include road networks) and people engaged in outdoor recreation. For the purpose of this assessment, residents and people engaged in outdoor recreation are considered to be of high or high/medium sensitivity, and users of transport infrastructure of medium sensitivity to the proposed development.

1.3.2 Component C1 Impact Assessment Potential visibility The proposed Mestia line, the Kavkasioni loop and Nenskra Substation would be visible new elements in the landscape. However, the towers associated with the 110KV transmission line are typically 37m tall, which would limit their prominence in this large scale landscape. The substation will be positioned in the valley floor, where a combination of the landform and vegetation would limit potential visibility, and again the relative scale of the local landscape would limit the relative prominence of these structures. The Mestia line would cross the High Caucasus Mountains, following an elevated route on the side of the Nenskra Valley and then to the north of the Enguri Valley. The route that would be taken by the transmission line through this mountainous landform means it would be potentially visible over a wide area. However the nature of the landform is expected to result in this pattern of visibility being increasingly fragmented as the intervening distance increases, with ridges truncating sight lines. In addition, vegetation, particularly the extensive woodland cover, would have considerable influence over the actual visibility of the towers. Routing the transmission line over the elevated ground is also likely to reduce potential visibility from the settled valley floors, with a combination of the landform and vegetation expected to limit views. The eastern part of the

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Mestia line (from KM46 to KM58) will be more visible from the settled parts of the landscape as it is routed at much lower elevations and also crosses or is routed near the bottom of the valleys. The Kavkasioni loop would be located on the western lower valley slopes to the south of a small settlement. The landform and vegetation within the valley would constrain visibility, but there would be views up and down the valley and from its slopes. The Nenskra Substation would be positioned on the floor of the valley. The landform would contain potential visibility, although there would be views from the valley sides, and also up and down the valley. Vegetation within the valley is also likely to restrict potential visibility of the substation structures. Landscape Impacts The analysis of the baseline has identified important potential sensitivities. All elements of this Project Component are located in the High Caucasus Mountains and a large proportion of the proposed Mestia line crosses an undeveloped, upland landscape, much of which is wooded. No part of the landscape crossed by the transmission line or associated with the substation site is designated specifically for its landscape character. However, the likely sensitivity of the landscape to the Project is high, especially in the Nakra Pass between KM15 and KM20, due to the characteristics of the baseline mountainous landscape. Both the construction and operational phases would result in changes to the landscape along the length of the Mestia line and the Kavkasioni loop and at Nenskra Substation. It would introduce a number of industrial/utilitarian structures to the landscape and result in the construction of tracks, temporary compounds and the clearance of vegetation. Potential impacts on specific landscape receptors during the construction phase would arise due to the loss of landscape features/elements. This would comprise changes to the landscape resulting from construction activities as well as the presence of construction equipment. For the transmission line, this would comprise vegetation clearance along the right of way in accordance with the distances out lined in Section 3 of Volume 2 Project Definition. Vegetation clearance may also be necessary to enable access for construction equipment. Installation of the transmission line would have a relatively limited geographical extent and influence and would be short-term (lasting less than a year) and transitory in nature, within the construction period, however, the clearance corridor would remain for the life of the Project. Parts of the 110kV transmission line cross an undeveloped upland landscape, and the introduction of the Mestia line would contrast with this, and is likely to result in a high/moderate and significant impact. The impact of the Mestia line is more likely to be high/moderate rather than high due to the size of the towers, scale of the baseline landscape and the influence of woodland cover on overall intervisibility. Visual Impacts The proposed Mestia line, the Kavkasioni loop and substation would also have potential impacts on visual receptors. The greatest potential for visual impacts is at the western and eastern ends of the Mestia line and also in the vicinity of the Kavkasioni loop and Nenskra Substation. This corresponds with the settlement pattern, and where the greatest concentrations of people are found closest to the proposed infrastructure. In these areas there is potential for significant impacts to occur, especially for local residents. Where the transmission line would cross the undeveloped, upland landscape there is potential for fewer visual receptors. However this is a scenic, remote and tranquil landscape that is promoted for outdoor activities such as walking, climbing and skiing. Where people do experience the changes resulting from the proposed development in this upland landscape these have the potential to be significant due to the contrast with the baseline.

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1.3.3 Component C1 Mitigation A range of mitigation measures could be implemented in relation to the proposed Mestia line, the Kavkasioni loop and Nenskra Substation. Some of these are specific to or more relevant to landscape or visual impacts. However, on the whole measures that assist the integration of the structures and restoration of disturbed areas will help to reduce both landscape and visual impacts. Section 2.5 of Document 5.1 sets out the mitigating measures that are applicable on a project-wide basis. The design status of the Project means that further specific mitigation may become apparent as the design is finalised. The Contractor should provide landscape screening to the Nenskra substation where possible to reduce its visibility in the landscape of the Nenskra valley. This would be undertaken using native species as specified by the Biodiversity Project Component Assessment (Document 8.2). As highlighted in the impact assessment, the landscape of the Nakra Pass between KM15 and KM20 is high quality and visual impacts here to users of this environment would be significant. It is important that for the remote section of the Nakra Pass where there is limited evidence of human impact that construction activities are restricted to limit the visual impacts of the Project. As set out in the Biodiversity Project Component Assessment (Document 3.2), construction activities should be restricted in this section to minimise the foot print of the Project in this remote and natural environment. All other sections of the route have been impacted by human intervention. Measures here must include restricting the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, construction compounds, workers’ accommodation camps and any other activity which would result in the removal of vegetation and soils and which could leave a lasting impact on the landscape. Mitigation requirement • [L&V-12] The Nenskra substation as part of the site reinstatement works of the substation perimeter would be subject to landscape screening of the substation infrastructure to minimise its visual impact within the Nenskra valley. • [L&V-13] Construction works through the Nakra Pass on the Mestia line (KM15-KM20) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

1.3.4 Component C1 Cumulative Assessment Relevant associated development for the Mestia line, the Kavkasioni loop and Nenskra Substation comprises Nenskra HPP and Mestiachala 1 and HPP developments. In addition, Khudoni HPP development comprises a project that has potential to result in cumulative landscape and visual impacts. GSE is also investigating a new 500kV connection from Jvari to Nenskra to improve the reliability and security of the future connection for the Nenskra HPP project. The presence of the power line together with these HPP developments would result in a greater degree of infrastructure development in the valleys with associated vegetation clearance and the perception of the characteristics of this landscape. The main development that that is likely to result in combined impacts with the Mestia line Mestia line, the Kavkasioni loop and Nenskra Substation is Nenskra HPP development. Nenskra HPP powerhouse and the western end of the Mestia line (KM0 to KM8) are located in the same valley and therefore would result in cumulative impacts for landscape and visual receptors. However, the dam and reservoir associated with the Nenskra HPP development are located further up the valley, separated from the closest part of the Mestia line by approximately 5km. In addition, intervening landform between the proposed transmission infrastructure and the dam of the Nenskra HPP scheme is likely to reduce the extent to which the two developments would be seen in combination. In addition the works in the Nakra valley will comprise the water intake and access road. The water intake will be over 5km north of the route of the proposed Mestia line, again limiting inter-visibility between the two projects.

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There would be potential landscape and visual impacts resulting from Component C1 in combination with the Jvari to Nenskra line, which would be an associated facility to this Project. As the route of the Jvari to Nenskra line is yet to be defined the nature of these potential cumulative impacts cannot be defined at present.

1.3.5 Component C1 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the landscape and visual impacts of Component C1.

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape fabric

Vegetation   M [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles M ESMP Document 8.1, loss/removal during refinement of the transmission sections 5.3.10 Vegetation loss would occur along the route line routes and substations as outlined of the overhead line, access tracks, at the ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document substation extension and construction sections 3.2.1, 4.4.1 8.2). compounds. Clearance would be repeated ESMP Document 8.3, during the operational phase. [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-13] Construction works through the Nakra Pass on the Mestia line

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

(KM15-KM20) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

Landscape character

Presence of   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1, transmission during refinement of the transmission sections 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to landscape character. lines/substation line routes and substations as outlined Impact will be greatest in undeveloped, more ESMP Document 8.2, extension and in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document remote areas. section 3.2.1, 4.4.1 access tracks 8.2). ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1, 4.4.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-3] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the substations/substation extensions

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

[L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-12] The Nenskra substation as part

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

of the site reinstatement works of the substation perimeter would be subject to landscape screening of the substation infrastructure to minimise its visual impact within the Nenskra valley. [L&V-13] Construction works through the Nakra Pass on the Mestia Line (KM15-KM20) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

Visual amenity

Changes in view   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1, for residents during refinement of the transmission sections 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to views seen by local line routes and substations as outlined residents. The level of effect will vary based ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document on the relationship between a specific local section 3.2.1, 4.4.1 8.2). and the Component. ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, Changes in views   M [-] Permanent visual design principles in a M for road users 3.7.1, 4.4.1 Permanent change to views seen by road management of change process for the users. The lower sensitivity of the receptor environmental assessment of new would reduce the likely level of effect. transmission line routing or substation

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Changes in views   Hi [-] Permanent locations proposed to be located outside M for people the assessment corridor of this study. Permanent change to views seen by people engaged in engaged in outdoor recreation. Assessment [L&V-3] Consideration of design recreation is moderate due to the relatively limited principles, such as the selection of presence of recreational uses focussed on the materials and finishes, during detailed appreciation of the landscape. design of the substations/substation extensions. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-12] The Nenskra substation as part of the site reinstatement works of the substation perimeter would be subject to landscape screening of the substation infrastructure to minimise its visual impact within the Nenskra valley. [L&V-13] Construction works through the Nakra Pass on the Mestia Line (KM15-KM20) should not include the construction of access tracks, borrow pits, or construction compounds. This landscape should be protected as much as possible by using low impact methods of construction which are limited to tower locations only.

