July 1982 The Library ofCongress, Washington, D.C. Volume V, Number 3

ETHNIC DISCOGRAPHY RECORDINGS OF ETHNIC IN AMERICA RECORDINGS

In the early years of this In 1978 Richard K. century, the nascent record­ Spottswood began to com­ ing companies-Columbia pile a discography surveying Records, the Victor Talking the entire field of foreign­ Machine Company, the Edi­ language audio recordings son Company, and others­ produced in America: a list­ began experimenting with ing of published (and the production of foreign­ unpublished) cylinder re­ language recordings. The cordings and disc pressings foreign-born population of made between 1894 (the the country was large in date of the earliest known those years, estimated at commercial recording) and 13.5 percent of the total 1942. population, and many of One impetus for the proj­ them longed for the sounds ect came from his work as of their homeland and na­ compiler and editor of the tive ethnic group. Moder­ Library'S fifteen-LP disc set ately priced discs recorded Folk Music in America issued in America (a two-sided disc from 1976 to 1979. That sold for seventy-five cents) work first introduced him to which offered songs, music, the broad range of foreign­ skits, and dialogues from language recordings pro­ countries and cultures all duced by most of the major over the world had popular recording companies and appeal among the immi­ the many performances of grant population. From traditional and related 1906, when a Columbia catalog listed discs and cylinder record­ music styles included on them. ings in eleven foreign languages, including German, Danish, In 1977 Spottswood participated in the Center's conference and Polish, and mentioned a separate catalog exclusively for "Ethnic Recordings in America." The focus of the conference Spanish-language materials, the number of groups rep­ made it clear that some basic research tools were needed to resented and recordings issued grew apace. By 1930 Victor and explore the topic further. Securing sponsorship from the John Columbia catalogs offered releases directed to some fifty Edwards Memorial Foundation, the National Endowment for Continued on page 8 Continued on page 7 the same time I did in the mid-1960s. ject that tapes may be fine for sophisti­ Still, 1 felt not a little flattered and cated young kids, but are not part of FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS proud, knowing that in subsequent the true folk cultural process in its na­ years the trickle of occasicmal visitors tive habitat. That may have been true a quarterly publication ofthe has grown to a flood of pilgrims to the once upon a time, but Tommy Jarrell's American Folklife Center Jarrell home, and that my tapes of introduction of me as the first one that Tommy have by now been joined by took a tape ofhim hints that he well rec­ atthe thousands of other tapes of his music ognizes the importance of tape record­ Library oIConl5'ess floating around the country. Tommy ings in the contemporary process of Jarrell is a master artist by any culture. Nor is he alone. Sound record­ AlanJabbour, Director measure, and his role as a master ing have by now joined paper and still teacher who has influenced the art of photographs in that class of media Ray Dockstader, Deputy Director countless young musicians makes his which can be said to be fully democ­ Elena Bradunas reception of the National Heritage ratized. For me the realization of how Carl Fleisch hauer Award especially appropriate. thoroughly tape recordings had been Folklife Specialists Tape and long-playing records have embraced as a grassroots medium PeterT. Bartis, Folklife Researcher been the principal vehicle of that came a few years ago at an Indian pow­ master-teaching. To be sure, the pil­ wow in Oklahoma. The drum sat in the Eleanor Sreb, Executive Assistant Brett Topping, Writer-Editor grims have visited Tommy Jarrell middle ofthe large round tent; around Doris Craig, Administrative Secretary regularly in his home, and he has occa­ the drum sat the singers; and the sionally gone on tours around the dancers moved in a large circle around Tel: 202 287-4j590 country. Such personal encounters are the singers. But to these traditional cir­ unquestionably the only way one can cles was added a new one: around the sense the full dimensions of the man singers stood a circle of chairs, each Archive oIFolk Culture and his art. That is what pilgrimages occupied by a participant's cassette Joseph C. Hickerson, Head are all about. Yet I would venture to recorder. Gerald E. Parsons,Jr., Reference Librarian Patricia M, Markland, Indexer-Secretary guess that, for Tommy'S many young If these documentary media are as Sebastian LoCurto, StaffAssistant emulators, the greater proportion of important as I believe they are, both to actual nitty-gritty learning happens the researcher for the sake of "history" Tel: 202 287-5510 back home, where they are able to im­ and to the folk artist for the sake of Washington, D,C. 20540 merse themselves in his subtle and in­ "tradition," one might surmise that tricate art on tape. archives documenting folk culture Documents and documentation have would be booming today. To a certain . Managing Editor: Brett Topping always been recognized as the stuff of extent they are: particularly gratifying history, but regarding folk culture they is the growth of grassroots archives at have a particularly important role to the community cultural level in recent play today. If Tommy Jarrell and his years. Too often in the past century the apprentices are any indication, those archival choice for documents of DIRECTOR'S tapes are not only the historical record folklife has been under the bed or off COLUMN of his art, but the very medium in Washington, but today the choice through which the art is being trans­ includes local university archives, tribal TommyJarrell, the splendid fiddler, mitted as a living expression of human cultural centers, state historical banjoist, and singer from Surry culture. It would be sentimentally societies, state and regional folklife County, North Carolina, stood in the pleasanter to imagine that all real centers, and many more options. foyer of the splendid Departmental learning in folk arts takes place in per­ Further, archival documents are Auditorium in Washington after re­ son, one on one. But that is not the case. replicable and can, for better preserva­ ceiving his National Heritage Award Much of the learning is facilitated by tion and more convenient access, re­ from the National Endowment for the those media which have always served side in several places at once. All these Arts. It was a fine occasion, and his us in learning-paper, sound record­ developments argue for a democratic mood had been evident earlier when ings, still photographs, videotapes, and renaissance in folk culture archives to he offered the audience a rousing, ex­ film. I still remember the moment parallel the democratization of the pansive version of his solo piece when, in the privacy of my own home, technology itself as an instrument of "Drunken Hiccups." Now he chatted after repeated replays of my tape re­ cultural process. with us and, by way of introducing me corder, I finally figured out what But the renaissance has not quite to his son, said, "Alan's the first one Tommy Jarrell was doing in one par­ dawned yet, and I find myself in­ that ever took a tape of me." I am not ticularly inscrutable bowing pattern he creasingly persuaded that the chief im­ so sure of the chronology, for Scott uses. Tapes may be no substitute for pediments lie, surprisingly, in the Odell of the Smithsonian and Dave the artist iri person, but they sure pro­ professional ranks. Folklorists once Freeman and Charlie Faurot ofCounty vide a helpful supplement. lavished energy and resourcefulness Records began visiting Tommy around I can hear the voices already who ob­ upon the documentation of folk cul-

