Notes

Introduction

1. Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 48 Cong., 2nd sess. 24 January 1885, 981; Congress, Senate, S. 2578, 24 January 1885. 2. Joseph Heller, The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949 (Ilford and Essex: F. Cass; Portland, OR: International Specialized Book Services, 1994); J. Bowyer Bell, Terror Out of Zion: Irgun Zai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine Under- ground, 1929–1949 (: St. Martin’s Press, 1977); J. Bowyer Bell, The IRA, 1968–2000: Analysis of a Secret Army ( and Portland, OR: F. Cass, 2000); Martin Dillon, The Dirty War: Covert Strategies and Tactics Used in Political Conflicts (New York: Routledge, 1999). 3. Lawrence Howard, “Introduction,” in Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses, ed. Lawrence Howard (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1992), 1. 4. David Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of : The United States and Interna- tional Terrorism (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1997); Robert Kumamoto, International Terrorism and American Foreign Relations, 1945–1976 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999); Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 2001); Brent Smith, Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams (Albany, NY: State University Press of New York, 1994); Christopher Hewitt, “Patterns of American Terrorism, 1955–1998: An Historical Perspective on Terrorism and Related Fatalities,” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 12, Spring 2000, 1–14; John Dugard, “International Terrorism: Problems of Definition,” International Affairs, vol. 50, January 1974, 67–81. 5. Charles Townshend, Political Violence in : Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1983). 6. President Harry S. Truman’s address before a joint session of Congress on 12 March 1947, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January to December 1947 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), 176–180. 7. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 240; Michael Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), chapter 2; Dugard, “International Terrorism: Problems of Definition,” 70. 8. Charles A. Russell, Leon J. Banker, Jr., and Bowman H. Miller, “Out-Inventing Terrorists,” in Terrorism: Theory and Practice, ed. Yonah Alexander, David Carlton, and Paul Wilkinson (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979), 5–7; Kumamoto, Inter- national Terrorism and American Foreign Relations, 11–30, 69–95; Matthew Levitt, Targeting Terror: US Policy toward Middle Eastern State Sponsors and Terrorist Organi- zations, Post-September 11 (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2002), 38, 76–83. 9. Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Recon- struction (orig., 1971; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995).

266 Notes 267

10. Richard Green, Death in the Market: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006); Jeffery A. Clymer, America’s Culture of Terrorism: Violence, Capitalism and the Writ- ten Word (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 3–6, 32–59; Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 18–19. 11. Bernard K. Johnpoll, “Perspectives on Political Terrorism in the United States,” in International Terrorism: National, Regional, and Global Perspectives, ed. Yonah Alexander (New York, Washington, DC, and London: Praeger, 1976), 30–36; Randall B. Woods, “Terrorism in the Age of Roosevelt: The Miss Stone Affair, 1901–1902,” Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 31, 1979, 478–495; Russell D. Buhite, Lives at Risk: Hostages and Victims in American Foreign Policy (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1995), 1–56. 12. Ernest May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961), 52–58; Bradford Perkins, : England and the United States, 1895–1914 (New York: Atheneum, 1968), 4–10; Edward P. Crapol, America for Americans: Economic Nationalism and Anglophobia in the Late Nineteenth Century (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 19–39; Charles S. Campbell, From Revolution to Rapprochement: The United States and Great Britain, 1783–1900 (New York and London: Wiley, 1974), 137–163; Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 49. 13. Carl Frederick Wittke, The Irish in America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Uni- versity Press, 1956); William D’Arcy, The Movement in the United States: 1858–1886 (orig., 1947; New York: Russell & Russell, 1971), 367–407; Charles Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish , 1866–1922: An Old Story based upon New Data (New York: Devin-Adair Col., 1957), 105; Thomas N. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890 (orig., 1966; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 19, 69–73; T. Desmond Williams, “The Irish Republican Brother- hood,” in Secret Societies in Ireland, ed. T. Desmond Williams (: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973), 143–144; Kevin Kenny, The American Irish: A History (Harlow and New York: Longman, 2000), 171–179, 192–195. 14. David M. Pletcher, The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur (Columbia, MO: University of Press, 1962), 235; Joseph P. O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 1880–1888 (orig., 1965; New York: Arno Press, 1976), 203–204, 269–283; Murney Gerlach, British Liber- alism and the United States: Political and Social Thought in the Late Victorian Age (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), xiv–xviii, 84–94. 15. Walter L. Hixson, The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. For- eign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Walter McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World since 1776 (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997). 16. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 182; Daniel Rodger, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998). 17. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order, 3–8, 27. 268 Notes

18. Thomas Schoonover, Uncle Sam’s War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2003); Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. and Thomas W. Zeiler, Globalization and the American Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 19. Amy Kaplan, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 12–16; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000). 20. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1870: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 108; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Christine Kinealy, A Disunited Kingdom?: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1800–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 21. D.G. Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland (orig., 1982; London: Routledge, 1995); S. Cronin, : A History of Its Roots and Ideology (Dublin: Academy Press, 1980); Robert Kee, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972); Richard English, Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland (Basingstoke and Oxford: Macmillan, 2006). 22. Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), chapter 3; Michael L. Krenn, The Color of Empire: Race and American Foreign Relations (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006). 23. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London and New York: Verso, 1991), 143; Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 38–40. 24. Fleeing the Famine: North America and Irish Refugees, 1845–1851, ed. Margaret M. Mulrooney (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2003); Tim Pat Coogan, Wher- ever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), especially chapters 4 and 7–9; Peadar Kirby, Ireland and Latin America: Links and Lessons (Dublin: Gill Macmillan, 1992); see also the open-access journal Irish Migration Studies in Latin America. 25. Hugh MacDongall, Racial Myth in English History: Trojans, Teutons, and Anglo- Saxons (Montreal: Harvest House; Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1982), chapter 5; Paul Rich, Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), chapter 1. 26. Tony Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 35–38; Joseph Lennon, Irish Orientalism: A Literary and Intellectual History (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2004), chapter 4. 27. Stuart Anderson, Race and Rapprochement: Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo-American Relations, 1895–1904 (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Lon- don and Toronto: Associated University Press, 1981), see especially chapters 1–4; Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Paul A. Kramer, “Empires, Exceptions, and Anglo-Saxons: Race and Rule between the British and the United States Empires, 1880–1910,” Journal of American History, vol. 88, no. 4, March 2002, 1315–1353. 28. Frank Ninkovich, The Wilsonian Century: U.S. Foreign Policy since 1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 5–11, 30. 29. David Rapoport, Assassination and Terrorism (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1971), 9–12; David Rapoport, “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions,” American Political Science Review, vol. 78, 1984, Notes 269

658–677; Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin, “Zealots and Assassins,” in The His- tory of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, ed. Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007), 55–78; Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin, “Manifestations of Terror Through the Ages,” in The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, ed. Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007), 79–92. 30. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977), 40, 49–54; Walter Laqueur, Terrorism (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1977), 219–226; Walter Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1987), 145–150; Martin A. Miller, “The Intellectual Origins of Modern Terrorism in Europe,” in Terrorism in Context, ed. Martha Crenshaw (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 28–29, 53–55, 62. 31. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, MA: 1856, 1866, 1875, and 1892), 1139–1141; A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, ed. Sir James A.H. Murray, Henry Bradley, W.A. Craigie, and C.T. Onions (orig., 1888; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1919), vol. 9, pt. 2, 216; The New Century Dictionary of the English Language, based on matter selected from the original Century dictionary and entirely rewritten, with the addition of a great amount of new material, and containing the great mass of words and phrases in ordinary use, ed. H.G. Emery and K.G. Brewster (New York and London: Century, [c.1927]), vol. 3. 32. Niall Whelehan, “Skirmishing, The Irish World, and Empire, 1876–86,” Éire-Ireland, vol. 42, Spring/Summer 2007, 180–200. 33. Brian Jenkins, The Fenian Problem: Insurgency and Terrorism in a Liberal State, 1858– 1874 (Montreal, Kingston, London and Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008). 34. Lindsay Clutterbuck, “The Progenitors of Terrorism: Russian Revolutionaries or Extreme Irish Republicans?”, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 16, Spring 2004, 154–181. 35. Maurice Flory, “International Law: An Instrument to Combat Terrorism,” in Terrorism and International Law, ed. Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 30–38. 36. Rosalyn Higgins, “The General International Law of Terrorism,” in Terrorism and International Law, ed. Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 15–16, 24–28. 37. Adrien Guelke, The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1995), 16; Martha Crenshaw, “Thoughts on Relating Terrorism to Historical Contexts,” in Terrorism in Context, ed. Martha Crenshaw (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), 3–24; Martha Crenshaw, “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Prod- uct of Strategic Choice,” in Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. Walter Reich (orig., 1990; Washington, DC: Woodrow Wil- son Center Press; Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 7–24; Peter Merkl, Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 362. 38. Crenshaw, “Thoughts on Relating Terrorism to Historical Contexts,” 8–9; Brian M. Jenkins, “The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems,” RAND Corporation Report P-6563, December 1980, 1–3. 270 Notes

39. Crenshaw, “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice,” 7–24; Crenshaw, “Thoughts on Relating Terrorism to Historical Con- texts,” 8–9; Jenkins, “The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems,” 1–3; Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 14–15. 40. Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of Empire, 189. 41. Rom Harre, “The Social Construction of Terrorism,” in Understanding Terrorism: Psychosocial Roots, Consequences, and Interventions, ed. Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004), 91–102. 42. Peter C. Sederberg, Terrorist Myths: Illusion, Rhetoric and Reality (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989), 30–42; Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 43–44; Brian M. Jenkins, “The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems,” 6–7; Alex P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Litera- ture (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1984), 119–152; Albert Bandura, “Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement,” in Origins of Terrorism, 162–163. 43. Charles D. Ameringer, U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American History (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), 63.

1 Fenian Terrorism Confronts Community, 1865–1870

1. Glyndon G. van Deusen, William Henry Seward (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 412–415; John M. Taylor, William Henry Seward: ’s Right Hand (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991), 240–244; William Seward to , 15 July 1862, in John Bigelow, Retrospections of an Active Life, 5 vols. (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1909–1913), 2, 547–548. 2. Michael Kaufmann, American Brutus: John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Con- spiracies (New York: Random House, 2004), 24, 36–37, 235–237, and Thomas Goodrich, The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy (Bloomington: University Press, 2006), chapter 14. 3. J.W. Morse to William Seward, 5 May 1865, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consuls, London, England, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 35 (microfilm reel 35) [henceforth, Consular Despatches, London]. 4. J.W. Morse to William Hunter, 12 and 13 May 1865 and 2, 9, and 16 June 1865, Consular Despatches, London, vol. 35 (microfilm reel 35) [emphasis in orig- inal]; J.W. Morse to William Seward, 20 May 1865, Consular Despatches, London, vol. 35 (microfilm reel 35). 5. Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the (New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, 1987), chapter 10; Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Ameri- can Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Sean Michael O’Brien, Mountain Partisans: Guerrilla Warfare in the Southern Appalachians, 1861–1865 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999); Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confed- erate Home Front, ed. Daniel E. Sutherland (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999). 6. Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Civil War and the Limits of Destruction (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007), 5, and especially chapter 2 and Conclusion. Notes 271

7. Trelease, White Terror; Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Strug- gles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), chapters 3 and 4. 8. Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 10–17, passim; Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and US Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 4–5, 106– 138; Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). 9. Rising Lake Morrow, “The Negotiation of the Anglo-American Treaty of 1870,” American Historical Review, vol. 39, July 1934, 663; Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War, 1805–1812: England and the United States (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1961), vii; Campbell, From Revolution to Rapprochement, chapter 8; Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 5–6 and chapter 2; Bradford Perkins, The Creation of the Republican Empire, 1776–1865, Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 10. Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963); Schoonover, Uncle Sam’s War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization, chapters 2–4. 11. Susan-Mary Grant, North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Iden- tity in the Antebellum Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 34, 59, 108–110, 123–124, 131, 150–154; Melinda Lawson, Patriots Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 10–13, 184–186. 12. Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nation- alism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 3–19; Mitchell Snay, , Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 151, and chapters 4 and 5. 13. Kevin Kenny, “Ireland and the British Empire: An Introduction,” in Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Kevin Kenny (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 1–25; D.G. Boyce, “Introduction,” in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, ed. D.G. Boyce (Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988), 4; Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1983), 14–24, 47–48. 14. David Fitzgerald, “Ireland and the Empire,” in Oxford History of the British Empire, ed. William Roger Louis, 5 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998–1999), vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter (1999), 495–521; Kinealy, A Disunited Kingdom?, 9–10, 21, 127–128; Christine Kinealy, The in Ireland: Impact, Ideology and Rebellion (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan Press, 2002). 15. D.G. Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland (orig., 1982; London: Routledge, 1995); Kee, The Green Flag; Tom Gavin, The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981); English, Irish Freedom, 11–15, 20. 16. Leon Ó Broin, Revolutionary Underground: The Story of the Irish Republican Broth- erhood, 1858–1924 (London: Gill and Macmillan, 1976); English, Irish Freedom, 186–187. 272 Notes

17. R.V. Comerford, The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–1882 (Dublin: Wolfhound Press; Atlantic Highland, NJ: Humanities Press, 1985), 211. 18. Owen McGee, The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood, from the Land League to Sinn Féin (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 13–37, 268, 328–329; M.J. Kelly, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism, 1882–1916 (Dublin: The Boydell Press, 2006), 6–11, 239. 19. Michael Hanagan, “Irish Transnational Social Movements, Migrants, and the State System,” in Globalization and Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements, ed. Jackie G. Smith and Hank Johnston (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 53–73. 20. English, Irish Freedom, 81–97, 111, 121–140, 169–170. 21. Laqueur, Terrorism, 219–226; Sederberg, Terrorist Myths, 55. 22. McGee, The IRB, 33; Michael Doorley, Irish-American Diaspora Nationalism: The , 1916–1935 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 14–16. 23. F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971); Kee, The Green Flag; Williams, “The Irish Republican Brotherhood,” 143–144; Ò Broin, Revolutionary Underground: The Story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, 1858–1924 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1976). 24. Seán McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 1848–1922: Theaters of War (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), 118, note 20; Comerford, The Fenians in Con- text, 160; Maureen Hartigan, Alan O’Day and Roland Quinault, “Irish Terrorism in Britain: A Comparison Between the Activities of the Fenians in the 1860s and Those of Republican Groups since 1972,” in Ireland’s Terrorist Dilemma, ed. Yonah Alexander and Alan O’Day (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986), 49–60. 25. Donald C. Richter, Riotous Victorians (Athens, OH and London: Ohio University Press, 1981), chapter 2. 26. Brian Jenkins, Irish Nationalism and the British State: From Repeal to Revolutionary Nationalism (Montreal, Kingston, London and Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006) and The Fenian Problem: Insurgency and Terrorism in a Liberal State, 1858–1874 (Montreal, Kingston, London and Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008). 27. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States; Charles Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 1866–1922: An Old Story based upon New Data (New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1957); Thomas N. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 1870– 1890 (orig., 1966; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980); Brian Jenkins, Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969); Leon Ó Broin, Fenian Fever: An Anglo-American Dilemma (London: Chatto & Windus, 1971), 1; E.R.R. Green, “The Fenians Abroad,” in Secret Soci- eties in Ireland, ed. T. Desmond Williams, 79–89; W.S. Neidhardt, Fenianism in North America (University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975); Terry Golway, Irish Rebel: and America’s Fight for Ire- land’s Freedom (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1998); Kenny, The American Irish: A History; Alan O’Day, “Irish Nationalism and American Relations in the Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” in Anglo-American Attitudes: From Revolution to Partnership, ed. Fred M. Leventhal and Roland Quinault (Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2000), 174–185. 28. McGee, The IRB, 17–19, 30–31. 29. The Fenian’s Progress: A Vision (New York: John Bradburn, 1865), x, 48–51; D.G. Bodkin, The Fenian Catechism (New York, 1867), 11; George Francis Train, Notes 273

Irish Independence and English Neutrality (n.p., 1865), 53; The Irish-American, vol. 19, no. 15, 13 April 1867, 2; Guilty or Not Guilty? Speeches From the Docks, or Protests of Irish Patriotism, Containing, with Introductory Sketches and Biograph- ical Notices, Speeches Delivered After Conviction, ed. Timothy Daniel Sullivan, Alexander Martin Sullivan and Denis B. Sullivan, (Dublin, 1867), 188, O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 30. to M. Moynaham, 28 January 1867, Collec- tion, American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives, box 1, folder 11, http://dspace.wrlc.org/view/ImgViewer?url=http://dspace.wrlc.org/ doc/manifest/2041/4946, accessed on 18 September 2005; Kee, The Green Flag, 119–131. 31. Golway, Irish Rebel, 37; Jenkins, Irish Nationalism and the British State, 260. 32. Neidhardt, Fenianism in North America, 5–7, 102–108; Oliver P. Rafferty, The Church, the State, and the Fenian Threat, 1861–1875 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 45–46. 33. New York Times, 25 August and 18 September 1865; New York Herald, 29, 30, and 31 October 1866 and 1 November 1866. 34. Charles E.K. Kortright to Edmund Hammond, 31 December 1866, Great Britain, Foreign Office, Series 5, United States of America, The Fenian Brotherhood, 1864–1887 [microform], file 1340, 369–371 (microfilm reel 5) [hereafter, FO]; Jenkins, The Fenian Problem, 158–159. 35. Goldwin Smith, Irish History and Irish Character, 2nd edition (Oxford and London: J.H. and Jas. Parker, 1861), 85. 36. Peter C. Messer, “Feel the Terror: Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolu- tion in France,” in Enemies of Humanity: The Nineteenth-Century War on Terror- ism, ed. Isaac Land (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 23–44. 37. Charles E.K. Kortright to Earl Russell, 11 November 1865, no. 32, FO 5/1335, 171–176 (microfilm reel 1); Edward Archibald to Earl of Clarendon, 30 January 1866, no. 20, FO 5/1336, 102–106 (microfilm reel 2). 38. Earl of Clarendon to Frederick Bruce, 31 March 1866, Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers and Mary Silverstein, American Material in the Clarendon Papers, 1853–1870, The Private and Confidential Correspondence of George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon and 4th Baron Hyde, Part II: 1865–1866, In-letters MS C90 [1865–1866] (Wakefield, West Yorkshire, UK: Microform Academic Publishers, 1994) (microfilm reel 13) [hereafter, American Material in the Clarendon Papers]. 39. “The Revival of Fenianism,” The Spectator, vol. 39, no. 2005, 1 December 1866, 1329; “Ireland’s Extremity,” The London Review, vol. 14, no. 354, 13 April 1867, 414–415; “The Condemned Fenians,” The London Review, vol. 14, no. 358, 11 May 1867, 529–530. 40. J. Herbert Stack, “The New Irish Difficulty,” Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 13, April 1866, 506–519. 41. : Chief Organizer (New York, 1867), 71–88; New York Times, 1 November 1865 and 24 January 1866; New York Herald, 11 March 1867; Robert Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement (London: John Murray, 1906), 37, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 42. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 125. 43. J. Herbert Stack, “The New Irish Difficulty,” Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 13, April 1866, 506–519. 274 Notes

44. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 129–132, 176, and chapter 6; Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 38–40; Neidhardt, Fenianism in North America, 22–33, 70–99; Jenkins, Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction, 23–73, 113, 128, 151, 170–184, 210–212; Ó Broin, Fenian Fever, 30–33; 55–61, 71–72; Comerford, Fenians in Context, 172–173; Rafferty, The Church, the State, and the Fenian Threat, 39–47, 75–76, 85–88. 45. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, chapter 4. 46. R.N. Matheson to William B. West, 3 July 1866, FO 5/1339, 84–86 (microfilm reel 4); Sir Thomas Larcom to William B. West, 27 July 1866, FO 5/1339, 171 (microfilm reel 4). 47. United States Congress, Congressional Globe (Washington, DC: Blair & Rivers, 1866), 39 Cong., 1 sess. (4 and 11 June 1866 and 23 July 1866), 2946, 3085–3086, 4047; United States Congress, House of Representatives, 39 Cong., 1 sess., House Executive Doc. 139, 39–40; United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., House Miscellaneous Doc. 46, 40–41. 48. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 149. 49. William B. West to William Seward, 20 January 1866, United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Executive Doc. 157, pt. 2, 32; William Seward to William B. West, 10 March 1866, United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Executive Doc. 157, pt. 2, 43; Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 22 September 1865, no. 1054, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Ministers to Great Britain, 1791–1906 [microform] vol. 90 (microfilm reel 86) [henceforth, Diplomatic Despatches]; Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 22 February 1866, no. 1158, Diplo- matic Despatches, vol. 91 (microfilm reel 87); John Young to William Seward, 21 February 1866, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consuls, Belfast, Ireland, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 4 (microfilm reel 4) [hereafter, Consular Despatches, Belfast]. 50. William B. West to William Hunter, 27 May 1865, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consuls, Dublin, Ireland [microform], vol. 4 (microfilm reel 4) [hereafter, Consular Despatches, Dublin]; William B. West to William Seward, 16 September 1865, United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Executive Doc. 157, pt. 2, 1; E.G. Eastman to William Seward, 30 September 1865, Consul Despatches, Dublin; William B. West to William Seward, 14 Octo- ber 1865, United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Executive Doc. 157, pt. 2, 14. E.G. Eastman to William Seward, 25 Febru- ary 1866, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consuls, Cork, Ireland, 1790– 1906 [microform], vol. 6 (microfilm reel 6) [hereafter, Consular Despatches, Cork]; E.G. Eastman to William Seward, 7 March 1867, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 6 (microfilm reel 6). 51. Pierrepont Edwards to Stanley, 22 November 1866, no. 107, FO 5/1340, 159–162 (microfilm reel 5); G.H. Heap to William Seward, 5 December 1866, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Consular Despatches, Belfast, vol. 4 (microfilm reel 4); New York Times, 30 December 1866; New York Tribune, 18 December 1867; Chicago Tribune, 13 January 1867. Notes 275

52. “The United States and the Fenians,” The Nation, vol. 2, no. 57, 15 June 1866, 760; “The Fenian Sop,” The Nation, vol. 3, no. 66, 4 October 1866, 270–271 53. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 318; Neidhardt, Fenianism in North America, 70–72; Jenkins, Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction, 128, 151. 54. E.G. Eastman to William Seward, 24 November 1866; 9 March 1867; 14 March 1867, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 6 (microfilm reel 6); House of Representa- tives, Executive Documents, no. 157, part 2, 65–68. 55. “Fenianism and the Irish Government,” London Review, vol. 14, no. 340, 5 January 1867, 6–7. 56. The Irish-American, vol. 19, no. 13, 30 March 1867, 2. 57. F.J. Cridland to Stanley, 14 March 1867, no. 12, FO 5/1341, 176–177 (micro- film reel 5); Pierrepont Edwards to Lord Stanley, 6 November 1866, no. 104, FO 5/1340, 93–104 (microfilm reel 5). 58. John Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel (orig., 1929; Shannon: Irish Univer- sity Press, 1969), 114; H.B.C. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland: Their Rise and Progress (London: Philip Allan & Co., 1922), 62. 59. Kee, The Green Flag, 330–332; Patrick Quinlivan and Paul Rose, The Fenians in England, 1865–1872: A Sense of Insecurity (London: J. Calder; New York: Riverrun Press, 1982), 16–18. 60. Pierrepont Edwards to Stanley, 30 November 1866, no. 110, FO 5/1340, 237–239 (microfilm reel 5); Thomas Kelly to Gen. [F.F. Millan], 12 July 1867, Papers of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, Malony Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 4, folder 60, New York Public Library [emphasis in original]. 61. The Times, 14 November 1867. 62. Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement, 73, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; Guardian, 20 and 21 September 1867; The Times, 20 September 1867; “The English Panic,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2049, 5 October 1867, 1107–1108. 63. “Fenianism in American,” The London Review, vol. 15, no. 379, 5 October 1867, 372–373; The Economist, vol. 25, 12 October 1867, 1156–1157; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 3–7. 64. “The Fenians at Chester,” The London Review, vol. 14 no. 346, 16 Febru- ary 1867, 191–192; Pall Mall Gazette, 1, 3 and 5 October and 2 November 1867. 65. “The Fenian Mosquito,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2047, 21 September 1867, 1048; “The English Panic,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2049, 5 October 1867, 1107–1108; “The Manchester Fenians,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2054, 9 November 1867, 1248–1249; “The Fenian Dreamers,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2056, 23 November 1867, 1316–1317. 66. Ó Broin, Fenian Fever, 217–219; Comerford, The Fenians in Context, 148–150; Quinlivan and Rose, The Fenians in England, 43–61; Rafferty, The Church, the State, and the Fenian Threat, 100–103. 67. “British Press on Fenianism,” Irish Citizen, vol. 1, no. 2, 26 October 1867, 3; “The Secret of the Panic—English Fenians,” Irish Citizen, vol. 1, no. 3, 2 November 1867, 3; Irish Citizen, vol. 1, no. 4, 9 November 1867, 2–3; “The Fenian Craze in England,” Irish Citizen, vol. 1, no. 5, 16 November 1867, 3. 276 Notes

68. The Irish-American, vol. 19, no. 41, 12 October 1867, 2; The Irish-American, vol. 19, no. 42, 19 October 1867, 1; The Irish-American, vol. 19, no. 43, 26 October 1867, 2. 69. Chicago Tribune, 5, 14, and 20 October 1867; New York Times, 25 and 26 December 1867; New York World, 20, 21, and 24 September 1867. 70. New York Observer, vol. 45, no. 49, 5 December 1867, 390. 71. New York Times, 11 February 1866. 72. Congressional Globe, 40 Cong., 1 sess. (27 March 1867), 392–394; 73. Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 21 September 1867, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1867–1868 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1868), part 1, 145 [hereafter FRUS]. 74. William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, 21 November 1867, no. 2096, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906, Great Britain [microform], vol. 21 (microfilm reel 80) [henceforth, Diplomatic Instruc- tions]; William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, 13 January 1868, no. 2119, FRUS (1868), part 1, 142. 75. Paul Bew, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789–2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 265–267. 76. Norman McCord, “The Fenians and Public Opinion in Great Britain.” in Feni- ans and Fenianism, ed. Maurice Harmon (orig., 1968; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970), 40–55; Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 36–37; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 136–138. 77. Jenkins, The Fenian Problem, 148–149. 78. Virginia Crossman, Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 3–5, and chapter 3. 79. The Times, 14, 16, 18 and 21 December 1867 and 8 January 1868; Pall Mall Gazette, 14 December 1867; The Daily Telegraph, 16 and 24 December 1867; Manchester Guardian, 14 and 18 December 1867; The Economist, vol. 25, 28 December 1867, 1470; “What shall we do for Ireland?” The Quarterly Review, vol. 124, no. 247, January 1868, 254–286. 80. The Daily Telegraph, 17 December 1867. 81. “The Fenian Outrage,” The London Review, vol. 15, 390, 21 December 1867, 650–651; “Crime in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 41, no. 2094, 15 August 1868, 956–957; “The Fenian Outrage,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2060, 21 December 1867, 1440–1441. 82. Cyrus Redding, “Death Punishment—Fenian Assassinations,” The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 142, no. 565 January 1868, 107–116; Cyrus Redding, “Fenian Conspiracies,” The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 142, no. 566, February 1868, 208–218. 83. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978). 84. “The Fenian Outrage,” The London Review, vol. 15, 390, 21 December 1867, 650–651; “The Fenian Outrage,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2060, 21 December 1867, 1440–1441; The Economist, vol. 25, 28 December 1867, 1470. 85. Eugenio F. Biagini, British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 1876–1906 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), chapter 1; Gladstone quote on page 40. 86. Tom Corfe, The : Conflict, Compromise and Tragedy in Ireland, 1879–1882 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1968), 75; McConville, Irish Politi- cal Prisoners, 224–273; Quinlivan and Rose, The Fenians in England, 95–103, 142, 161–167; Ó Broin, Fenian Fever, 212–216, 242. Notes 277

87. Richter, Riotous Victorians, chapter 1 and 167–169. 88. Lord Derby report to Queen, 19 December 1867, Cabinet Reports by Prime Min- isters to the Crown, 1837–1867, D22/92, microfilm reel 5; quote in Richter, Riotous Victorians, 32. 89. J.A. Froude, “Ireland,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 8, no. 43, September 1880, 341–369. 90. Goldwin Smith, Irish History and the Irish Question (New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1905), 196; Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement, 75–80, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 91. Karl Kautsky, Ireland (orig., 1922; Belfast: British and Irish Communist Organi- zation, 1974), 8–9. 92. William Joseph O’Neill Daunt, “Why is Ireland Discontented? A Letter to John Bright, Esq., MP” (Dublin: John Mullany, 1866), 2–13, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; William Joseph O’Neill Daunt, Ireland Since the Union, A Letter (Dublin: John Mullay, 1866) in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 93. Quinlivan and Rose, The Fenians in England, 169–170; John Newsinger, Fenianism in Mid-Victorian Britain (London and Boulder, CO: Pluto Press, 1994), 64–68. 94. J. Herbert Stack, “The New Irish Difficulty,” Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 13, April 1866, 506–519; Punch, 12 October 1867; The Times, 15 November 1867. 95. “The Insurrection in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2019, 9 March 1867, 260–261; “The Fenian Outrage,” The Spectator, vol. 40, no. 2060, 21 December 1867, 1440–1441; The Daily Telegraph, 31 December 1867; “What shall we do for Ireland?” The Quarterly Review, vol. 124, no. 247, January 1868, 254–286. 96. Karl Marx to Frederick Engels, 14 December 1867 and Engels to Marx, 19 December 1867, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Ireland and the Irish Question, ed. R. Dixon (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), 159; Kautsky, Ireland, 8–9. 97. Engels to Marx, 19 December 1867, in Ireland and the Irish Question, 159; Kautsky, Ireland, 8–9. 98. William J. O’Neill Daunt, Ireland and Her Agitators, 2nd edition (Dublin: John Mullany; London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1867), 242–247, O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 99. The Times, 21 September 1867; Pall Mall Gazette, 10 and 14 December 1867; The Daily Telegraph, 16 December 1867; J. Herbert Stack, “The New Irish Difficulty,” Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 13, April 1866, 506–519; Cyrus Redding, “Death Punishment—Fenian Assassinations,” The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 142, no. 565, January 1868, 107–116; “Modern Notions of Government: The Irish Question,” Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. 89, 1868, 344–380; “The Irish Abroad,” The Edinburgh Review, vol. 127, no. 260, April 1868, 502–537. 100. M. Hobart Seymour, “The Difficulty of Ireland,” The Contemporary Review, vol. 5, March–August 1867, 502–512. 101. Richard Pigott, “Irish Murder-Societies,” The Contemporary Review, vol. 43, April 1883, 583–591. 102. Irish Citizen, vol. 1, no. 13, 11 January 1868, 3. 103. An American to Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, Capt. McClure, Col. Bourke and Other Irish Exiles, 8 February 1871, Devoy’s Post Bag, 1871–1928, ed. W. O’Brien and D. Ryan, 2 vols (Dublin: Fallow, 1948–1953), vol. 1, 29–30; New York Herald, 1 and 2 January 1868; Chicago Tribune, 4 January 1868. 278 Notes

104. New York Times, 1 January 1868, 5; John O’Neill, Address of General John O’Neill, President of Fenian Brotherhood, to the Officials and Members of the Fenian Brother- hood on the State of the Organization and its Attempted Disruption (New York: Baker and Godwin, 1868), 9–10. 105. O’Neill, Address of General John O’Neill, President of Fenian Brotherhood, to the Offi- cials and Members of the Fenian Brotherhood on the State of the Organization and its Attempted Disruption, 9–10. 106. “Hungry for Blood,” Irish Citizen, vol. 1, no. 12, 4 January 1868, 4. 107. The Irish-American, vol. 20, no. 1, 4 January 1868, 1–2; The Irish-American, vol. 20, no. 2, 11 January 1868, 1; The Irish-American, vol. 20, no. 3, 18 January 1868, 1; The Irish-American, vol. 21, no. 38, 18 September 1869, 3. 108. The Irish-American, vol. 20, no. 1, 4 January 1868, 1–2; The Irish-American, vol. 20, no. 2, 11 January 1868, 1; The Irish-American, vol. 20, no. 3, 18 January 1868, 1; The Irish-American, vol. 21, no. 38, 18 September 1869, 3. 109. Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa to John Devoy, 30 March 1874, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 68; Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel, 244–250. 110. Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 107; Rafferty, The Church, the State, and the Fenian Threat, 111, 149–155. 111. An American Fenian, “Ireland for the Irish,” Tinsley’s Magazine, vol. 1, no. 5, December 1867, 607–616. 112. Frances Power Cobbe, “Ireland for the Irish.” Tinsley’s Magazine, vol. 2, no. 1, February 1868, 39–49; Frances Power Cobb, “The Fenian ‘Idea’,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 17, no. 5, May 1866, 572–576; An American Fenian, “The Irish Conspiracy,” Tinsley’s Magazine, vol. 2, no. 2, March 1868, 142–148. 113. New York Times, 16 February 1868; Pall Mall Gazette, 16 December 1867. 114. Jonathan Hearn, Rethinking Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), chapters 2–5. 115. Chicago Tribune, 15 December 1867; New York Herald, 29 December 1867; New York Tribune, 18 December 1867; New York Times, 4 and 7 January 1868, 16 and 29 February 1868, 13 May 1868, 16 and 18 August, and 8 October 1868; New York World, 14 December 1867; The Nation, 19 and 26 December 1867 and 2 January 1868. 116. New York Times, 29 December 1867 and 30 December 1867. 117. Chicago Tribune, 13 July and 25 October 1867 and 9 January 1868. 118. New York Times, 28 and 29 December 1867. 119. London Times, 24 December 1867; New York Times, 28, 29 and 30 December 1867 and 18 January 1868; Chicago Tribune, 19 December 1867; Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 8 January 1868, FRUS, 1868, part 1, 134; William B. West to , 28 April 1869, Consular Despatches, Dublin, vol. 7 (microfilm reel 7). 120. New York Times, 17 January 1868. 121. New York Times, 13 May and 8 October 1868. 122. Harper’s Weekly, 4 January 1868; New York Tribune, 16, 17 and 18 December 1867; New York Herald, 27 December 1867; New York Times, 30 December 1867, 7 Jan- uary, 16 and 29 February 1868; Chicago Tribune, 15 and 17 December 1867; Brooklyn Eagle, 14 December 1867; New York World, 17 and 28 December 1867, and 21 January 1868; The Nation, 19 and 26 December 1867, and 2 January 1868; New York Evening Post, 5 January 1868, and 6 January 1868. 123. Lord Clarendon to Thornton, 9 October 1869, American Material in the Claren- don Papers, Part III: 1868–1870, Out-letters MS C476 [1865–1866] (microfilm reel 14). Notes 279

124. United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Executive Doc. 157, pt. 1, 301–302. 125. United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Report no. 13, “Rights of American Citizens,” 5; Congressional Globe, 40 Cong., 2 sess., pt. 1, 27 January 1868, 783. 126. William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, 9 December 1867, no. 2106, Diplo- matic Instructions, vol. 21 (microfilm reel 80). 127. William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, 30 August 1867, no. 2049, Diplo- matic Instructions, vol. 21 (microfilm reel 80); William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, 3 October 1867, no. 2069, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 21 (microfilm reel 80); William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, 13 January 1868, no. 2119, FRUS (1868), part 1, 142. 128. E.G. Eastman to William Seward, 28 April 1868, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 6 (microfilm reel 6). 129. Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 14 December 1867, no. 1495, Diplo- matic Despatches, vol. 95 (reel 91); Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 24 December 1867, no. 1502, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 95 (reel 91); United States Congress, House of Representatives, 40 Cong., 2 sess., House Executive Doc. 157, pt. 1, 294–295. 130. Edward Thornton to Stanley, 16 March 1868, no. 56, FO 5/1343, 243–248 (microfilm reel 7); Edward Thornton to Stanley, 23 March 1868, no. 71, FO 5/1343, 264–270 (microfilm 7). 131. Edward Thornton to Lord Clarendon, 7 February 1870, no. 56 (private), American Material in the Clarendon Papers, Part III: 1868–1870, In-letters MS C481 [1868–1870] (microfilm reel 14). 132. “Fenian Movements,” The London Review, vol. 16, no. 392, 4 January 1868, 2–3. 133. Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel, 38; Ó Broin, Fenian Fever, 222–223; Comerford, The Fenians in Context, 159. 134. Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 67–69; McGee, The IRB, 95. 135. New York Times, 24 December 1865. 136. New York Times, 16 June 1866. 137. Congressional Globe, 40 Cong., 2 sess., pt. 2, 27 February 1868, 1484; Chicago Tribune, 4 March 1868. 138. Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 29 November 1867, no. 1485, Diplo- matic Despatches, vol. 90 (microfilm reel 94); James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 2 June 1870, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 103 (microfilm reel 99); D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 360. 139. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 257; Peter Alter, “Traditions of Violence in the Irish Nationalist Movement,” in Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe, ed. Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Gerhard Hirschfeld (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, in association with Berg Publishers Ltd. for the German Historical Institute, 1982), 137–154.