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1.41.41.4 Component C2 ––– Lajanuri Connections to Kheledula HPP, Oni HPP and TskaltuboTskaltuboTskaltubo

1.4.1 Component C2 Baseline Landscape Component C2 would be routed within and close to the Rioni and Tskenistskali valleys, to the north of Kutaisi. The proposed infrastructure that would follow the Rioni Valley (Oni HPP line, Lechkhumi line and New Derchi line) is typically routed over the upland landscapes to the side of the valley. There are occasional river crossings, e.g. near Zhoneti (KM30 of the Lechkhumi and KM32 of the New Derchi)) and Zogishi (KM0 of the Lechkhumi, New Derchi and Lajanuri HPP lines and KM3 of the Lajanuri HPP line), and also between Mukhli and Akhali Chordi (KM39 to KM49 of the Oni HPP line), towards Oni. This is also the case with the proposed infrastructure in the Tskhenistskali valley, with much of the Kheledula HPP line routed along the valley side and elevated landscape to the east of the valley. Both the Rioni valley and Tskhenistskali valley comprise steep-sided landforms. In the lower sections, in the vicinity of Zhoneti, Sakire and Namakhvani the landform typically rises to over 500m on the western side of the Rioni valley and towards 700m on the eastern side. Further north the elevation of the landform is typically higher still, rising to over 800m and in places 1000m. Higher summits of between 1,500m and over 2,000m lie to the west of Tvishi and Korenishi and also to the north of Tsageri and Ambrolauri. The rivers are central and defining elements of the landscape. Lajanuri Reservoir also forms a focal point (KM5 of both the Kheledula HPP line and Oni HPP line), and there are proposals for additional reservoirs proposed such as the Namakhvani HPP in the Rioni River valley. The valley sides are typically wooded, predominately comprising a mix of broad-leaved trees including oak, sweet chestnut, hornbeam, lime, alder and maple (together with other species in lesser numbers). There are also areas where coniferous species, including pine and spruce, are more prevalent. The lower valley slopes are cultivated close to settlements and used for agriculture. Land uses comprise pasture for cattle and growing crops including vegetables, fruits and corn. In addition, households within the valleys use a ‘permit of forest use’ for collecting fruit and mushrooms. Other notable land uses within the valley include vineyards in the vicinity of Tvishi, Oncheishi and Derchi, together with Georgian traditional field beekeeping. The Rioni and Tskenistskali valleys are predominately rural and the settlement pattern is generally limited. There numerous towns and villages within the Rioni valley (with more detail provided below in relation to potential visual receptors). However the settlement pattern within the Tskenistskali valley is much more limited. Town and villages are typically located towards the base of the main valleys and the adjoining minor valleys. However, the settlement pattern frequently extends up the valley sides. There are also several settlements that are established on more elevated land e.g. Tsagera (KM2 of both the Lechkhumi and New Derchi lines). There are numerous cultural heritage assets within the valleys. While the potential impacts on these are addressed in the Cultural Heritage sections of Document 4.2, Volume 4 Social, they also have relevance to this assessment in relation to the potential value associated with the landscape. Monuments which are deemed to be immovable monuments by the Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia include a number of churches, fortresses, monasteries, towers and a complex of caves. In addition, a number of other structures and archaeological sites within the Rioni valley are noted for their cultural heritage value. The landscape is not recognised for its value by any form of character based designation. However, the combination of landform, rivers and other watercourses, and land cover gives rises to a landscape that has scenic qualities and a sense of naturalness. Its predominately rural character also gives rise to a tranquil

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landscape. There are areas of ecological interest in the landscape surrounding the site, including the proposed Racha Emerald Site and the proposed extension to the Samegrelo Emerald Site, but these are designated for ecological purposes and not for their landscape. However, as protected sites they do reflect areas that lack human intervention and therefore represent natural and often wild landscapes that represent particular sensitivities. In addition, there are a number of structures and locations within the Study Area that are recognised for their cultural heritage value. While sites/areas of ecological and heritage value do not translate directly into landscape value, they are potential influencing factors in people’s appreciation of it and can also attract visitors. Overall, the landscape in the area in which the proposed development would be located is likely to be of medium/high value, high susceptibility and high/medium sensitivity. Visual Photographs that illustrate aspects of the baseline context for the route of Component C2 are included in Appendix A. The principal settlements within the Rioni and Tskenistskali valleys include: • For the Kheledula line: Gagulechi (KM8), Lajana (KM10), Naghomari (KM18), Gvimbrala (KM23) and Khopuri (KM25/26); • For the Oni HPP line: Zeda Chkvishi (KM12); Pirveli Tola (KM17); Khvanchkara (KM22): Ghviara (KM27), Dzirageuli (KM31), Ambrolauri (KM32); • For the Lechkhumi line: Tsagera (KM2); Zhoneti (KM 30); Kvilishori (KM 34); • For the New Derchi line: Tsagera (KM2); Tvishi (close to the end point of the link to the Upper Namakhvani powerhouse); Sachkheuri (KM12 to KM15); Rioni (KM31); and Zarati (KM31); and • For the Lajanuri HPP line: Alpana (KM3, at the end point). However, note that there are numerous other settlements within the valleys, together with dispersed residential properties. The primary route through the Study Area is the Kutaisi-Alpana-Mamisoni Pass. This road closely follows the course of the River Rioni, generally routed close to the base of the valley. Higher up the Rioni Valley, at Alpana this primary route splits, with one route continuing to follow the River Rioni and the other, the Alpana to Tsageri Road heading north. North of Tsageri, the Kutaisi-Tskaltubo-Tsageri-Lentekhi-Lasdii road continues through the Tskhenistskali valley positioned to the west of the proposed Kheledula line. Routes that connect with roads provide access to settlements within the valleys. There are some recreational uses within the valley, although these are relatively limited. There are way marked footpaths in the vicinity of Tvishi that are available for use, including those on Khvamli Mountain. Cyclists use the Kutaisi-Alpana-Mamisoni Pass. The River Rioni is also used to some extent for kayaking and rafting. Key visual receptors within the Study Area comprise the residents of settlements and dispersed properties, together with people using the passes and local roads. For the purpose this assessment, residents and people engaged in outdoor recreation are likely to be of high or medium/high sensitivity and road users of medium to low sensitivity to the proposed development.

1.4.2 Component C2 Impact Assessment Potential Visibility The proposed transmission lines and Lajanuri Substation that form part of Project Component C2 would be visible new elements in the landscape. With towers that have a standard height of approximately 50m the

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500kV Lechkhumi line between Lajanuri and Tskaltubo transmission would be the most visually prominent element of this component. The smaller, proposed 220kV transmission lines (the Kheledula HPP line, the Oni HPP line, Lajanuri HPP line and the New Derchi line) would also be visible elements, but the lower tower height would reduce their prominence. Note that the New Derchi line would comprise a replacement transmission line rather than completely new infrastructure. This will utilise the same accesses and clearance corridor where possible, thereby reducing potential change to the landscape and therefore also potential landscape and visual impacts. The Lajanuri Substation is positioned where a combination of the landform and (to a lesser extent) vegetation would limit potential visibility, and again the relative scale of the local landscape would limit the relative prominence of these structures. The transmission lines would cross elevated landscapes that form peripheral parts of the High Caucasus Mountains. All the transmission lines frequently take an elevated route rather than follow the valley sides. Where the transmission lines are routed over the mountainous landform they would be potentially visible over a wide area. However the nature of the landform is expected to result in this pattern of visibility being increasing fragmented as the intervening distance increases, with ridges truncating sight lines. In addition vegetation, particularly the extensive woodland cover would have considerable influence over actual visibility of the towers. Routing the transmission line over the elevated ground is also likely to reduce potential visibility from the settled valley floors, with a combination of the landform and vegetation expected to limit views. The key exceptions to this are the section of the proposed Kheledula HPP line in the Tskenistskali Valley north of Mazashi (KM26), and also the eastern end of the proposed Oni HPP line in the Rioni Valley to the east of Mukhli (KM39 to KM49). Where routed towards the bases of the valleys, the landform would contain potential visibility. However this also means that the transmission lines, particularly the route of the Oni HPP line through the eastern part of the Rioni Valley, will be positioned in more settled landscapes and closer to towns and villages and also the roads that provide access. The Lajanuri Substation would be positioned within the Rioni Valley. The landform would help contain potential visibility, although there would be views from the valley sides, and also along the valley in both directions. Vegetation within the valley is also likely to provide some restrictions to potential visibility of the substation structures. However, the substation would occupy a relatively elevated position on the side of the valley meaning it is likely to comprise a conspicuous element in the landscape. Landscape Impacts The analysis of the baseline has identified important potential sensitivities. All elements of this component are located in peripheral parts of the High Caucasus Mountains and a large proportion of the proposed transmission lines cross undeveloped, upland landscapes, much of which is wooded. No parts of the landscapes crossed by the transmission lines or associated with the substation site are designated specifically for its landscape character. The likely sensitivity of the landscape to the proposed development is high/medium due to the characteristics of the baseline landscape. Both the construction and operational phases would result in changes to the landscape along the length of the transmission lines and at Lajanuri Substation. The Project would introduce a number of industrial/utilitarian structures to the landscape and result in the construction of tracks, temporary compounds and the clearance of vegetation. However, the disturbance to the landscape is likely to less in relation to the New Derchi line as this would replace the existing infrastructure and the Leckhumi line and Lajanuri HPP lines where these are close to the original Derchi line which is to be replaced. Potential impacts on specific landscape receptors during the construction phase would arise due to the loss of landscape features/elements. This would comprise changes to the landscape resulting from construction activities as well as the presence of construction equipment. For the transmission lines, this would comprise vegetation clearance at tower locations and along the route of overhead conductors to accommodate