2 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS ture, and helped build the nuclear col­ been perceived as too acquisitive, tak­ The Cultural Conservation Report lections for many present-day archives. ing away from folk culture rather than which the Folklife Center is now Impelled by motives that ranged from reinforcing it. Why, the rhetoric runs, preparing in cooperation with the De­ scholarly theories to regional pride, should we be making tapes of Tommy partment of the Interior has been they were passionate collectors, and we Jarrell to take back home, when w~ gravitating toward a strong recommen­ are just beginning to realize the virtues could be directly helping him economi­ dation for increased and more sys­ oftheir devotion to both their scholarly cally and culturally in the context of his tematic documentation of American causes and the larger cause of cultural own community and region? Again, folklife. I of course hope the recom­ preservation and renewal. Today, by such a point of view helps adjust our mendation will come to pass, but I contrast, there seems to be a certain professional tack in important and val­ think it will require a reevaluation of falling away from that former devotion uable ways, but it simultaneously the efficacy of documentation as a to collecting in the field on the part of drains away energies from the simple long-range cultural strategy. That effi­ academic folklorists. There are doubt­ devotion ofcollecting and archiving. cacy derives, I believe, from the simple less many reasons why collecting might Looking at our whole professional fact that cultural documentation is decline in the esteem of the present field, most thoughtful observers would neutral. One may spin theories from the day. Here are two. agree that the field is strongest when it documents, and one may use them for The first reason should be no imped­ includes a variety of professional spe­ the immediate purposes of cultural iment to collecting, documentation, cialties and predilections. Folklore ami assistance; but in the long run the and archiving, but I fear that it is. A folklife studies need the interlocking documents seem to yield cultural generation of folklorists, anxious to es­ skills of theoreticians, collectors, ar­ benefits that neither the documenter tablish a firmer intellectual basis for chivists, teachers, hands-on advocates, nor the documented could foresee at collecting and studying folklife, has and public servants alike. The trick the time. been training its students to pay much seems to be to keep all these com­ But that will be the subject ofmy next more attention to theory, analysis, and plementary skills in reasonable column. For the time being, let me the systematic testing of hypotheses. balance, and, to me at least, that par­ close by quoting the distinguished The new emphasis in folklore graduate ticular range of skills that contributes Nova Scotia collector Helen Creighton, programs has been unquestionably to the collecting, documentation, and who recently wrote the Folklife' Center timely, and it has redressed the balance archiving of folklife seems a bit under­ and remarked, "It was a joyful day where collecting by a previous genera­ represented at present. when Alan Lomax asked me whether I tion had sometimes lacked a critical would like to use one ofyour machines dimension. But the pendulum has to record the songs I was finding sometimes swung too far, inculcating then." That is a sentiment with which BOARD OF TRUSTEES in the younger generation offolklorists I know TommyJarrell would agree. a certain casualness or even contempt for "mere collecting." The precious Janet Anderson, Oregon and California, documents of an earlier generation Chairman Ronald C. Foreman, Jr., Florida, Vice have been in effect demoted to data, Change of Chairman and the passion and resourcefulness Project has found its expression more in analy­ Raye Virginia Allen, Washington, D.C., sis and theoretical debate than in col­ and Texas Directors lecting itself. Archives, affected by the Edward Bridge Danson, Arizona same shift in attitude, began to seem David E. Draper, California Jeanne Guillemin, Massachusetts Thomas Vennum, Jr., an less like precious repositories, and ethnomusicologist with the Office more like dry and dusty places for the William L. Kinney,Jr., South Carolina St.John Terrell, :-Jew Jersey of Folklife Programs ofthe Smithso­ unimaginative. I perhaps overstate the nian Institution, recently resigned shift in attitude in order to make my as director of the Federal Cylinder case, but there is no question in my Project. Vennum has directed the mind that such a shift has taken place. Ex Officio Members project since its initiation by the Second, a subtler shift in attitude Folklife Center in the summer of among professional folklorists has also Daniel). Boorstin, The Librarian of Con­ 1979. His contribution has been downgraded documentation and ar­ gress greatly appreciated, and the Center chiving. The moral and cultural pas­ S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithso­ is fortunate to have his continuing sions which were once invested in nian [nstitution assistance as a scholar on certain collecting and archiving, as a vehicle Francis S. M. Hodsoll, Jr., Chairman, aspects ofthe project. for celebrating and elevating the status :-Jational Endowment forthe Arts Dorothy Sara Lee, an ethnomusi­ of folklife, have tended to shift since William Bennett, Chairman, :-Jational En­ cologist from Indiana University the 1960s into direct, hands-on in­ dowment for the Humanities currently working on the project, volvement with and advocacy of folk AlanJabbour, Director, American Folklife has been appointed director. culture. From this point of view, col­ Center lecting and archiving have sometimes

JULY 1982 3 WORLD'S FAIR Dave Evans and River Bend, or the old then, cause it goes everywhere." As Joe time string band sounds of the Pine Wilson of the National Council for the FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL Ridge Boys. Then again, the odor of Traditional Arts says in the slideltape barbecued goat or the onion/garlic presentation about the Appalachian One of the first things that a visitor smell of ramps cooking with eggs may region, "People Around Here," a well­ to the Folklife Festival at the Knoxville prove to be the draw. wrought cedar bucket will outlast any World's Fair may notice is the sweet Once attracted to the Folk,life Festi­ number of plastic or metallic ones. It smell of fermenting corn mash from a val, it is easy to stay for a while, since will probably outlast the person who genuine moonshine still, complete with there is always so much going on. Rick buys it. barrels, copper tubing, a gas furnace, Stewart, a cooper from Sneedville, The slide show is presented in the and dried mud chimney. "I've been Tennessee may be demonstrating the audiovisual room ofthe restored L & N chased and I've been shot at but I ain't craftsmanship of making cedar buck­ Hotel in the festival area. Developed never been caught yet," says moon­ ets. He learned it from his grandfather with the assistance of Mick Moloney, it shiner Hamper McBee who fires up Alex, one of the few coopers who em­ includes many photographs taken dur­ the still every day at noon. Like a carni­ ploys the same techniques and mate­ ing the Center's Blue Ridge Parkway val pitchman, he attracts and enthralls rials used in colonial times. The vessels Folklife Project. Viewings of films a crowd, talking about his brushes with are made from hand-split wood. No about folk culture made by Appalshop, the law and other moonshining lore. glue is used; a combination of oak lock the Center for Southern Folklore, Then he encourages the assembled pieces, proper fitting, and the swelling Davenport Films, Berea College, and men and women to sniff (no tasting al­ ofthe wood when it is wet make the ves­ other filmmakers are also presented in lowed) the final product-a fruit jar sels watertight. "It takes a whole lot of the audiovisual room. Another exhibit full of 140 proof "white lightning" time and patience," says Stewart. "If it feature in the festival area is a series of which McBee guarantees "will slap don't fit right, you have to take it apart six-by-eight-foot blowups from the Li­ your hat right into the creek." and refit it. And if you fit it wrong, it'll brary's collection ofWPA images made Or it may be the blues ofJames "Son" split. I have listened and heard one in Appalachia by Dorothea Lange, Thomas, strains of bluegrass played by splitting. You have to get away from it Arthur Rothstein, Marion Post Wol-

