DOCSLIB.ORG

Biodiversity and Composition of Methanogenic Populations in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biodiversity and Composition of Methanogenic Populations in The RESEARCH ARTICLE Biodiversity and composition of methanogenic populations in the rumen of cows fed alfalfa hay or triticale straw Yunhong Kong1,2, Yun Xia2, Robert Seviour3, Robert Forster2 & Tim A. McAllister2 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming, China; 2Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; and 3Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Vic., Australia Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/84/2/302/478402 by guest on 01 October 2021 Correspondence: Tim A. McAllister, Abstract Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, It is clear that methanogens are responsible for ruminal methane emissions, Lethbridge, AB, Canada. but quantitative information about the composition of the methanogenic com- Tel.: +1 403 3172240; munity in the bovine rumen is still limited. The diversity and composition of fax: +1 403 3823156; rumen methanogens in cows fed either alfalfa hay or triticale straw were exam- e-mail: [email protected] ined using a full-cycle rRNA approach. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization undertaken applying oligonucleotide probes designed here identi- Received 4 October 2012; revised 6 December 2012; accepted 12 December fied five major methanogenic populations or groups in these animals: the Met- 2012. hanobrevibacter TMS group (consisting of Methanobrevibacter thaueri, Final version published online 8 January Methanobrevibacter millerae and Methanobrevibacter smithii), Methanbrevibacter 2013. ruminantium-, Methanosphaera stadtmanae-, Methanomicrobium mobile-, and Methanimicrococcus-related methanogens. The TMS- and M. ruminantium- DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12062 related methanogens accounted for on average 46% and 41% of the total meth- anogenic cells in liquid (Liq) and solid (Sol) phases of the rumen contents, Editor: Julian Marchesi respectively. Other prominent methanogens in the Liq and Sol phases included members of M. stadtmanae (15% and 33%), M. mobile (17% and 12%), and Keywords full-cycle rRNA approach; FISH; Methanimicrococcus (23% and 9%). The relative abundances of these methano- methanogens; rumen ecology. gens in the community varied among individual animals and across diets. No clear differences in community composition could be observed with dietary change using cloning techniques. This study extends the known biodiversity levels of the methanogenic communities in the rumen of cows. host (Ellis et al., 2007). Methanogenesis leads to a loss of Introduction dietary energy and contributes to climate change, which Archaea constitute about 3–4% of the total microbial together emphasize that a better understanding of the numbers in the rumen with the majority of this domain microbiology of methanogenesis is essential for green- being methanogens (Lin et al., 1997; Sharp et al., 1998; house gas mitigation and improvement of production Yanagita et al., 2000; Ziemer et al., 2000). Most ruminal efficiency in the livestock industry (Janssen & Kirs, 2008). methanogens utilize H2 or formate as substrates and Eight methanogenic species have been isolated, cul- derive energy from the reduction of CO2 to CH4. In the tured, and identified from the bovine rumen. They are rumen, polymeric carbohydrates and proteins are Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanbrevibacter ruminanti- þ degraded to volatile fatty acids, NH4 ,CO2, and H2. Dis- um, Methanobrevibacter thaueri, Methanosphaera stadtm- posal of H2 through the reduction of CO2 to CH4 is anae, Methanobacterium aarhusense, Methanobacterium essential to prevent the accumulation of reducing equiva- formicicum, Methanosarcina barkeri, and Methanomicrobi- MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY lents and the overall impedance of ruminal fermentation. um mobile (Jarvis et al., 2000; Whitford et al., 2001; Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warm- Nicholson et al., 2007; Wright et al., 2007). However, ing potential that is 25 times that of CO2, and emissions many of the methanogens identified through sequencing can account for 2–12% of the gross energy intake of the techniques have not been cultured in the laboratory, but ª 2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies FEMS Microbiol Ecol 84 (2013) 302–315 Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved Composition of ruminal methanogenic communities 303 two genera, Methanobrevibacter and Methanomicrobium, samples were collected in the last week of this second and a clade that is distantly related to the genus Ther- period. Before the cattle were fed, rumen digesta was col- moplasma [also referred as the RCC cluster (Janssen & lected from