2 Agrarian Terrorism Confounds the Atlantic Community, 1870–1882

1. Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 3–19, 90–91, 108, 118–126, and chapters 5 and 7; Snay, Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites. 2. Maureen Wall, “The Whiteboys,” in Secret Societies in Ireland, ed. T. Desmond Williams (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973), 280 Notes

13–25; Joseph Lee, “The Ribbonmen,” in Secret Societies in Ireland, 26–35; The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, ed. D.G. Boyce (Basingstoke: Macmillan Edu- cation, 1988), 4; S.J. Connolly, “Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Colony or ancien régime?” in The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy, ed. D. George Boyce and Alan O’Day (London: Routledge, 1996), 20–23. 3. Michael Beames, Peasants and Power: The Whiteboy Movements and Their Control in Pre-Famine Ireland (Sussex: Harvester Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983), 42–153. 4. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 31–32, quote on pages 420–421. 5. Crossman, Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, 132–133. 6. English, Irish Freedom, 202–209. 7. David Thornely, Isaac Butt and Home Rule (orig., 1964; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976); F.S.L. Lyons, The Fall of Parnell: 1890–1891 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964); F.S.L. Lyons, Charles Steward Parnell (New YorK: Oxford University Press, 1977). 8. W. Steuart Trench, Realities of Irish Life (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1868), 185–188, 361–362, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 9. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 1846–82, 565; McGee, The IRB, 66–67. 10. Kenny, “Ireland and the British Empire: An Introduction,” 1–25; Charles Town- shend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 14–24, 47–48. 11. J. Herbert Stack, “The New Irish Difficulty,” Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 13, April 1866, 506–519. 12. “The Secret of the Irish Crisis,” The Spectator, vol. 42, no. 2162, 4 December 1869, 1418–1419; “Agrarian Outrage in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 43, no. 2175, 5 March 1870, 294–295; “The Repression of Crime in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 43, no. 2177, 19 March 1870, 364–365. 13. Spencer quote in Crossman, Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, 123. 14. Crossman, Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, see especially chapter 4. 15. Strathnairn quote in Crossman, Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, 119. 16. Charles S. Roundell, “Agrarianism,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 9, no. 53, 1 May 1871, 580–594. 17. L. Perry Curtis, Jr., Coercion and Conciliation in Ireland, 1880–1892 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), viii; Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, 136, 156; McConville, Irish Political Offenders, 1848–1922, 238–240; Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 62. 18. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T.C. Hansard, 1870), 20 H.C. Deb. 3rd Series, vol. 200, 17 March 1870, 86–94; Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates,21 H.C. Deb. 3rd series, 2 March 1871, 2 March 1871, vol. 204, 1173, 1176, 1187, 1194. 19. I.S. Leadam, Coercive Measures in Ireland, 1830–1880 (London: The National Press Agency, 1880), 29, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 20. The Irish-American, vol. 21, no. 20, 15 May 1869, 1; The Irish-American, vol. 22, no. 9, 26 February 1870, 4; The Irish-American, vol. 22, no. 23, 4 June 1870, 6. Notes 281

21. “Murders in Ireland,” Irish Citizen, vol. 2, no. 84, 22 May 1869, 251; “Irish Agrari- anism,” Irish Citizen, vol. 2, no. 87, 12 June 1869, 276; “The Cable Canards,” Irish Citizen, vol. 2, no. 89, 26 June 1869, 292. 22. “Land Question in Ireland,” Irish Citizen, vol. 2, no. 103, 2 October 1869, 372. 23. “The Cable Canards,” Irish Citizen, vol. 2, no. 89, 26 June 1869, 292. 24. New York Times, 16 and 18 August 1868; The Nation, 20 May 1869, 390. 25. New York Times, 12 May 1869. 26. New York Times, 3 December 1869. 27. William B. West to Hamilton Fish, 8 May 1869, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consul, Dublin, Ireland, 1790–1906 [microform] vol. 7 (microfilm reel 7) [hereafter Consular Despatches, Dublin]; Benjamin Moran to Hamilton Fish, 15 May 1869, no. 170, National Archives and Records Administration, Depart- ment of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Ministers, London, England, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 98 (microfilm reel 94) [hereafter Diplo- matic Despatches]; James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 9 February 1870, no. 240, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 101 (microfilm reel 97); D.B.E. to John C. Bancroft Davis, 13 January 1871, Papers of John C. Bancroft Davis, Library of Congress. 28. Eric Foner, “Class, Ethnicity and Radicalism in the Gilded Age: The Land League and Irish-America,” in Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War, ed. Eric Foner (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 150–200; Michael A. Gordon, The Orange Riots: Irish Political Violence in , 1870 and 1871 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 9–15, 24–25, 188–220. 29. New York Times, 11 July 1871, 1, 4. 30. Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 18–19. 31. Green, Death in the Market. 32. James McParlan to Allan Pinkerton, 10 October 1873, Papers of the Pinkerton’s National Detective Agencies, Library of Congress; Argument of Franklin B Gowen, Esq., Consul for the Commonwealth, in the case of the Commonwealth vs. Thomas Munley; indicted in the court of oyer and terminer of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, for the murder of Thomas Sanger, a mining boss, at Raven Run, on September 1, 1875 (Pottsville, PA: Chronicle Book and Job Rooms, 1876), Papers of the Pinkerton’s National Detective Agencies, Library of Congress. 33. Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, 11 December 1875; Springfield Daily Union, 17 March 1877; New York Herald, 27 November 1888; New York World, 16 December 1889; St. Paul Dispatch, 23 May 1905; Reading [PA] Eagle, 26 April 1936; Philadelphia Record, 11 June 1936; New York Journal, 22 June 1936; Detroit Times, 22 June 1936; Allan Pinkerton, The Molly Maguires and the Detectives (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1877); Wayne G. Broehl, Jr., The Molly Maguires (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), 323. 34. New York Times, 27 December 1869. 35. New York Times, 19 April 1870. 36. The Nation, 20 May 1869, 387; The Nation, 4 November 1869, 379. 37. William B. West to Hamilton Fish, 8 May 1869, Consular Despatches, Dublin, vol. 7 (microfilm reel 7); Benjamin Moran to Hamilton Fish, 15 May 1869, no. 170, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 98 (microfilm reel 94). 38. James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 9 February 1870, no. 240, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 101 (microfilm reel 97). 282 Notes

39. James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 9 February 1870, no. 240, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 101 (microfilm reel 97); see also, Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 12 March 1880, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consul, Cork, Ireland, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 7 (microfilm reel 7) [hereafter, Consular Despatches, Cork]; Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 16 February 1881, ibid., vol. 8 (micro- film reel 8); James R. Lowell to William M. Evarts, 13 November 1880, no. 87, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 141 (microfilm reel 137); James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138). 40. The Nation, 3 June 1869, 427. 41. James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 9 February 1870, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 101 (reel 97); New York Times, 19 April 1870. 42. William Edward Vaughan, Landlords and Tenants in Mid-Victorian Ireland (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 141. 43. Hamilton Fish to , 10 August 1869, no. 41, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906, Great Britain [microform], vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85) [hereafter, Diplomatic Instructions]. 44. English, Irish Freedom, 222. 45. Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 36, 108–118, 158–166; Crenshaw, “Thoughts on Relating Terrorism to Historical Contexts,” 4. 46. Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 48–56. 47. William E. Forster Memorandum, 27 December 1880, CAB 37/4, no. 94; William E. Forster Memorandum, 9 October 1881, CAB 37/5, no. 22. 48. David N. Haire, “In Aid of the Civil Power, 1868–1890,” in Ireland under the Union: Varieties of Tension: Essays in Honour of T.W. Moody, ed. F.S.L. Lyons and R.A.J. Hawkins (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1980), 127–135. 49. Biagini, British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 1876–1906, 166–167; Crossman, Politics, Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, 131–132. 50. Philip H. Bagenal, The Irish Agitator in Parliament and on the Platform: A Complete History of Irish Politics for the Year 1879 (Dublin: Hodges, Foster, and Figgis, 1880), 73, 87. 51. “The New Agrarian Movement in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 52, 14 June 1879, 746–747; “The New Temper of the Irishmen,” The Spectator, vol. 55, 4 March 1882, 287–288; Edward D.J. Wilson, “The Present Anarchy,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 9, no. 47, January 1881, 37–52; “The Immediate Need in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1943, 20 November 1880, 1351–1352; Edward D.J. Wilson, “The Present Anarchy,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 9, no. 47, January 1881, 37–52; I.S. Leadam, “Substitute for Trial by Jury in Ireland,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 31, no. 185, 1 May 1882, 547–563. 52. “Coercion for Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 53, 9 October 1880, 1273–1274; “Law in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 53, 11 December 1880, 1580; “The Irish Crisis,” The Spectator, vol. 53, 18 December 1880, 1612–1613; “The Resources of the Law in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1939, 23 October 1880, 1230–1231; “Law and Coercion in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1940, 30 October 1880, 1262–1263; “The Jury System in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 39, no. 1987, 24 September 1881, 1183–1184; “The Immediate Need in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1943, 20 November 1880, 1351–1352; Notes 283

“Ireland and the Government,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1944, 27 Novem- ber 1880, 1382–1383; “Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 39, no. 1998, 10 December 1881, 1518–1519; “Ireland and the Law,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1946, 11 December 1880, 1446–1447; “The State of Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 38, no. 1947, 18 December 1880, 1478–1479; “The General Situation in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2019, 6 May 1881, 530–531. 53. Bernard Henry Becker, Disturbed Ireland: Being the Letters Written during the winter of 1880–1881 (London: Macmillan and Co., 1881), 274. 54. William O’Connor Morris, “Irish Land Act and Land System,” The Contempo- rary Review, vol. 45, February 1884, 175–189; William O’Connor Morris, Ireland, 1798–1898 (London: A.D. Innes, 1898), 255. 55. Lord Grey, “Ireland,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 11, no. 64, June 1882, 977–1012. 56. J.A. Froude, “Ireland,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 8, no. 43, September 1880, 341–369; Edward D.J. Wilson, “The Present Anarchy,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 9, no. 47, January 1881, 37–52; I.S. Leadam, “Substitute for Trial by Jury in Ireland,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 31, no. 185, 1 May 1882, 547–563; Goldwin Smith, “Parliament and the Rebellion in Ireland,” The Contemporary Review, vol. 41, May 1882, 890–896. 57. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, 15 March 1880, House of Lords, vol. 251, 965–972; Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Lords, 12 July 1880, vol. 255, 148–150. 58. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, 27 February 1880, House of Lords, vol. 250, 1557–1558; Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, 15 March 1880, House of Lords, vol. 251, 965–966; Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, 23 May 1881, House of Lords, vol. 261, 1040–1045. 59. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, 30 May 1881, House of Commons, vol. 261, 1678. 60. William E. Forster Memorandum, 10 May 1880, Great Britain, Parliament, Cabi- net Papers, Public Records Office, 37/2, no. 23 [hereafter, CAB]; Viscount Emly to William E. Forster, 3 November 1880, CAB 37/3, no. 68; William E. Forster Mem- orandum, 15 November 1880, CAB 37/4, no. 71; Lord Cowper Memorandum, 8 November 1880, CAB 37/3, no. 67. 61. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, 20 May 1882, House of Commons, vol. 267, 1273. 62. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 112. 63. Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 75, 108–109, 132, 150–155, 175; Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 133–136, 156–157. 64. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Commons, 19 May 1882, vol. 269, 1551. 65. Justin McCarthy, “The Irish Land Question,” International Review, vol. 10, 1881, 261–274. 66. Devoy’s Post Bag, 1871–1928, ed. W. O’Brien and D. Ryan, 2 vols (Dublin: Fallow, 1948–1953), vol. 2, 41–43; Comerford, Fenianism in Context, 241; Golway, Irish Rebel, 6–12, 104, 130. 67. Foner, “Class, Ethnicity and Radicalism in the Gilded Age: The Land League and Irish-America,” 150–200; [Thomas Miller Beach], Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service; the Recollections of a Spy, by Major Henri Le Caron (London: W. Heinemann, 1892), 201–202. 68. O’Day, “Irish Nationalism and Anglo-American Relations in the Later Nine- teenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” 180–181. 284 Notes

69. Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 42; Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, 25 February 1881, Papers of Patrick A. Collins, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 21; Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, February 1882, Papers of Patrick A. Collins, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 2, folder 30. 70. Pierrepont Edwards to Earl Granville, 9 February 1881, no. 5, FO 5/1776, 156–161 (microfilm reel 17); Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 17 June 1881, no. 24, FO 5/1778, 49–52 (microfilm reel 18). 71. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 25 October 1885, 9. 72. The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 12, 22 March 1883, 225. 73. Puck, “Irish Jigs,” vol. 8, no. 191, 3 November 1880, 140–150; see also, “The Land Question in Ireland,” Puck, vol. 6, no. 136, 15 October 1879, 503. 74. “The Order of the Day; or Unions and Fenians,” Punch, 19 October 1867; “The Fenian Guy Fawkes,” Punch, 28 December 1867; Roger A. Fischer, Them Damned Pictures: Explorations in American Political Cartoon Art (North Haven, CT: Archon Book, 1996), chapter 4, and especially 74–76, 80–81, 100. 75. “The Irish Devilfish,” Punch, 18 June 1881; “Dynamite Skunk,” Punch, vol. 86, 14 June 1884, 283. 76. “Is it a Change for the Better?” Puck, vol. 13, no. 316, 28 March 1883, 54. 77. “Ireland’s Evil Genius,” Puck, vol. 15, no. 379, 11 June 1884; “O’Donovan Rossa’s Shooting-Gallery for Irish Dynamiters,” Puck, vol. 16, no. 411, 21 January 1885, 336. 78. William E. Forster Memorandum, 10 May 1880, CAB 37/2, no. 23; William E. Forster Memorandum, 27 December 1880, CAB 37/4, no. 94; McGee, The IRB, 67–68, 80–81. 79. George Crump to Edward Thornton, 28 April 1880, no. 15, Great Britain, Foreign Office, Series 5, United States of America, The Fenian Brotherhood, 1864–1887 [microform], file 1745, 222 (microfilm reel 16) [hereafter, FO]. 80. Victor Drummond to Earl Granville, 31 October 1880, no. 296, FO 5/1746, 90–94 (microfilm reel 16). 81. George Crump to Edward Thornton, 7 December 1880, no. 39, FO 5/1746, 172–181 (microfilm reel 16); George Crump to Edward Thornton, 20 December 1880, no. 43, FO 5/1746, 190–194 (microfilm reel 16). 82. Edward Thornton to Earl Granville, 27 January 1881, no. 35, FO 5/1776, 98–105 (microfilm reel 17); Edward Thornton to Earl Granville, 7 February 1881, no. 39, FO 5/1776, 144–147 (microfilm reel 17). 83. Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 20 April 1881, no. 16, FO 5/1777, 204–209 (microfilm reel 17); Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 17 May 1881, no. 19, FO 5/1777, 290–297 (microfilm reel 17). 84. B.H. Barrows to Assistant Secretary of State, 27 October 1879, Consular Despatches, Dublin, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8). 85. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 10 August 1880, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 7 (microfilm reel 7); Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 16 February 1881, Consular Dispatches, Cork, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8); Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 3 March 1881, Consular Dispatches, Cork, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8). 86. Martin Duberman, (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1966), 321–328. 87. James R. Lowell to William M. Evarts, 13 November 1880, no. 87, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 141 (microfilm reel 137); James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 142 (reel 138); James R. Lowell Notes 285

to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 17 February 1882, no. 317, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 143 (microfilm reel 139). 88. The Nation, vol. 32, no. 817, 24 February 1881, 126–127; New York Tribune,14 January 1881. 89. New York Times, 6, 7 and 23 December 1880, 6 December 1881 and 11 January 1882. 90. New York Times, 26 December 1882. 91. Puck, vol. 9, no. 232, 17 August 1881, 398. 92. The Christian Union, vol. 24, no. 22, 30 November 1881, 518; The Christian Union, vol. 24, no. 23, 7 December 1881, 546; The Christian Union, vol. 22, no. 23, 8 December 1880, 490; The Christian Union, vol. 22, no. 24, 15 December 1880, 518. 93. The Century, vol. 26, June 1883, 249–264. 94. “Buncombe,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 25, no. 1262, 5 March 1881, 146. 95. Barbara J. Fields, “Ideology and Race in American History,” in Region, Race and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, ed., J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 143–177; “Race,” Culture and Difference, ed. James Donald and Ali Rattansi (London: Sage Publications, in association with the Open University, 1992), 1–4. 96. L. Perry Curtis, Jr., Anglo-Saxons and Celts: A Study of Anti-Irish Prejudice in Vic- torian England (Bridgeport, CT: University of Bridgeport; New York: New York University Press, 1968), 2–8, 90–97; L. Perry Curtis, Jr., Apes and Angels: The Irish- man in Victorian Caricature (orig., 1971; Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), xxxi, 21–29, 37–57, 58–67, 87, 104, 134–135; Richard Ned Lebow, White Britain and Black Ireland: The Influence of Stereotypes on Colo- nial Policy (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1976), 71–87, 105–106; Steve Garner, Racism in the Irish Experience (London, Dublin, and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2004), chapter 5; Carolyne A. Conley, “War Among Savages: Homicide and Ethnicity in the Victorian ,” Journal of British Studies, vol. 44, October 2005, 775–795. 97. R.F. Foster, Paddy and Mr. Punch: Connections in Irish and English History (London: A. Lane, 1993), 193; Biagini, British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 24–28, 81–88. 98. William O’Connor Morris, “The Irish Character,” The Contemporary Review, vol. 20, June 1872, 104–124; “Caste Fidelity in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 53, 20 November 1880, 1474–1475; P. Quin Keegan, “Irish Education: How Are We to Educate the Irish,” The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 121, no. 724, April–May 1882, 345–360. 99. Scott B. Cook, Imperial Affinities: Nineteenth Century Analogies and Exchanges between India and Ireland (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1993), 131–136. 100. Becker, Disturbed Ireland, 244. 101. George E. Boxall, The Anglo-Saxon: A Study in Evolution (London: Grant Richards, 1902), 69–74, 242–243. 102. Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, 21 May 1881 (telegram), Papers of Patrick A. Collins, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 41. 103. “Fudge for Ireland,” The National Review, vol. 1, no. 1, 1 June 1868, 15–16; “The Irish in London,” The National Review, vol. 1, no. 5, 12 September 1868, 90–91; “Modern Irishmen,” The National Review, vol. 1, no. 7, 26 September 1868, 123–124, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 286 Notes