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transmission line clearance corridors of 75m or 60m for the proposed 500kV and 220kV transmission lines respectively. Vegetation clearance may also be necessary to enable access for construction equipment. Installation of the transmission lines would have a relatively limited geographical extent and influence and would be short-term and transitory in nature (lasting less than 18 months) within the construction period, however the clearance corridor would remain for the life of the Project. The majority of the transmission lines cross undeveloped upland landscape, and the introduction of the transmission lines would contrast with this, and are likely to result in result in high or high/moderate and significant impacts. The multiple potential crossings of the valleys, including the spans across the Lajanuri Reservoir (KM5 f both the Kheledula HPP line and Oni HPP line) would be conspicuous elements and would cut across the grain of the landscape. The number of overhead lines around the Rioni valley (both sides of the valley) to the south of Lajanuri Substation means this infrastructure has the potential to become a key characteristic of this landscape. However, it should be noted that the New Derchi line would comprise replacement infrastructure rather than completely new development. Potential landscape impacts associated with the Lajanuri Substation are likely to be more localised. However, the relatively prominence of this element on the valley side means it could comprise a conspicuous element in the landscape. The specific landscape impacts associated with the substation have the potential to be high/moderate or moderate due to the relative scale of the baseline landscape. Visual Impacts The proposed transmission lines and substation would also have potential impacts on visual receptors. All the transmission lines that make up Project Component C2 are routed in part through or cross settled parts of the valleys. There are numerous settlements throughout these valleys and it is likely that residents will experience the changes resulting from the proposed development. The greatest potential for visual impacts is likely to be associated with the Lechkhumi line. The largest towers would be associated with this transmission line and therefore it is likely these would be the most visually prominent, especially where the transmission line crosses the valley landforms, noting the potential for tall towers to be required where the Lajanuri Reservoir is crossed. The places where there would be concentrations of overhead lines in the vicinity of the Lajanuri Substation and either side of the Rioni Valley are likely to be particularly visually conspicuous. All transmission lines that make up Project Component C2 have the potential to result in significant visual impacts, especially for local residents. The exception to this would be the New Derchi line due it comprising replacement rather than new infrastructure. Where the transmission lines would cross the undeveloped, upland landscape there is potential for fewer visual receptors. However these are scenic, remote and tranquil landscapes that are promoted for outdoor activities such as walking, climbing and skiing. Where people do experience the changes resulting from the proposed development in these upland landscapes, these have the potential to be significant due to the contrast with the baseline. However, note that the New Derchi line and Lechkhumi lines would either replace or be routed close the existing overhead line infrastructure, which would be replaced by the proposed development, which would reduce the relative visual change. The proposed Lajanuri Substation is positioned away from the existing settlement pattern. The visibility of the substation is also expected to be contained to some extent by the valley landform and surrounding vegetation. However, the substation would be positioned on a relatively elevated part of the valley side potentially making it a conspicuous new element with the potential to result in significant impacts, especially in combination with the associated overhead lines.

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1.4.3 Component C2 Mitigation The component C2 lines have been developed to avoid the most scenic landscapes. This was considered as part of the Alternatives Analysis which is reported in Section 2 Volume 2 Project Definition. Specifically, the key landscapes avoided included: • Proposed Racha Emerald Site; • Khvamli Mount, a landscape feature well known with trekkers, which is located to the west of the Rioni River; and • Proposed extension of the Samegrelo Emerald Site to the north west. A range of mitigation measures could be implemented in relation to the proposed transmission lines and Lajanuri Substation. Some of these are specific to or more relevant to landscape or visual impacts. However, on the whole measures that assist the integration of the structures and restoration of disturbed areas will help to reduce both landscape and visual impacts. Section 2.5 of Document 5.1 sets out the mitigating measures that are applicable on a project-wide basis. The design status of the Project means that further specific mitigation may become apparent as the design is finalised. Whilst much of the Lajanuri Substation site could be screened due to landform, the Contractor should provide landscape screening to the Lajanuri substation where possible if there is visibility of the substation to nearby residential receptors. This would be undertaken using native species as specified by the Biodiversity Project Component Assessment (Document 8.2). Mitigation requirement • [L&V-14] The Lajanuri Substation as part of the site reinstatement works of the substation perimeter would be subject to landscape screening of the substation infrastructure to minimise its visual impact to nearby residential receptors, if screening due to landform is insufficient, as agreed with GSE/the Implementation Consultant.

1.4.4 Component C2 Cumulative Assessment Relevant associated and cumulative development for Component C2 comprises Namakhvani HPP, Oni HPP and Kheledula HPP developments. These projects have the potential to result in transformative impacts on landscape character within the Rioni and Tskenistskali valleys. The HPP projects would arguably contribute more to cumulative impacts due to the way in which they would change the characteristics of the landscape. However the overhead lines that form part of Component C2 would be essential to export power from these associated development and they would extend the overall impacts of the combined developments.

1.4.5 Component C2 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the landscape and visual impacts of Component C2.

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape fabric

Vegetation   M [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles M ESMP Document 8.1, loss/removal during refinement of the transmission section 5.3.10 Vegetation loss would occur along the route line routes and substations as outlined of the overhead line, access tracks, at the ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document substation extension and construction section 3.2.1 8.2). compounds. Clearance would be repeated ESMP Document 8.3, during the operational phase. [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits.

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape character

Presence of   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1, transmission during refinement of the transmission section 5.3.10 Permanent change to landscape character. lines/substation line routes and substations as outlined Impact will be greatest in undeveloped, more ESMP Document 8.2, extension and in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document remote areas. section 3.2.1 access tracks 8.2). ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-3] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the substations/substation extensions [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes.

Visual amenity

Changes in view   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1, for residents during refinement of the transmission section 5.3.10 Permanent change to views seen by local line routes and substations as outlined residents. The level of effect will vary based ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document on the relationship between a specific local sections 3.2.1 8.2). and the Component. ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, Changes in views   M [-] Permanent visual design principles in a M

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction for road users Permanent change to views seen by road management of change process for the 3.7.1, 4.5.1 users. The lower sensitivity of the receptor environmental assessment of new would reduce the likely level of effect. transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside Changes in views   M [-] Permanent the assessment corridor of this study. M for people Permanent change to views seen by people engaged in [L&V-3] Consideration of design engaged in outdoor recreation. Assessment recreation principles, such as the selection of is moderate due to the relatively limited materials and finishes, during detailed presence of recreational uses focussed on the design of the substations/substation appreciation of the landscape. extensions. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-14] The Lajanuri Substation as part of the site reinstatement works of the substation perimeter would be subject to landscape screening of the substation infrastructure to minimise its visual impact to nearby residential receptors , if screening due to landform is insufficient, as agreed with GSE/the Implementation Consultant..

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1.51.51.5 Component D ––– Reinforcement of the transmissitransmissionon infrastructure in Kakheti

1.5.1 Component D Baseline Landscape All the elements that make up Component D are located on the southern side of the upper valley associated with the River Alazani. The valley is elevated, at between approximately 300m and 400m ASL, but broad in profile and gently sloping. It is surrounded by rising ground that forms peripheral parts of the High Caucasus Mountains, including the Tsiv-Gombori Range. These elevated landscapes accentuate the valley landform and there are wide open views to the mountains. The river comprises a key feature in the landscape and is surrounding by areas of woodland, which contrast with the open agricultural land found throughout much of the valley. The valley itself is up to 20km wide and has a settled and cultivated landscape. Settlement is concentrated on the southern side of the valley and comprises a series of towns and villages at the base of the rising ground, along the A42 road. Agriculture is the primary land use with a mix of vineyards, pasture and arable crops. The valley is located within a noted wine growing area, which draws visitors, as well as forming a notable land use. The rising landform that surrounds the valley provides a sense of enclosure. The steep terrain means settlement on the slopes is very limited. The mountains are typically wooded, although fingers of agricultural land extend into this woodland on the lower slopes. There are numerous cultural heritage assets within buffer zone used for the cultural heritage assessment. While the potential impacts on these are addressed in the Cultural Heritage sections of Document 4.2, Volume 4 Social, they also have relevance to this assessment in relation to the potential value associated with the landscape. Several sites of cultural heritage interest have been identified in relation to Component D, including a number of ruined and operating churches, together with several cemeteries. The settled valley landscape in which elements that make up Component D would be located is of relatively limited landscape value, with no landscape designations. Susceptibility is limited by the human and urbanising influences, including existing power transmission infrastructure. However, the views to the Caucasus Mountains and wide open view contribute to the character of the valley and tall vertical structures have the potential to affect this relationship. The mountain fringes that surround the broad valley are of greater value and susceptibility to change due to their greater scenic quality. However, existing transmission line infrastructure along the southern fringes of the valley forms an established part of the baseline including lines and towers (varying between 20 to 30m in height) which are to be replaced by the Project. In addition, there are further overhead lines within other parts of the valley. Overall, the broad valley associated with the River Alazani is likely to be of medium/low sensitivity, while the surrounding mountain fringes are likely to be of medium/high sensitivity. Visual Photographs that illustrate aspects of the baseline context for the route of Component D are included in Appendix A. There is a relatively high concentration of settlement pattern along the southern edge of the Alazani valley, with a ribbon of development along the route of the A42. Multiple settlements lie close to the elements that make up Component D, and include: • For the Gurjaani line: GurjaaniKM0); Chumlaki (KM4); Zegaani (KM8); Velistsikhe (KM9); Mukuzani (KM10); Vazisubani (KM12); Vachnadziani (KM17); Akura (KM20); Vanta (KM21); Bushesti (KM23); Kvemo Khodasheni (KM25); Tsinandali (KM26 to KM27); Kisiskhevi (KM29); and Telavi (KM31 to end);

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• And for the Akhmeta line: Telavi (KM0 to KM7); Qarajala (KM10); Ikalto (KM12); Atskuri (KM17); Arashenda (KM18), Kistauri (KM24 to KM27), Sachale (KM28/KM29); Akhmeta (KM30 to KM34); and Khorbalo (KM33).

The road network corresponds strongly with the settlement pattern, with the A42 road lying roughly parallel with Component D throughout its length, albeit the Akhmeta line crosses this road to the east of Kistauri (KM19). The Akhmeta line would also cross the A38, which crosses the Tsiv-Gombori Range, to the west of Telavi (KM8). Component D also crosses roads that lie at the periphery of settlements. The Gurjaani line lies roughly parallel with the railway line between Telavi and Gurjaani. There appears to limited recreational use of the Tsiv-Gombori Range to the south west of Component D. However, there are a number of churches, together with a monastery and basilica positioned on the north east facing slopes of this ridge. These buildings take advantage of the elevation afforded by this rising ground to occupy a prominent position and people visit them for worship and to appreciate these buildings and their context. Key visual receptors within the Study Area comprise the residents of settlements and dispersed properties, together with people using the local transport infrastructure (i.e. road networks and rail) and people visiting churches and similar structures positioned on the northeast facing slopes of the Tsiv-Gombori Range. For the purpose of this assessment, residents and people visiting locations on the edge of the Tsiv-Gombori Range are likely to be of high or medium/high sensitivity, and users of transport infrastructure of medium/low to low sensitivity to the proposed development.