three sites (reticulum, dorsal, and ventral sac) Kirs, 2008)] appear to account for the majority of rumen within the rumen, thoroughly mixed and a subsample methanogens (Wright et al., 2007; Hook et al., 2009; King was placed in 200-mL air-tight centrifuge tubes and et al., 2011; Tymensen et al., 2012). immediately transported to the laboratory. Before DNA Most studies examining changes in the composition of extraction, rumen samples from each animal were ruminal methanogenic communities have used 16S rRNA fractioned into liquid, feed particle loosely associated and gene clone library analyses. However, such data cannot be feed particle adherent fractions as described by assessed quantitatively (Head et al., 1998) and only a few Kong et al. (2010a). studies have attempted to quantify individual rumen methanogenic community members. Using reverse trans- Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/84/2/302/478402 by guest on 01 October 2021 FISH sample fixation and FISH probing criptase qPCR, Zhou et al. (2009) reported that the size of ruminal methanogenic community was not affected in Samples for FISH were prepared as described by Kong cattle in response to a low or high energy diet. With et al. (2010b). Briefly, digesta samples were collected from qPCR, Tymensen et al., (2012) showed that switching the the rumen as described above. On-site, the mixture diet from forage to high-grain resulted in a profound (100 mL) was then transferred to a heavy-wall 250-mL reduction in total RCC abundance and an increase in the beaker and squeezed using a Bodum (Bodum Inc., Trien- relative abundance of free-living Methanobrevibacter spp. gen, Switzerland) coffee maker plunger. The extruded However, all such studies have been carried out at the liquid samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde (PFA, 4% whole community or genus level, and the composition of final concentration) for FISH probing of planktonic the methanogenic community at the species level is less methanogens (i.e. those in the Liq phase). The remaining clear. liquid was discarded, and the squeezed particulate sam- In this study, the full-cycle rRNA approach (Amann ples containing particle-associated cells were also fixed in et al., 1995) was used to investigate the composition of 4% PFA. After 3 h fixation, these particulate samples methanogenic populations in the liquid (Liq) and solid together with 4% PFA solutions were ‘stomached’ (Stom- fraction (Sol) of the rumen digesta of cows fed a high- acher 400 Circulator, Seaward, UK) at 230 r.p.m. for quality forage in the form of alfalfa hay or a low-quality 6 min. Stomached samples were then transferred into forage in the form of triticale straw. 16S rRNA gene clone clean 250-mL beakers and squeezed again. Filtrates were libraries were constructed using pooled DNA templates centrifuged (5000 g) to recover cells, which were then from rumen DNA of individual animals fed the same or washed three times with 19 PBS buffer, resuspended in À different diet(s). Oligonucleotide 16S rRNA gene-targeted 50% ethanol (ca. 8–10 g L 1 dry weight) and stored probes were designed against sequences retrieved from at À20 °C until FISH probing of methanogens associated clone libraries. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridiza- with particulate digesta was executed (i.e. methanogens in tion (qFISH) was used to estimate the relative abun- the Sol phase). dances of individual members of the methanogenic FISH was carried out according to Amann (1995) on populations to investigate changes among individual ani- glass cover slips coated with gelatin (Kong et al., 2010a) mals and diets. according the procedure described by Xia et al. (2012). Compositions of the methanogen communities in the Liq and Sol were screened with previously described oligonu- Materials and methods cleotide probes targeting methanogens at the family or order level. Those used were MB1174 (Raskin et al., Sample collection and fractionation 1994) for members of the Methanobacteriales, MS1414 Sample collection and fractionation of the rumen digesta (Raskin et al., 1994) for Methanosarcinaceae, MX825 were carried out as described previously (Kong et al., (Raskin et al., 1994) for Methanosaetaceae and MG1200b 2010a). Briefly, four mature rumen-cannulated dry Hol- (Crocetti et al., 2006) for Methanomicrobiales. The probe stein cows were used in this crossover study. In the first ARC915 (Stahl & Amann, 1991) was used to estimate the 1-month period, two cows were fed alfalfa hay plus 2 kg total numbers of Archaea in each sample. Hybridization of a dry cow protein/mineral supplement, while the other conditions and optimal formamide concentrations for two were fed triticale straw plus 2 kg of supplement. these probes are listed in probeBase (Loy et al., 2003). Rumen samples were obtained in the last week of this 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Regeneration of Unconventional Natural Gas by Methanogens Co