104. James Paul Rodechko, Patrick Ford and His Search for America: A Case Study of Irish-American Journalism, 1870–1913 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), chapters 3 and 9. 105. “Cheering from England,” Irish Citizen, vol. 2, no. 90, 3 July 1869, 300; Irish World, 5 December 1874, 1, 5; The Irish-American, vol. 19, no. 40, 5 October 1867, 2; The Irish-American, vol. 22, no. 8, 22 February 1868, 2; The Irish-American, vol. 22, no. 16, 16 April 1870, 4. 106. E.L. Godkin, “An American View of Ireland,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 12, no. 66, August 1882, 175–192. 107. William M. Armstrong, E. L. Godkin and American Foreign Policy, 1865–1900 (New York: Bookman Associates, 1957), 12–15, 19–21, 107–112. 108. Elisabeth Wallace, “Goldwin Smith on England and America,” American Histor- ical Review, vol. 59, no. 4, July 1954, 884–894; Goldwin Smith, “England and America,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 14, December 1864, 749–769. 109. Goldwin Smith, “The Home Rule Fallacy,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 12, no. 65, July 1882, 1–7; Goldwin Smith, “Why Send More Irish to America?” The Nine- teenth Century, vol. 13, no. 76, June 1883, 913–919; Goldwin Smith, “Great Britain, American, and Ireland,” The Princeton Review, vol. 58, November 1882, 283–305. 110. John William Burgess, Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, vol. 1, Sovereignty and Liberty, 2 vols (orig., 1890–1891; Boston and London: Ginn and Co., 1902), 33–35. 111. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness; Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White; Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 105–172; Garner, Racism in the Irish Experience, chapter 4; Kevin Kenny, “Race, Violence, and Anti-Irish Sentiment in the Nineteenth Century,” in Making the Irish American: History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States, ed. J.J. Lee and Marion R. Casey (New York and London: New York University Press, 2006), 364–378. 112. John Hay to S.S. Colfax, 24 June 1868, Papers of John Hay, Library of Congress (microfilm reel 1). 113. Charles Francis Adams to William Seward, 22 September 1865, no. 1054, Diplo- matic Despatches, vol. 90 (microfilm reel 86); James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 9 February 1870, no. 240, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 101 (microfilm reel 97). 114. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 3 March 1881, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8). 115. Alter, “Traditions of Violence in the Irish Nationalist Movement,” 137–154; McGee, The IRB, 69. 116. Bagenal, The Irish Agitator in Parliament and on the Platform, 73, 87. 117. “The Irish Land Question,” The Westminster and Foreign Review, vol. 115, no. 227, January 1881, 104–131; Goldwin Smith, “Why Send More Irish to America?” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 13, no. 76, June 1883, 913–919; Emile de Laveleye, “The European Terror,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 33, no. 196, 1 April 1883, 548–561. 118. “The Russian Land Laws and Peasant Proprietors,” Quarterly Review, vol. 151, no. 302, April 1881, 428–462; The Economist, vol. 37, no. 1891, Saturday 22 November 1879, 1334; “The Debate on the Coercion Bill,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2022, 27 May 1882, 639–640. 119. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Lords, vol. 255, 12 July 1880, 148–150; Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Commons, vol. 255, 19 July 1880, 777–779. Notes 287

120. H.B.C. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland: Their Rise and Progress (London: Philip Allan & Co., 1922), 26, 64–68. 121. Curtis, Anglo-Saxons and Celts, 91; McConville, Irish Political Offenders, 259. 122. James Lothrop Motley to Hamilton Fish, 9 February 1870, no. 240, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 101 (microfilm reel 97); James R. Lowell to William Evarts, 26 February 1881, United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1881 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1882), 504 [hereafter FRUS]. 123. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 17 February 1882, no. 317, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 143 (microfilm reel 139). 124. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 3 March 1881, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8). 125. M.J. Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830–1970 (Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1990), 3–41; Foner, “Class, Ethnicity and Radicalism in the Gilded Age: The Land League and Irish-America.” 126. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 59, 102–104; Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 90–91; Comerford, The Fenians in Context, 237–239. 127. New York Times, 18 July 1879, 21 November 1880 and 3 January 1881; The Nation, vol. 34, 22 June 1882, 512; The Century, vol. 32, June 1886, 320 128. The Christian Union, vol. 21, no. 1, 7 January 1880, 2; The Christian Union, vol. 22, no. 24, 15 December 1880, 518; The Christian Union, vol. 22, no. 25, 22 December 1880, 549. 129. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 25 October 1885, 2. 130. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 430. 131. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Commons, vol. 267, 22 May 1882, 1385. 132. James Bryce, “Introduction,” in Two Centuries of Irish History, 1691–1870, ed. R. Barry O’Brien (London: K. Paul, Trench & Co., 1888), xxix–xxx. 133. Rev. Aug. J. Thebaud, with a supplementary chapter of recent events by Habberton, Ireland: Past and Present, 539 and chapter 16. 134. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 565. 135. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 14 December 1880, 2. 136. Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, 25 February 1881 (telegram), Papers of Patrick A. Collins, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 21; Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, 12 March 1881 (telegram), ibid., box 1, folder 26; Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, 25 May 1881 (telegram), ibid., box 1, folder 42. 137. Patrick Egan to Patrick A. Collins, 13 May 1881, Papers of Patrick A. Collins, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 37. 138. Puck, vol. 8, no. 200, 5 January 1881, 293–294. 139. The () Constitution, 29 January and 6 February 1881. 140. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 3 March 1881, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8). 141. Wang, The Trial of Democracy, 115–119. 142. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 3 March 1881, Consular Despatches, Cork, vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8). 143. James R. Lowell to William Evarts, 7 January 1881, FRUS, 1881, 492–495; James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 11 June 1881, no. 200, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138). 288 Notes

144. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138). 145. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138); James R. Lowell to Edward P. Brooks, 3 August 1881, FRUS, 1881, 546; James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 14 March 1882, no. 331, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140). 146. E. A. Merritt to Assistant Secretary of State, 21 March 1883, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consuls, London, England, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 50 (microfilm reel 50) [hereafter, Consular Despatches, London]. 147. William M. Evarts to James R. Lowell, 20 January 1881, no. 102, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); James G. Blaine to James R. Lowell, 26 May 1881, no. 165, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 19 June 1882, no. 396, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85). 148. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 7 April 1882, no. 338, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 144 (reel 140); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 3 May 1882, no. 349, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 144 (reel 140). 149. Earl Granville to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 6 April 1882, FRUS, 1882, 318–319. 150. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 14 March 1882, no. 331, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frel- inghuysen, 31 March 1882, telegram, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 3 April 1882, telegram, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140). 151. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 7 April 1882, no. 338, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 144 (reel 140); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 3 May 1882, no. 349, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 144 (reel 140). 152. Goldwin Smith, “The Home Rule Fallacy,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 12, no. 65, July 1882, 1–7; Smith, Irish History and the Irish Question, 193–226. 153. Pierrepont Edwards to Earl Granville, 9 February 1881, no. 5, FO 5/1776, 156–161 (microfilm reel 17). 154. Thomas N. Brown, “The Origins and Character of Irish-American Nationalism,” The Review of Politics, vol. 18, no. 3, July 1956, 327–358. 155. New York Times, 9 September 1878; H.O. Arnold-Forster, “Shall We Desert the Loyalists?” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 19, no. 108, 215–225; Edward D.J. Wilson, “The Present Anarchy,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 9, no. 47, January 1881, 37–52; North American Review, vol. 136, June 1883, 551–553. 156. Hamilton Fish to John Lothrop Motley, 10 August 1869, no. 41, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); William M. Evarts to James R. Lowell, 20 January 1881, no. 102, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85). 157. Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 19 June 1882, no. 396, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85). 158. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 12 March 1880, Consular Dispatches, Cork, vol. 7 (microfilm reel 7). 159. James R Lowell to James G Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 142 (reel 138). 160. The Christian Union, vol. 23, no. 26, 29 June 1881, 609. 161. Goldwin Smith, “Parliament and the Rebellion in Ireland,” The Contemporary Review, vol. 41, May 1882, 890–896. Notes 289

162. H.J. Desmond, “A Century of Irish Immigration,” The American Catholic Quarterly Review, vol. 25, January–October 1900, 518–530. 163. Philip H. Bagenal, The American Irish and Their Influence on Irish Politics (London: K. Paul, Trench & Co.; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1882), 107. 164. Bagenal, The American Irish and Their Influence on Irish Politics, chapters 8 and 10; quote on page 241. 165. Bagenal, The American Irish and Their Influence on Irish Politics, 240–243; The Eclec- tic Magazine, vol. 36, no. 1, July 1882, 138; The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 49, no. 296, June 1882, 858; The Dial, vol. 3, no. 27, July 1882, 60; The Catholic World, vol. 35, no. 208, July 1882, 572. 166. Campbell, Anglo-American Understanding,3. 167. Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 140; Senan Moloney, The Phoenix Murders: Conspiracy, Betrayal and Retribution (Dublin: Mercier Press 2006). 168. Patrick J.P. Tynan, The Irish National Invincibles and Their Times (London: Chatham & Co., 1894), 415–486 169. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 322–326, 333, 430–432, 536–537; Biagini, British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 136. 170. Comerford, The Fenians in Context, 248–249; Kelly, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism, 16, 54–64; McGee, The IRB, 151–156, 165–173, 334–338. 171. Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 179, 190–194; Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 166–180. 172. Biagini, British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 232–250. 173. “What shall be done with Ireland?” Quarterly Review, vol. 153, no. 306, April 1882, 583–560; “The Paralysis of Government,” Quarterly Review, vol. 154, no. 307, July 1883, 258–2914. 174. New York World, 7 May 1882. 175. “The Weakness of Assassination,” The Spectator, vol. 55, 27 May 1882, 685–687; “The Effect of Assassination in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 41, no. 2061, 24 February 1883, 218; “The Assassinations in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2020, 13 May 1882, 566–567; Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 49, February 1884, 318–319. 176. Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement, 109, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 177. H.O. Arnold-Forster, “Shall We Desert the Loyalists?” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 19, no. 108, February 1886, 215–225. 178. William Joseph O’Neill Daunt, “Ireland under the Legislative Union,” Contem- porary Review, vol. 41, June 1882, 909–922; William Joseph O’Neill Daunt, “The ‘Irish Difficulty’ ,” The Westminster and Foreign Review, vol. 124, no. 248, October 1885, 505–521. 179. William Joseph O’Neill Daunt, A Life Spent for Ireland: Selections from the Journals of W.J. O’Neill Daunt (orig., 1896; Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972), 380. 180. “The Remedial Policy of the Government,” The Spectator, vol. 55, 13 May 1882, 617–618; “The Progress of the Coercion Bill,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2023, 5 June 1882, 666; “Police and Peasantry in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2036, 2 September 1882, 1086; “The Effect of Assassination in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 41, no. 2061, 24 February 1883, 218. 181. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Commons, vol. 269, 11 May 1882, 462–472; Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, House of Commons, vol. 269, 19 May 1882, 1119. 182. The Nation, 21 February 1884, 162–163. 290 Notes

183. Richard Hawkins, “Government versus Secret Societies in the Parnell Era,” in Secret Societies in Ireland, ed. T. Desmond Williams (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973), 113–125; Eunan O’Halpin, “The British Secret Service vote and Ireland, 1868–1922,” Irish Historical Studies, vol. 23, 1983, 353; McGee, The IRB, 101–115, 151–156. 184. “England and Ireland,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 26, 27 May 1882, 322; “O’Donnell’s Position,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 27, 1 December 1883, 763. 185. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 13 May 1882, no. 365, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140). 186. Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 8 May 1882, no. 4, FO 5/1817, 251– 259 (microfilm reel 20); Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 8 May 1882, no. 204, FO 5/1817, 260–269 (microfilm reel 20). 187. Foreign Office to Sackville-West, telegram no. 23, 9 May 1882, FO 5/1817, 270– 272 (microfilm reel 20); Sackville-West to Earl Granville, telegram no. 14, 10 May 1882, FO 5/1817, 291–301 (microfilm reel 20); Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 14 May 1882, no. 213, FO 5/1817, 325–328 (microfilm reel 20). 188. The Christian Union, vol. 25, no. 24, 15 June 1882, 541; The Christian Union, vol. 26, no. 22, 30 November 1882, 455. 189. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 29 April 1883, no. 144, FO 5/1861, 172– 174 (microfilm reel 23). 190. The Century, vol. 26, June 1883, 254. 191. The (Atlanta) Constitution, 9 and 13 May 1882. 192. New York Tribune, 7 May 1882; New York Tribune, 8 May 1882. 193. Puck, vol. 11, no. 271, 17 May 1882, 164. 194. Edward Archibald to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 9 May 1882, no. 37, FO 5/1817, 285–287 (microfilm reel 20). 195. John Adye Curan, The Reminiscences of John Adye Curran, K.C.: Late County Court Judge and Chairman of Quarter Sessions: With Portrait (London: E. Arnold, 1915), 159–160, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Granville, 13 March 1882, “Private Letters from the British Embassy, 1880–1885,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1941, ed. Paul Knaplund and Carolyn M. Clewes, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941), vol. 1, 174; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Granville, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 174; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Granville, 17 April 1882, Annual Report of the American Histor- ical Association, vol. 1, 176; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Granville, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 177–178; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Granville, 16 May 1882, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 179. 196. Edward Archibald to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 9 May 1882, no. 37, FO 5/1817, 285–287 (microfilm reel 20). 197. New York World, 9 May 1882 and 14 March 1883; New York Times, 20 February 1883. 198. “The Irish Convention,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 27, no. 1377, 12 May 1883, 290. 199. Frederick Frelinghuysen to Sackville-West, 3 March 1883, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Notes to For- eign Legations in the United States from the Department of State, 1834–1906, Great Britain [microform], vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48) [henceforth, Notes to Foreign Lega- tions]; Frelinghuysen to Sackville-West, 14 March 1883, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48). Notes 291

200. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland, 82. 201. New York Tribune, 8 May 1882; New York World, 9 May 1882. 202. New York Times, 13 May 1882 and 21 May 1882; Irish National League of America Pamphlet, 10 November 1881, George D. Cahill Papers, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 3; Irish National League of American Pamphlet, 27 May 1882 (Buffalo, NY), George D. Cahill Papers, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 4; Irish National League of American, 1882 (Quincy, MA), George D. Cahill Papers, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 2, folder 13; Irish National League of American Pamphlet, 1883 (Chicago), George D. Cahill Papers, John J. Burns Library, Boston College, box 1, folder 5. 203. Henry George, The Irish Land Question (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1881), 2, 13–14, 44–47; Henry George, “England and Ireland: An American View,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 31, no. 186, 1 June 1882, 780–794. 204. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 20 May 1882, no. 369, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frel- inghuysen, 14 July 1882, no. 398, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 145 (microfilm reel 141); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 18 December 1882, no. 465, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 146 (microfilm reel 142); Lord Granville to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 6 April 1883, FRUS, 1883, 318. 205. Robert J. Creighton, “Influence of Foreign Issues on American Politics,” Interna- tional Review, vol. 13, 1882, 182–190. 206. Moloney, The Phoenix Murders, 250–266. 207. Puck, vol. 14, no. 354, 19 December 1883, 242; Puck, vol. 14, no. 355, 26 December 1883, 258. 208. Pierrepont Edwards to Earl Granville, 14 September 1882, no. 49, FO 5/1820, 104–124 (microfilm reel 22). 209. “The Present and Near Future of Ireland,” Quarterly Review, vol. 159, no. 318, April 1885, 480–497; “The State of Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 43, no. 2196, 26 September 1885, 1163–1164; “The Crisis in Ireland,” The Economist, vol. 44, no. 2248, 25 September 1886, 1186. William Joseph O’Neill Daunt, “The ‘Irish Difficulty’ ,” The Westminster and Foreign Review, vol. 124, no. 248, October 1885, 505–521. 210. “The Unionists and Irish ‘Depravity’ ,” The Spectator, vol. 59, 5 June 1886, 743–744. 211. E.L. Godkin, “American Home Rule,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 19, no. 112, June 1886, 793–806. 212. William E. Gladstone, “The Irish Demand,” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 21, no. 120, February 1887, 165–190. 213. Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 20 October 1887, Letterbook 199, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress; Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 245. 214. Henry William Hurlbert, Ireland Under Coercion: The Diary of an American, 2 vols (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1888), vol. 1, xiii–xxxi, and vol. 2, 48, 104–169, 335–340. 215. Boxall, The Anglo-Saxon, 200–207. 216. Rodolphe C. Escouflaire, Ireland: An Enemy of the Allies? (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1920), 99. 217. M.J. Sewell, “Rebels or Revolutionaries? Irish-American Nationalism and American Diplomacy, 1865–1885,” The Historical Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, 1986, 723–733. 292 Notes

3 Clan-na-Gael Terrorism Challenges the Atlantic Community, 1881–1885

1. George, The Irish Land Question, 75. 2. New York Times, 30 March 1881, 1; New York Times, 2 April 1881, 1. 3. May, Imperial Democracy, 52–58; Crapol, America for Americans, 19–39; Campbell, From Revolution to Rapprochement, 137–163; Charles S. Campbell, The Transforma- tion of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 49. 4. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 367–407; Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 1866–1922, 105; Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890, 19; Kenny, The American Irish, 171–179, 192–195; Williams, “The Irish Republican Brotherhood,” 143–144. 5. Bernard Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State: The London Metropolitan Police Special Branch before the First World War (orig., 1987; Woodbridge and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1991), chapters 2–5. 6. Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 235; O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 1880–1888, 203–204, 269–283; Gerlach, British Liberalism and the United States, xiv–xviii, 84–94. 7. Clutterbuck, “The Progenitors of Terrorism: Russian Revolutionaries or Extreme Irish Republicans?” 154–181. 8. Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 1866–1922, 41–54; Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 41–45, 61; Jenkins, Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction, 320–321; K.R.M. Short, The Dynamite War: Irish-American Bombers in Victorian Britain (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1979), 2–3, 38; Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890, 65–69; Comerford, The Fenians in Con- text, 207; Golway, Irish Rebel, 72; McGee, The IRB, 52. 9. Devoy’s Post Bag, 1871–1928, ed. W. O’Brien and D. Ryan, 2 vols. (Dublin: Fallow, 1948–1953), vol. 1, 404–407; McGee, The IRB, 55–63, 90; Charles Town- shend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1983), 36, 119, 158–166; Thomas P. Thorn- ton, “Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation,” in Internal Wars: Problems and Approaches, ed. Harry Eckstein ([New York]: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), 72–77. 10. David Brundage, “ ‘In Time of Peace, Prepare for War’: Key Themes in the Social Thought of New York’s Irish Nationalists, 1890–1916,” in The New York Irish, ed. Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meager (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996), 321–334. 11. Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons: A Record of Prison Life (New York: P.J. Kennedy, Excelsior Catholic Publishing House, 1899), iii–xiii, 39, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; 25 February 1871 Manifesto “The Unity of the Irish Race in America,” Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 26; D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 372–379. 12. “O’Donovan Rossa, The Rival of St. Patrick,” Puck, vol. 3, no. 55, 27 March 1878, 1–2. 13. Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 15 March 1879, 15; O’Donovan Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, 114, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; Mark Francis Ryan, Fenian Memories (New York: M.H. Gill and Son, Ltd., 1945), 107, 125. 14. Beach, Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service, 130–134 15. Quoted in Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 60. Notes 293