1.5.2 Component D Impact Assessment Potential Visibility The new proposed transmission lines that form part of Project Component D would be visible new elements, particularly from locations in the open agricultural landscape to the north. However, they will replace existing infrastructure limiting the extent and nature of any change that would result. The replacement of the existing transmission lines will also comprise visible new elements and as they will be diverted from the existing routes, the visibility of these will differ in places from the existing transmission lines, which will subsequently be removed. These will comprise 220kV transmission lines with towers that are typically 50m tall, compared with the 20 to 30m height of the existing towers. However the fact that the proposals will replace existing towers, together with the urban context of parts of the route will limit the relative change. In addition vegetation and buildings around the settlements will also help to restrict potential visibility. The rehabilitation/extension of the substations that comprise part of Project Component D will be locally conspicuous elements. All the substations are positioned on the edges of settlements. Therefore potential visibility will be most pronounced for residents that live closest to the substations. However, wider visibility would be limited by a combination of urban form and vegetation. In addition, the proposed works at the substations are expected to be relatively minor (particularly at Gurjaani, Tsinandali and Mukuzani) and/or seen in the context of the existing structures that form an established part of the baseline. Landscape Impacts The analysis of the baseline has identified potential sensitivities. However, the elements that make up this component are located on the edge of a settled valley that is already influenced by human activity. The landscape that surrounds the valley forms peripheral parts of the High Caucasus Mountains, including the Tsiv- Gombori Range. Overall, it is considered that the broad valley associated with the River Alazani is likely to be of medium to low sensitivity, while the surrounding mountain fringes are likely to be of medium/high sensitivity.

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Both the construction and operational phases would result in changes to the landscape along the length of the sections of transmission line and at the substations proposed for rehabilitation and/or extension. The Project would replace and/or extend a number of industrial/utilitarian structures that already form an established part of the baseline landscape and may also result in the construction of occasional new tracks and temporary compounds. There may also be some clearance of vegetation, but as much of the overhead lines that form part of Component D cross an agricultural landscape the extent of vegetation loss is likely to be limited. There is also a short section of underground cable proposed close to Tsinandali, Kisiskhevi and Kvemo Khodasheni (Gurjaani line KM26 to KM29). Potential impacts on specific landscape receptors during the construction phase would arise due to the loss of landscape features/elements. This would comprise changes to the landscape resulting from construction activities as well as the presence of construction equipment. For the transmission line, this would comprise vegetation clearance at new tower locations and along the right of way in accordance with clearance requirements as set out in Section 3 of Volume 2 Project Definition. Vegetation clearance may also be necessary to enable access for construction equipment. Installation of the transmission lines would have a relatively limited geographical extent and influence and would be short-term in nature (lasting up to 14 months) within the construction period however the clearance corridor would remain for the life of the Project. The proposed section of underground cable would also require vegetation clearance along its length. Again the installation of the underground cable would have a relatively limited geographical extent and influence and would be short-term in nature (lasting less than 12 months) within the construction period. However, once installed, vegetation (other than trees or tall shrubs) would be allowed to regrow along the cleared route. The majority of the Gurjaani and Akhmeta transmission lines will cross landscapes that are already influenced by human activity and include existing transmission lines and substations and will in fact replace one of these transmission lines in the landscape. Therefore the relative change and impact associated with the proposed development is likely to be limited and potentially moderate and not significant. Visual Impacts The proposed transmission lines, underground cable and substation developments would also have potential impacts on visual receptors. It is a settled landscape and as consequence there are numerous people living close to the proposed development. However, the proposed overhead lines would typically replace the existing infrastructure, therefore the resulting visual change would be relatively limited and the potential effects are frequently likely to be moderate. This would be similar for the proposed developments at the substations; as these already comprise existing elements and form part of the baseline thereby reducing the relative change. The 3.3km of underground cable that is proposed in the vicinity of Tsinandali would also provide localised mitigation of potential visual impacts post construction.

1.5.3 Component D Mitigation A range of mitigation measures could be implemented in relation to the proposed transmission lines and substation developments. Some of these are specific to or more relevant to landscape or visual impacts. However, on the whole measures that assist the integration of the structures and restoration of disturbed areas will help to reduce both landscape and visual impacts. Section 2.5 of Document 5.1 sets out the mitigating measures that are applicable on a project-wide basis. The design status of the Project means that further specific mitigation may become apparent as the design is finalised. Given the proximity of Telavi substation to visual receptors and given that there is an element of screening around the existing site, screening should be introduced along the most sensitive boundaries (western and southern boundary) to visual residential receptors. Planting and/or fencing would be used to provide a visual screen. Planting would be undertaken using native species as specified by the Biodiversity Project Component Assessment (Document 8.2).

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Mitigation requirement • [L&V-15] The Telavi Substation western and southern boundaries are to be screened using landscape planting to minimise the substation’s visual impact to nearby residential receptors. Underground cables The incorporation of underground cables in the vicinity of Tsinandali and the Radisson Blu Hotel would provide localised mitigation of potential landscape and visual impacts. Top soils should be removed within the working area to avoid compaction. These should be stored in stabilised mounds (e.g. using a grass mix) during construction and then used in the restoration of the working area following construction. The stripped top soils should be used in the restoration of the cable corridor, with the ground level and land cover/use complementing the adjacent landscape. Vegetation that existed prior to construction should be replaced with comparable new planting where possible. • [L&V-16] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the underground cable corridor is successfully restored and integrated following construction. Cable sealing end compounds would be comparable in form, although typically smaller, than substations. Comparable mitigation measures, such as those in relation to the section of materials and finishes and use of planting, could be applied to reduce potential landscape and visual impacts. • [L&V-17] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the cable sealing end compounds. • [L&V-18] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the cable sealing end compound fits in to its surrounding landscape.

1.5.4 Component D Cumulative Assessment Not relevant to this Component.

1.5.5 Component D Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the landscape and visual impacts of Component D.

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Landscape fabric

Vegetation   M [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles M ESMP Document 8.1, loss/removal during refinement of the transmission section 5.3.10. Vegetation loss would occur along the route line routes and substations as outlined of the overhead line, access tracks, at the ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document substation extension and construction sections 3.2.1, 4.6.4 8.2). compounds. Clearance would be repeated ESMP Document 8.3, during the operational phase. [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-16] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding

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Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the underground cable corridor is successfully restored and integrated following construction. [L&V-18] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the cable sealing end compound fits in to its surrounding landscape.

Landscape character

Presence of   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1, transmission during refinement of the transmission section 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to landscape character. lines, substation line routes and substations as outlined Impact will be greatest in undeveloped, more ESMP Document 8.2, extensions cable in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document remote areas. sections 3.2.1, 4.6.4 sealing end 8.2). compounds and ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and access tracks sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, visual design principles in a 3.7.1, 4.4.1 management of change process for the environmental assessment of new transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside the assessment corridor of this study. [L&V-3] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or factor compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Lowo L Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

materials and finishes, during detailed design of the substations/substation extensions [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would

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seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-15] The Telavi Substation western and southern boundaries are to be screened using landscape planting to minimise the substation’s visual impact to nearby residential receptors. [L&V-16] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the underground cable corridor is successfully restored and integrated following construction. [L&V-17] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the cable sealing end compounds. [L&V-18] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the cable sealing end compound fits in to its surrounding landscape.

Visual amenity

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Changes in view   Hi [-] Permanent [L&V-1] Adherence to design principles Hi ESMP Document 8.1, for residents during refinement of the transmission section 5.3.10, 5.3.6 Permanent change to views seen by local line routes and substations as outlined residents. The level of effect will vary based ESMP Document 8.2, in Section 3.2.1 of the ESMP (Document on the relationship between a specific local sections 3.2.1, 4.6.4 8.2). and the Component. ESMP Document 8.3, [L&V-2] Inclusion of the landscape and sections 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, Changes in views   M [-] Permanent visual design principles in a M for road users 3.7.1, 4.4.1 Permanent change to views seen by road management of change process for the users. The lower sensitivity of the receptor environmental assessment of new would reduce the likely level of effect. transmission line routing or substation locations proposed to be located outside Changes in views   Hi [-] Permanent the assessment corridor of this study. M for people Permanent change to views seen by people [L&V-3] Consideration of design engaged in engaged in outdoor recreation. Assessment principles, such as the selection of recreation is moderate due to the relatively limited materials and finishes, during detailed presence of recreational uses focussed on the design of the substations/substation appreciation of the landscape. extensions. [L&V-4] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the substation fits in to its surrounding landscape. [L&V-5] Preparation and implementation of a Reinstatement Plan containing landscape and visual prescriptions relevant to temporary

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construction compounds, access tracks and borrow pits. [L&V-6] Gradients of cut and fill and slope creation and the side casting of materials to be minimised and stabilisation techniques to be used to avoid large visible exposed slopes during construction of ancillary and temporary infrastructure. [L&V-7] Use of GIP during excavation and use of borrow pits. [L&V-8] The selection of borrow pit sites should consider the visual impacts and where possible the Contractor would seek to position them in areas screened from the most sensitive landscapes. [L&V-15] The Telavi Substation western and southern boundaries are to be screened using landscape planting to minimise the substation’s visual impact to nearby residential receptors. [L&V-16] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the underground cable corridor is successfully restored and

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integrated following construction. [L&V-17] Consideration of design principles, such as the selection of materials and finishes, during detailed design of the cable sealing end compounds. [L&V-18] Reinstatement of vegetation and soils complementing surrounding landscapes must be undertaken to ensure that the cable sealing end compound fits in to its surrounding landscape.

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Hydrology, Geology and Geohazards

2.12.12.1 Component A Tskaltubo to Akhaltsikhe and on to the Turkey border south of ValeValeVale

2.1.1 Component A Baseline The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Sairme Line The proposed route of the Sairme line starts at Tskaltubo Substation from where it is orientated in a southerly direction. For the first 25km south, the land is generally flat farmland at an elevation in the order of 50m ASL. The route crosses the Rioni River (KM19/KM20) and enters the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus. The land cover is characterised by steep sloped woodlands. The route progressively gains altitude generally following the tops of ridges but crossing some small valleys and shallow gullies. The route reaches an altitude of approximately 2,000m ASL (KM39) and crosses a rocky plateau reaching a total height of 2828m ASL. Crossing the plateau, the route generally follows the tops of ridges, some of which are steep sided. The route then drops down to lower lying land through an area comprising a patchwork of small woodland areas, subalpine meadows, and farmland. The route then curves towards the east and from KM74, it is orientated in an easterly direction. The last 20km of the route skirts along the bottom of the southern base of a range of hills. The terrain crossed is undulating as several gently sloped valleys and gullies are crossed. As the route nears the Akhaltsikhe Substation (KM96), the route crosses several valleys and gullies with steeper sides and which appear to be subject to erosion and slope instability. The geology underlying the route between Tskaltubo Substation and the southern edge of the Rioni River floodplain (KM23) is characterised by undifferentiated Pleistocene strata. The route southwards from the Rioni River floodplain is through an area characterised by Middle Eocene marine volcanic rock. The principal hydrological features crossed by the route are as follows: • The Rioni River, which at the point where it is crossed is approximately 800m wide and comprises several channels typical of a braided riverbed; and • Along the last 20km of the route (from KM75) at least six watercourses are crossed, some of which may be seasonal. These watercourses are typically dry ephemeral rivers but their presence is indicative of high flow events most probably after heavy rainfall.