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Regeneration of unconventional natural gas by methanogens co‑existing with sulfate‑reducing prokaryotes in deep shale wells in China Yimeng Zhang1,2,3, Zhisheng Yu1*, Yiming Zhang4 & Hongxun Zhang1 Biogenic methane in shallow shale reservoirs has been proven to contribute to economic recovery of unconventional natural gas. However, whether the microbes inhabiting the deeper shale reservoirs at an average depth of 4.1 km and even co-occurring with sulfate-reducing prokaryote (SRP) have the potential to produce biomethane is still unclear. Stable isotopic technique with culture‑dependent and independent approaches were employed to investigate the microbial and functional diversity related to methanogenic pathways and explore the relationship between SRP and methanogens in the shales in the Sichuan Basin, China. Although stable isotopic ratios of the gas implied a thermogenic origin for methane, the decreased trend of stable carbon and hydrogen isotope value provided clues for increasing microbial activities along with sustained gas production in these wells. These deep shale-gas wells harbored high abundance of methanogens (17.2%) with ability of utilizing various substrates for methanogenesis, which co-existed with SRP (6.7%). All genes required for performing methylotrophic, hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis were present. Methane production experiments of produced water, with and without additional available substrates for methanogens, further confrmed biomethane production via all three methanogenic pathways. Statistical analysis and incubation tests revealed the partnership between SRP and methanogens under in situ sulfate concentration (~ 9 mg/L). These results suggest that biomethane could be produced with more fexible stimulation strategies for unconventional natural gas recovery even at the higher depths and at the presence of SRP.
    [Show full text]
  • Application to Develop Low Risk Gmos
    NO3P Develop in containment a project of low risk genetically ER-AF-NO3P-3 modified organisms by rapid assessment 12/07 Application title: Identification and characterization of Potential Methane Mitigation Technologies Applicant organisation: AgResearch Ltd Considered by: IBSC ERMA Please clearly identify any confidential information and attach as a separate appendix. Please complete the following before submitting your application: All sections completed Yes Appendices enclosed Yes/NA Confidential information identified and enclosed separately Yes/NA Copies of references attached Yes/NA Application signed and dated Yes Electronic copy of application e-mailed to ERMA New Yes Zealand Signed: Date: 9 May 2011 20 Customhouse Quay Cnr Waring Taylor and Customhouse Quay PO Box 131, Wellington Phone: 04 916 2426 Fax: 04 914 0433 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ermanz.govt.nz Develop in containment a project of low risk genetically modified organisms by rapid assessment 1. An associated User Guide NO3P is available for this form and we strongly advise that you read this User Guide before filling out this application form. If you need guidance in completing this form please contact ERMA New Zealand or your IBSC. 2. This application form only covers the development of low-risk genetically modified organisms that meet Category A and/or B experiments as defined in the HSNO (Low-Risk Genetic Modification) Regulations 2003. 3. If you are making an application that includes not low-risk genetic modification experiments, as described in the HSNO (Low-Risk Genetic Modification) Regulations 2003, then you should complete form NO3O instead. 4. This form replaces all previous versions of Form NO3P.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxon Abundance, Diversity, Co-Occurrence and Network Analysis of the Ruminal Microbiota in Response to Dietary Changes in Dairy Cows
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Taxon abundance, diversity, co-occurrence and network analysis of the ruminal microbiota in response to dietary changes in dairy cows Ilma Tapio1*, Daniel Fischer1, Lucia Blasco2, Miika Tapio1, R. John Wallace3, Ali R. Bayat1, Laura Ventto1, Minna Kahala2, Enyew Negussie1, Kevin J. Shingfield1,4², Johanna Vilkki1 1 Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland, 2 Bio-based business and a1111111111 industry, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland, 3 Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, 4 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural a1111111111 Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom a1111111111 a1111111111 ² Deceased. a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS The ruminal microbiome, comprising large numbers of bacteria, ciliate