MoomhinerClyde Paine explaining still. (Photo by Richard Van Kleeck)

4 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS cott, and others. Festival visitors have tage of the crowds that have visited the they do; and they're interested in talk­ been seen making their own photo­ festival are being introduced to folklife ing to the performers afterwards." graphs of these photographs. Tradi­ or to Appalachian folk culture for the The Folklife Festival will continue tional craft and art forms are on display first time, and it thrills him to see presenting a full menu of Appalachian in the Folklife Gallery and Sculpture people from Iowa, Indiana, or Mexico, foodways, music, crafts, lore, and Garden areas ofthe festival. who have never seen crafts or heard folklife from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. each When there is a demonstration on musicThe from exhibit the Appalachian Generation to region Generation: be­ Sharingday through the lntangible October opened 31. For further the food ways stage the crowd gets four comeat the so Libraryinvolved. of "YouCongress would in mid-Septembernever information 1981 aand contact was on dis­Richard Van and five deep to watch Napoleon guessplay that for an five elderly months. couple The from fifty-one Iowa blackKleeck, and white Folklife exhibit Festival, photo­ The 1982 Strickland skin a possum or see how wouldgraphs have include such contemporarya ball listening images to a fromWorld's the Folklife Fair, Center's Post Office field Box 1982, fishing flies are tied and learn more hard-drivingprojects and Memphis historical blues photographs band, but from theKnoxville, Farm Security Tenn. Adminis­37901-1982. about fish frying. Mary Hufford, who tration and Office of War Information collections in the Prints and coordinated the stage programming, Photographs Division. Together they demonstrate many forms of arranged for something different to be generational sharing and some ofthe contexts in which it takes place: cooked every day, following weekly conversations,ON THE mealtimes, ROAD performances, celebrations, work, and themes-Cherokee cooking one week play. and the production of hickory bark syrup another. A lot of talk goes on about herbal cures and medicines too, like the fact that ramps, a regional wild leek, is purported to take care ofevery­ thing from baldness to an unsatisfac­ tory love life. There is also a vegetable and herb garden near the foodways stage, so that people can see some of the cooking ingredients in their natural state. Even before the exhibit actually opened, Kendall Taylor, who Interpretations of the music and heads the Library of Congress Traveling Exhibitions Program, had crafts are made by Worth Long, Blan­ begun the process of organizing a nationwide tour of the exhibit. ton Owen, Drew Beisswenger, and During the next year and a half Generation to Generation will be others, who point out some of the spe­ mounted by the following borrowers: cial features of the presentations and discuss their significance with the California Museum of Linnwood-Oxford craftspeople and musicians. There are Afro-American History Senior Citizens Center -also guest presenters. Eliot Wigginton Los Angeles, Calif. Buffalo, N.Y. participated in the Folklife Festival Sept. 12-0ct. 10, 1982 Aug. 24-Sept. 18, 1983 during the week that Foxfire, Inc. was the guest institution. Organizations Salt River Project, Council on Aging like the Blue Ridge Institute, the Silva House University ofKen tucky Mountain Heritage Center, and the Phoenix, Ariz. Lexington, Ky. Museum ofAppalachia will be guest in­ Oct. 31-Nov. 28,1982 Oct. 9-Nov. 6,1983 stitutions during later weeks of the fes­ tival. Las Vegas Jazz Society Brookdale I rtstitute on Aging Richard Van Kleeck, the festival's di­ Las Vegas, Nev. Columbia University rector, recently discussed some of the Feb. 6-March 6, 1983 New York, N.Y. features of the experience that have Nov. 27-Dec. 25, 1983 impressed him. He mentioned hearing North Texas State University so many well-known musicians in per­ Denton, Tex. Calumet Library son for the first time, calling the caliber March 27-ApriI24, 1983 Purdue University of the musicianship represented on a Hammond, Ind. weekly basis almost a "Hall of Fame" of I van Wilson Center Jan. 17-Feb. 14,1984 folk-music performers. He spoke of for Fine Arts the incredible afterhours jam sessions. Western Kentucky University But the feature that makes this festival Bowling Green, Ky. stand out from others with which he May 15-June 12, 1983 has been involved is the type of visitors they have had and their reactions. For further information contact Kendall Taylor, Exhibits Office, Other folk festivals attract audiences Library ofCongress, Washington, D.C. 20540. that are often already familiar with folk traditions. In Knoxville a large percen-

