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Thesis Proposal Template.Docx UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI WYDZIAŁ NAUK POLITYCZNYCH I STUDIÓW MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH Labinot Hajdari Public Diplomacy of Small States: The Case of Kosovo Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem naukowym prof. dr. hab. Jacka Wojnickiego Promotor pomocniczy: dr Małgorzata Mizerska-Wrotkowska Warszawa 2020 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Completing my doctoral studies and authoring my dissertation would not have been possible without the academic, professional, and moral support of many people. Ph.D. is not only a degree, but a process that involves everyone around you, therefore the support of the University, Supervisors, colleagues, family, and friends is crucial to achieving success. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Prof. dr. hab. Jacek Wojnicki and Dr Małgorzata Mizerska-Wrotkowska for their academic support and professional encouragement. Without their academic support, the goal of this dissertation would not have been realized. I would like to recognize the support of the Ph.D. Office of the Faculty of Political Sciences and International Studies, particularly dr hab. Maciej Raś and Ms. Monika Tomaszewska, and the invaluable assistance that they provided during my studies. I gratefully acknowledge the support from the interviewees and respondents of my research. It is because of their willingness to respond that I have managed to present a valuable piece of research in this dissertation. I am indebted to all my friends and family who have shown their unconditional support towards me throughout this journey. I particularly dedicate my Ph.D. to my parents, my sisters, and my brothers, to my wife, and my beautiful baby girl Jula, who has been the main source of my motivation to complete this Ph.D. research in record time. 2 Streszczenie W swoim słynnym stwierdzeniu Joseph Batora utrzymywał, że „dyplomacja publiczna stanowi okazję dla małych państw do wpływania na agendę międzynarodową w sposób wykraczający poza ich ograniczoną powierzchnię, siłę militarną i ekonomiczną”. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska stara się odpowiedzieć na pytania badawcze: jakie znaczenie dyplomacja publiczna ma dla poprawy pozycji Kosowa w stosunkach międzynarodowych i jakie strategie powinny stosować małe państwa w stosunku do dominujących potęg regionalnych i globalnych. Uczeni często debatowali o pozycji małych państw w stosunkach międzynarodowych, w których powiązania i działania są zazwyczaj wyjaśniane przez pryzmat tradycyjej dyplomacji. Ta faworyzując wielkie mocarstwa, przypisuje gorszą pozycję małym państwom, które pozostają niewidoczne w polityce międzynarodowej, dysponując ograniczonymi możliwościami dalszego rozwoju i relacji z innymi krajami. Główna teza badawcza rozprawy wskazuje na fakt, że dyplomacja publiczna jest szansą dla małych państw, takich jak Kosowo, na poszerzenie swoich wpływów i realizację ich planów w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Argumenty zostały przedstawione przez pryzmat analizy dyplomacji publicznej i miękkiej władzy (soft power), mającej na celu wyjaśnienie zaangażowania podmiotów państwowych i niepaństwowych w budowanie wizerunku państwa. Stworzyło to nowe możliwości dla polityki zagranicznej, czego klasyczna dyplomacja nie była w stanie zrobić. Rozprawa poszerza zakres tego pojęcia, stosując je w szczególności do małych państw w stosunkach międzynarodowych, wyjaśniając w jaki sposób poszczególne osiągnięcia mogą służyć interesowi narodowemu. Ponadto pokazuje, że małe państwa obejmując dyplomacją publiczną wszystkie podmioty państwowe i niepaństwowe w celu stworzenia powiązań ze społecznością międzynarodową, zdołają przebić się tam, gdzie klasyczna dyplomacja ma zamknięte drzwi. Na zakończenie analizowana jest rola edukacji nieformalnej w dyplomacji publicznej. Przedstawione zostały ustalenia na temat tego, jak edukacja nieformalna może zmienić postrzeganie małych państw przez społeczność międzynarodową i jak małe państwa muszą korzystać z narzędzi dyplomacji publicznej na swoją korzyść. Słowa kluczowe: dyplomacja publiczna, soft power, małe państwa, branding narodowy, Kosowo. 3 Abstract Joseph Batora famously notes that “public diplomacy is an opportunity for small states to influence the international agenda beyond their limited size, military and economic power.” My dissertation addresses the question what is the importance of public diplomacy in improving the position of Kosovo in international relations and what strategies should small states use in relation to dominant regional and global powers. Scholars have often debated about the position of small states in international relations, where connections and relations are explained through traditional diplomacy, favouring dominant big powers and assigning an inferior position for small states, which remain invisible in international politics with limited capacities for further development and relation with other nations. In this dissertation I argue that public diplomacy is a chance for small states like Kosovo to expand their influence and advance their agenda in international relations. My arguments are presented through the prism of the investigation of public diplomacy and soft power, aiming to explain the engagement of state and non-state actors in building the image of the state. My dissertation expands the range of this concept by applying it specifically to small states in international relations, on how individual achievements can serve to the national interest. Moreover, I argue that small states through public diplomacy includes all state and non-state actors in order to create connections with foreign publics, and achieves to break through where classic diplomacy has closed doors. I conclude with the role of non-formal education in public diplomacy, providing my findings on how non-formal education can change the perception of foreign publics for small states, and how small states need to use these tools of public diplomacy to their advantage. Keywords: public diplomacy, soft power, small states, nation branding, Kosovo. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 7 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY21 1.1. Public Diplomacy during World War I ......................................................................... 23 1.2. Public Diplomacy during World War II ....................................................................... 32 1.3. Public diplomacy during the Cold War ........................................................................ 37 1.4. Education and Cultural Programs during the Cold War ............................................... 45 1.5. Public Diplomacy: Old and New .................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 57 2.1. Public Diplomacy vs. Traditional Diplomacy .............................................................. 62 2.2. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power ................................................................................ 68 2.3. Public Diplomacy and Propaganda ............................................................................... 75 2.4. Public diplomacy and Nation-Branding........................................................................ 84 2.5. Public Diplomacy and Public Relations ....................................................................... 88 2.6. Spheres and Dimensions of Public Diplomacy ............................................................. 93 CHAPTER III. THE SMALL STATES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ............. 97 3.1. Defining the Small States.............................................................................................. 98 3.2. Foreign Policy of the Small States and their Public Diplomacy ................................. 106 3.3. Niche Diplomacy and Empirical Evidence of Public Diplomacy of Small States ..... 116 3.4. The U.S. and EU Public Diplomacy in the Balkans ................................................... 119 3.5. The Small States Foreign Policy in the 21st Century ................................................. 126 CHAPTER IV. STATEHOOD OF KOSOVO: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS............................................................................................................................... 136 4.1. Historical background ................................................................................................. 138 4.2. The Process of Dissolution of Yugoslavia .................................................................. 148 4.3. The War in Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and NATO’s Intervention ....................... 153 4.4. Post-War Period 1999 – 2008: UNMIK and Institutional Consolidation of Kosovo . 160 4.5. Post-Independence Kosovo: The Path to International Recognition .......................... 168 CHAPTER V. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY, NATION BRANDING AND THE IMAGE OF KOSOVO ..............................................................................................................................
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