DOCSLIB.ORG

Petrostate This Page Intentionally Left Blank PETROSTATE Putin, Power, and the New Russia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Petrostate This Page Intentionally Left Blank PETROSTATE Putin, Power, and the New Russia Petrostate This page intentionally left blank PETROSTATE Putin, Power, and the New Russia Marshall I. Goldman 1 2008 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2008 by Marshall I. Goldman Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldman, Marshall I. Petrostate : Putin, power, and the new Russia / Marshall I. Goldman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0-19–534073–0 1. Energy policy—Russia (Federation) 2. Russia (Federation)—Foreign relations. 3. Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 1952–. I. Title. HD9502.R82G65 2008 327.47—dc22 2007040202 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Merle; not the First Dedication and I Hope not the Last This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures and Tables viii Preface ix Introduction Russia—Once Again an Energy Superpower 1 Chapter 1 Russia as an Early Energy Superpower 17 Chapter 2 World War II to 1987: Russia Looks Inward and Outward 33 Chapter 3 Pirates Unleashed: Privatization in the Post-Soviet Era 55 Chapter 4 Post-1998 Recovery: The Petroleum Export Bonanza 73 Chapter 5 Putin Takes Over: The Return of the Czar 93 Chapter 6 Natural Gas: Russia’s New Secret Weapon 136 Chapter 7 Russia: The Unrestrained Super Energy Power 170 Notes 211 Glossary of People and Companies 225 Index 231 Figures and Tables FIGURES Figure 1 Gazprom Dispatching Center 2 Figure 2 Oil and Gas Pipeline to Europe 8 Figure 3 Proposed Far East Oil and Gas Pipeline 9 Figure 4 The Breakup and Reconsolidation of the Ministry of Petroleum and Rosneft 62 Figure 5 How Price, Not Putin, Affected Oil Production 171 TABLES Table Intro.1 Russian and American Petroleum Production and Export 4 Table 2.1 Petroleum Production 35 Table 4.1 Russian Oil Production and GDP 80 Table 4.2 Russian Exports and Imports 92 Table 5.1 Monthly Change to Industrial Production 95 Table 5.2 Putin Creates National Champions 100 Table 5.3 Yukos Senior Executives—Arrest and Exile 117 Table 5.4 Renationalization and Control by Siloviki 134 Table 6.1 Gazprom Expansion Abroad 153 Table 6.2 Europe’s Reliance on Russian Gas 166 Table 7.1 Russian Petroleum Company Expansion Abroad 175 Table 7.2 Russian Gas and Petroleum Available for Possible Export 189 Table 7.3 Siloviki in Business 193 Table 7.4 Princelings 196 Preface More than in my past writing efforts, I owe thanks to a set of enthusi- astic helpers. They provided invaluable help in preparing my manuscript. Two of them have the ability to read my handwriting, something I am not always able to do myself. Doing my best to ignore the advances of the modern computerized world, I prefer to write out the text in long- hand on legal-size yellow pads. Robert Price was able to transcribe those writings for me onto a computer, so I was devastated when he went to work at a higher calling. To my relief Sue Sypko took over and proved to be as able, and, equally important, she hasn’t frowned when I bring her yet another set of nearly incomprehensive scribbles. In fact, I have taken to awarding her Stakhanovite prizes for her efforts. The third member is Coco Downey, who offered herself as research assis- tant and eagerly agreed to chase after obscure facts and display them in a way that aids the understanding of how things work in Russia. I have come to call her “the wizard.” After reading her charts and diagrams in the chapters that follow, I suspect the readers, even those in Russia, will agree that they can now understand the previously incomprehen- sible. The fourth and most unlikely member of this quartet is Thomas Luly, a most amazing high school junior. Out of the blue he wrote an e-mail asking if I needed any assistance. To humor him, I sent him an early draft of the manuscript and to my amazement, he not only read the whole thing and made extensive notes, but he found more incon- sistencies in the text than I am embarrassed to admit should have been there. He also asked some probing questions that should help both me and I hope future readers deal with issues that are all too often skirted. I am indebted to all four of these collaborators, Robert, Sue, Coco, and Thomas. John D. Grace also