JULY 1982 COWBOY VIDEODISC owner, Leslie]. Stewart. The film foot­ or "archives" of relatively more frag­ age was mostly shot during the mentary material. These libraries are roundup, drive, and branding in the aimed at educational users and re­ The American Folklife Center is de­ autumn of 1979. A good deal of the searchers. A classroom teacher, for in­ veloping a videodisc to present mate­ videotape footage consists of an inter­ stance, might select a variety of items rial from the collection created by the view with Les Stewart that seeks inter­ which pertain to regional folklife for a Center's Paradise Valley (Nevada) pretation of the content of the film class. Folklife Project. The subject matter will footage. Thus the videodisc will use the A library of 1,500-2,000 slides from be the work of a privately owned cattle autumn work on the 96 Ranch as its the project will present teachers and re­ ranch in the valley. The videodisc will focal point. searchers with a comprehensive set of be aimed at two audiences. The long­ Conventional films and television images from the region. The photo­ term audience will be researchers, programs use "linear" time; they pro­ graphs included here will depict not scholars, teachers, and other persons ceed forward from start to finish with­ only the 96 Ranch, but scenes of other interested in the fields of folklife, out repeating or backing up. But alter­ nearby ranches. anthropology, American studies, ag­ nate forms-like those made possible A second library will offer selections riculture, and history. The short-term on a videodisc-may be more effective of motion picture and video footage audience will be visitors to the 1983 Li­ for describing or analyzing certain with a total duration ofabout one hour. brary ofCongress exhibit on the Amer­ phenomena, or for certain types of These segments will be edited into ican cowboy. teaching. For example, a disc permits about thirty numbered chapters, rang­ The videodisc is part of the Library's easy replay of a segment, slow motion, ing in length from ten seconds to six or current experimentation with disc and frame freezing. seven minutes. The sources for the ma­ technology. Preservation of its collec­ One program on the disc will permit terials include outtakes from the 16mm tions is a primary concern for the Li­ a viewer to choose subjects and se­ motion picture shot during the project, brary, ar.d videodiscs lend themselves quences. In this interactive program, %" color U -matic video recordings, and to the preservation of books and three sets of "menus" will offer three selections from 16mm motion pictures periodicals as well as still and moving different paths through the chapters. made by rancher Les Stewart himself. pictures. The Library's experimental One ofthese paths will serve the educa­ The Paradise Valley Folklife Project efforts are being coordinated by a spe­ tional market, offering a viewer materials were created between 1978 cial committee working closely with the twenty"one segments with a maximum and 1982, while Stewart's own films Automated Systems Office, the Preser­ duration of about thirty minutes. The were created between about 1950 and vation Office, and the Motion Picture, other two paths are for the exhibit: a 1975. Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Di­ longer exhibit program will offer seven The third library will consist of vision. During the next several months chapters and five additional sequences sound recordings. Videodiscs have two the Library will undertake a variety of for a total of about eighteen minutes, sound tracks. Some discs use the sec­ disc experiments, including the Cen­ while a shorter exhibit program will ond track for stereo presentations, ter's project. offer five chapters for a maximum foreign-language translations of the Although the Paradise Valley collec­ viewing time often minutes. commentary track, or interpretive in­ tion is extensive and includes many In addition to the programmed ma­ formation. We propose to use the ad­ subjects, most of the film and video terial in the interactive section of the ditional track on the "B" side for an footage concerns the 96 Ranch and its disc, there will also be three "libraries" independent sound presentation. The audio program will pertain to the 96 Rancher Les Stewart created on-camera drawings to explain some of his livestock handling Ranch and consist of spoken-word 1981. methods during a videotaped interview in This shows the deployment ofbuckaroos when selections edited in the manner of a the herd was sorted ajier the fall drive, an operation he calls "parting the cattle." (Photo by phonograph record. This program will Howard W. Marshall) provide an opportunity to publish selections from the project's interview with the rancher's family and em­ ployees. In a few months the Folklife Center will have to decide how many copies of this experimental disc to create, and we would like to determine the number of interested individuals and institutions. Staff member Carl Fleischhauer, who

/ is overseeing the development and production of the disc, would welcome / / any preliminary expressions of inter­ est. He may be contacted at the Ameri­ / can Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540.

6 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS MORE ON DISCOGRAPHY tified, insofar as possible, by artist, title, composer, date and place ofrecording, Continued from page 1 QUESTIONNAIRE nationality, instrumentation, matrix SURVEYS the Humanities, the National Endow­ number, label, and catalog number. ment for the Arts, and the Library of The finished work is to contain a sepa­ Rhode Island Folklife Resources, de­ Congress, he set to work to produce rate section for every nationality. Each rived from a questionnaire survey of just such a tool. one will give a chronological ac­ museums and historical societies in the He examined the files ofevery major count of all known commercially state, is currently being printed and record company that issued ethnic ma­ produced recordings by each artist, will be available shortly upon request. terials-CBS (owners of the Columbia, with cross-referencing for record­ The survey was launched in February Brunswick, Vocalion, and OKeh ings pseudonymously or anonymously 1980 and recently updated by Michael labels), RCA Records (owners of the credited and for recordings marketed E. Bell, Director of the Rhode Island Victor and Bluebird labels), and MCA to more than one nationality. Separate Folklife Project. It is similar in plan­ Records (owners of the Decca, pre­ indexes will be prepared for perfor­ ning and purpose to the Center's ques­ 1932 Brunswick, and pre-1932 Vocal­ mers, titles, matrix numbers, and tionnaire surveys of Arizona and ion record series). He also looked at the catalog numbers. maritime folklife resources. (For a dis­ Edison files maintained by the National Spottswood has received advice and cussion of the Center's questionnaire Park Service at the Edison National assistance on the project along the way surveys, see Folklife Center News, Vol. Historic Site in New Jersey, and the from fellow discographers. More re­ III, No.2., April 1980). The resulting Gennett label holdings at Rutgers Uni­ cently, Judy Tiger and David Sager preliminary finding guide includes ref­ versity. He went through numerous have been helping out by entering the erences to manuscript materials, additional public and private collec­ manuscript on a word processor. Once artifacts, special collections, docu­ tions of catalogs, lists, and actual re­ the manuscript is completely entered ments, and cultural projects in the state cordings, wrote countless letters, and on the word processor, the discog­ of Rhode Island that may be ofinterest talked with dozens of people. After raphic data will be converted into com­ to folklorists, historians, and cultural four years, he has compiled a discog­ puter storage tapes. Those tapes will be specialists. raphy ofroughly 150,000 entries. reprocessed by the Library to generate Another similar survey was initiated Each recording listed has been iden- camera-ready copy of the discography. in December 1980 to document folklife Final publication plans for the discog­ resources in New Jersey. It was raphy should be established soon. planned and executed in cooperation There are several aspects of the dis­ with David S. Cohen, Coordinator of cographic project about which the Folklife Program at the NewJersey Errata Spottswood is particularly pleased. Historical Commission. The projected One is that from a scholarly perspective publication date for the results of the Thanks to the careful reading much of the material on the recordings New Jersey survey is the late fall ofthis given to "White-Oak Basketry" in is quite valuable, documenting as it year. the last issue of Folklife Center News does many of the homeland folk musi­ More recently, the Folklife Center (Vol. V, No. 2, April 1982) by cal traditions of Euro-American ethnic has been assisting the Center for Arts Gerald E. Warshaver, an editorial groups. In numerous cases, the record­ Information in New York City in the error has been brought to our ings are the only known documenta­ planning and development of their attention. The estimated date of tion of certain musical styles, since state-wide fo"iklife resource survey. origin for basketwork is actually equivalent recordings were not pro­ Nancy Groce, special program coordi­ between ten and eight thousand duced in the cou'ntries of origin. The nator, has launched the first phase of B.C. recordings also bear witness to ethnic the project to survey selected institu­ Further, in the Director's Col­ cultures in transition as their traditions tions. A second phase, planned for the umn, the penultimate sentence of came in contact with those of many fall, will undertake the awesome and the first column on page 4 should other cultural groups, and with Ameri­ much needed documentation of read, "Using our Navajo rug exam­ can civilization in general. The project folklife resources in the entire state. pie, adherents of proximate origin opens up an extremely important, but The Center for Arts Information is a might say that the living creative heretofore ignored or glossed over, program of the Clearinghouse for Arts tradition implies collective intellec­ field of sound recordings, and thus Information, Inc. It is supported with tual property rights, even though represents the next logical step in re­ public funds from the New York State that tradition evolved from earlier search after publication of Ethnic Re- Council on the Arts and the National borrowings from other tribes, and cordings in America, which is announced Endowment for the Arts, as well as thence from Mexico, and thence elsewhere in this issue. The increased monies from private foundations and from Spain, and thence from accessibility of these materials can in­ corporations. For additional informa­ Moorish North Africa." spire further studies and can provide a tion contact Nancy Groce, Center for new stimulus directly to the American Arts Information, 625 Broadway, New ethnic groups whose heritage the re­ York, N.Y. 10012. cordings document.