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Figure 1 Component A - Sairme Line

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Figure 2 Component A - Tao Line

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The preliminary review suggests that there are areas which represent geohazards are as follows: • Areas where the route crosses narrow ridges with steep sides, and which show signs of erosion and potential slope instability. • Areas where the route is constructed on slopes that show signs of erosion and potential slope instability. • Crossing of torrents that could be subject to debris flow and mudflow events. • Crossing of the Rioni River which at the crossing point is a 1km wide braided channel, and which is subject to changes in channel routing within the floodplain during periodic flood events. Tao Line For the first 5km, the proposed route of the Tao line is generally orientated westwards, and crosses an area characterised by undulating terrain comprising several ridges and large shallow gullies, that appear to be subject to erosion from rainwater runoff and may have some unstable slopes. The remainder of the route (from KM5) is orientated in a more south-westerly direction and crosses mainly farmland with more gentle slopes. The route crosses at least seven watercourses, some of which may be seasonal. In terms of geology, the first 5km of the route crosses and area of Middle Eocene marine volcanic rock. The route then crosses a large area of Upper Eocene-Olgocene, Kinta, Matsesta, Khosta and Sochi series, euxinic basin rocks. In terms of geohazards, preliminary review of satellite imagery suggests that the principle hazards are slope instability along the route to KM5, and the risk of debris flow and/or mud flow events on watercourses crossed by the route. Akhaltsikhe substation Close to the extension of the Akhaltsikhe substation is a deeply incised valley which shows signs of landslips and erosion. The substation extension area is unlikely to impact this further but temporary works close to this valley could lead to further erosion.

2.1.2 Component A Impact Assessment The general impact producing factors and potential impacts that are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) are all applicable to Component A: • Land degradation. • Sedimentation in rivers and streams. • Pollution from accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances. • Damage to the transmission lines from geohazards. • Pollution from disturbed contaminated materials on previously developed land A number of Project Component impacts could also occur in Component A. These are as follows: • The Sairme line passes to the south west of Kutaisi through an area of what appears to have some former industrial uses (approximately KM0 to KM3). The line also passes over the railway in this section. The placement of towers and any excavation works in this area could find and disturb contaminated soils, which could become mobilised either causing a risk to human health (e.g. construction workers) or entering groundwater or nearby surface water; • The Sairme line would cross the Rioni River which is formed of a number of braided channels and a man-made canal channel. This area would be susceptible to sedimentation and erosion if construction

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works were to take place within the river or adjacent to any of the eroding braided channels. The construction works could also lead to a change in the erosion dynamics of the watercourse; and • Near to the Akhaltsikhe Substation, a deep ravine which is subject to landslips and surface runoff erosion could be impacted further by the Project if construction works take place adjacent, within or across the ravine.

2.1.3 Component A Mitigation General mitigation measures are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) for controlling many of the impacts predicted for this Project Component. The measures from the Project-wide assessment can be summarised as follows: • Measures to manage land degradation slope instability and sedimentation; • Measures to control risk of accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances; • Use of herbicides is not permitted for the removal of trees and vegetation; • Identify the potential for contaminated land and implementation of appropriate controls; and • Management of geohazards. However, as highlighted in the potential impacts assessment, there is a requirement for additional site specific mitigation. Specific mitigation measures would also be required as follows: • A contaminated land desk study and site investigation of any excavation works between KM0 and KM3 would need to be undertaken to identify the presence of contamination and the need for remedial measures such as the removal of contaminated materials; • The detailed design of the Rioni River crossing for the Sairme line is to be based on there being no infrastructure in the Rioni River which is a requirement of the Biodiversity Assessment (Document 3.2, Volume 3) due to the presence of possible spawning grounds in the river for sturgeon. This design requirement would avoid any impacts on river erosion and, therefore, no further mitigation is required; and • Works within the ravine adjacent to the Akhaltsikhe Substation would be avoided to prevent any landslips or erosion occurring as a result of the works. Mitigation requirement • [HYD-12] A risk assessment and site investigation ahead of any site works would be undertaken along the route of the Sairme line in former industrial areas of Kutaisi and Tskaltubo between KM0 and KM3; • [HYD-13] All construction works to avoid the unstable slopes of the deep ravine adjacent to the Akhaltsikhe substation between KM0 and KM1.

2.1.4 Component A Cumulative Assessment Tskaltubo Substation and Tskaltubo to Jvari 500kV transmission line This development is an associated facility of the Sairme line with the Sairme line connecting into the new Tskaltubo substation. There are no watercourses in the area of the substation other than small field drains and the topography of the area is flat. It is not predicted that either project would result in significant impacts. As both projects are the subject of an ESIA in accordance with international guidelines, both projects would be subject to GIP and measures outlined within an ESMP. Through the implementation of the ESMP on both projects no significant cumulative impacts are likely to occur.

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Akhaltsikhe to Batumi 220kV transmission line The Akhaltsikhe to Batumi transmission line runs parallel to the Tao line for approximately 8km before the crossing of the two lines. As the two lines exit the Akhaltsikhe substation the closest distance the two lines get to each other is approximately 240m. The crossing of the two lines occurs above the village of Klde at KM9. A valley is located nearby which could be susceptible to erosion from surface runoff and if the two projects occurred at the same time this could result in a cumulative impact on this valley. However, the Akhaltsikhe to Batumi line is currently being constructed with many of the towers already in place. It is expected that the line will be fully constructed by the time construction commences on the Tao line. As a result there would be no construction phase impacts as a result. In addition, once operational no impacts on hydrology or geology are predicted.

2.1.5 Component A Transboundary Impacts As the Tao line will continue across the Georgia border and continue to Turkey there is the potential for transboundary impacts. With the application of the mitigation measures described in the assessment and the implementation of the ESMP no impacts from the construction of the Project in Georgia is predicted to impact hydrology or geology in Turkey. The border area is free of watercourses or steep slopes and therefore no particular impacts are predicted here. The Tao line would continue into Turkey towards Tortum, approximately 175km to the south. The route of the line in Turkey is not yet available, but this assessment has considered possible routes based on an understanding of transmission line routing principles. There are no major watercourse crossings likely to be encountered though there are watercourses running east to west which most possible routes would need to cross. A more easterly but longer route could be taken to avoid a mountainous area which a more direct route would encounter. This mountainous area is likely to have some areas of steep slopes, unstable and eroding slopes, many mountain streams and be susceptible to the types of geohazards described in the assessment for the Tao line. Based on this preliminary review, it is not anticipated that there would be an significantly different impacts for the line from the Georgian border to Tortum, subject to the same GIP measures being adopted through an ESMP.

2.1.6 Component A Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the hydrology, geology and geohazard impacts of Component B.

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Hydrology, Geology and Geohazards

Placement of  x Hi [-] Possible, there may be localised - [HYD-12] A risk assessment and site Lo [-] ESMP Document 8.2 towers and any contamination in the vicinity of the industrial investigation ahead of any site Section 4.2.4 excavation works areas of Kutaisi and Tskaltubo. works would be undertaken along disturbing the route of the Sairme line in contaminated former industrial areas of Kutaisi soils, causing a and Tskaltubo between KM0 and risk to human KM3. health (eg construction workers) or entering groundwater or nearby surface water

Construction   Hi [-] Likely, work within or adjacent to the - [BIO- 28] No construction activities Lo [-] ESMP Document 8.2 works within or watercourse would result in sedimentation to take place within the Rioni River. Section 4.2.1 adjacent to the and erosion. The only exception to this is Rioni River passage by horse, or foot, or use of potentially a small 4x4 vehicle (outside the causing spawning season April – July) for sedimentation conductor line stringing. and erosion and also a change in the erosion

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction dynamics of the watercourse

Construction  x M [-] Possible, depending on proximity to the - [HYD-13] All construction works to Lo [-] ESMP Document 8.2 works close to ravine, the works could result in short term avoid the unstable slopes of the Section 4.2.2 the deep ravine impacts on the ravine. deep ravine adjacent to the near to the Akhaltsikhe substation between Akhaltsikhe KM0 and KM1. Substation potentially exacerbating landslips, surface runoff and erosion.

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2.22.22.2 Component B --- Ozurgeti to Zoti HPP and Connection from Ozurgeti to the Paliastomi Line

2.2.1 Component B Baseline The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described in this section and illustrated in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The proposed route of the Guria line starts at the proposed site of the new Ozurgeti Substation in an area of farmland south of the town of Ozurgeti at an elevation of circa 100m ASL). The route takes an easterly direction and crosses over a mountainous area which reaches elevations of just over 2,400m ASL then drops down to the Zoti HPP in the Gubazeuli River gorge at an elevation of circa 550m ASL. On leaving the substation, the route crosses areas of undulating farmland as far as KM5, crossing a tributary of the Bzhuzhi River at KM3. Between KM5 and KM18, the Guria line climbs the northern side of a range of wooded hills that are situated to the southeast of Ozurgeti. The line passes over a number of watercourses including the Bzhuzhi River. The slopes of the forested valleys are steep particular as the route climbs up to Gomismta. There is no signs of landslips or erosion in this area though there has been some felling of trees and there is access here as the road climbs towards Gomismta. After Gomismta, it crosses above the tree line passing a number of small mountain watercourses. Slopes are generally not steep and there is little evidence of any significant geohazard although this area is known to suffer significant snowfall in winter. Avalanche risk cannot be ruled out on some of the steeper slopes. At KM24, the route drops down a moderately steep slope into Khanistrskali River, a tributary of the Gubazeuli River gorge. The descent is through areas of natural vegetation comprising a mosaic of woodland, and alpine meadows and scrubland. The geology underlying the route in the first few kilometres from Ozurgeti (to KM3) is characterised by undifferentiated Pleistocene strata. From KM3, the remainder of the route is through a large area of Middle Eocene marine volcanic rock, consisting of tuffaceous sandstones and breccias (hard rocks) as well as marls, shales, siltstones and some limestone. Between Ozurgeti and when it enters the Gubazeuli River gorge (KM45), the route crosses 10 watercourses, though these are in most cases streams, located on the upper slopes of the hills. The Paliastomi loop crosses an area of low lying undulating farmland for a distance of 2.7km. The geology comprises undifferentiated Pleistocene strata. The route crosses three watercourses. Geohazards have been identified as relating to the watercourse crossings which may be subject to occasional debris flow or mudflow events when there is heavy rain. In terms of geohazards, the following has been identified from preliminary observation and review of geological data: • The immediate areas around the river crossings may be subject to occasional debris flow or mudflow events when there is heavy rain.