deserves a special note of thanks. He read the manuscript with admirable care and made some especially valuable suggestions, almost all of which I have incorporated. Of course I am ultimately responsible for whatever mistakes remain, but he and the gang of four spared me from many others. Then there are others to whom I must also express my thanks. The RIA Novosti Press Agency provided me, as part of the Valdai Hills Discussion group, with the opportunity to meet with President Vladimir Putin on four occasions extending over an extraordinary twelve hours. They also took us out to the Priobskaia oil fields and Yuganskneftegaz and arranged a meeting at Gazprom headquarters. It was as if I had died and gone to heaven. They let me come along although invariably I asked the least respectful questions. I must also thank Kathryn Davis, whose chair I held at Wellesley College, for her interest (even at her 100th birthday party) and for her financial support. She has helped to reassure me that there was always someone out there who was as interested in Russia and its sometimes troubling ways as I was. Her son Shelby and daughter Diana share much of that same enthusiasm. Most of all, of course, I must also thank my wife, Merle. She has to put up with a lot, enough in fact to tighten anyone’s digestive system. While I often ask myself if I can withstand another of her brutal, yes, brutal, editing jobs, in the end I have to concede, but not directly, that I and the manuscript are better off for it. But after fifty-five years, it is a testimony to the strength of our marriage that we have survived a joint husband and wife writing and editing effort. There aren’t many couples I know of who can say the same thing, but Merle is special, and our children and I can never acknowledge how much we owe her. x Preface Petrostate This page intentionally left blank Introduction Russia——Once Again an Energy Superpower THE AUTHOR AS JAMES BOND At first I was puzzled. Where were they taking us? For such a big, sleek, glass Moscow high rise, Gazprom’s elevator in its headquarters building was tiny (five people could barely squeeze in) and its hall cor- ridors narrow. This was, after all, the world’s largest producer of natu- ral gas, not to mention Russia’s largest company. Following a short walk we were ushered into a darkened, silent room where nothing seemed to be happening. Strange. It was only when all the members of our group had made their way up on the elevators that the room suddenly came alive. Then for a time I felt as if I had wandered into the NASA Space Center, or was it a James Bond movie set? All that was missing was that out of body voice intoning, “Welcome, Mr. Goldman. We were expecting you.” In front of me, covering the whole 100-foot wall of the room, was a map with a spiderweb-like maze of natural gas pipelines reaching from East Siberia west to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Arctic ocean south to the Caspian and Black Seas. Manipulating this display were Gazprom dispatchers, three men controlling the flow of Gazprom’s gas to East and West European consumers of this Russian natural gas monopoly. No wonder there was tight security. There was also a sense of self-assurance. As measured by the value of its corporate stock, by summer 2006, Gazprom, this state-dominated joint stock corporation (until 1992 it was actually the Soviet Ministry of the Gas Industry), had become the world’s third-largest corporation. Only private share- holder-owned Exxon-Mobil and General Electric were larger. With a flick of a switch, those dispatchers sitting in this Moscow room could freeze—and indeed have frozen—entire countries. At the very least, they could send their citizens off in a panic in search of sweat- ers, scarves, and blankets. What an empowering feeling! Should they choose to, those Gazprom functionaries could not only cut off natural gas from the furnaces and stoves of 40 percent of Germany’s homes but also the natural gas that many German factories need for manufactur- ing a range of products from ammonia fertilizer to plastics. While Germany purchases more natural gas from Russia than any other coun- try in Europe, all of Western Europe is now also hooked up directly or indirectly to the Gazprom pipeline.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Can Corporate Power Positively Transform Angola and Equatorial Guinea?