JULY 1982 7 ETHNIC RECORDINGS and music company in New York has Music in America. The performer's role IN AMERICA addressed the musical needs of the within the industry was highlighted by Continued from page 1 city's Ukrainian community since 1917, a roundtable discussion during which and Alvin Sajewski, who has run a com­ Lydia Mendoza, well known in the parable enterprise, begun by his father Southwest for her performances of cultural groups, both large and small. in 1897, directed towards Chicago's "Musica Nortena" (Northern Music), Recordings were available in widely Polish community. Scholarly com­ was interviewed, with James S. Griffith spoken languages such as French and ments on the history and significance acting as interlocutor. Italian, as well as languages like Anna­ of the ethnic recording industry were A publication from that conference mite, Croatian, and Welsh shared by provided by Finnish scholar Pekka which bears the same name, Ethnic Re- much smaller cultural groups. Gronow and Richard K. Spottswood, cordings in America: A Neglected Heritage, Such was the first flowering of the editor of the Library's LP series Folk is now available. The book, edited by ethnic recording industry in this coun­ try. The advent of radio and the economic onslaught of the Depression disrupted the production of foreign­ language discs by the major recording companies. It was not until after World War II that the production of new re­ Jj leases was resumed, and by that time foreign-language recordings were rapidly becoming the domain of small, independent, specialty-record produc­ ers. In January 1977 the American *~ Folklife Center sponsored a confer­ ~ ence to focus attention on ethnic music and spoken-word recordings pro­ Y"& duced in the United States, and to pay P] tribute to the role played by the record .:rr. and music publishing companies in a support of ethnic musical expression. lf1 The conference, entitled "Ethnic Re­ cordings in America: A Neglected Heritage," drew together some 150 scholars, producers, performers, col­ li lectors, and community leaders di­ rectly involved with the ethnic recording industry for two days of fib seminars and lectures. Conference speakers included business people ijJIJ such as Myron Sur-mach, whose book

VICTOR RECORDS IN CHINESE CANTONESE DIALECT

Victor 1923 catalog ofChinese records in the Cantonese dialect. (Courtesy ofMusic Division)

8 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS Judith McCulloh, includes two essays that sketch the development of the ethnic recordings industry: "Ethnic Recordings: An Introduction" by Pekka Gronow, and "Commercial Ethnic Recordings in the United States" by Richard K. Spottswood. These are joined by the overview "Early Field Recordings of Ethnic Music," describing some of the hold­ ings of the Library of Congress, con­ tributed by Joseph c. Hickerson, and three chapters that focus on specific ethnic groups: "Irish Ethnic Record­ ings and the Irish-American Imagina­ tion" by Mick Moloney, "The Sajewski Story: Eighty Years of Polish Music in Chicago" by Richard K. Spottswood, and an interview with Lydia Mendoza by James S. Griffith titled "La Alondra The Toots Paka Hawaiian Troupe from the Victor 1916 Hawaiian catalog. (Courtesy ofPekka de la Frontera: The Lark of the Bor­ Gronow) der." The Mendoza interview appears in Spanish, and in Griffith's English translation. The final chapter of the book is "Recorded Ethnic Music: A Guide to Resources," by Norm Cohen and Paul Wells, which surveys the cur­ rent status of ethnic recording in this country. The 269-page publication is fully in­ dexed and amply illustrated. Some 122 photos of performers, record labels, catalog covers, and related manuscript materials present part ofthe distinctive iconography of the ethnic recording industry. The book also includes a foreword by AlanJabbour and the wel­ coming address made by The Librar­ ian of Congress, Daniel J. Boorstin, to open the 1977 conference. The book is not simply a transcrip­ tion of the conference proceedings. As Jabbour states in its opening pages, "it carries on the initiative of the confer­ ence a step further--exploring more deeply some themes and exemplary figures contemplated 'at the confer­ ence, and beginning the task of as­ sembling the research tools requisite to serious future investigation of the sub­ ject." Ethnic Recordings in America: A Ne- glected Heritage is available for $13 from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash­ ington D.C. 20402; stock no. S/N030- 001-00098-2. Remittance must accompany order. Lydia Mendoza rehearsing at the Library for concert during ethnic recordings conference in 1977. (Photo by Carl Fleischhauer)