protozoa, archaea Citation: Tapio I, Fischer D, Blasco L, Tapio M, and fungi, responds to diet and dietary additives in a complex way. The aim of this study Wallace RJ, Bayat AR, et al. (2017) Taxon was to investigate the benefits of increasing the depth of the community analysis in describ- abundance, diversity, co-occurrence and network ing and explaining responses to dietary changes. Quantitative PCR, ssu rRNA amplicon analysis of the ruminal microbiota in response to dietary changes in dairy cows. PLoS ONE 12(7): based taxa composition, diversity and co-occurrence network analyses were applied to e0180260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ruminal digesta samples obtained from four multiparous Nordic Red dairy cows fitted with pone.0180260 rumen cannulae. The cows received diets with forage:concentrate ratio either 35:65 (diet H) Editor: Hauke Smidt, Wageningen University, or 65:35 (L), supplemented or not with sunflower oil (SO) (0 or 50 g/kg diet dry matter), sup- NETHERLANDS plied in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and four Received: January 20, 2017 35-day periods.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Analysis of 589 Metagenome-Assembled Genomes Encompassing All Major Prokaryotic Lineages from the Gut of Higher Termites
    Phylogenomic analysis of 589 metagenome-assembled genomes encompassing all major prokaryotic lineages from the gut of higher termites Vincent Hervé1, Pengfei Liu1, Carsten Dietrich1, David Sillam-Dussès2, Petr Stiblik3, Jan Šobotník3 and Andreas Brune1 1 Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany 2 Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology EA 4443, Université Paris 13, Villetaneuse, France 3 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ABSTRACT “Higher” termites have been able to colonize all tropical and subtropical regions because of their ability to digest lignocellulose with the aid of their prokaryotic gut microbiota. Over the last decade, numerous studies based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries have largely described both the taxonomy and structure of the prokaryotic communities associated with termite guts. Host diet and microenvironmental conditions have emerged as the main factors structuring the microbial assemblages in the different gut compartments. Additionally, these molecular inventories have revealed the existence of termite-specific clusters that indicate coevolutionary processes in numerous prokaryotic lineages. However, for lack of representative isolates, the functional role of most lineages remains unclear. We reconstructed 589 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the different Submitted 29 August 2019 gut compartments of eight higher termite species that encompass 17 prokaryotic
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrate Decreases Ruminal Methane Production with Slight Changes To
    Zhao et al. BMC Microbiology (2018) 18:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1164-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Nitrate decreases ruminal methane production with slight changes to ruminal methanogen composition of nitrate- adapted steers Liping Zhao, Qingxiang Meng, Yan Li, Hao Wu, Yunlong Huo, Xinzhuang Zhang and Zhenming Zhou* Abstract Background: This study was conducted to examine effects of nitrate on ruminal methane production, methanogen abundance, and composition. Six rumen-fistulated Limousin×Jinnan steers were fed diets supplemented with either 0% (0NR), 1% (1NR), or 2% (2NR) nitrate (dry matter basis) regimens in succession. Rumen fluid was taken after two-week adaptation for evaluation of in vitro methane production, methanogen abundance, and composition measurements. Results: Results showed that nitrate significantly decreased in vitro ruminal methane production at 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h (P < 0.01; P < 0.01; P = 0.01). The 1NR and 2NR regimens numerically reduced the methanogen population by 4.47% and 25.82% respectively. However, there was no significant difference observed between treatments. The alpha and beta diversity of the methanogen community was not significantly changed by nitrate either. However, the relative abundance of the methanogen genera was greatly changed. Methanosphaera (PL = 0.0033) and Methanimicrococcus (PL = 0.0113) abundance increased linearly commensurate with increasing nitration levels, while Methanoplanus abundance was significantly decreased (PL = 0.0013). The population of Methanoculleus, the least frequently identified genus in this study, exhibited quadratic growth from 0% to 2% when nitrate was added (PQ = 0.0140). Conclusions: Correlation analysis found that methane reduction was significantly related to Methanobrevibacter and Methanoplanus abundance, and negatively correlated with Methanosphaera and Methanimicrococcus abundance.