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Figure 3 Component B Paliastomi Loop and Guria Line –from the west

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Figure 4 Component B Paliastomi Loop and Guria Line –from the north

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2.2.2 Component B Impact Assessment General impact producing factors and potential impacts and mitigation that are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) are all applicable to Component B: • Land degradation. • Sedimentation in rivers and streams. • Pollution from accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances. • Pollution from use of herbicides. • Pollution from disturbed contaminated materials on previously developed land, if present. • Damage to the line from geohazards. There are no Project Component specific impacts that are significantly different from those identified in the Project-wide assessment.

2.2.3 Component B Mitigation No site-specific measures with respect to hydrology, geology and geohazards have been identified for Component B. General mitigation measures are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) for controlling many of the impacts predicted for this Project Component. The measures from the Project-wide assessment can be summarised as follows: • Measures to manage land degradation slope instability and sedimentation; • Measures to control risk of accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances; • Use of herbicides is not permitted for the removal of trees and vegetation; • Identify the potential for contaminated land and implementation of appropriate controls; and • Management of geohazards.

2.2.4 Component B Cumulative Assessment Zoti HPP The Zoti HPP project is to be developed on and adjacent to the Gubazeuli River and forms an associated facility to the Guria line as this line would connect to the Zoti HPP powerhouse. The Zoti HPP project is a 44MW project which would abstract water from the Khanistrskali and Gubazeuli Rivers and pass this water through a tunnel to a powerhouse, which the Guria line would connect. The most significant impact of the Zoti HPP project would be the impact on river flows. The construction of the Guria line would not impact river flows in either the Khanistrskali or Gubazeuli Rivers. Therefore, no cumulative impact is predicted on river flows. Construction works are anticipated to occur at roughly the same time with the stringing of the Guria line requiring the completion of the Zoti HPP powerhouse. Given the proximity of the works to the Gubazeuli River there could be a cumulative impact associated with sedimentation from any uncontrolled works. However, it is anticipated that the Zoti HPP project would be subject to similar GIP measures during the construction works and that through the implementation of an ESMP there would be no noticeable cumulative impact of the two projects.

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2.2.5 Component B Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments There are no Project Component specific impacts that are significantly different from those identified in the Project-wide assessment and hence no site-specific measures.

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2.32.32.3 Component C1 –––Nenskra–Nenskra to Mestia

2.3.1 Component C1 Baseline The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 5. The Mestia line starts at the new Nenskra Substation at an elevation of 800m ASL, and for the first 10km takes a northerly direction in the Nenskra valley on the left bank of the Nenskra River. The route crosses areas of steep woodland, and less steep areas of subalpine meadows. It skirts around some small villages. After passing the village of Zemo Marghi at an elevation of 1,400m ASL, it turns to the east (KM9) and follows the Tita River valley up to a col at an elevation of 2,700m ASL(KM18). The land cover in the valley is steep sloped woodland, which with increased elevation becomes progressively alpine meadows and at the col (Nakra Pass) is alpine scrub and bare rock. After the Nakra Pass, the route drops down into the Nakra valley at an elevation of 1,100m ASL, through terrain that is similar to the Tita valley. The route then (from KM25) runs parallel to the right bank of the Enguri River valley across undulating terrain to Mestia, it crosses numerous small valleys and gullies at elevation varying from 1,400m to 1,700m. Land cover is wooded hillsides and area of subalpine meadows. In terms of hydrology, the Mestia line crosses several small alpine streams (at least 12). The geology of the col between Tita and Nakra is from the Triassic period, and comprises open sea terrigene turbudites. The geology of the rest of the Mestia line is Lower Middle Jurassic, with area of Toarcian-Aalenian open sea terrigene turbidites with volcanic admixture and Pliensbachian open sea black slates, tholeiitic pillow basalts and carbonate rocks. The Kavkasioni loop will run for a distance of 570m from an elevation of 688m ASL on the left bank of the Nenskra River, across the river and up the slope of the right bank of the Nenskra valley to an elevation of 841m ASL. The geology is Lower Middle Jurassic. The only watercourse crossing is that of the Nenskra River. In terms of geohazards, the following have been identified: • The col between the Nenskra and Nakra valleys may be subject to erosion and areas of slope instability. • The crossing of the Nakra and Nenskra rivers are at points where the river is in a deep, steep-sided gorge which may be subject to slope instability and avalanche risks. • The immediate areas around the river crossings may be subject to occasional debris flow or mudflow events when there is heavy rain. • The sections in the Nenskra valley and Tita valleys may be exposed to avalanche risks. • As the Mestia line nears Mestia, two tectonic-plate fault lines are crossed.

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Figure 5 Component C1 – Mestia and Kavkasioni Lines

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2.3.2 Component C1 Impact Assessment General impact producing factors and potential impacts that are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) are all applicable to Component C1: • Land degradation. • Sedimentation in rivers and streams. • Pollution from accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances. • Pollution from use of herbicides. • Pollution from disturbed contaminated materials on previously developed land, if present. • Damage to the line from geohazards. Of particular note for Component C1 is the potential for a number of geohazards at the Nenskra substation. The substation is located adjacent to the Nenskra River and is generally a low lying site. There is a risk that the site could be at risk of flooding. In addition, the site is located at the foot of a steep slope that is partly forested but there is also evidence of rock scree and rock falls.

2.3.3 Component C1 Mitigation General mitigation measures are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) for controlling many of the impacts predicted for this Project Component. The measures from the Project-wide assessment can be summarised as follows: • Measures to manage land degradation slope instability and sedimentation; • Measures to control risk of accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances; • Use of herbicides is not permitted for the removal of trees and vegetation; • Identify the potential for contaminated land and implementation of appropriate controls; and • Management of geohazards. In line with the Project-wide assessment mitigation, particularly [HYD-11], particular attention would need to be taken when design measures to mitigation geohazards at the Nenskra substation. No additional mitigation needs to be identified at this stage in addition to [HYD-11]. No other site-specific measures with respect to hydrology, geology and geohazards have been identified for Component C1.

2.3.4 Component C1 Cumulative Assessment Jvari to Nenskra 500kV transmission line This transmission line would connect into the Nenskra substation and is another project being promoted by GSE. As the investigation of a route is still being made the precise route of the line is not known though the line is expected to follow the Nenskra valley from the Enguri valley. The construction of the transmission line would be the subject of the same measures described in this ESIA and ESMP. As a result no cumulative impact on hydrology or geology is predicted. Nenskra HPP The Nenskra HPP project is being developed in the Nenskra Valley and the Project would connect to the Nenskra HPP powerhouse. The connection to the powerhouse is located within 100m of the Nenskra River. The powerhouse development and the associated permanent and temporary infrastructure would represent a significant engineering project and could result in impacts on water quality and surrounding runoff. The

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2.3.5 Component C1 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the hydrology, geology and geohazard impacts of Component C1.

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Hydrology, Geology and Geohazards

Potential for  x Hi [-]. Possible - The substation is located - [HYD-11] Use of geohazard studies M [-] ESMP Document 8.2 geohazards at adjacent to the Nenskra River and is and specific slope-erosion and Section 3.2.1 the Nenskra generally a low lying site. There is a risk that slope-stability studies to inform substation the site could be at risk of flooding. In detailed design. addition, the site is located at the foot of a steep slope that is partly forested but there is also evidence of rock scree and rock falls.

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2.42.42.4 Component C2 ––– Lajanuri Connections ttoo Kheledula HPP, Oni HPP and TskaltuboTskaltuboTskaltubo

2.4.1 Component C2 Baseline Oni Line The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 6. The route starts at the Lajanuri Substation on the right bank of the Rioni River, at an elevation of 500m ASL. The route initially heads northwards to cross a moderately steep sided ridge before crossing the Lajanuri gorge at KM5. The route then generally follows the Rioni River in an easterly direction albeit at a distance of 3-4km from the river until KM34 where the route moves down the valley side. The route reaches elevations in the order of 1,000m ASL, whereas the Rioni River is at elevations in the order of 500m ASL. From KM40, the route runs very close to the river. The land cover along the whole route is mainly woodland. The geomorphology along the whole route is characterised by undulating terrain, with the line crossing over ridges, spurs, and some shallow gullies. In terms of hydrology, the key features are as follows: • The route crosses the Lajanuri gorge, which is situated between the Lajanuri reservoir and the Rioni River; • The route also crosses two other large torrents, and several smaller streams, and • From KM40, the route runs close to the Rioni River, crossing it at six locations. In terms of geology, the route crosses several different areas: • The route between the Lajanuri Substation and the Lajanuri gorge (KM5) crosses an area of Upper Cretaceous Eocene, and Upper Eocene-Oligocene. • The route from the Lajanuri gorge (KM5) to Oni HPP crosses successively the following: (i) Undifferentiated Miocene, (ii) Lower Cretaceous with shallow marine carbonate rocks and terrigene clastics, (iii) Middle-Upper Jurassic with Bajocian calc-alcaline basaltic and andesitic shallow marine volcanic rocks, and (iv) Lower-Middle Jurassic of Toarcian-Aalenian open sea terrigene turbidites with volcanic admixture. In terms of geohazards, from a preliminary review of satellite imagery it would appear that the principal geohazards are represented by the torrents that are crossed by the transmission line, which could be subject to occasional debris flow and mud flow events.