JULY 1982 9 ETHNIC HERITAGE carry out the project. The accompany­ to help solve problems, answer ques­ AND LANGUAGE ing roster gives information about the tions, and offer technical advice fieldworkers and the ethnic affiliation, concerning media documentation. SCHOOLS location, and meeting schedule oftheir Working as a group, individual team From One Generation schools. members always had someone with to the Next Fieldworkers started visiting the whom they could share and discuss schools by the end of April. Their re­ their daily experiences. ports are due onJuly 23, and until they The Ethnic Heritage and Language arrive it is premature to discuss their Schools Project has con~racted with The January 1982 issue of Folklife findings. From incoming corre­ fieldworkers who must work as indi­ Center News (Vol. V, No. 1) included an spondence and telephone conversa­ viduals, without the benefit of face-to­ announcement about the Center's plan tions, however, it is clear that we have face interaction with co-workers. Their for a project to study ethnic heritage focused on an importantcomponent of only chance for camaraderie has come and language schools in America. We ethnic community life that raises inter­ from reading the descriptive list ofpar­ asked interested folklorists and other esting analytical questions concerning ticipants; they will meet each other for cultural specialists to send us their the conscious process of transmitting the first time at the end ofthe summer, resume and a brief description of ethnic identity. The communities are when we will conduct a project assess­ schools in their areas which they pro­ pleased that we have found their ment workshop in Washington. We posed to study. Although the deadline activities worthy of documentation. have had to rely on correspondence was only about two weeks after the Many field workers have marveled at and telephone conversations to ensure newsletter appeared, over 65 individu­ the energy and ingenuity of the indi­ some kind ofconsistency in the project. als sent in proposals to study supple­ viduals involved in carrying out such Soon after we received the proposals mentary ethnic education programs in programs and are excited about the from potential field workers, we mailed their vicinities. After many hours of opportunity to witness the phenome­ a packet to each of the respondents. It telephone conversation and careful non. included some background reading consideration of factors such as The project has presented new or­ materials and a detailed explanation of field workers' skills, our desire for a ganizational challenges for the Folklife the responsibilities they would have to varied representation of ethnic groups Center staff. Our previous projects assume: they were asked to pay at least from different parts of the country, have mostly called for a group of three site visits to the school, over a and our concern to document exam­ field workers to travel to a specific three-month period. The fieldnotes ples ofdifferent types ofprograms (all­ locale or region, and to carry out their from site visits are being supplemented day schools, weekday after-hours documentation as a team. Usually Cen­ by taped interviews with parents, schools, and weekend classes), we ter staff members were present to dis­ teachers, administrators, and students, selected twenty field workers to help us cuss methodology and orientation, and as well as photographs ofclass activities

Class at the Islamic School ofSeattle. (Photo by Susan Dwyer-Shick)

10 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS and of the persons interviewed. Each a child in Baltimore, and later taught at knowing very well that there are so fieldworker's observations, interview one in Los Angeles. With that perspec­ many avenues left to explore in under­ data, and other materials are to be in­ tive, I cannot help noting consistencies standing urban ethnic community life. corporated in the final report which and differences over the years. The Then, of course, there are the media­ will describe and analyze his or her primary language of instruction is still related frustrations, like running out findings. Lithuanian, but now some teachers of film at an Ethiopian weddingjust at A longer statement in that initial occasionally resort to English to make the time the children joined the adults mailing explained our assumptions sure children understand the lessons. for their traditional dancing and sing­ and hypotheses and gave a list of ques­ Also, a very recent development in the ing, or taking pains to set up tions to help guide the interviews. Washington school is a special class microphones and a tape recorder in a Further memos discussed specific where the instruction is in English for classroom, only to have the children problems-how to explain to infor­ children who do not speak any Lithua­ and teacher move to another part of mants what will become ofthe collected nian at home, usually because the par­ the room for a special activity. But the materials, and how to label tapes, iden­ ents are of mixed ethnic background. joy of learning how a group defines its tify photographs, and complete log My work with the Ethiopian commu­ cultural heritage far outweighs the forms-to increase the consistency of nity, on the other hand, gives me an fleeting frustrations. the fieldworkers' efforts. Our experi­ opportunity to become acquainted All of the fieldworkers are to meet in ence with previous project materials with a culture about which I knew very Washington at the end of the summer has resulted in the development oflog­ little. I have to rely on kind-hearted to share experiences and set out ging and data sheets which facilitate translators to help me understand the guidelines for the further develop­ the identification process for field­ Amharic spoken in the classrooms and ment ofthe project. We can then deter­ workers and the later archiving of the decipher the contents ofxeroxed pages mine how much compatibility there is photographs and tape recordings. that serve as curriculum materials. in the data gathered from our indepen­ I have not met many of the field­ I am especially grateful to infor­ dent sources and to what extent we can workers yet, but I have been able to re­ mants who have given me lengthy sketch a portrait of ethnic and lan­ late more personally to the voices over interviews to explain aspects of their guage schools as a national phenome­ the phone describing the excitement cultural and social history. And,just as non. Our findings will be shared with and frustrations of particular situ­ a number of my fieldworkers have the communities visited and with all ations since I began my own work commented, I have found that knock­ those interested in the process through documenting the Lithuanian and ing on the school's door has actually which communities select features of Ethiopian Saturday schools here in opened the way into the heart of a fas­ their cultural life and pass them down Washington. Visiting the Lithuanian cinating community. Together with from one generation to the next. school gave me a strange sense of deja the field workers, I feel the anxiety of Elena Bradunas vu. I once attended a similar school as having to complete a final report,

Graduation ceremony at the Korean school in Silver Spring, Maryland. Students learning the Korean language hold signs they have written to read for the audience which describe their summer plans: going swimming, help mother, take care ofbrothers, going to the beach, and so forth. (Pholo by Lucy Long) J.:!l ~

JULY 1982 II ETHNIC HERITAGE AND LANGUAGE SCHOOLS ------­

ETHNIC SCHOOL MEETING FIELDWORKER GROUP LOCATION SCHEDULE

Scott]. Baird Chinese San Antonio, Texas weekend Ph.D., linguistics University ofTexas, Austin

Carole O. Bell Ukrainian Woonsocket, Rhode Island weekend Ph.D. candidate, folklore Indiana University With the assistance of Mary-Louise Haas

JoAnn Berlin Bromberg Armenian Watertown, Massachusetts all-day Ph.D. candidate, folklore University ofPennsylvania