    [Show full text]
  • New Steady-State Microbial Community Compositions and Process
    Luo et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels (2015) 8:3 DOI 10.1186/s13068-014-0182-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access New steady-state microbial community compositions and process performances in biogas reactors induced by temperature disturbances Gang Luo1, Davide De Francisci2, Panagiotis G Kougias2, Treu Laura2, Xinyu Zhu2 and Irini Angelidaki2* Abstract Background: The microbial community in a biogas reactor greatly influences the process performance. However, only the effects of deterministic factors (such as temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT)) on the microbial community and performance have been investigated in biogas reactors. Little is known about the manner in which stochastic factors (for example, stochastic birth, death, colonization, and extinction) and disturbance affect the stable-state microbial community and reactor performances. Results: In the present study, three replicate biogas reactors treating cattle manure were run to examine the role of stochastic factors and disturbance in shaping microbial communities. In the triplicate biogas reactors with the same inoculum and operational conditions, similar process performances and microbial community profiles were observed under steady-state conditions. This indicated that stochastic factors had a minor role in shaping the profile of the microbial community composition and activity in biogas reactors. On the contrary, temperature disturbance was found to play an important role in the microbial community composition as well as process performance for biogas reactors. Although three different temperature disturbances were applied to each biogas reactor, the increased methane yields (around 10% higher) and decreased volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations at steady state were found in all three reactors after the temperature disturbances. After the temperature disturbance, the biogas reactors were brought back to the original operational conditions; however, new steady-state microbial community profiles were observed in all the biogas reactors.
    [Show full text]
  • André Luis Alves Neves 6
    Elucidating the role of the rumen microbiome in cattle feed efficiency and its 1 potential as a reservoir for novel enzyme discovery 2 3 by 4 5 André Luis Alves Neves 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of 13 14 15 Doctor of Philosophy 16 17 in 18 19 Animal Science 20 21 22 23 24 25 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science 26 University of Alberta 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 © André Luis Alves Neves, 2019 38 39 40 Abstract 1 2 The rapid advances in omics technologies have led to a tremendous progress in our 3 understanding of the rumen microbiome and its influence on cattle feed efficiency. 4 However, significant gaps remain in the literature concerning the driving forces that 5 influence the relationship between the rumen microbiota and host individual variation, and 6 how their interactive effects on animal productivity contribute to the identification of cattle 7 with improved feed efficiency. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of mRNA- 8 based metatranscriptomics on the analysis of rumen taxonomic profiles, and a strategy 9 for the discovery of lignocellulolytic enzymes through the targeted functional profiling of 10 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) remains to be developed. Study 1 investigated 11 the dynamics of rumen microorganisms in cattle raised under different feeding regimens 12 (forage vs. grain) and studied the relationship among the abundance of these 13 microorganisms, host individuality and the diet. To examine host individual variation in 14 the rumen microbial abundance following dietary switches, hosts were grouped based on 15 the magnitude of microbial population shift using log2-fold change (log2-fc) in the copy 16 numbers of bacteria, archaea, protozoa and fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genome Sequence of Methanohalophilus Mahii SLPT