16. Rodechko, Patrick Ford and His Search for America, 48–49, 261, and especially chapter 7. 17. Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 21 April 1877; Irish World and Amer- ican Industrial Liberator, 29 December 1877; Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 30 March 1878, 4, 5; Irish World and American Industrial Liberator,8 July 1882, 4. 18. Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 21 April 1877; Irish World and Amer- ican Industrial Liberator, 29 December 1877; Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 30 March 1878, 4, 5; Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 8 July 1882, 4; O’Donovan Rossa, Irish Rebels in English Prisons, iii–xiii, 39, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; Lennon, Irish Orientalism, 194. 19. B.K. Kennedy to Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, 7 June 1877, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 255–256; John Devoy to?, 1 March 1876, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 142–144. 20. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 1846–82, 362, 554; Seán McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 1848–1922: Theaters of War (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), 332–339, 359–360, 379; McGee, The IRB, 82. 21. Beach, Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service, 28; New York Times, 22 August 1879; New York Times, 22 June 1881; New York Times, 11 July 1881; New York Times, 31 July 1881; New York Times, 17 March 1883; The Nation, vol. 33, no. 843, 24 August 1881, 143. 22. Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 130; John Devoy to [unknown], 1 March 1876, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 141–143; Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa to Thomas Francis Bourke, undated, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 322–323; to John Devoy, 5 October 1880, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 1, 555; John O’Leary to Devoy, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 110–113; New York Times, 13 August 1881; Beach, Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service, 156–157. 23. D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 392; Short, The Dyna- mite War, 29, 45–46, 103; Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 119; Ó Broin, Revolutionary Underground, 18–19; Golway, Irish Rebel, 72–73; McGee, The IRB, 81. 24. Edward Thornton to Earl Granville, 28 June 1880, Great Britain, Foreign Office, Series 5, United States of America, The Fenian Brotherhood, 1864–1887 [microform], file 1745, 278–281 (microfilm reel 16) [hereafter, FO]. 25. “England’s Honorable Warfare,” The Philo-Celtic Journal, vol. 1 (4 March 1880). 26. Edward Archibald to Edward Thornton, 5 March 1880, FO 5/1745, 99–112 (microfilm reel 16). 27. P.M. McGill, The Irish Avenger; or Dynamite Evangelist (Washington, DC: Globe Printing Office, 1881), 7, 10–11, 13, 15. 28. Foreign Office to Edward Pierrepont Edwards, telegram no. 26, 18 August 1882, FO 5/1819, 295–298 (microfilm reel 22). 29. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London: T.C. Hansard, 1882), HC Debate, 24 Nov 1882, vol. 275, 9. 30. Pierrepont Edwards to Earl Granville, 4 August 1881, no. 48, FO 5/1779, 82–85 (microfilm reel 19); New York Times, 3 August 1881. 31. Quote in Lindsay Clutterbuck, “The Progenitors of Terrorism: Russian Revolu- tionaries or Extreme Irish Republicans?” 165. 32. New York Times, 22 June 1881; New York Times, 31 July 1881; Short, The Dynamite War, 50–56, 64–65, 91–93; Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland, 162. 33. “The Dynamite Campaign,” The Spectator, vol. 54, 6 August 1881, 1016–1017; “The Fear of Dynamite,” The Spectator, vol. 56, 14 March 1883, 477–478; “The 294 Notes

Dynamite Danger,” The Spectator, vol. 56, 24 March 1881, 382–383; “The Gospel of ‘Dynamite’,” The Spectator, vol. 54, 30 July 1881, 986–987; “The Weak Side of Irishmen,” The Spectator, vol. 54, 6 August 1881, 1017–1018. 34. George W. Crump to Earl Granville, 1 August 1882, no. 13, FO 5/1819, 184–193 (microfilm reel 22). 35. Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 79; Golway, Irish Rebel, 134; Short, The Dynamite War, 47, 67, 81–86, 166. 36. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, 4, 19–34. 37. Edward Archibald to Edward Thornton, 13 October 1880, no. 15, FO 5/1746, 74–77 (microfilm reel 16); Edward Archibald to Edward Thornton, 27 October 1880, no. 16, FO 5/1746, 78–83 (microfilm reel 16). 38. Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 2 March 1881, no. 9, FO 5/1777, 12–16 (microfilm reel 17); Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 6 April 1881, no. 14, FO 5/1777, 161–168 (microfilm reel 17). 39. Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 17 January 1882, no. 2, FO 5/1816, 12–24 (microfilm reel 20). 40. Edward Thornton to Lord Granville, 25 January 1881, “Private Letters from the British Embassy, 1880–1885,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1941, ed. Paul Knaplund and Carolyn M. Clewes, 2 vols (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941), vol. 1, 114–116; Lord Granville to Edward Thornton, 8 February 1881, Annual Report of the American Histori- cal Association, vol. 1, 116; Victor Drummond to Lord Granville, 18 October 1881, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 148; Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 19 February 1881, no. 6, FO 5/1776, 221– 227 (microfilm reel 17); Allan Pinkerton to William Gladstone, 8 July 1882, in Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, 70. 41. Victor Drummond to James G. Blaine, 28 July 1881, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 144; United Irishman, 23 and 30 April, 14, 21 and 28 May, and 4 and 11 June 1881; Irish World and American Industrial Liberator,16 April 1881. 42. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 25 June 1881, no. 209, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Ministers, London, England, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138) [hereafter, Diplomatic Despatches]. 43. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 25 June 1881, no. 209, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 142 (reel 138). 44. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 25 June 1881, no. 210, Diplomatic Dispatches, vol. 142 (reel 138). 45. Edward Thornton to Lord Granville, 27 June 1881, British and Foreign State Papers, ed. Sir Edward Hertslet and Edward Cecil Hertslet (London: Her Majesty’s Sta- tionary Office, 1889), vol. 78, 1181–1182; Lord Granville to Victor Drummond, 28 July 1881, British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 78, 1182–1183. 46. Frederick Frelinghuysen to James Russell Lowell, 4 December 1883, no. 720, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906, Great Britain [microform], vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85) [hereafter, Diplomatic Instructions]. 47. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 22 April 1883, no. 132, FO 5/1861, 92–94 (microfilm reel 23); New York Herald, 21 April 1883. Notes 295

48. Lord Granville to Lionel Sackville-West, 12 May 1883, no. 102, FO 5/1863, 204– 206 (microfilm reel 24); Lord Granville to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 13 March 1884, FO 5/1928, 171–176 (microfilm reel 25). 49. New York World, 17 January 1881. 50. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 30 July 1881, no. 230, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138). 51. James G. Blaine to James R. Lowell, 31 July 1881 [telegram], Diplomatic Instruc- tions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85). 52. James G. Blaine to James R. Lowell, 1 August 1881 [telegram], Diplomatic Instruc- tions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 6 August 1881, no. 232, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138); Victor Drummond to Lord Granville, 24 October 1881, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 150; Blaine quote in O’Grady, Irish-American and Anglo-American Relations, 177–178. 53. The Nation, 24 February 1881, 126–127; The Nation, 28 July 1881, 63; New York World, 21 June 1881, 4; New York Times, 29 July 1881 54. Victor Drummond to Earl Granville, 8 August 1881, no. 230, FO 5/1779, 101– 102 (microfilm reel 19). 55. Edward P. Brooks to John Hay, 3 March 1881, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Despatches from United States Consul, Cork, Ireland, 1790–1906 [microform], vol. 8 (microfilm reel 8) [hereafter, Consular Despatches, Cork]; James G. Blaine to James R. Lowell, 2 June 1881, no. 172, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1881 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1881), 532 [hereafter, FRUS]; James R. Lowell to Edward P. Brooks, 3 August 1881, FRUS, 1881, 546. 56. Lionel S. Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 15 February 1882, no. 65, FO 5/1816, 109–115 (microfilm reel 20). 57. Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 238–240; O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo- American Relations, 144. 58. James R. Lowell to James G. Blaine, 4 June 1881, no. 194, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 142 (microfilm reel 138). 59. Congressional Record (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1882), 47 Cong., 1 sess. pt. 1, 26 January 1882, 657–659; Congressional Record,47Cong, 1 sess., pt. 2, 14 February 1882, 1135; Congressional Record, 47 Cong., 1 sess., pt. 3, 14 April 1882, 2887–2891; Congressional Record, 47 Cong, 1 sess., pt. 4, 24 April 1882, 3283; Congressional Record, 47 Cong, 1 sess., pt. 7, 23 and 26 January 1882, 6–17. 60. Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 216–256. 61. Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 4 March 1882 [telegram], Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); George F. Hoar to James R. Lowell, 28 March 1882, no. 335, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 29 March 1882, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 30 March 1882, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140); Frederick Frelinghuysen to James Russell Lowell, 22 September 1882, no. 462, FRUS, 1882, 295–296. 62. The Messages of the Presidents, 1790–1966, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger and Fred L. Israel (New York: Chelsea House, 1966), vol. 2, 1452. 63. New York Times, 9 April 1881; The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 25, 21 June 1883, 485. 296 Notes

64. Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 1 April 1882 [telegram], Diplo- matic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 3 April 1882 [telegram], Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 10 April 1882 [telegram], Diplo- matic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 18 April 1882 [telegram], Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 26 (microfilm reel 85); Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 25 April 1882, no. 366, FRUS, 1882, 233–234; James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 14 March 1882, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140); John Rose to Davis, 3 April 1882, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140). 65. Beach, Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service, 208; Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, 135–140; Comerford, Fenianism in Context, 243. 66. Sir Henry Brackenbury, Some Memories of My Spare Time (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1909), 312. 67. Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, no. 59, 24 October 1882, FO 5/1820, 202– 204 (microfilm reel 22); The Star, 22 October 1882. 68. Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 24 March 1882, no. 8, FO 5/1816, 196–207 (microfilm reel 20). 69. New York Times, 14 April 1883, 1. 70. Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 233; Short, The Dynamite War, 160–161; Golway, Irish Rebel, 144–157, 164; McGee, The IRB, 105, Cambell, Fenian Fire, 65–74. 71. Puck, vol. 13, no. 321, 2 May 1883, 130. 72. Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Ganville, 5 May 1883, no. 12, FO 5/1861, 229–246 (microfilm reel 23). For coverage of the meeting, see New York Times, 27 September 1882; Ann Larabee, “A Brief History of Terrorism in the United States,” in Technology and Terrorism, ed. David Clarke (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 19–40. 73. Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, 26 January 1884 and 28 August 1886. 74. Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Ganville, 3 July 1883, no. 14, FO 5/1862, 49– 60 (microfilm reel 24); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Ganville, 12 October 1883, no. 18, FO 5/1862, 203–213 (microfilm reel 24); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Ganville, 3 March 1884, no. 5, FO 5/1928, 185–189 (microfilm reel 25). 75. Lionel S. Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 18 August 1884, FO 5/1930, 33–34 (microfilm reel 26). 76. The (Atlanta) Constitution, 8 January 1885. 77. The Times, 7 April 1883; New York Times, 8 April 1883, 1. 78. James J. O’Kelly to John Devoy, 21 September 1882, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 140–143. 79. McGee, The IRB, 107–108. 80. A.M. Sullivan, “Why Send More Irish Out of Ireland?” The Nineteenth Century, vol. 14, no. 77, July 1883, 131–144. 81. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 1846–82, 536–538, 554–555; Davitt quote in Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, 555. 82. Davitt quote in Biagini, British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 1876–1906, 136– 137. 83. The Nation, 8 November 1883, 885. 84. Armstrong, E. L. Godkin and American Foreign Policy, 1865–1900, 155–158; “The United States and the Dynamiters,” The Nation, 29 January 1885, 88. 85. Short, The Dynamite War, 45–61; Comerford, Fenianism in Context, 241. Notes 297

86. Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 4–10; Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel, 211–212. 87. William Mackey Lomasney to John Devoy, March 1881, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 51–52; William Mackey Lomasney to John Devoy, 31 March 1881, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. 2, 56–59. 88. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 327–328, 350. 89. Edward Archibald to Earl Granville, 8 March 1881, no. 11, FO 5/1777, 37–43 (microfilm reel 17); British Consul in Philadelphia Captain Robert C. Clipperton, however, believed that the United Brotherhood, led by Devoy, Carroll, and Breslin, “will not energetically take part in any heinous measures,” in Robert C. Clipperton to Earl Granville, 24 March 1881, no. 7, FO 5/1777, 96–103 (microfilm reel 17). 90. Clutterbuck, “The Progenitors of Terrorism: Russian Revolutionaries or Extreme Irish Republicans?,” 168–171; McGee, The IRB, 120. 91. Richard Pigott, “Irish Murder-Societies,” The Contemporary Review, vol. 43, April 1883, 583–591. 92. T.M. Healy, “Ireland and the Tory Policy,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 34, no. 203, 1 November 1883, 728–731; William Dillon, “Assassination and Dynamite,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 35, no 208, 1 April 1884, 510–521. 93. New York Times, 2 February 1885, 1. 94. New York Tribune, 17 March 1883. 95. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 341. 96. Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 12 October 1883, no. 18, FO 5/1862, 203–213 (microfilm reel 24). 97. New York World, 18 March 1883; The Irishman (Dublin), 8 March 1884. 98. “The Dynamite Guerrilla,” The Christian Union, vol. 31, no. 5, 29 January 1885, 4. 99. New York Tribune, 17 March 1883; New York Tribune, 18 December 1883. 100. New York Evening Post, 19 December 1883. 101. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, 31–34, 57–64; McGee, The IRB, 107–108; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 379. 102. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, no. 8, 6 January 1883, FO 5/1860, 13–15 (microfilm reel 23). 103. New York Times, 6 April 1883, 1; The Nation, vol. 36, no. 928, 12 April 1883, 310–311; Short, The Dynamite War, 102–108; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 349. 104. “The Use of the New Fenian Outrage,” The Spectator, vol. 56, 17 March 1883, 344; “The Government Argument for the Protection Bill,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2027, 1 July 1882, 802–803. 105. Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement, 125–127, in O’Hegarty Collec- tion, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 106. The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 16, 19 April 1883, 305; The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 17, 26 April 1883, 325. 107. FO 5/1862, 98–107 (microfilm reel 24); New York Times, 15 June 1883; Short, The Dynamite War, 136–141, 148–159, 164–172, 193–195; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 350. 108. Edward Winsfield to Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 14 January 1884, FO 5/1928, 20–23 (microfilm reel 25). 109. “What shall be done with Ireland?,” Quarterly Review, vol. 153, no. 306, April 1882, 583–604; “The Paralysis of Government,” Quarterly Review, vol. 154, no. 307, July 1883, 258–291; “The Present and Near Future of Ireland,” Quarterly Review, vol. 159, no. 318, April 1885, 480–497. 298 Notes

110. “The Irish American Suspects,” The Economist, vol. 40, no. 2007, 22 April 1882, 465–466; “The American Irish and the American Government,” The Economist, vol. 41, no. 2070, 28 April 1883, 486–487. 111. Lionel S. Sackville-West to Lord Granville, 9 February 1884, no. 33, FO 5/1928, 87–96 (microfilm reel 25). 112. James R. Lowell to Earl Granville, 16 March 1883, FO 5/1860, 253 (microfilm reel 23). 113. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 29 March 1883, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 146 (reel 142); Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville- West, 14 April 1883, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Notes to Foreign Legations in the United States from the Department of State, 1834–1906, Great Britain [microform], vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48) [hereafter, Notes to Foreign Legations]. 114. Lionel S. Sackville-West to Lord Granville, 3 April 1883, “Private Letters from the British Embassy, 1880–1885,” Annual Report of the American Historical Asso- ciation for the Year 1941, ed. Paul Knaplund and Carolyn M. Clewes, 2 vols (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1941), vol. 1, 175 [here- after Annual Report of the American Historical Association]; Memorandum of Conversation with Mr. Blaine, 1 April 1883, Annual Report of the American Histor- ical Association, vol. 1, 175; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Lord Granville, 17 April 1883, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 176. 115. New York World, 17 March 1883; New York World, 6 April 1883; The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 15, 12 April 1883, 285. 116. The Century, vol. 26, June 1883, 254, 305; New York Times, 18 April 1883; New York Times, 24 April 1883, 4; New York Times, 30 June 1884. 117. “Dynamite Crimes,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 28, 14 March 1884, 167; New York Tribune, 18 March 1883, and 7, 9, and 20 April 1883. 118. “Dynamite,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 29, 24 January 1885, 56–57. 119. The National Police Gazette: New York, vol. 42, no. 294, 12 May 1883, 2. 120. The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 15, 12 April 1883, 285. 121. Edward Self, “The Abuse of Citizenship,” North American Review, vol. 136, June 1883, 545–554. 122. Julius H. Seelye, “Dynamite as a Factor in Civilization,” North American Review, vol. 137, July 1883, 1–7. 123. John Newton, “Modern Explosives,” North American Review, vol. 137, November 1883, 457–468. 124. “An Irish ‘Crank’ – of Unsound Mind; But Harmless,” Puck, vol. 9, no. 231, 10 August 1881, 381–382; Puck, vol. 13, no. 315, 21 March 1883, 34. 125. Maureen Murphy, “Bridget and Biddy: Images of the Irish Servant Girl in Puck Cartoons, 1880–1890,” in New Perspectives on the Irish Diaspora, ed. Charles Fanning (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 152–175. 126. “A Kind of Freedom We will not Tolerate,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper,20 August 1881, vol. 52, no. 1351, 405. 127. Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 3 June 1884, no. 13, FO 5/1929, 259–265 (microfilm reel 25); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 23 September 1884, no. 20, FO 5/1930, 50–57 (microfilm reel 26). 128. New York Times, 21 January 1885. 129. New York Times, 21 June 1884; New York Times, January 28, 1885; Short, The Dynamite War, 176, 184–186, 205–208; Clymer, America’s Culture of Terrorism, 69. Notes 299

130. F.F. Millen to Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, 23 February 1885, Fenian Brotherhood Collection, American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives, box 1, folder 15, http://dspace.wrlc.org/view/ImgViewer?url=http://dspace.wrlc. org/doc/manifest/2041/5052, accessed on 18 September 2005. 131. Malcolm Laing Meason, “The Irish Dynamitards in ,” The Gentlemen’s Magazine, vol. 261, October 1886, 362–374. 132. “The Explosions in London,” The Spectator, vol. 57, 7 June 1884, 733–734; “The Explosions,” The Spectator, vol. 58, no. 2953, 21 January 1885, 141–142. 133. McGee, The IRB, 120–134, 145, 178, 213–218; Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire: The British Government Plot to Assassinate Queen Victoria (London: Harper Collins, 2002), 154. 134. New York Times, 15 August 1886. 135. John J. Clancy, The Irish Question: #5, The “Castle” System (London: The Irish Press Agency, 1886), 18–19, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 136. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1 November 1883, 2. 137. to? Austin, 4 March 1884, Papers of Henry White, Library of Congress, box 2 (microfilm reel 1); Henry White to J.C. Brownsand, 4 Febru- ary 1887, Papers of Henry White, Library of Congress, box 2 (microfilm reel 2); Lionel S. Sackville-West to Lord Granville, 5 June 1883, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, vol. 1, 177. 138. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 1 March 1884, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 149 (reel 145); Henry White to? Tree, 19 September 1888, Papers of Henry White, Library of Congress, box 3 (microfilm reel 3). 139. The (Atlanta) Constitution, 25 January 1885. 140. Short, The Dynamite War, 198–203; Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 251. 141. Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 14 March 1884, no. 804, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 27 (reel 86); A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Pres- idents, ed. James D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897), vol. 10, 4815. 142. New York Tribune, 14 March 1884; The Nation, vol. 38, 20 March 1884, 249; An Act to Regulate the Transportation of Nitro-Glycerine, or Glynoin Oil, and other Substances therein named, United States Statutes-at-Large, vol. 14, chapter 162, sections 1–5 (1866). 143. Washington Republic, 1 March 1884; Washington Post, 1 March 1884; New York Times, 1 March 1884; New York Evening Post, 1 March 1884; New York Tribune,2 March 1884; all included in Lionel S. Sackville-West to Lord Granville, 3 March 1884, no. 57, FO 5/1928, 178–182 (microfilm reel 25). 144. Wittke, The Irish in America, 172–175; Edward M. Levine, The Irish and Irish Politi- cians: A Study of Cultural and Social Alienation (South Bend, IN and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), 112–114; Short, The Dynamite War, 195– 197; O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 38–39, 69; Kenny, The American Irish, 160–162. 145. Beach, Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service, 235; New York Times, 3 December 1884; The State of the Union Messages of the Presidents, 1790–1966, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger and Fred L. Israel, vol. 2 (New York: Chelsea House, 1966), 1498– 1499. 146. Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 79; O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 199; Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 253. 300 Notes