Lee Davis HupaIndian Hoopa Valley Indian after-hours Ph.D. candidate, anthropology Reservation, California University ofCalifornia, Berkeley

Susan Dwyer-Shick Islamic Seattle, Washington all-day Ph.D., folklore University ofPennsylvania

Jana Fast Czech Cedar Rapids, Iowa intensive daily summer M.S., library science program inJune University ofIowa Curator ofCzech Museum and Library

Burt H. Feintuch Jewish Nashville, Tennessee weekend Ph.D., folklore University of Pennsylvania

Lydia Fish Greek Buffalo, New York weekend Ph.D., folklore Indiana University

TimothyJohn Kloberdanz Russian-German Strasburg, North all-day Ph.D. candidate, folklore Dakota Indiana University

Lucy Long Korean Silver Spring, Maryland weekend Graduate student, ethno­ musicology University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Morton Marks Caribbean New York, New York after-hours Ph.D., anthropology University ofCalifornia, Berkeley

12 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS ETHNIC SCHOOL MEETING FIELDWORKER GROUP LOCATION SCHEDULE

Two fieldworkers working as a team: Brenda W. McCallum Greek Birmingham, Alabama weekend M.A., folklore Lebanese Birmingham, Alabama weekend State University ofNew York, Cooperstown and Nancy Faires Conklin Ph.D., linguistics University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Margy McClain Polish Chicago, Illinois weekend M.A., folklore University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles

Susan Mary Nagy Hungarian New Brunswick, weekend Ph.D., linguistics Newjersey Lorand Eoivos University Budapest, Hungary

Marsha E. Penti Portuguese Taunton, after-hours Ph.D. candidate, folklore Massachusetts Indiana University

Frank Proschan Cambodian Houston, Texas after-hours Graduate student, folklore University ofTexas, Austin

Maurie Sacks Turkish New York, New York weekend Ph.D., anthropology Columbia University

Amy E. Skillman japanese Los Angeles, California wee.kend M.A., folklore University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles

Ricardas Vidutis Latvian Milwaukee, Wisconsin weekend Ph.D. candidate, folklore Indiana University

Philip E. Webber Dutch Pella, Iowa various programs Ph.D., Germanic philology and linguistics Bryn Mawr College

Center staffparticipant: Lithuanian Rockville, Maryland weekend Elena Bradunas Ethiopian Washington, D.C. weekend

JULY 1982 13 FEDERAL 14. Asia and Oceania New Staff Member IS . Africa and Afro-American CYLINDER The Folklife Center is pleased to an­ 16. New World French and Hispanic PROJECT nounce that Mary T. Hufford, a 17. British PUBLICATIONS folklorist from the University of 18. Danish Pennsylvania, will join its staff as folklife specialist in mid-August, filling 19. British-American: New England The American Folklife Center plans the position vacated by Howard W. to publish detailed catalogs to the cylin­ 20. British-American: The South Marshall. ders in each of twenty culture areas 21. British-American: The West Hufford comes to the Center from covered by the Federal Cylinder Proj­ and Southwest the Folklife Festival at the 1982 World's ect. The introductory volume of the 22. Index Fair in Knoxville where she coordi­ series, soon to be available, combines a nated the popular foodways presenta­ revised version of the earlier "Inven­ Each catalog will begin with an over­ tion. Prior to that she directed a team tory of Instantaneous Cylinder Re­ all introduction and, in special cases, a of four folklorists surveying Appala­ cordings Documenting Folk Culture in foreword solicited from an outside chian culture and folk arts found the Collections of Federal Agencies" specialist. The individual cylinder is among residents of five urban and with a general history of field record­ the basic organizing unit of each rural Midwest communities in a project ings on cylinders and a review of the catalog, but these units will be grouped developed by the Great Lakes Arts work of the project. It explains the in various ways according to the re­ Alliance. In six-month intervals be­ research and recording techniques em­ quirements of the data. Generally, in tween the spring of 1978 and the sum­ ployed, provides information on re­ non-Indian catalogs, cylinders will be mer of 1980 she conducted fieldwork strictions placed on some materials, grouped according to culture group or in Camden, N.]. and in the Pine Bar­ and outlines Library policies on the geographic area, and then collection rens region of the state to identify and purchase of tape copies. and/or collector. In Native American document regional folk artists for in­ The catalogs, which will vary in catalogs, information will be organized clusion in the New Jersey Folk-Artists­ length from thirty pages to over five by tribal group and brief descriptive in-Schools program. During part of hundred, are designed to serve as paragraphs for each tribe will precede this period she became a Pine Barrens guides to the recordings and to avail­ the cylinder listings. resident herself for a while. Two publi­ able related documentation. They will Additional paragraphs will provide cations have grown out of her NewJer­ list all cylinder recordiqgs covered by specific information concerning the sey experience: A Tree Smells Like the project, including those for which scope of a collection, recording loca­ Peanut Butter: Folk Artists in a City School only preservation tape copies exist in tions and dates, institutional affiliation and the article "Foxhunting in the Pine the Library of Congress. For organiza­ or sponsor, co-workers, and special re­ Barrens: The Production and Mainte­ tional purposes, the catalog series has strictions surrounding the collection. nance of a Canine Symphony" for the been grouped into Native American Also included will be information de­ forthcoming book Cultural and Natural and non-Native American catalogs, but scribing documentation available for Resources in the Pine Barrens. She spent this ordering does not affect the the collection such as references to the summer of 1979 at the Folklife sequence in which the catalogs will be published and unpublished manu­ Center tabulating the results of two published. In order to facilitate the scripts, transcriptions, photographs, questionnaire surveys and preparing orderly publication of the series, sev­ field notes, and related correspon­ the manuscripts for Arizona Folklife Sur- eral smaller volumes may be bound to­ dence. Each catalog will also include a vey and Maritime Folklife Resources. She gether. Eleven Native American bibliography, some photographs, and, also researched and assisted in teach­ catalogs are planned to follow volume for the American Indian catalogs, ing the course "Folklore, Culture and I, Introduction and Inventory: maps describing the geographic area Aging" at the University of Pennsyl­ 2. Southeast encompassed by the catalog. The final vania during the 1978179 term. 3. Northeast volume will consist of a comprehensive Mary Hufford brings to the position 4. Northern Plains index to the catalogs with addenda and a broad range of experience and un­ 5. Southern Plains corrections. quenchable enthusiasm. The Center is 6. Plateau/Great Basin The catalogs are designed for both happy to welcome her to the staff. 7. Northwest Coast/Eskimo scholars and non-specialists. It is our 8. California hope that they can guide future re­ 9. Southwest: Navajo searchers in using the recordings to 10. Southwest: Pueblo their fullest potential. For further in­ II. Southwest: Apache, Mohave, formation contact Dorothy Sara Lee, and Others Director, Federal Cylinder Project, 12. Middle and South America American Folklife Center, Library of The nine non-Native American cata­ Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540. logs include: 13. Early Anthologies