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Archaea Volume 2010, Article ID 690737, 16 pages doi:10.1155/2010/690737 Research Article TheGenomeSequenceofMethanohalophilus mahii SLPT Reveals Differences in the Energy Metabolism among Members of the Methanosarcinaceae Inhabiting Freshwater and Saline Environments Stefan Spring,1 Carmen Scheuner,1 Alla Lapidus,2 Susan Lucas,2 Tijana Glavina Del Rio,2 Hope Tice,2 Alex Copeland,2 Jan-Fang Cheng,2 Feng Chen,2 Matt Nolan,2 Elizabeth Saunders,2, 3 Sam Pitluck,2 Konstantinos Liolios,2 Natalia Ivanova,2 Konstantinos Mavromatis,2 Athanasios Lykidis,2 Amrita Pati,2 Amy Chen,4 Krishna Palaniappan,4 Miriam Land,2, 5 Loren Hauser,2, 5 Yun-Juan Chang,2, 5 Cynthia D. Jeffries,2, 5 Lynne Goodwin,2, 3 John C. Detter,3 Thomas Brettin,3 Manfred Rohde,6 Markus Goker,¨ 1 Tanja Woyke, 2 Jim Bristow,2 Jonathan A. Eisen,2, 7 Victor Markowitz,4 Philip Hugenholtz,2 Nikos C. Kyrpides,2 and Hans-Peter Klenk1 1 DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 2 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598-1632, USA 3 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545-001, USA 4 Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 5 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-8026, USA 6 HZI—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 7 Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Stefan Spring, [email protected] and Hans-Peter Klenk, [email protected] Received 24 August 2010; Accepted 9 November 2010 Academic Editor: Valerie´ de Crecy-Lagard´ Copyright © 2010 Stefan Spring et al.
    [Show full text]
  • MICRO-ORGANISMS and RUMINANT DIGESTION: STATE of KNOWLEDGE, TRENDS and FUTURE PROSPECTS Chris Mcsweeney1 and Rod Mackie2
    BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 61 September 2012 E Organización Food and Organisation des Продовольственная и cельскохозяйственная de las Agriculture Nations Unies Naciones Unidas Organization pour организация para la of the l'alimentation Объединенных Alimentación y la United Nations et l'agriculture Наций Agricultura COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE MICRO-ORGANISMS AND RUMINANT DIGESTION: STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Chris McSweeney1 and Rod Mackie2 The content of this document is entirely the responsibility of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the views of the FAO or its Members. 1 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia Qld 4067, Australia. 2 University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America. This document is printed in limited numbers to minimize the environmental impact of FAO's processes and contribute to climate neutrality. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and to avoid asking for additional copies. Most FAO meeting documents are available on the Internet at www.fao.org ME992 BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO.61 2 Table of Contents Pages I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 5 II INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 Scope of the Study ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeochemistry of a Low-Activity Cold Seep in the Larsen B Area, Western Weddell Sea, Antarctica
    Biogeosciences, 6, 2383–2395, 2009 www.biogeosciences.net/6/2383/2009/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Biogeochemistry of a low-activity cold seep in the Larsen B area, western Weddell Sea, Antarctica H. Niemann1,2, D. Fischer3, D. Graffe4, K. Knittel1, A. Montiel5, O. Heilmayer4,6, K. Nothen¨ 4, T. Pape3, S. Kasten4, G. Bohrmann3, A. Boetius1,4, and J. Gutt4 1Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany 2Institute for Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 3MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, Univ. of Bremen, Bremen, Germany 4Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 5Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile 6German Aerospace Centre, Bonn, Germany Received: 29 May 2009 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 18 June 2009 Revised: 6 October 2009 – Accepted: 7 October 2009 – Published: 2 November 2009 Abstract. First videographic indication of an Antarctic cold 1 Introduction seep ecosystem was recently obtained from the collapsed Larsen B ice shelf, western Weddell Sea (Domack et al., Ocean research of the last decade has provided evidence 2005). Within the framework of the R/V Polarstern expe- for a variety of fascinating ecosystems associated with fluid, dition ANTXXIII-8, we revisited this area for geochemical, gas and mud escape structures. These so-called cold seeps microbiological and further videographical examinations. are often colonized by thiotrophic bacterial mats, chemosyn- During two dives with ROV Cherokee (MARUM, Bremen), thetic fauna and associated animals (Jørgensen and Boetius, several bivalve shell agglomerations of the seep-associated, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • S41598-018-36245-Y.Pdf