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Figure 6 Component C2 – Oni HPP Line

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Kheledula HPP Line The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 7. The route starts at the Lajanuri Substation and initially runs parallel to the route of the Oni HPP line, climbing up a moderately steep slope to cross a ridge. The route then drops down and traverses the moderately steep sided slope on the northern side. At KM5, the Kheledula line heads northwards to cross the Lajanuri reservoir (at an elevation of 500m ASL) where a span of approximately 1km will be required. The route climbs up from the reservoir to cross the Tskhenistskali-Rioni watershed. The route runs at a distance of 1 to 1.5km from the Tskhenistskali River, following ridges and generally gaining elevation and reaching 1,300m ASL. Land cover is woodland. From KM26, the route closely follows the meandering river on the left bank where the land cover is mostly steeply sloped woodlands. The route ends at Kheledula HPP powerhouse, 2km south of the village of Lentekhi, at an elevation of 700m ASL. In terms of hydrology, the key features are as follows: • The route closely follows the Tskhenistskali River for 6km in a steep sided valley; • The route crosses several torrents that join the Tskhenistskali River, the torrents are in steep sided gullies, • The route crosses the Lajanuri reservoir. In terms of geology, the route crosses several different areas: • As the route moves away from the Lajanuri reservoir to run parallel to the Tskhenistskali River towards the Lajanuri reservoir, it crosses successively three other types of geology: (i) an undifferentiated Miocene area; (i) a Middle-Upper Jurassic area, characterised by Bajocian calc-alcaline basaltic and andesitic shallow marine volcanic rocks, (ii) a Lower Cretaceous area with shallow marine carbonate rocks and terrigene clastics; and, (iii) a Middle-Upper Jurassic area, characterised by Bajocian calc- alcaline basaltic and andesitic shallow marine volcanic rocks and (iv) an undifferentiated Miocene area. • The section of the route which follows the Tskhenistskali River to Kheledula HPP powerhouse is located in an area where the geology is Lower-Middle Jurassic with areas of Toarcian-Aalenian open sea terrigene turbidites with volcanic admixture. In terms of geohazards, it is observed that from KM17 the route on the left bank of the Tskhenistskali River is characterised by steep slopes, gullies and torrents. The elevation of the route varies from 600m to 1,180m ASL. The top of the mountain to the east of the route where the largest gullies and torrents start is at 2,400m ASL. Parts of this area maybe subject to erosion from rainfall runoff and instability. The torrents may represent a risk of debris flow or mudflow events. There may be a risk of avalanche.

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Figure 7 Component C2 – Kheledula HPP Line

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Lechkhumi Line The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The route starts at the Lajanuri Substation on the right bank of the Rioni River at an elevation of approximately 500m ASL. The route takes a southerly direction, crossing the Rioni River and climbing a moderately steep wooded slope to an elevation of 850m ASL over a distance of 1km. The route then continues is a general southerly direction at a fairly constant elevation. Between KM5 and KM8, the route follows the edge of the cliffs on the left bank of the Rioni River in the vicinity of the village of Tvishi. However, the route is set back about 400m from the cliffs. Between KM9 and KM15, the route crosses a wide area of undulating farmland at elevations in the order of 500-700m ASL, to skirt in a meandering manner round the base of some wooded hills, crossing small valleys and shallow gullies. At KM28, the route drops down into the Rioni River valley, to an elevation of 200m ASL and crosses the river at Zhoneti (close to KM30). The route then crosses areas of farmland (KM30 to KM31), gaining elevation and crosses the range of hills that lie between the Rioni River valley and Tskaltubo (KM31 to KM41. These hills reach elevations in the order of 300-500m ASL. As the route drops down into Tskaltubo, it crosses a mosaic of woodland and farmland situated to the east and south of Tskaltubo (KM41 to KM47). In terms of hydrology, the mean feature is the Rioni River which is crossed at two locations; at the Lajanuri Substation (KM1) and at Zhoneti (close to KM30). In terms of geology the route from Lajanuri to Tskaltubo crosses successively the following types of geology: • Upper Cretaceous Eocene and Upper Eocene-Oligocene. • Middle-Upper Jurassic with Bajocian calc-alcaline basaltic and andesitic shallow marine volcanic rocks, and • Lower-Middle Jurassic of Toarcian-Aalenian open sea terrigene turbidites with volcanic admixture. In terms of geohazards, the review has not identified obvious areas of slope instability or other geohazards. New Derchi Line The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The route starts at the Lajanuri Substation on the right bank of the Rioni River at an elevation of approximately 500m ASL and takes a southerly direction to Tskaltubo following a route that is close to that of the Lechkhumi Line described above and also the route of the existing Derchi line. There are two loop-in / loop-out connections to connect to the proposed Namakhvani HPP project. Both of these lines are routed towards the Rioni River. Lajanuri HPP Line The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Images 9 and 10. The route starts at the Lajanuri Substation on the right bank of the Rioni River at an elevation of approximately 500m ASL. The route drops down southwards from the proposed substation to cross the Rioni River, before turning at KM1 generally eastwards rising steadily up to an elevation of 660m ASL. The route then turns north again passing down the gentle slope to re-cross the river and reach the Lajanuri HPP powerhouse close to Alpana at an elevation of 370m ASL. In terms of hydrology, the mean feature is the two crossings of the Rioni River. The geology type is Undifferentiated Miocene. In terms of geohazards, from preliminary review of satellite imagery it would appear

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Figure 8 Component C2 – Lechkhumi Line, New Derchi Line, Lajanuri HPP Line and Existing Imereti Line – view from south

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Figure 9 Component C2 – LechkhumI Line , New Derchi Line, Lajanuri HPP line and Existing Imereti Line – view from north

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2.4.2 Component C2 Impact Assessment General impact producing factors and potential impacts that are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) are all applicable to Component C2: • Land degradation. • Sedimentation in rivers and streams. • Pollution from accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances. • Pollution from use of herbicides. • Pollution from disturbed contaminated materials on previously developed land, if present. • Damage to the line from geohazards. The implementation of the mitigation measures (described in the Project-Wide Assessment) should prevent land degradation and increased risk of slope instability occurring, and prevent cumulative impacts occurring.

2.4.3 Component C2 Mitigation No site-specific measures with respect to hydrology, geology and geohazards has been identified for Component C2. General mitigation measures are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) for controlling many of the impacts predicted for this Project Component. The measures from the Project-wide assessment can be summarised as follows: • Measures to manage land degradation slope instability and sedimentation; • Measures to control risk of accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances; • Use of herbicides is not permitted for the removal of trees and vegetation; • Identify the potential for contaminated land and implementation of appropriate controls; and • Management of geohazards.

2.4.4 Component C2 Cumulative Assessment Tskaltubo Substation and Tskaltubo to Jvari 500kV transmission line This development is an associated facility of the Lechkhumi line with the Lechkhumi line connecting into the new Tskaltubo substation. A new 220kV connection will also be made from this substation and the existing Tskaltubo substation that the Derchi line currently connects. There are no watercourses in the area of the substation other than small field drains and the topography of the area is flat. It is not predicted that either project would result in significant impacts. As both projects are the subject of an ESIA in accordance with international guidelines, both projects would be subject to GIP and measures outlined within an ESMP. Through the implementation of the ESMP on both projects no significant cumulative impacts are likely to occur. Namakhvani HPP, Kheledula HPP and Oni HPP projects Each of these HPP projects forms an associated facility of the Project and the Component C2 transmission lines (New Derchi, Kheledula HPP and Oni HPP) will connect to the powerhouse facilities being constructed by these HPP projects. As each of the powerhouse projects would be close to, adjacent or in the case of the switchyard at the Upper Namakhvani project directly within the Rioni River, there is the potential for these projects to impact the water environment during construction. However, it is anticipated that the transmission lines would not be constructed until the powerhouse locations are completed and the potential for parallel activities to be relatively small with only the stringing of the electrical connection to take place in the powerhouse. As

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2.4.5 Component C2 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments There are no Project Component specific impacts that are significantly different from those identified in the Project-wide assessment and hence no site-specific measures.

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2.52.52.5 Component D ––– Reinforcement of the transmission infrastructure in Kakheti

2.5.1 Component D Baseline The key geomorphological, land use, hydrology and geological features are described below and illustrated in Figure 10. The route of the Gurjaani and Akhmeta lines start at the existing Gurjaani Substation at an elevation of circa 570m ASL and follow a generally linear direction towards the northwest to terminate at the existing Akhmeta Substation, 2km north of the centre of the town of Akhmeta at an elevation of circa 550m ASL. Most of the land crossed by the route is farmland, though there are some relatively small areas of woodland. The route of the Gurjaani line follows the base of the northern slopes of the Tsiv-Gombori Range, running parallel to the Alazani River at a distance of approximately 10km. The route follows the base of the hills, and skirts around several small urban areas to finish at Telavi. The Gurjaani line would make approximately 18 watercourse crossings some small and other quite large, including of the Kisiskhevi, Vantiskhev Mghvriekhevi, Chermiskhevi, Papriskhevi, and Khrukiaskhevi rivers. The watercourses in this region are typically dry ephemeral rivers but their presence is indicative of high flow events most probably after heavy rainfall. The streams descend from the hills located to the southwest of the route, cross the route in a perpendicular direction and flow into the Alazani River which flows in a south-easterly direction. From Telavi, the Akhmeta line also follows the base of the Tsiv-Gombori Range as far as KM18 where the route turns northwards to cross low lying vineyards and farmland to a point close to the Alazani River (at KM25) where the line turns north-westwards once more to run more closely parallel to the river for the final 9km to terminate at the existing substation. As with the Gurjaani line, the Akhmeta line crosses a number of watercourses and again all of which are mostly dry river beds. The geology underlying Component D is characterised by undifferentiated Pleistocene strata. The geology of the hills located to the southwest is from the Upper Pliocene – Quaternary, and comprises rock whose origins are marine molasse, continental molasse and mix molasse. In terms of geohazards it would appear that the principal hazard is flood events, debris flow or mudflow events in the watercourses that are crossed by the routes. As this component also comprises a number of existing substations, it has been seen following site walkover surveys, that some of the old substation infrastructure is in a poor state of repair and in some cases presents a source of contamination to soils. Leaking transformer oil and poor bunding provisions were identified at all existing substations in Kakheti (refer to Photo 1 to 4). In addition to oil spills and leaks, asbestos was also found to be present on the Kakheti substations. It has been used as a building material and sheets of asbestos were also seen lying with substation grounds. It is possible that further asbestos may be present within the underlying soil of substations.