147. Frederick Frelinghuysen to James R. Lowell, 24 November 1884, no. 1029, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 27 (microfilm reel 86). 148. Ibid. 149. Ibid. 150. Ibid. 151. New York Times, 25 January 1885; New York Times, 27 January 1885; Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 253; Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 162. 152. United States Congress, Senate, S. 2578 (24 January 1885), 48 Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2 (24 January 1885), 981; United States Congress, House of Representatives, H.R. 8085 (26 January 1885), 48 Cong., 2 sess. 153. The (Atlanta) Constitution, 4 February 1885. 154. “Dynamite Crimes,” Harper’s Weekly, vol. 29, 7 February 1885, 82. 155. New York Tribune, 27 January 1885. 156. New York Tribune, 28 January 1885. 157. Congress, Senate, Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 24 and 26 January 1885, 983, 996–1000, 26 January 1885; New York Times, January 27, 1885. 158. Hurlbert, Ireland Under Coercion, vol. 1, 251. 159. Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 26 January 1885, 997. 160. Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 26 January 1885, 996–1000. 161. New York Times, 8 May 1884; New York Times, 1 June 1884; New York Times,2 June 1884; New York Times, 2 August 1884; New York Times, 28 December 1884; New York Times, 4 May 1887; North American Review, vol. 141, July 1885, 47–50. 162. Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 26 January 1885, 999. 163. New York Times, 27 and 29 January 1885; The Nation, 6 March 1884, 206, and 20 March 1884, 248–249; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 25 January 1885, 6 and 26 January 1885, 2. 164. Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 26 January and 3 March 1885, 1007, 2572; United States Congress, House of Representatives, 48 Cong., 2 sess., House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report 2690 “Dynamite Explosions in London, England” 3 March 1885. 165. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 26 January 1885, no. 39, FO 5/1930, 178– 185 (microfilm reel 26); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, no. 5, 26 January 1885, FO 5/1930, 190–192 (microfilm reel 26). 166. William J. Hoppin to Henry White, 13 February 1885, folder 12, Papers of Henry White, Library of Congress; Offenses against Foreign and Interstate Commerce, United States Statutes-at-Large, vol. 35, chapter 9, sections 232–236 (1909). 167. The Century, vol. 29, April 1885. 168. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 22 July 1882, no. 293, FO 5/1819, 110– 113 (microfilm reel 21). 169. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 29 April 1883, FO 5/1861, 159–171 (microfilm reel 23). 170. United Irishmen, 11 February 1885; D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 406; Short, The Dynamite War, 217–219. 171. New York Times, 26 January 1885. 172. Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 24 February 1885, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48). 173. New York Times, 4 and 27 January 1885, and 23 February 1885. Notes 301

174. Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 27 June 1885, Letterbook 194, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 6 May 1887, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Letterbook 198, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 24 September 1886, Letterbook 196, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 6 May 1887, Let- terbook 198, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 23 May 1887, Letterbook 198, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 4 December 1888, Letterbook 202, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress. 175. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 162. 176. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 6 June 1884, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 149 (microfilm reel 145). 177. E.J. Phelps to Thomas F. Bayard, 21 May 1885, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 151 (microfilm reel 147); E.J. Phelps to Thomas F. Bayard, 4 February 1888, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 157 (microfilm reel 152). 178. “The Explosions,” The Spectator, vol. 58, no. 2953, 21 January 1885, 141–142; “The New Extradition Treaty,” The Spectator, vol. 59, 24 July 1886, 981–982. 179. “The American Irish and the American Government,” The Economist, vol. 41, no. 2070, 28 April 1883, 486–487. 180. O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 203–205; Short, The Dynamite War, 214–215. 181. Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 1 July 1885, Letterbook 194, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 7 March 1886, Letterbook 195, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress [emphasis in original]; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 21 November 1887, Letter-book 199, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress. 182. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 7 April 1882, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 144 (microfilm reel 140). 183. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 29 April 1883, FO 5/1861, 159–171 (microfilm reel 23). 184. The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 12, 22 March 1883, 225; The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 15, 12 April 1883, 285; The Christian Union, vol. 31, no. 6, 5 February 1885, 1–2. 185. New York World, 1 June 1884; New York World, 25 January 1885 and 26 January 1885. 186. The Nation, 1883, 180, 356, and 6 March 1884, 202–203. 187. New York Tribune, 26 January 1884. 188. The (Atlanta) Constitution, 26 January 1885. 189. Henry Wade Rogers, “Harboring Conspiracy,” North American Review, vol. 138, no. 331, June 1884, 521–534; Lionel S. Sackville-West to Lord Granville, 19 May 1884, FO 5/1929, 143–155 (microfilm reel 25); Pierrepont Edwards to Under- Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 29 May 1884, FO 5/1929, 184 (microfilm reel 25). 190. New York Times, 22 June, 11 July, and 31 July 1881; New York Times,17March 1883; New York Times, 1 and 2 June 1884. 191. O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 203–204. 192. The Christian Union, vol. 27, no. 17, 26 April 1883, 325; The Christian Union, vol. 31, no. 3, 15 January 1885, 2; “The Dynamite Guerrilla,” The Christian Union, vol. 31, no. 5, 29 January 1885. 302 Notes

193. Leroy V. Eid, “Puck and the Irish: ‘The One American Idea’ ,” Éire-Ireland, vol. 11, 1976, 18–35. 194. “The U.S. Hotel Badly Needs a ‘Bouncer’ ,” Puck, vol. 13, no. 316, 28 March 1883, 55–58. 195. “Our Naturalized Innocents Abroad,” Puck, vol. 14, no. 357, 9 January 1884, 292. 196. “Gorilla Warfare und the Protection of the American Flag,” Puck, vol. 15, no. 367, 19 March 1884, 33. 197. Rebecca Edwards, “Politics as Social History: Political Cartoons in the Gilded Age,” Magazine of History, Organization of American Historians, The Gilded Age, vol. 13, no. 4, Summer 1999, 11–15, http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/gilded/ edwards.html, 15 June 2009. 198. William Hunter to James R. Lowell, 31 October 1884, telegram, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. 27 (microfilm reel 86). 199. Thomas F. Bayard to E J Phelps, 1 July 1885, Papers of Thomas F Bayard, Letter- book 194, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 7 March 1886, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Letterbook 195, Library of Congress [emphasis in original]. 200. Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 252–254; O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo- American Relations, 156–167, 211–268. 201. Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 6 May 1887, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Letterbook 198, Library of Congress. 202. Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 7 March 1886, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Let- terbook 196, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 23 May 1887, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Letterbook 198, Library of Congress; Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 4 December 1888, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Letterbook 202, Library of Congress. 203. Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 27 March 1884, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48); Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 24 April 1884, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48); Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 19 May 1884, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48); Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 21 May 1884, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (micro- film reel 48); Frederick Frelinghuysen to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 5 June 1884, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48); Francis Bayard to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 8 May 1885, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 19 (microfilm reel 48). 204. Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 15 February 1882, no. 2, FO 5/1816, 102–108 (microfilm reel 20); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 5 January 1885, no. 1, FO 5/1930, 134 (microfilm reel 26); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 13 January 1885, no. 3, FO 5/1930, 159–163 (micro- film reel 26); Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 12 February 1885, no. 69, FO 5/1931, 41 (microfilm reel 26); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, 16 February 1885, no. 7, FO 5/1931, 50–59 (microfilm reel 26). 205. Lionel Sackville-West to Earl Granville, 14 August 1882, no. 323, FO 5/1819, 257–260 (microfilm reel 22); Robert Charles Clipperton to Earl Granville, no. 4, 12 February 1883, FO 5/1860, 144–152 (microfilm reel 23). 206. E.J. Phelps to Thomas F. Bayard, 24 October 1887, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 156 (reel 151); Thomas F. Bayard to E.J. Phelps, 21 November 1887, Letter-book 199, Papers of Thomas F. Bayard, Library of Congress. Notes 303

207. James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 1 March 1884, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 149 (reel 145); James R. Lowell to Frederick Frelinghuysen, 15 November 1884, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 150 (reel 146). 208. George Crump to Earl Granville, 29 October 1880, no. 8, FO 5/1746, 84–89 (microfilm reel 16). 209. Victor Drummond to Earl Granville, 3 September 1881, no. 265, FO 5/1780, 12–17 (microfilm reel 19). 210. J.D. Porter to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 5 June 1885, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 20 (microfilm reel 49); J.D. Porter to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 1 October 1886, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 20 (microfilm reel 49); Thomas F. Bayard to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 6 October 1886, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 20 (microfilm reel 49); J.D. Porter to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 18 October 1886, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 20 (microfilm reel 49); Thomas F. Bayard to Lionel S. Sackville-West, 23 October 1886, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 20 (microfilm reel 49). 211. Short, The Dynamite War, 37, 169–170; Golway, Irish Rebel, 95, 148; O’Grady, Irish-American and Anglo-American Relations, 176–177. 212. McGee, The IRB, 90. 213. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 147–162; Green, Death in the Haymarket, 360– 361 and especially note 52. 214. Campbell, Fenian Fire, 358–363; McGee, The IRB, 182–189; Kelly, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism, 1882–1916, 16–17, 99–107; Golway, Irish Rebel, 155–180, O Brion, Revolutionary Underground, 60–83. 215. W. R. Hoare to Marquis of Salisbury, 20 May 1887, no. 12, FO 5/2044, 53–58 (microfilm reel 28). 216. Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 83–86; Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 147–154, 162, 171–172; O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo- American Relations, 198, 273–283; Short, The Dynamite War, 225–240; Pletcher, The Awkward Years, 248–249; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 356–383; Laqueur, Terrorism, 69. 217. James Howard Bridge, Uncle Sam at Home (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1888), 181. 218. William T. Snead, The Americanization of the World, or, the Trend of the Twentieth Century (New York [etc.]: H. Markley, 1902), 41. 219. E.J. Phelps to Thomas F. Bayard, 4 February 1888, Diplomatic Despatches, vol. 157 (reel 152). 220. New York Times, 3 December 1884. 221. The State of the Union Messages of the Presidents, vol. 2, 1525, 1639; Gerlach, British Liberalism and the United States, 94.

4 IRA Terrorism Conjoins the Atlantic Community, 1919–1922

1. United States Congress, Senate, Committee on the Philippines, Affairs in the Philippine Islands: Hearings Before the Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, 31 January–28 June 1902, 57 Cong., 1 sess., Doc. 331, pt. 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902), 69–70, 72, 79, 136–137. 2. Brian McAllister Linn, The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1986), 18–26; 304 Notes

Stuart Creighton Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 260; John Coats, “Half Devil and Half Child: America’s War with Terror in the Philippines, 1899–1902,” in Enemies of Humanity: The Nineteenth-Century War on Terrorism, ed. Isaac Land (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 181–202. 3. Peter Hart, The I.R.A. and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1998), 1–18, 71–83, 96–121, 278–315; Peter Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 1916–1923 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 9, 20–22, 47–58, 79–81. 4. Joost Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare: The Experience of Ordinary Volunteers in the Irish War of Independence, 1916–1921 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1996); Charles Townshend, The British Campaign in Ireland, 1919–1921: The Development of Political and Military Policies (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 39; Charles Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars: Counterinsurgency in the Twentieth Century (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1986), 52–53. 5. Joost Augusteijn, “Motivation: Why did the Fight for Ireland?: The Motivation of Volunteers in the Revolution,” in The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923, ed. Joost Augusteijn (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 103–120. 6. Alter, “Traditions of Violence in the Irish Nationalist Movement,” 137– 154; Michael Laffan, “Violence and Terror in Twentieth-Century Ireland,” in Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe, ed. Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Gerhard Hirschfeld (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, in association with Berg Publishers Ltd. for the German Historical Institute, 1982), 155–165. 7. Hart, The I.R.A. and its Enemies, 100; John Borgonovo, Spies, Informers and the “Anti-Sinn Fein Society”: The Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–1921 (Dublin and Portland, OR: Irish Academic Press, 2007), 90, 167–180. 8. Joost Augusteijn, “Accounting for the Emergence of Violent Activism Among Irish Revolutionaries, 1916–1921,” Irish Historical Studies, vol. 35, no. 139 (May 2007), 327–344; Merkl, Political Violence, 352–353, 364; Fathali M. Moghaddam, “Cultural Preconditions for Potential Terrorist Groups: Terrorism and Societal Change,” in Understanding Terrorism: Psychosocial Roots, Consequences, and Inter- ventions, ed. Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004), 107–108; Donald M. Taylor and Winnifred Louis, “Terrorism and the Quest for Identity,” in Understand- ing Terrorism: Psychosocial Roots, Consequences, and Interventions, ed. Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella (Washington, DC: American Psycho- logical Association, 2004), 180; Hart, The I.R.A. and its Enemies, 242–256. 9. Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin, “The Invention of Modern Terror,” in The History of Terrorism: From Antquity to Al Qaeda, ed. Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007), 97. 10. Anderson, Race and Rapprochement, 174–177. 11. Frank Ninkovich, Modernity and Power: A History of the Domino Theory in the Twen- tieth Century (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1994), 8–10; Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order, 27–43; Frank Costigliola, Awkward Domin- ion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984), 17–22. Notes 305

12. E. Berkeley Tompkins, Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890–1920 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970); Robert L. Beisner, Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898–1900 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968). 13. William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903– 1933 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963), 29–35; Frederick Marks, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of (Omaha, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 2–14; William Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the 20th Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 54–55; Eric Rauchway, Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore Roosevelt’s America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003), xii–xiv, passim. 14. Department of State Memorandum, 14 December 1901, Papers of John Hay, Library of Congress (microfilm reel 3). 15. George Louis Beer, The English-Speaking Peoples: Their Future Relations and Joint International Obligations (Macmillan Company: New York, 1917). 16. Joseph Cuddy, Irish-America and National Isolation, 1914–1920 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 2–25; Kendrick Clements, : World Statesman (Boston: Twayne, 1987), 153; Thomas Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Oxford and New York: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1992), viii–ix, 105; Bernadette Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland: From Empire to Independence, 1913–1929 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 28–58, 178–203, 276–278. 17. English, Irish Freedom, 252–277. 18. McGee, The IRB, 272–326; Jason K. Knirck, Imagining Ireland’s Independence: The Debates over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Lit- tlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006), 16–25, 43–48; Kelly, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism, 1882–1916, 73–99, 199, 217–232. 19. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, 390; Gary MacEoin, “The ,” Éire-Ireland, vol. 19, 1974, 3–19; Michael Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Fein Party, 1916–1923 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 268– 280. 20. English, Irish Freedom, 288–291. 21. Ibid., 291–300. 22. Sinn Fein Constitution quote in Peter Hart, Mick: The Real Michael Collins (New York: Viking, 2006), 156. 23. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 1848–1922, 662; Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 18, 58–75, 97–98. 24. Bulmer Hobson, Defensive Warfare: A Handbook for Irish Nationalists (Belfast: The West Belfast Branch of Sinn Fein, 1909), 16–22, 38–51, in O’Hegarty Col- lection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas; Kelly, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism, 1882–1916, 136. 25. Quote in Hugh Hunt, The Abbey: Ireland’s National Theatre, 1904–1978 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1979), 166. 26. Hart, Mick, 201. 27. Éamon de Valera, India and Ireland (New York: Friends of Freedom for India, 1920), Papers of Patrick McCartan, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 6, folder 152, New York Public Library. 28. Knirck, Imagining Ireland’s Independence, 38, 58. 306 Notes

29. Hart, The I.R.A. and Its Enemies, 226–270; Hart, Mick, 209–223. 30. Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 192–193. 31. “Liberty and Assassination,” The Outlook, vol. 123, no. 13, 31 December 1919, 568; New York World, 20 December 1919, 1–2; see also, Walter V. Woehlke, “Ter- rorism in America,” The Outlook, vol. 100, 1912, 359–367; “Dynamiting as a Profession,” The Outlook, vol. 102, 1912, 600–601; “Government by Dynamite,” The Outlook, vol. 103, 1913, 62–65. 32. Hart, The I.R.A. and Its Enemies, 50–51, 65–67, 70–74, 102–104; Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 30–31. 33. “An ‘Apologia’ for Murder,” The Spectator, vol. 123, 13 December 1919, 801–802; “What Should We Do?” The Spectator, vol. 125, 3 July 1920, 5; “Britain, America, and Mischief-Makers,” The Spectator, vol. 126, 26 March 1921, 385–386. 34. Philip Whitwell Wilson, The Irish Case before the Court of Public Opinion (New York and Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1920), 35–36. 35. Hart, Mick, 194–196. 36. “The Irish Imbroglio,” The Spectator, vol. 123, 18 October 1919, 492. 37. “The New Policy in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 124, 22 May 1920, 681–682; “The Condition of Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 14 August 1920, 198–199; “Politics and Murder,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 6 November 1920, 588–589. 38. London Times, 30 November 1920; “If England Only Knew!,” The Argonaut (San Francisco), vol. 88, no. 2288, 29 January 1921, 67. 39. Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, 61–62; Townshend, The British Campaign in Ire- land, 50–64, 205; Hart, Mick, 241–242; Knirck, Imagining Ireland’s Independence, 61–62; William Kautt The Anglo-Irish War, 1916–1921: A People’s War (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999), vii, 104. 40. Fearghal McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy: A Self-Made Hero (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 42, 48–55, 58–73. 41. Hart, Mick, 272; Collins quote on page 59, but see also pages 200 and 220, and chapter 14. 42. Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 142–177, 194–220. 43. The Parliamentary Debates, 135 H.C. Deb. 5th series, 24 November 1920, 487–511. 44. Edward M. Brady, Ireland’s Secret Service in England (Dublin and Cork: The Talbot Press, 1928), 22–96, in O’Hegarty Collection, Spencer Library, University of Kansas. 45. Escouflaire, Ireland, 86, 91. 46. Boston Herald, 30 November 1919. 47. Albert Perry Walker, in consultation with Albert Bushnell Hart, Essentials in English History: From the Earliest Records to the Present Day (orig., 1906; New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book Company, 1919), 473, 512–513. 48. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 April 1920, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of State, Record Group 59, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Great Britain, 1910–1929 [micro- form], 841D.00/180 (microfilm reel 215) [hereafter, Records of the Department of State]; Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 28 January 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/314 (microfilm reel 218); Frederick Dumont to Sec- retary of State, 22 July 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/402 (reel 218). 49. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 28 September 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/243 (microfilm reel 216). Notes 307

50. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 12 November 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/259 (microfilm reel 217). 51. Charles Hathaway to Secretary of State, 1 , Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/22 (microfilm reel 213); John McAndrews to Secretary of State, 19 August 1919, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/82 (microfilm reel 214); John McAndrews to Secretary of State, 17 September 1919, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/90 (microfilm reel 214); John Davis to Secretary of State, 3 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/178 (micro- film reel 215); John W. Davis to Secretary of State, 17 May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/198 (microfilm reel 216). 52. William Kent to Secretary of State, 2 March 1921, ibid., 841D.00/325 (micro- film reel 218); William Kent to Department of State, 23 February 1921, ibid., 841D.00/326 (microfilm reel 218); William Kent to Department of State, 23 March 1921, ibid., 841D.00/336 (microfilm reel 218). 53. Charles Hathaway to Secretary of State, 11 July 1919, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/71 (microfilm reel 214); Charles Hathaway to Secretary of State, 8 December 1919, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/109 (microfilm reel 214); Shay to Secretary of State, 5 January 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/122 (microfilm reel 214); John W. Davis to the Secretary of State, 17 May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/198 (microfilm reel 216); Robert Krammer to the Secretary of State, 17 May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/199 (microfilm reel 216); William Kent to Department of State, 18 May 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/362 (microfilm reel 218). 54. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 February 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/137 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 12 March 1920, ibid., 841D.00/163 (microfilm reel 215); John Davis to Secretary of State, 17 May 1920, ibid., 841D.00/198 (microfilm reel 216). 55. Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland, 247–252, 272–276, 295, 307, 325. 56. John W. Davis to Secretary of State, 29 September 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/238 (microfilm reel 215); Paul Bew, “Collins and Adams, LG and Blair: The Continuity between Washington’s 1921 Irish Policy and Now,” The Spectator, vol. 278, 31 May 1997. 57. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/180 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 16 July 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/214 (microfilm reel 216). 58. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 15 October 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/248 (reel 217). 59. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 July 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/402 (reel 218); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 28 September 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/243 (microfilm reel 217); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 12 November 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/259 (microfilm reel 217). 60. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 2 January 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/119 (microfilm reel 214); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 14 January 1920, ibid., 841D.00/126 (microfilm reel 214); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 20 February 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/147 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 12 March 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/163 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 21 April 1920, Records of the Department 308 Notes

of State, 841D.00/191 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 15 June 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/209 (microfilm reel 216); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 15 October 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/248 (microfilm reel 217); Frederick Dumont to Sec- retary of State, 28 January 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/314 (microfilm reel 218). 61. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 24 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/190 (reel 215); John W. Davis to Secretary of State, 31 May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/204 (reel 216); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 March 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/339 (reel 218); William Kent to Secretary of State, 20 April 1921, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/348 (reel 218); William Kent to Secretary of State, 4 May 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/359 (reel 218). 62. Townshend, The British Campaign in Ireland, 95–101, 113; Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, 63–69. 63. New York World, 24 November 1920, 10. 64. “Irish Terrorists Shoot and Destroy,” New York Evening Post, 13 May 1920, 1. 65. “Civil War in Ireland,” The Independent, vol. 104, no. 3751, 25 December 1920, 431; Rollin Lynde Hartt, “More Irish than Ireland,” The Independent, vol. 20 August 1921, vol. 106, no. 3781, 68; Rollin Lynde Hartt, “The New Negro. When He’s Hit, He Hits Back!,” The Independent, vol. 105, 15 January 1921, 59–76. 66. John R. Rathom to Charles S. Davison, 20 July 1920, Records of the American Defense Society, box 5, folder 5, New York Historical Society. 67. Henry Seidel Canby, “The Irish Mind,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1919, 34–43. 68. Escouflaire, Ireland, 231–232. 69. William MacDonald, “Underground Ireland,” The Nation, vol. 110, no. 2867, 12 June 1920, 800–801; William MacDonald, “ ‘Direct Action’ in Ireland,” The Nation, vol. 110, no. 2868, 19 June 1920, 822–823. 70. Charles H. Grasty, “Irish Realities,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1920, 383–394; New York Times, 9 August and 30 September 1921. 71. Hart, The IRA at War 1916–1923, 194–220; New York Times, 23 June 1922. 72. William Kent to Department of State, 28 June 1922, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/524 (microfilm reel 219). 73. American Vice-Consul in Charge to Department of State, 12 July 1922, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/527 (microfilm reel 219). 74. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 February 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/137 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 12 March 1920, ibid., 841D.00/163 (microfilm reel 215). 75. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland, 182–184, 234. 76. Townshend, The British Campaign in Ireland, 95–101, 113; Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, 63–69; Hart, The I.R.A. and Its Enemies, 54–61, 110; Knirck, Imagining Ireland’s Independence, 58; Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland, 270, 284–291. 77. Hart, Mick, 214, 267–268; McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 660–690. 78. Lee, J.J., Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1989), 43; Sederberg, Terrorist Myths, 59–60; Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and Arms of Mass Destruction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 125. 79. Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland, 292–297. 80. Lord Monteagle Sir Thomas Spring Rice, “The Irish Problem,” Contemporary Review, vol. 118, September 1920, 305–314. Notes 309

81. “The New Policy in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 124, 22 May 1920, 681–682; “The Condition of Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 14 August 1920, 198–199; “Mr. Lloyd George and His Speech,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 16 October 1920, 488–489; “Politics and Murder,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 6 November 1920, 588– 589; “Home Rule and the Doctrine of Murder,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 20 November 1920, 660–661; “The Nemesis of Murder,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 27 November 1920, 692–693; “The Nemesis of Pretence,” The Spectator, vol. 125, 18 December 1920, 804–805; “The Policy and Impolicy in Ireland,” The Spectator, vol. 126, 19 February 1921, 224–225; “Britain, America, and Mischief-Makers,” The Spectator, vol. 126, 26 March 1921, 385–386. 82. McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 691–697. 83. An Administrator, “Irish Administration,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 114, no. 647, 1 November 1920, 749–752. 84. John Lawrence Hammond, The Terror in Action: A Graphic Sketch of Irish Policy from 1914–1921 (London: The Nation and Athenaeum, 1921), 12–15, 31–32. 85. Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 157–166; Alan J. Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relation, 1899–1921 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), 231–246; Francis M. Carroll, American Opinion and the Irish Question, 1910–1923 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1978), 36–89, 157–163; Ernest May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 4–5, 19; Thomas Hachey, Britain and Irish Separatism: From the Fenians to the Free State, 1867–1922 (orig., 1977; Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 1984), 242–255; Kautt, The Anglo-Irish War, 1916–1921, 83. 86. to Alice Stopford Green, 14 September 1914, Papers of Roger Casement, Maloney Collection of the Irish Historical Papers, box 1, folder 10, New York Public Library. 87. Doorley, Irish-American Diaspora Nationalism, 26–80, 92, 123–138. 88. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland, 157–158. 89. Hart, The I.R.A. and Its Enemies, 28, 36–38, 83, 141–142. 90. Clymer, America’s Culture of Terrorism, 182. 91. Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 24, 5 October 1920; Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 34, 16 October 1920; Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 36, 20 October 1920; Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 43, 1 November 1920, all available in the Papers of Patrick McCartan, Mal- oney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 6, folder 156, New York Public Library; Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 53, 9 November 1920; Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 54, 16 November 1920; Irish Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 68, 8 December 1920; all available in the Papers of Patrick McCartan, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 10, folder 157, New York Public Library. 92. “The Type of Mind Which Directed the British Terror in Ireland,” Irish Bul- letin, vol. 5, no. 73, 12 September 1921, Papers of Patrick McCartan, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 10, folder 156, New York Public Library. 93. Keiko Inoue, “Propaganda II: Propaganda of Dail Eireann, 1919–1921,” in The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923, ed. Joost Augusteijn (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, Macmillan 2002), 87–102. 94. Newsletter of the FOIF, vol. 1, no. 40, 2 April 1920 (National Bureau of Infor- mation, Washington, DC); Newsletter of the FOIF, vol. 2, no. 20, 13 November 1920 (National Bureau of Information, Washington, DC); Newsletter of the FOIF, vol. 2, no. 26, 25 December 1920 (National Bureau of Information, Washington, DC), Newsletter of the FOIF, vol. 3, no. 5, 20 July 1921 (National Bureau of Information, Washington, DC), all available in the Papers of Patrick McCartan, 310 Notes

Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 10, folder 153, New York Public Library. 95. Edward F. Dunne, What Dunne Saw in Ireland: The Truth about British Militarism in all Its Brutality (New York: Friends of Irish Freedom, 1919), 26; American Commission on Irish Independence Circular, 24 April 1920, Papers of William J. Maloney, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 7, folder 24, New York Public Library; Wright McCormick, Ireland Under English Intrigue: British Responsibilities for Ulster Disturbances (Friends of Irish Freedom, Pamphlet 25, September 1920), 3–7; Senator La Follette of Wisconsin on Proposed Recognition of Ireland, S.J. Res. 1, United States Congress, Congressional Record (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1921), 67 Cong., special sess., vol. 61, pt. 1 (26 April 1921), 648. 96. Stephen O’Neill, “Ireland Under the English Terror: A Record of Personal Obser- vations” (FOIF Pamphlet 31, December 1921), 3–8; Resolution of Citizens of New York City, Papers of William J. Maloney, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 9, folder 144, New York Public Library. 97. Raymond Edward Turner, Ireland and England in the Past and at Present (New York: Century Co., 1919), vii, 439–444; Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 21 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/191 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 23 April 1921, ibid., 841D.00/351 (microfilm reel 218); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 24 August 1921, ibid., 841D.00/428 (microfilm reel 219). 98. Alice Stopford Green, “The Irish Republican Army,” American Association for the Recognition of the , Pamphlet, no. 36, 1919, Papers of Patrick McCartan, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 10, folder 154, New York Public Library. 99. Katherine Hughes, Ireland (New York: The Donnelly Press, 1918); Katherine Hughes, English Atrocities in Ireland; a Compilation of Facts from Court and Press Records (New York: Friends of Irish Freedom, Inc., 1920), 10–11, 47–60. 100. Teague O’Regan, “The Prussianization of Ireland,” The Nation, vol. 109, no. 2839, 29 November 1919, 678; Francis Hackett, “Hands Off Ireland?” The New Repub- lic, vol. 22, 28 April 1920, 283–284; Francis Hackett, “The Impasse in Ireland,” The New Republic, vol. 24, 13 October 1920, 161–163; Francis Hackett, “The Condition of an Irish Settlement,” The New Republic, vol. 24, 27 October 1920, 205–206. 101. Francis Hackett, Ireland: A Study in Nationalism, 3rd edition (New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1919), vii. 102. The New Republic, vol. 17, 4 January 1919, 263; “A Free Ireland,” The New Republic, vol. 18, 1 March 1919, 132–134. 103. New York Times, 10 November 1920; Lloyd George quote in Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland (orig., 1990; Dublin: Macmillan, 2002), 156. 104. Michael Collins to Arthur Griffith, 14 December 1920, UCDA P150/1900, Docu- ments on Irish Foreign Policy, vol. 1, 1920, no. 125, http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc. asp?DocID=125, 8 October 2008. 105. Hart, The I.R.A. and its Enemies, 100–101. 106. The Parliamentary Debates, 135 H.C. Deb. 5th series, 24 November 1920, 487–494. 107. The Parliamentary Debates, 135 H.C. Deb. 5th series, 24 November 1920, 416–417, 495–511. Notes 311

108. Edward House to Wilson, 7 June 1916, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966–), vol. 37, 168; to Wilson, 3 September 1917, Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 44, 133–134; Extract form diary of Josephus Daniels, 28 May 1918, Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 48, 192; Joseph Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), 393–394; Slocum to Milstaff, 15 June 1918, National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Department of War, General and Special Staffs [WDGS/WDSS], RG 165, Military Intelligence Division Correspondence, 1917–1941, box 1067, 2266-A-60 [hereafter, Military Intelligence Division Correspondence]; John McEdwards to Secretary of State, 10 February 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/142 (microfilm reel 215). 109. George Creel, Ireland’s Fight for Irish Freedom: Setting forth the High Lights of Irish History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), 110, 178. 110. Henry Seidel Canby, “The Irish Mind,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1919, 34–43; Charles Grasty, “Irish Realities,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1920, 383–394. 111. Hamilton Holt, “England and Ireland,” The Independent, vol. 104, no. 3751, 25 December 1920, 428; “Sinn Feiners Kidnap British General,” The Independent, vol. 103, no. 3728, 10 July 1920, 50–51; The Independent, vol. 105, no. 3759, 19 February 1921, 189. 112. “ ‘Cant About Ireland’ ,” The Nation, vol. 108, no. 2811, 17 May 1919, 262–263; Richard Roberts, “Irish Nights,” The Nation, vol. 110, no. 2848, 31 January 1920, 138–140. 113. The New Republic, vol. 23, 2 June 1920, 3; Francis Hackett, “The Impasse in Ireland,” The New Republic, vol. 24, 13 October 1920, 161–163; Francis Hackett, “The Condition of an Irish Settlement,” The New Republic, vol. 24, 27 October 1920, 205–206; The New Republic, vol. 25, 1 December 1920, 3–4; “The Good Name of Britain,” The New Republic, vol. 25, 29 December 1920, 124–125; “Lib- erty by Bayonetting,” The New Republic, vol. 25, 19 January 1921, 216–217; “The Bullying of Ireland,” The New Republic, vol. 27, 20 July 1921, 63; “Does Ireland Matter?” The New Republic, vol. 26, 2 March 1921, 6–8; The New Republic, vol. 26, 13 April 1921, 168. 114. St. John Gaffney to O’Donnell, 1 December 1919, Papers of Joseph McGarrity, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 5, folder 78, New York Public Library; American Federation of Labor Resolution, 22 June 1921, Frank P. Walsh Papers, box 26, New York Public Library. 115. “Cardinal Bourne on Ireland,” The Argonaut (San Francisco), vol. 88, no. 2300, 23 April 1920, 257. 116. “Terrorism in Ireland,” New York Evening Post, 24 September 1920, 8; New York Evening Post, 10 November 1920, 8 117. “Lawlessness and Lynch Law in Ireland,” The Outlook, vol. 126, no. 6, 6 October 1920, 216. 118. New York World, 23 November 1920, 12. 119. Charles Hathaway to Secretary of State, 1 February 1919, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/22 (microfilm reel 213); Frederick Dumont Memorandum 23 December 1919, ibid., 841D.00/115 (microfilm reel 214). 120. Creel, Ireland’s Fight for Irish Freedom, 108. 121. Edward Woods to Secretary of States, May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/195 (microfilm reel 215). 312 Notes

122. Colby to Winslow, 18 August 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/215a (microfilm reel 216). 123. A.C. Geddes to Marquess, 15 September 1921, no. 1001, Annual Report of the United States for 1920, British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, ed. Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron Watt, Part II: From the First to the Second World War, Series C, North America, 1919–1939, ed. D.K. Adams, vol. 1, The Republican Ascendency, January 1919– June 1928 (University of Publications of America, Inc., 1986), 54–57. 124. The New Republic, vol. 22, 19 May 1920, 364; New York Evening Post, 5 May 1920, 8. 125. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 16 July 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/214 (microfilm reel 216); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 March 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/339 (microfilm reel 218). 126. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/180 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 14 May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/197 (microfilm reel 215). 127. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 28 September 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/243 (microfilm reel 217); Frederick Dumont to Sec- retary of State, 20 August 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/232 (microfilm reel 217). 128. Linn, The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 63–85, 133–160. 129. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 12 November 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/259 (microfilm reel 217). 130. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 17 December 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/279 (microfilm reel 217). 131. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 28 September 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/243 (microfilm reel 217). 132. William Kent to Department of State, 16 March 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/333 (microfilm reel 218). 133. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 28 January 1921, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/314 (microfilm reel 218). 134. John W. Davis diary entries for 11 and 17 December 1920, in The Ambassadorial Diary of John W. Davis: The Court of St. James, 1918–1921, ed. Julia Davis and Dolores A. Fleming (Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 1993), 373–375. 135. Mason Mitchell to Secretary of State, 15 December 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/264 (microfilm reel 217); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 March 1921, ibid., 841D.00/339 (microfilm reel 218). 136. William Kent to Secretary of State, 15 June 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/384 (reel 218). 137. John W. Davis to , 23 November 1920, Papers of Robert Lansing, Library of Congress, box 54. 138. Wright to Secretary of State, 30 October 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/251 (microfilm reel 217); Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/340 (microfilm reel 218). 139. Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 19; Hart, Mick, 274–275. 140. New York Times, 9 August and 30 September 1921; “Two Weeks of Terror in Ireland,” The Nation, vol. 113, 6 July 1921, 23–27. Notes 313