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Co-existence of multiple bacterivorous clevelandellid ciliate species in hindgut of wood- Received: 16 July 2018 Accepted: 15 November 2018 feeding cockroaches in light of their Published: xx xx xxxx prokaryotic consortium Peter Vďačný1, Emese Érseková1, Katarína Šoltys2, Jaroslav Budiš3, Lukáš Pecina1 & Ivan Rurik4 The hindgut of wood-feeding Panesthia cockroaches harbours a diverse microbial community, whose most morphologically prominent members are bacterivorous clevelandellid ciliates. Co-occurrence and correlation patterns of prokaryotes associated with these endosymbiotic ciliates were investigated. Multidimensional scaling based on taxa interaction-adjusted index showed a very clear separation of the hindgut ciliate samples from the ciliate-free hindgut samples. This division was corroborated also by SparCC analysis which revealed strong negative associations between prokaryotic taxa that were relatively more abundant in the ciliate-free hindgut samples and prokaryotic taxa that were more abundant in the ciliate samples. This very likely refects the grazing behaviour of hindgut ciliates which prefer Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, causing their abundances to be increased in the ciliate samples at the expense of abundances of Euryarchaeota and Bacteroidetes which prevail in the hindgut content. Ciliate species do not distinctly difer in the associated prokaryotes, indicating that minute variations in the proportion of associated bacteria might be sufcient to avoid competition between bacterivorous ciliate species and hence enable their co-occurrence in the same host. The nearest free-living relatives of hindgut ciliates have a diferent pattern of associations with prokaryotes, i.e., alphaproteobacteria are predominantly associated with free-living ciliates while gammaproteobacteria with hindgut ciliates. Te ability to digest wood evolved two times independently in the insect order Blattodea.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Rumen Microbiota and Volatile Fatty Acid Profiles of Weaned Goat Kids Under Shrub-Grassland Grazing and Indoor Feeding
    animals Article Characterization of the Rumen Microbiota and Volatile Fatty Acid Profiles of Weaned Goat Kids under Shrub-Grassland Grazing and Indoor Feeding 1, 1, 1, 2 1,3 1 1,3 Jiazhong Guo y, Pengfei Li y, Shuai Liu y, Bin Miao , Bo Zeng , Yahui Jiang , Li Li , Linjie Wang 1,3 , Yu Chen 2 and Hongping Zhang 1,* 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (B.Z.); [email protected] (Y.J.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (L.W.) 2 Nanjiang Yellow Goat Scientific Research Institute, Nanjiang 635600, China; [email protected] (B.M.); [email protected] (Y.C.) 3 Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 17 December 2019; Accepted: 20 January 2020; Published: 21 January 2020 Simple Summary: Although grazing and indoor feeding are both major production systems in the goat industry worldwide, the impacts of different feeding systems on rumen fermentation remain poorly understood. In this study, we observed large differences in microbial community compositions and volatile fatty acid profiles in the rumen of weaned goats among three feeding systems, which provides an in-depth understanding of rumen fermentation in response to changes in feeding systems. Abstract: In this study, we conducted comparative analyses to characterize the rumen microbiota and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles of weaned Nanjiang Yellow goat kids under shrub-grassland grazing (GR), shrub-grassland grazing and supplementary feeding (SF), and indoor feeding (IF) systems.
    [Show full text]