    Can Corporate Power Positively Transform Angola and Equatorial Guinea? Published in Wayne Visser ed. Corporate Citizenship in Africa. Greenleaf Publications, UK, 2006. Authors: Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration – EBAPE Getulio Vargas Foundation – FGV Praia de Botafogo 190, room 507 CEP: 22253-900, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, BRAZIL Phone: (55-21) 2559-5737 Fax: (55-21) 2559-5710 e-mail: [email protected] & Saleem H. Ali Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont 153 S. Prospect St., Burlington VT, 05452, USA Ph: 802-656-0173 Fx: 802-656-8015 Email: [email protected] 1 ABSTRACT While there is considerable literature on the adverse effects of oil development on developing economies through “Dutch Disease” or “Resource Curse” hypotheses, studies have neglected to pose the question in terms of positive causal factors that certain kinds of oil development might produce. We do not dispute the potential for negative effects of certain kinds of oil development but rather propose that some of the negative causality can be managed and transformed to lead to positive outcomes. Using a comparative study of oil company behavior in Angola and Equatorial Guinea, the research detects three main factors that have affected the behavior of oil companies since the Earth Summit in 1992. First, there is a growing movement of corporate social responsibility in businesses due to changes in leadership and corporate culture. Second, the ‘globalization’ of environmental movements has affected the behavior of companies through threats of litigation and stakeholder action. Third, governments in Africa have increasingly become stricter in regulating companies for environmental and social issues due to a transformation of domestic norms and international requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russia You Never Met
    The Russia You Never Met MATT BIVENS AND JONAS BERNSTEIN fter staggering to reelection in summer 1996, President Boris Yeltsin A announced what had long been obvious: that he had a bad heart and needed surgery. Then he disappeared from view, leaving his prime minister, Viktor Cher- nomyrdin, and his chief of staff, Anatoly Chubais, to mind the Kremlin. For the next few months, Russians would tune in the morning news to learn if the presi- dent was still alive. Evenings they would tune in Chubais and Chernomyrdin to hear about a national emergency—no one was paying their taxes. Summer turned to autumn, but as Yeltsin’s by-pass operation approached, strange things began to happen. Chubais and Chernomyrdin suddenly announced the creation of a new body, the Cheka, to help the government collect taxes. In Lenin’s day, the Cheka was the secret police force—the forerunner of the KGB— that, among other things, forcibly wrested food and money from the peasantry and drove some of them into collective farms or concentration camps. Chubais made no apologies, saying that he had chosen such a historically weighted name to communicate the seriousness of the tax emergency.1 Western governments nod- ded their collective heads in solemn agreement. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank both confirmed that Russia was experiencing a tax collec- tion emergency and insisted that serious steps be taken.2 Never mind that the Russian government had been granting enormous tax breaks to the politically connected, including billions to Chernomyrdin’s favorite, Gazprom, the natural gas monopoly,3 and around $1 billion to Chubais’s favorite, Uneximbank,4 never mind the horrendous corruption that had been bleeding the treasury dry for years, or the nihilistic and pointless (and expensive) destruction of Chechnya.
    [Show full text]
  • Festschrift for Immanuel Wallerstein Part I
    The Hard-Earned Integration of the East in the World Economic System Silviu Brucan orld socialism was a subsystem of the world-system and as such Wcould not run deeper than the system of which it was a part. Had Lenin realized the workings of the world economic system, he would have concluded that Russia had no chance whatsoever to build an antisystemic economy in the midst of an overpowering world capitalist system. In his earlier writings, Lenin had a glimpse of that reality, hoping that another socialist revolution would break out in Germany, bailing out the Russian one. Instead, as his dream failed to materialize he began a desperate enter- prise: socialism in one country. In retrospective, I venture to say that the pervasive power of the world- system expressed itself in the fact that Lenin and Stalin, unconsciously, conceived both socialist society, as well as the future communist society, within the limits of the industrial system, which historically belongs to the capitalist epoch. This began when Stalin presented industrialization as the goal of socialism (industrialization being essentially a capitalist operation), and ended with Lenin’s defi nition of communism “Soviets plus electrifi cation,”and Stalin’s threshold to communism expressed in terms of millions of tons of pig iron, steel, coal and oil B both indicating the limit of their historical perspective within the industrial system. Never did they formulate a new type of productive forces that would usher in the formation of a postcapitalist society, remaining intellectual prisoners of the industrial system. Silviu Brucan Str. Helesteului 26 Sector 1 71297 Bucuresti Romania journal of world-systems research, vi, 2, summer/fall 2000, 444-453 Special Issue: Festchrift for Immanuel Wallerstein – Part I http://jwsr.ucr.edu issn 1076-156x © 2000 Silviu Brucan 444 445 Silviu Brucan The Hard-Earned Integration of the East in the World Economic System 446 Stalin tried hopelessly to escape from that theoretical framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Politics in Times of Change: Internal and External Factors of Transformation