14 FOLKLIFE CENTER NEWS THE AMERICAN believed their country had been sented in American popular culture before the Civil War. Then, as the in terms of the lawless but possibly COWBOY days of the open range themselves utopian West versus the civilized receded into the past, his image but often corrupt East. The cowboy On March 26, 1983 the American acquired other symbolic layers, and his code of individualism, Folklife Center's exhibit The American always embodying current social coupled with responsibility, has Cowboy will officially open. The follow­ values. He became, in turn, an acted to resolve the conflict, usually ing essay excerpt by the exhibit's athlete, an entertainer, a surrogate by briefly taking the law into his curator Lonn Taylor summarizes his father, a gunman, and a corporate own hands. This litany, repeated thoughts about some of the ways in spokesman. Whatever his guise, over and over in so many forms which the image of the cowboy has he has retained the power to pro­ for so many years, has become so been perceived through the genera­ voke an extremely powerful emo­ much a part of our national con­ tions. tional response from us. We may sciousness that no less a personage For Americans, the cowboy is a become jaded by Uncle Sam and than Henry Kissinger used it to mythical figure in both senses of outgrow Santa Claus, but we will explain the popularity of his dip­ the word: he is both a hero by always believe in the cowboy. lomatic style: "I've always acted himself and a character in a tale This is because the cowboy has alone," he said in an interview embodying popular ideas about become an actor in a national with Oriana Fallaci. "Americans history. Standing alone, he has morality play. In literally tens of admire that enormously. Americans been for more than a century a thousands of presentations, from admire the cowboy entering a larger-than-life personage upon dime novels through respectable village or city on his horse ... to whom we have projected our own fiction and films to television pro­ bring law and order." ideals and values. He has become grams, the cowboy has been the It little matters that real cowboys our national hero: our Hermann, miraculous intervenor who recon­ were average wage-earners whose our Roland, our Cid, but he is ciles civilization and lawlessness jobs involved rounding up cows, more real to us than any epic hero and who insures that good will rather than outlaws. The mythical because he still has his roots in triumph over evil. The basic prob­ cowboy, the one that speaks to us earthy reality and, until very re­ lem of democracy is the degree to daily, is a paragon of virtue and a cently, in living memory. which individual freedom can be bringer of order from chaos, and He first became a myth in his sustained against the needs of it is the mythical, rather than the own time, symbolizing the lost society. For more than a hundred real, that shapes our inneI: con­ agrarian paradise that Americans years this problem has been pre­ sciousness. Lonn Taylor

Frederic Remington greeting cards- six etchings from Theodore Roosevelt's Ranch Life & the Hunting Trail, a book included in the upcoming exhibit on the American cowboy. Dark brown ink on quality cream stock; twelve cards (two of each image) $3.50 plus .50 postage. Available by prepaid mail order from the Information Office, BoxA, Library ofCongress, Washington, D.C. 20540.

JULY 1982 15 BOARD OF arranged by the Folklore Studies Asso­ try, and the lives of American Indians ciation, which was, as Foreman de­ living in urban environments. She is TRUSTEES scribes, "A lovely experience in terms well versed in the workings of Capitol Ronald J. Foreman, Jr., Vice Chair­ of the opportunity for visitors from the Hill, having received an American man of the Center's Board ofTrustees, U.S. to absorb the ambiance ofbeing in Anthropological Association Fellow­ Board member Raye Virginia Allen, a small Canadian community, seeing ship for 1978-79 to work in the offices and Center director Alan Jabbour the material objects. and sharing an of Representative Tim Lee Carter (R­ traveled to Ottawa, Canada to attend a evening with the people ofthe commu­ Ky.) and Senator Dave Durenberger meeting of the Folklore Studies Associ­ nity in which we were made warmly (R-Minn.). ation of Canada onJune 1-3. The con­ welcome." Kinney is a journalist, editor, and ference gave them an opportunity both On their return to Washington they publisher of the Marlboro Herald- to meet members of the Association participated in two days of committee Advocate. His keen interest in business, and to visit the Canadian Centre for and general meetings held by the journalism, and regional culture has Folk Culture Studies in the National Board of Trustees on June 4 and 5. been demonstrated over the years by Museum of Man. They discussed the The meeting was the first attended by his association with many professional, Center's programs and activities and the Board's two new private members, cultural, and philanthropic organiza­ learned something of the interests and Jeanne Guillemin from Cambridge, tions. Some with which he is affiliated concerns of Canada's cultural -organi­ Massachusetts and William L. Kinney, include the Confederation of South zations. They also toured the Canadian Jr. ofBennettsville, South Carolina. Carolina Local Historical Societies, of Centre for Folk Culture Studies in the Guillemin is an Associate Professor which he was president between 1980 company of its chief, Dr. Pierre Cre­ in the Department of Sociology at Bos­ and 1982, the South Carolina Press peau. Of particular interest were the ton College, who has taught courses in Foundation, the Kinney Foundation, archives, including wax cylinder introductory anthropology, medical the Indian Museum of the Carolinas, recordings which have been duplicated anthropology, field research methods, and the Marlboro County Historic onto preservation tape, and the fine and Native American culture. Among Preservation Commission. collection offolk arts and crafts. the topics of her books and articles The Center is pleased to welcome A highlight of the trip was an have been medical and cultural issues Jeanne Guillemin and William L. Kin­ evening journey to Fassett, Quebec, associated with childbirth in this coun­ ney,]r. to its Board ofTrustees.

THE LlBRARY OF CONGRESS FIRST-CLASS MAIL AMERICAN FOLKLIFE CENTER POSTAGE & FEES PAID WASHINGTON, D.C. 20540 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. OFFICIAL llUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USL. $300 PERMIT No. G-103

ISSN 0149-6840 Catalog Card No. 77-649628