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Photo 1 - Leaking transformer at Gurjaani substation and Photo 2 - Leaking transformer at Telavi substation and no inadequate bunding bunding

Photo 3 - Leaking disused transformers without bunding at Akhmeta Photo 4 - Leaking transformer at Tsinandali substation substation

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Figure 10– Component D – Gurjaani and Akhmeta Lines

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2.5.2 Component D Impact Assessment General impact producing factors and potential impacts that are described in the Project-wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) are all applicable to Component D: • Land degradation; • Sedimentation in rivers and streams; • Pollution from accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances; • Pollution from use of herbicides; • Pollution from disturbed contaminated materials on previously developed land, if present; and • Damage to the line from geohazards. The main differences on Component D relate to the need to rehabilitate existing substations (Gurjaani, Mukuzani, Telavi, Akhmeta and Tsinandali). It is known from site visits that a number of the existing substation transformers have been leaking transformer oil and that bunding is poor and ineffective (refer to Photo 1 to 4). Therefore, it is predicted that soils beneath existing transformers in substations would be contaminated with transformer oil. This transformer oil could also contain PCBs. Oil containing between 50 ppm PCBs and above is considered to be polluted with PCB and specific methods for disposal are necessary (e.g. specific incineration plants). According to EU Directive 75/439/EEC on Waste Oils and amendments, oil containing less than 50 ppm PCB can be burned in a regular incineration plant. In April 2018, GSE joined a project organised by organised by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia called ‘PCB Free Power Supply in Georgia.’ The Project is financed by the Global Environmental Fund (GEF), and is implemented by UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). At this stage, the project is testing for PCB presence across Georgia. At the time of writing, no information was available on PCB in the Kakheti substations. However, GSE has confirmed its intention to undertake such tests of existing transformer and these will be accelerated if necessary to feed into the requirements of this Project. However, for the purposes of this assessment we have assumed that PCBs are present and that works to rehabilitate the substations such as improving the bunding around transformers to be retained could mobilise PCBs and oil contamination. This could be a health impact to construction workers and it could also result in the mobilisation into the water environment. In addition, the known presence of asbestos at the Kakheti substations presents a risk to construction workers and will require a plan for its identification, removal and disposal.

2.5.3 Component D Mitigation General mitigation measures are described in the Project Wide Assessment (Document 5.2, Volume 5 Physical Environment) for controlling many of the impacts predicted for this Project Component. The measures from the Project-wide assessment can be summarised as follows: • Measures to manage land degradation slope instability and sedimentation; • Measures to control risk of accidental spills and leaks of hazardous substances; • Use of herbicides is not permitted for the removal of trees and vegetation; • Identify the potential for contaminated land and implementation of appropriate controls; and • Management of geohazards. In addition to the measures outlined above and in the Project-wide assessment, the substations in Component D would require detailed investigation to understand the presence or otherwise of PCB

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2.5.4 Component D Cumulative Assessment No cumulative impacts have been identified as there are no cumulative projects in this component.

2.5.5 Component D Transboundary Assessment As noted in the previous section, should any contaminated oils or soils requiring disposal be found to contain PCBs, these would need to be disposed to a hazardous waste facility which is not currently possible within Georgia. Therefore, this waste would need to be exported to a nearby country with adequate disposal or treatment facilities. No significant transboundary impacts are anticipated with such a movement of hazardous waste as the volume of material is expected to be small and the receiving facility is expected to be licenced to receive the material. Transportation of the material would also be undertaken in accordance with GIP and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal. Mitigation outlined within [HYD-16] address this requirement.

2.5.6 Component D Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Commitments The table below provides a summary of the hydrology, geology and geohazard impacts of Component D.

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction

Hydrology, Geology and Geohazards

Potential oil  x Hi [-].Likely, the age of the substations and the - [HYD-14] GSE will provide details of Lo [-] ESMP Document 8.3 leakage from poor secondary containment may have PCBs in transformer oil or undertake Section 4.6.5 existing resulted in contamination of soils with oil tests of any transformer oil to be transformers at and highly hazardous PCBs removed from transformers. existing - [HYD-15] Undertake a site substations and investigation to determine the the potential presence of PCB contamination (e.g. contamination of spills or leaks) and asbestos and to this with PCBs. investigate the presence of other contaminants to determine any required remedial works; - [HYD-16] Removal of any contaminated soil (including PCBs and asbestos) and disposal to be via a contractor licensed to take hazardous waste. Where PCBs exist the disposal is to be done in accordance with the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal.

Potential  x Hi [-].Possible due to the age of the substations - [HYD-16] Removal of any Lo ESMP Document 8.3 presence of contaminated soil (including PCBs Section 4.6.5 asbestos in and asbestos) and disposal to be via

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Impact Phases Assessment of significance without mitigation or Commitments Management Action where Producing factor compensation the mitigation or Key Mitigation, Compensation or compensation measure is High Hi Moderate M Low Lo Management measures addressed in the ESMP

[+] positive, [-] negative impacts

Operation Likelihood, Magnitude, Extent, Duration Predicted residual Construction existing a contractor licensed to take substations hazardous waste. Where PCBs exist the disposal is to be done in accordance with the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal.

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APPENDIX A - PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING ASPECTS OF THE LANDSCAPE BASELINE CONTEXT OF EACH COMPONENT

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Component A

Low lying landscape south west of Kutaisi (Sairme Line KM13)

River near Inashauri (Sairme Line KM26)

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Wooded uplands south of DZulukhi (Sairme Line KM33)

Uplands NE of Namniauri (Sairme Line KM60)

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Uplands NE of Namniauri (Sairme Line KM63)

Landscape in the southern part of Component A1 (Sairme Line KM93)

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Existing Akhaltsikhe Substation

Existing overhead line near the border with Turkey (Tao Line KM31)

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Component B

Low lying landscape south of Ozurgeti (Guria Line KM0)

River near Kvachalati (Guria Line KM3)

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Wooded slopes south of Gogieti (Guria Line KM7)

Wooded hillsides south of Gomi (Guria Line KM12)

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Landscape in the vicinity of Bakhmaro (Guria Line KM33)

Landscape in the vicinity of Bakhmaro (Guria Line KM34)

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Wooded hillside in the vicinity of Chkhakoura (Guria Line KM37)

Wooded hillsides between Chkhakoura and Zoti HPP powerhouse (Guria Line KM40)

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Valley in the vicinity of Zoti HPP powerhouse (Guria Line KM41)

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Component C1

Valley south of Nenskra (Mestia Line KM0/Kavkasioni Loop)

Valley above Kvemo Marghi (Mestia Line KM3)

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Valley sides near Zemo Marghi (Mestia Line KM8)

Nakra valley (Mestia Line KM25)

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Uplands and valet near Shdikhiri (Mestia Line KM25)

Pastures near Paledi (Mestia Line KM33)

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Settlement and uplands near Katskhi (Mestia Line KM36)

Settlement and uplands near Katskhi (Mestia Line KM37)

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Valley near Kartvani (Mestia Line KM43)

Settlement pattern and mountains near Sidianari, Shkaleri and Ienashi (Mestia Line KM48)

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Valley north east of Pechuari (Mestia Line KM50)

Existing overhead lines near Mestia (Mestia Line KM51)

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Mestia (Mestia Line KM53)

Existing overhead line and substation near Ushguli (Mestia Line KM55)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Component C2

Lajanuri Reservoir (Kheledula HPP Line KM7)

Valley near Orbeli ( Kheledula HPP Line KM11)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

River and wooded hillsides near Rtskhmeluri (Kheledula HPP Line KM11)

Kvedreshi (Kheledula HPP Line KM22)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

River and wooded valley sides south of Lentekhi (Kheledula HPP Line KM31)

Valley and existing overhead line south of Lentekhi (Kheledula HPP Line KM32)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Settled hillside near Kvemo Zhoshkha (Oni HPP Line KM16)

Wooded hillside above Pirveli Tola (Oni HPP Line KM17)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Wooded hillside above Khvanchkara (Oni HPP Line KM22)

Valley north of Ghviara (Oni HPP Line KM28)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Hillsides above Tsesi (Oni HPP Line KM35)

Wooded hillsides near Sori (Oni HPP Line KM43)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Existing overhead lies near Sori (Oni HPP Line KM44)

Rioni valley near Akhali Chordi (Oni HPP Line KM49)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

River Rioni valley near Akhali Chordi (Oni HPP Line KM49)

Valley side west of Alpana (Lechkhumi Line/ Lajanuri HPP Line/Oni HPP Line/New Derchi Line KM0)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Rioni Valley and electricity transmission infrastructure near Alpana (Lajanuri HPP Line KM3)

Wooded hillsides above Sachkheuri (Lechkhumi Line KM13, New Derchi Line KM14)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Existing overhead lines north east of Rioni (New Derchi Line KM28)

Existing overhead lines east of Zhoneti (Lechkhumi Line KM33)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Existing overhead lines west of Opurchkheti (New Derchi Line KM34)

Low lying landscape north west of Kutaisi (Lechkhumi Line KM42, New Derchi Line KM41)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Component D

Valley sides to the south west of Gurjaani (Gurjaani Line KM2)

Existing overhead line near Chumlaki (Gurjaani Line KM3)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Valley sides south west of Chumlaki (Gurjaani Line KM3)

River channel north west of Chumlaki (Gurjaani Line KM4)

Valley sides west of Zegaani (Gurjaani Line KM9)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Landscape south west of Akura (Gurjaani Line KM20)

River channel west of Akura (Gurjaani Line KM21)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Existing overhead line west of Vanta (Gurjaani line KM22)

Existing overhead line west of Tsinandali (Gurjaani line KM26)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Wooded hillside west of Telavi (Akhmeta Line KM6)

Existing overhead line west of Ikalto (Akhmeta Line KM14)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Wooded hills and pastures south west of Atskuri (Akhmeta Line KM15)

Wooded hills and pastures south west of Atskuri (Akhmeta Line KM16)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

River channel west of Atskuri (Akhmeta Line KM17)

Pasture and wooded slopes overlooking the valley (Akhmeta Line KM18)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Low lying agricultural land to the north of Kistauri (Akhmeta Line KM27)

View across valley from near Sachale (Akhmeta Line KM27)

Georgian State Electrosystem (GSE) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SLR Ref No:901.12.1 Volume 5 Physical Environment, Document 5.2 Project Component Assessments July 2019

Landscape east of Akhmeta (Akhmeta Line KM30)

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