    CONNECTIONS The Quarterly Journal Volume XIV, Number 1 Winter 2014 European and Eurasian Security: Viewpoints from Russia ........................................ 1 The “Rise” of China in the Eyes of Russia: A Source of Threats or New Opportunities? ............................................................................................................ 3 Anastasia Solomentseva Russia and the Arab Spring ...................................................................................... 41 Alexander Vysotsky Russia’s View of Its Relations with Georgia after the 2012 Elections: Implications for Regional Stability ........................................................................... 65 Nikolai Silaev and Andrei Sushentsov The “Color Revolutions” and “Arab Spring” in Russian Official Discourse ............ 87 Yulia Nikitinа Russian Politics in Times of Change: Internal and External Factors of Transformation ....................................................................................................... 105 Denis Alexeev The Ukrainian Crisis and its Effect on the Project to Establish a Eurasian Economic Union ..................................................................................................... 121 Marina Lapenko The Transfer of Power in Central Asia and Threats to Regional Stability ............. 137 Sergei Y. Shenin i Russian Politics in Times of Change: Internal and External Factors of Transformation Denis Alexeev * The first few months of 2014 brought an unprecedented collapse of the Russian Federa- tion’s
    [Show full text]
  • Putin: Russia's Choice, Second Edition
    Putin The second edition of this extremely well-received political biography of Vladimir Putin builds on the strengths of the previous edition to provide the most detailed and nuanced account of the man, his politics and his pro- found influence on Russian politics, foreign policy and society. New to this edition: Analysis of Putin’s second term as President. More biographical information in the light of recent research. Detailed discussion of changes to the policy process and the elites around Putin. Developments in state–society relations including the conflicts with oli- garchs such as Khodorkovsky. Review of changes affecting the party system and electoral legislation, including the development of federalism in Russia. Details on economic performance under Putin, including more discus- sion of the energy sector and pipeline politics. Russia’s relationship with Nato after the ‘big-bang’ enlargement, EU– Russian relations after enlargement and Russia’s relations with other post- Soviet states. The conclusion brings us up to date with debates over the question of democracy in Russia today, and the nature of Putin’s leadership and his place in the world. Putin: Russia’s choice is essential reading for all scholars and students of Russian politics. Richard Sakwa is Professor of Politics at the University of Kent, UK. Putin Russia’s choice Second edition Richard Sakwa First edition published 2004 Second edition, 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Respondent Motion to Dismiss Petition to Confirm Award
    Case 1:14-cv-01996-ABJ Document 24 Filed 10/20/15 Page 1 of 55 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ) HULLEY ENTERPRISES LTD., ) YUKOS UNIVERSAL LTD., and ) VETERAN PETROLEUM LTD., ) ) Petitioners, ) ) Case No. 1:14-cv-01996-ABJ v. ) ) THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ) ) Respondent. ) ) RESPONDENT’S MOTION TO DISMISS THE PETITION TO CONFIRM ARBITRATION AWARDS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Court’s Minute Orders of August 4, 2015 and October 19, 2015, Respondent, the Russian Federation, respectfully submits this motion to dismiss the Petitioners’ Petition to Confirm Arbitration Awards, in its entirety, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Pursuant to Rule 7(a) of the Civil Rules of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Respondent submits herewith a Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of its Motion to Dismiss. Respondent also submits the following documents, with exhibits, in further support of its Motion to Dismiss: 1. The Declaration of Gitas Povilo Anilionis, dated October 16, 2015, describing the control structure of SP Russian Trust and Trade (“RTT”) and its role in the acquisition and subsequent transfers of the Yukos shares; Case 1:14-cv-01996-ABJ Document 24 Filed 10/20/15 Page 2 of 55 2. The Declaration of Arkady Vitalyevich Zakharov, dated October 14, 2015, describing the control structure of Menatep Group and IF Menatep and its role, along with RTT, in the acquisition and subsequent transfers of the Yukos shares; 3. The Declaration of Colonel of Justice Sergey A.
    [Show full text]
  • William R. Spiegelberger the Foreign Policy Research Institute Thanks the Carnegie Corporation for Its Support of the Russia Political Economy Project
    Russia Political Economy Project William R. Spiegelberger The Foreign Policy Research Institute thanks the Carnegie Corporation for its support of the Russia Political Economy Project. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Author: William R. Spiegelberger Eurasia Program Leadership Director: Chris Miller Deputy Director: Maia Otarashvili Edited by: Thomas J. Shattuck Designed by: Natalia Kopytnik © 2019 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute April 2019 COVER: Designed by Natalia Kopytnik. Photography: Oleg Deripaska (World Economic Forum); St. Basil’s Cathedral (Adob Stock); Ruble (Adobe Stock); Vladimir Putin (kremlin.ru); Rusal logo (rusal.ru); United States Capitol (Adobe Stock; Viktor Vekselberg (Aleshru/Wikimedia Commons); Alumnium rolls (Adobe Stock); Trade War (Adobe Stock). Our Mission The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. It seeks to educate the public, teach teachers, train students, and offer ideas to advance U.S. national interests based on a nonpartisan, geopolitical perspective that illuminates contemporary international affairs through the lens of history, geography, and culture. Offering Ideas In an increasingly polarized world, we pride ourselves on our tradition of nonpartisan scholarship. We count among our ranks over 100 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world who appear regularly in national and international media, testify on Capitol Hill, and are consulted by U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter J. Boettke
    PETER J. BOETTKE BB&T Professor for the Study of Capitalism, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, & University Professor of Economics and Philosophy Department of Economics, MSN 3G4 George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030 Tel: 703-993-1149 Fax: 703-993-1133 Web: http://www.peter-boettke.com http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=182652 http://www.coordinationproblem.org PERSONAL Date of birth: January 3, 1960 Nationality: United States EDUCATION Ph.D. in Economics, George Mason University, January, 1989 M.A. in Economics, George Mason University, January, 1987 B.A. in Economics, Grove City College, May, 1983 TITLE OF DOCTORAL THESIS: The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism, 1918-1928 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Academic Positions 1987 –88 Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, George Mason University 1988 –90 Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, School of Business Administration, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309 1990 –97 Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10003 1997 –98 Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Finance, School of Business, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY 10471 1998 – 2003 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 (tenured Fall 2000) 2003 –07 Professor, Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 2007 – University Professor, George Mason University 2011 – Affiliate Faculty, Department of Philosophy, George Mason University FIELDS OF INTEREST
    [Show full text]
  • United States District Court for the District of Columbia
    Case 1:14-cv-01996-ABJ Document 24-1 Filed 10/20/15 Page 1 of 39 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ) HULLEY ENTERPRISES LTD., ) YUKOS UNIVERSAL LTD., and ) VETERAN PETROLEUM LTD., ) ) Petitioners, ) ) v. ) Case No. 1:14-cv-01996-ABJ ) ) THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, ) ) Respondent. ) ) DECLARATION OF GITAS POVILO ANILIONIS I, Gitas Povilo Anilionis, declare and state as follows: 1. I was born in 1953 in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. I have lived in Moscow since 1976 and I am a Russian citizen. Since 2002, I have been the general director of a company called OOO Lion XXI, which provides financial consulting and market research services for business clients. 2. I completed high school in 1971 and from 1971 to 1974 I studied at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics of Vilnius State University with a specialization in applied mathematics. From 1974 until 1976, I served in the Soviet army. In 1976, I came to live in Moscow and studied economics at the University of the Friendship of Nations named after Patrice Lumumba. I graduated in 1982, and worked until 1986 in Nigeria on the construction of metallurgical plant in Ajaokuta, which was an economic-development effort supported by the Case 1:14-cv-01996-ABJ Document 24-1 Filed 10/20/15 Page 2 of 39 Soviet Union. I then returned from Nigeria to Moscow in 1986 and worked until November 1990 in a cooperative known as Geology Abroad (Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ) in the economic planning department. 3. At Geology Abroad, my supervisor was Mr. Platon Leonidovich Lebedev.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Politics in Contemporary Russian Antisemitism
    www.jcpa.org No. 414 5 Tishrei 5760 / 15 September 1999 THE ROLE OF POLITICS IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN ANTISEMITISM Betsy Gidwitz Sources of Contemporary Russian Antisemitism / The Setting / Antisemitism Across the Political Spectrum / Forms of Russian Antisemitism / The Oligarchs / The Road to Oligarchy / The Oligarchs and Jewish Identity / The Role of the Russian Government / Political Antisemitism and the Future of Russian Jewry In recent months, since shortly after the collapse of the Russian ruble in August 1998, an upsurge of antisemitism in Russia has generated a startling increase in emigration of Russian Jewry. Among Jews in Israel and many diaspora countries, concern has grown about the fate of those Jews remaining in Russia, the largest of the post-Soviet states. The level of antisemitism in contemporary Russia appears to be higher than at any time since the anti-Zionist and antisemitic campaigns of the early and mid-1980s. Antisemitism of that period was controlled by the Soviet regime and was manipulated according to the needs of the Soviet leadership. Their needs focused on the demand for educated Jews in the Soviet labor force, regime requirements for fidelity to established doctrine, and, to a lesser degree, government objectives in the foreign policy arena. Sources of Contemporary Russian Antisemitism On one level, contemporary Russian antisemitism is simply a particular aspect of the intolerance and bigotry prevalent in Russia today. Discrimination against peoples from the Caucasus Mountain area (such as Chechens, Ingush, Azerbaidzhanis, Georgians, and Armenians) and other minorities, most of whom are darker-skinned than most Russians, is more widespread and more brutal than that against Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • White Elephant‟ Industrialization in Algeria”
    Clement Henry, “Between the Shocks: „White Elephant‟ Industrialization in Algeria” Algeria took major strides in the late sixties and seventies toward building an industrial base. The first oil shock of 1973-74 permitted Belaid Abdesselam, who founded Algeria‟s Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures (SONATRACH) in 1964 and then served from 1965 to 1977 as minister of industry and energy, to double the planned investments and ride roughshod over any reservations or criticisms of economic planners, finance ministers, or rival politicians. He enjoyed the full support of President Houari Boumediene, who had seized power in 1965, consolidated it by 1968, and aspired to legitimacy based on economic achievement. Not only were some $45 billion invested from 1967 to 1978. Price controls apparently inoculated Algeria against Dutch disease – the presumed illness of other oil or gas rentier economies -- during these boom years, but at the cost of rising discontent due to housing and other shortages.1 Industrialization from above already seemed dysfunctional in 1977, when Boumediene broke up Abdesselam‟s industrial empire and demoted him to be minister of light industry, hence in charge of developing those enterprises that in the perspective of “industrializing industry” were supposed to mushroom from a heavy industrial base. Within a year of Boumediene‟s death in December 1978 Algeria‟s industrialization policies were reversed: not only was yet another import substituting factory project of tires for trucks and automobiles stopped, but so also was an extension of a gas liquefaction plant, designed to maximize oil and gas exports to accumulate the capital for further industrial investment.
    [Show full text]
  • Imatcv2014 [Autumn].Pages
    Ivan Michael Arreguín-Toft 156 Bay State Road, Room 305 Boston University Boston, MA 02215 Pardee School of Global Studies 617·353·9399 The College of Arts and Sciences [email protected] Education The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Ph.D. in Political Science (International Relations), 1998: Arts of Darkness: Guerrilla Warfare & Barbarism in Asymmetric Conflict M.A. in Political Science, 1992 University of California, Santa Barbara, 1990 B.A. in Political Science, and Slavic Languages and Literatures, Magna Cum Laude University of Maryland, European Division, 1987 A.A. General Curriculum, with honors Defense Language Institute, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, 1986 Distinguished honor graduate, Russian refresher course Defense Language Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 1984 Graduate, Russian basic course Teaching and Employment Experience University of Oxford, Autumn 2012–14 Departmental Lecturer in Public Policy, The Blavatnik School of Government Co-convener, Security for Global Governors (Trinity Term, 2014) Chair of Examiners Cyber Doctoral Training Centre Convener: Cybersecurity as a Major Policy Challenge (Hilary Term, 2014) Fellow, Oxford Martin School, Co-Chair, Dimension 1: National Cyber Security Policy and Defense, Global Cybersecurity Capacity Building Centre Visiting Fellow, Changing Character of Warfare Programme O.P. Jindal Global University, Summer School in International Law and Global Governance Convener: Cybersecurity Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, July 2009– Assistant Professor of International Relations, The Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies Courses: • Introduction to International Relations: 300+ undergraduates, cross-listed with Political Science • Gender and War: open to advanced undergraduates and graduate students and cross-listed with Women’s Studies, and Political Science • Research Methods for International Relations Practitioners: a seminar for graduate students • International Security: a seminar for graduate students 1 Ivan Arreguín-Toft c.v.
    [Show full text]