141. William Kent to Department of State, 16 March 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/333 (microfilm reel 218); William Kent to Department of State, 23 March 1921, ibid., 841D.00/336 (microfilm reel 218); William Kent to Depart- ment of State, 29 June 1921, ibid., 841D.00/390 (microfilm reel 218); William Kent to Department of State, 14 September 1921, ibid., 841D.00/435 (microfilm reel 219); Norman Davis to Major Kinkaid, et al., 26 January?, Papers of Norman Davis, Library of Congress, box 9. 142. William Kent to Department of State, 15 June 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/384 (reel 218). 143. “Struggle of the , address to Congress of United States from Irish national assembly,” 2 May 1921, United States Congress, Senate, 67 Cong., 1 sess., Doc. 8, 4, in LexisNexis U.S. Serial Set Digital Collection. 144. Thomas Walsh to John McBarron, 10 January 1921, Papers of Thomas Walsh, Library of Congress, folder 190; Thomas Walsh to Judge W.E. Carroll, 31 January 1921, Papers of Thomas Walsh, Library of Congress, folder 190; Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin on Proposed Recognition of Ireland, S.J. Res. 1, Congressional Record, 67 Cong., Special sess., vol. 61, pt. 1 (26 April 1921), 648–651. 145. Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relation, 231–233, 245–246; Carroll, American Opinion and the Irish Question, 157–159, 162–163. 146. “The President and Sinn Fein,” The Argonaut (San Francisco), vol. 87, no. 2282, 18 December 1920, 390; The Independent, vol. 105, no. 3768, 23 April 1921, 430– 431; John W. Davis diary entry for 7 December 1920, in The Ambassadorial Diary of John W. Davis: The Court of St. James, 1918–1921, ed. Julia Davis and Dolores A. Fleming (Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 1993), 370. 147. A.C. Geddes to Marquess, 15 September 1921, no. 1001, Annual Report of the United States for 1920, British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, ed. Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron Watt, Part II: From the First to the Second World War, Series C, North America, 1919–1939, ed. D.K. Adams, vol. 1, The Republican Ascendency, January 1919– June 1928 (University of Publications of America, Inc., 1986), 54–57. 148. New York World, 25 May 1921. 149. Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin on Conditions in Ireland, Congres- sional Record, 67 Cong., 1 sess., vol. 61, pt. 3 (8 June 1921), 2257–2258; Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska on Conditions in Ireland Congressional Record,67 Cong., 1 sess., vol. 61, pt. 3 (20 and 21 June 1921), 2259, 2803–2837. 150. “America and Ireland,” The Argonaut (San Francisco), vol. 88, no. 2306, 4 June 1921, 355–356. 151. Anthony Read, The World on Fire: 1919 and the Battle with Bolshevism (New York: W.W. Norton, 2008), 289–292, 325; Hart, The I.R.A. and Its Enemies, 134–148. 152. Cecil Battine, “The Safety of Ireland,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 109, no. 615, 1 March 1918, 462–469. 153. K. L. Montgomery, “Ireland’s Psychology: A Study of Facts,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 112, no. 634, 1 October 1919, 572–584 [emphasis in original]. 154. K. L. Montgomery, “Ireland’s Psychology: A Study of Facts,” The Fortnightly Review, vol. 112, no. 634, 1 October 1919, 572–584. 155. Richard Dawson, Red Terror and Green (orig., 1920; London: New English Library, 1972), 30–33, 118–143; Philip H. Bagenal, “Irish Unrest Review,” The Edinburgh Review, vol. 233, no. 475, January 1921, 178–195. 314 Notes

156. Great Britain, Foreign Office, Documents Relative to the Sinn Fein Movement (London: His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1921), 38–39. 157. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland, 120, 182–237, 238–256. 158. Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 80. 159. Read, The World on Fire, 1–24, 247–272. 160. J. Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830–1970 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 41; Melvyn Leffler, The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917–1953 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994), 19; Regin Schmidt, Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943 (Copenhagan: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2000), 20, 148–151. 161. Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), chapter 26. 162. United States Congress, “Act to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States” (1903), 32 Statute-at-Large, chapter 1012, §1222; Transmission through the mails of Anarchistic Publications. Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a communication from the Attorney-General rel- ative to the transmission through the mails of certain Anarchistic Publications, 5265 S. Doc. 426, 9 April 1908. 163. United States Congress, House of Representatives, H.R. 11187 “An Act to Exclude and Expel from the United States Aliens who are Members of the Anarchistic and Similar Classes,” 65 Cong., 2 sess., 2 April 1918; United States Statues-at-Large,40 Stat. 1012, Chap., 186 (1918). 164. Congressional Record (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1918), 65 Cong. 2 sess., vol. 56, pt. 8, 21 June 1918, 8113. 165. United States Congress, Senate, “Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings Before a Sub- committee of the Committee on the Judiciary,” 65 Cong., 3 sess., Pursuant to S. Res. 439 and 469, 11 February 1919, to 10 March 1919 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1919). 166. United States Congress, House of Representatives, H.R. 11224, Congressional Record (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1919), 66 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 59, pt. 1, 20 December 1919, 998–1000; New York World, 23 December 1919, 2. 167. Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the ADS, Inc., 4 April 1921, Records of the American Defense Society, box 10, folder 12, New-York Historical Society. 168. “Gov. Coolidge Declares War on Terrorism,” Boston Herald, 28 October 1919. 169. “Russian-Tweedledee and Erin-Tweedledum,” The Nation, vol. 109, no. 2819, 12 July 1919, 31; “The Case for Irish Freedom,” The Nation, vol. 108, no. 2805, 5 April 1919, 489–490; “Sowing the Wind to Reap the Whirlwind,” The Nation, vol. 110, no. 2846, 17 January 1920, 64. 170. Francis Hackett, “The Impasse in Ireland,” The New Republic, vol. 24, 13 October 1920, 161–163; “Terrorism,” The New Republic, vol. 19, 14 June 1919, 201–202. 171. Karl Kautsky, Terrorism and Communism: A Contribution to the Natural History of Revolution, trans. W. H. Kerridg (London: Allen & Unwin, 1920); Kautsky, Ireland, 14–17. 172. Carroll, American Opinion and the Irish Question, 114–148; Francis Carroll, The American Presence in Ulster: A Diplomatic History, 1796–1996 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2005), 121; Arthur Mitchell, Revolution- ary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann, 1919–1922 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1995), 176–179; Edward Cuddy, “ ‘Are the Bolsheviks Any Worse than the Irish?’: Notes 315

Ethno-Religious Conflict in America during the 1920s,” Éire-Ireland, vol. 11, 1976, 13–32; Peter Emmett J. O’Connor, “ in the United States, 1914–1923,” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 37, 2002, 183–196. 173. Congressional Record, 66 Cong., 1 sess., vol. 58, pt. 7 (16 October 1919), 7006. 174. Charles Hathaway to Secretary of State, 11 July 1919, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/71 (microfilm reel 214); ibid., 8 December 1919, 841D.00/109 (microfilm reel 214); William Cox Redfield to Wilson, 22 November 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 53, 179. 175. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 21 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/191 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 14 May 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/197 (microfilm reel 215). 176. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 16 July 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/214 (microfilm reel 216). 177. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 15 September 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/214 (microfilm reel 217). 178. “The Death of MacSwiney,” The Argonaut (San Francisco), vol. 87, no. 2275, 30 October 1920, 273–274. 179. William MacDonald, “Will Sinn Fein Succeed?” The Nation, vol. 110, no. 2869, 26 June 1920, 846a–847a. 180. Roland Hugins, “Militant Minorities,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 123, no. 5, May 1919, 701–705. 181. Turner, Ireland and England, 120, 152, 247. 182. “The Remedy for Radicalism,” The Outlook, vol. 124, no. 3, 21 January 1920, 99–100. 183. William T. Hornaday, “The Lying Lure of Bolshevism” (Pamphlet Series no. 35, New York City, American Defense Society, November 1919), 8–20, Records of the American Defense Society, box 12, New-York Historical Society. 184. “American Defense,” no. 15, 16 June 1919, Records of the American Defense Society, box 12, New-York Historical Society. 185. Francis Ralston Welsh memo to ADS Chairman Charles S. Davison, October 1919, Records of the American Defense Society, box 10, folder 3, New-York His- torical Society; Francis Ralston Welsh to Sen. George H. Moses, 31 December 1919, Records of the American Defense Society, box 4, folder 8, New-York His- torical Society; Francis Ralston Welsh to Charles S. Davison, 22 September 1921, Records of the American Defense Society, box 6, folder 8, New-York Historical Society. 186. Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland, 295, 315–316. 187. Woodrow Wilson to William Gibbs McAdoo, 16 January 1918, Link (ed.), The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46:5. 188. Wilson, The Irish Case before the Court of Public Opinion, 82–105: Philip Whitwell Wilson, “The Irish Question From an English Liberal’s Point of View,” The Outlook, vol. 124, no. 17, 28 April 1920, 752–753. 189. New York Evening Post, 26 November 1920, 6; “Sinn Fein versus America,” The Argonaut (San Francisco), vol. 87, no. 2280, 4 December 1920, 353; Los Angeles Times, 12 December 1920. 190. Harold Spender, “Ireland: A Plea for Conciliation,” Contemporary Review, vol. 119, March 1921, 299–309; A.G. Gardiner, “Anglo-American Issues,” Con- temporary Review, vol. 118, November 1920, 609–618; A.G. Gardiner, The Anglo-American Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1920), 47–48. 316 Notes

191. Facts about Ireland: For Consideration of American Citizens by Delegates of the Protes- tant Churches of Ireland (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Protestant Federation, 1920); New York World, 11 April 1920, 18. 192. Boston Herald, 13 October 1919. 193. Turner, Ireland and England, 386–448. 194. Alfred L.P. Dennis, “Ireland and the Outside World,” Atlantic Monthly, February 1920, 234–244. 195. Marie Veronica Tarpey, The Role of Joseph McGarrity in the Struggle for Irish Indepen- dence (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 106–107; Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relation, 231–234, 245–246; Carroll, American Opinion and the Irish Question, 157– 159, 162–163; Mary Kelly, The Shamrock and the Lily: The New York Irish and the Creation of a Transatlantic Identity, 1845–1921 (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2005), 169–170, note 79. 196. to Eamon de Valera, 5 August 1921, DFA ES Box 27 File 158, Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, vol. 1, 1921, no. 103, http:// www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=103, 8 October 2008. 197. Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland, 310–320. 198. Annual Report of the United States for the Year ending 1921, British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print,ed. Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron Watt, Part II: From the First to the Second World War, Series C, North America, 1919–1939, ed. D.K. Adams, vol. 1, The Republican Ascendency, January 1919–June 1928 (University of Publications of America, Inc., 1986), 141–145. 199. Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland, 321–329. 200. Knirck, Imagining Ireland’s Independence, 52. 201. Francis Carroll, Money for Ireland: Finance, Diplomacy, Politic, and the First Dáil Éireann Loan, 1919–1936 (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2002), 15–26, 89. 202. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland, 213. 203. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/180 (microfilm reel 215); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 15 June 1920, ibid., 841D.00/209 (microfilm reel 216); Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 March 1921, ibid., 841D.00/339 (reel 218). 204. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 March 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/339 (microfilm reel 218); Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/340 (microfilm reel 218). 205. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 9 June 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/381 (microfilm reel 218); Charles Hughes to Frederick Dumont, 1 July 1921, ibid., 841D.00/381 (microfilm reel 218). 206. Frederick Dumont to Secretary of State, 22 July 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/402 (reel 218). 207. Memo of conversation between Norman Davis and British Ambassador, 14 December 1920, Papers of Norman Davis, Library of Congress, box 9; Freder- ick Dumont to Secretary of State, 5 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/180 (microfilm reel 215). 208. John R. Rathom to Charles S. Davison, 20 July 1920, Records of the American Defense Society, box 5, folder 5, New-York Historical Society. 209. Roger Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 26 January 1914, Papers of Roger Case- ment, Maloney Collection of Irish Historical Papers, box 1, folder 8, New York Public Library [emphasis in original]. 210. John Davis to Secretary of State, 27 January 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/123 (microfilm reel 214); John Davis to Secretary of State, 4 Notes 317

February 1921, ibid., 841D.00/299 (microfilm reel 218); Harvey to Secretary of State, 3 June 1921, ibid., 841D.00/360 (microfilm reel 218); Harvey to Secretary of State, 20 June 1921, ibid., 841D.00/370 (microfilm reel 218); J. Moyle to Sec- retary of State, 20 June 1921, ibid., 841D.00/372 (microfilm reel 218); Report of F.G. Caskey, 18 June 1921, Washington, DC, National Archives and Records Administration, Department of Justice, Records of the Federal Bureau of Inves- tigation, Investigative Case Files of the Bureau, 1908–1922, RG 65, M1085, file 202-600-9 (microfilm reel 921) [hereafter, FBI Investigative Case Files]; Memo to J.E. Hoover, 18 July 1921, ibid., file 52–505 (microfilm reel 910). 211. Pollard, The Secret Societies of Ireland, 205–208; J. Bowyer Bell, “The in Ireland, 1921,” Irish Sword, vol. 8, 1967, 102–108; Tarpey, The Role of Josephy McGarrity in the Struggle for Irish Independence, 140–141; Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 181–193 212. John Davis to Winslow, 21 June 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/205a (microfilm reel 216); John Davis to Secretary of State, 22 June 1920, ibid., 841D.00/206 (microfilm reel 216); Wright to Secretary of State, 24 August 1920, ibid., 841D.00/221 (microfilm reel 216); Charles Grasty, “Irish Realities,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1920, 383–394. 213. Report of William Sausels, 20 November 1920, Jacksonville, FL, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-10 (microfilm reel 922); Report of James Wynn, 2 April 1921, Washington, DC, ibid., file 202-600-216 (microfilm reel 926); J.E. Hoover to W.L. Hurley, 19 November 1920, ibid., file 202-600-288 (microfilm reel 927); Geoffrey R. Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004), 249. 214. “Britain and America,” The Spectator, vol. 126, 28 May 1921, 672–673; “America and Britain: A Clean Slate,” The Spectator, vol. 127, 20 May 1922, 612–613. 215. March 1919, Memo for Herter, Current Intelligence Division, American Section, Papers of Henry White, Library of Congress; Report of F.G. Caskey, 3 September 1921, Washington, DC, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-9 (reel 921) 216. Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland, 304–305, 336–307. 217. Casper Whitney to?, 17 June 1921, Records of the American Defense Society, box 6, folder 7, New-York Historical Society; Report of F.G. Caskey, 11 July 1921, Washington, DC, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-9 (reel 921). 218. Ward, Ireland and Anglo-American Relation, 144–156, 190–207; Cuddy, Irish- America and National Isolationism, 155–169, 181, 209–215; Carroll, American Opinion and the Irish Question, 102–122, 139–140; Golway, Irish Rebel, 243–249. 219. Slocum to Milstaff, 15 June 1918, Military Intelligence Division Correspon- dence, box 1067, 2266-A-60; Assistant Chief of Staff for Military Intelligence to Director of Military Intelligence Division, 17 June 1921, Military Intelli- gence Division Correspondence, box 2865, 10110-PP-51-1; Attorney General to Robert Lansing, 4 December 1919, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/103 (microfilm reel 214); John Davis to Secretary of State, 17 May 1920, ibid., 841D.00/198 (microfilm reel 216); Robert Krammer to Secretary of State, 17 May 1920, ibid., 841D.00/199 (microfilm reel 216); Report of G.P. Putnam, 21 June 1918, New York City, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-504 (microfilm reel 929). 220. Assistant Chief of Staff for Military Intelligence to Director of Military Intelli- gence Division, 17 June 1921, Military Intelligence Division Correspondence, box 2865, 10110-PP-51-1; New York Times, 27 April 1921. 221. John W. Davis to Secretary of State, 3 April 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/178 (microfilm reel 215). 318 Notes

222. Schmidt, Red Scare, 20, 40; David Williams, “The Bureau of Investigation and Its Critics, 1919–1921: The Origins of Federal Political Surveillance,” Journal of American History, vol. 68, 1981, 560–579. 223. Whelan, United States Foreign Policy and Ireland, 263–265. 224. Harry M. Daugherty, “Respect for Law: Certain Theories of Political Philosophy, Tending to Undermine this Essential Fact of Our Civilization, which have been Actively Asserted since the World War Ended,” American Bar Association Journal, vol. 7, October 1921, 505–509. 225. Edward Swann to Department of State, 17 February 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/132 (microfilm reel 214); Alvey Adee to Edward Swann, 27 February 1920, ibid., 841D.00/132 (microfilm reel 214); John Davis to Secretary of State, 4 February 1921, ibid., 841D.00/299 (microfilm reel 218); Harvey to Sec- retary of State, 20 June 1921, ibid., 841D.00/370 (microfilm reel 218); J. Moyle to Secretary of State, 20 June 1921, ibid., 841D.00/372 (microfilm reel 218); Report of F.G. Caskey, 18 June 1921, Washington, DC, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-9 (microfilm reel 921). 226. Report of F.G. Caskey, 14 December 1920, Washington, DC, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-9 (microfilm reel 921); Report of G. Leslie Darden, 31 December 1921, Pensacola, FL, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-10 (microfilm reel 922); Report of William Sausels, 20 November 1920, Jacksonville, FL, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-10 (microfilm reel 922); FBI Inves- tigative Case Files, file 202-600-216 (microfilm reel 926); FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-1617 (microfilm reel 938); Report of H.J. Lenon, Pittsburgh, PA, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-1768 (microfilm reel 939); Report of James Wynn, 2 April 1921, Washington, DC, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-216 (microfilm reel 926); Report of F.G. Caskey, 14 April 1921, Washington, DC, FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-9 (microfilm reel 921). 227. FBI Investigative Case Files, file 202-600-882 (microfilm reel 935). 228. Edward Swann to Department of State, 17 February 1920, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/132 (microfilm reel 214); Alvey A. Adee to Edward Swann, 27 February 1920, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/132 (microfilm reel 214). 229. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government in Ireland, 269; Hart, Mick, 203–206. 230. Frederick Dumont to the Secretary of State, 9 June 1921, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/381 (microfilm reel 218); Charles E. Hughes to Frederick Dumont, 1 July 1921, Records of the Department of State, 841D.00/381 (microfilm reel 218). 231. William P. Kent to Department of State, 14 September 1921, Records of the Depart- ment of State, 841D.00/435 (microfilm reel 219); William P. Kent to Department of State, 5 October 1921, ibid., 841D.00/439 (microfilm reel 219); William P. Kent to Department of State, 30 November 1921, ibid., 841D.00/458 (microfilm reel 219). 232. Karen McElrath, Unsafe Haven: The United States, the IRA, and Political Prisoners (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2000), 7–20.

Conclusion

1. Mark Nicholls, Investigating the Gunpowder Plot (Manchester: Manchester Uni- versity Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991); Frank Neal, Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience, 1819–1914: An Aspect of Anglo-Irish History (Manchester: Manchester University Press; New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1988). Notes 319

2. Ian K. Steele, Warpaths: Invasions of North American (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 92–93, 102, 116–118, 140, 197–206, 221–222, 241; John Shy, APeo- ple Numerous and Armed: Reflection on the Military Struggle for American Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), chapter 9; Jeffery J. Crow, “Liberty Men and Loyalists: Disorder and Disaffection in the North Carolina Backcoun- try,” in An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the , ed. Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate and Peter J. Albert (Charlottesville: Published for the U.S. Capitol Historical Society by the University of Virginia Press, 1985), 125–178; Walter Edgar, Partisans and Redcoats: The Southern Conflict that Turned the Tide of the American Revolution (orig., 2001; New York: Harper Collins, 2003), 62, 101, 131–142; John W. Gordon, South Carolina and the American Revolution: A Bat- tlefield History (orig., 2003; Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007), chapter 5. 3. Fellman, Inside War, chapter 2; Neely, Jr., The Civil War and the Limits of Destruction, chapter 2. 4. Trelease, White Terror; Green, Death in the Market. 5. Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States & the Philippines (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 130–145, 416. 6. English, Irish Freedom, 131–132; Christine Kinealy, “At Home with Empire: The Example of Ireland,” in At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World, ed. Catherine Hall and Sonya O. Rose (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 77–100. For the larger historiographical debate see, Was Ireland a Colony? Economics, Politics and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Terence McDonough (Dublin and Portland, OR: Irish Academic Press, 2005). 7. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theo- ries of Nations and Nationalism (London: Routledge, 1998), 1; R. Taras, Liberal and Illiberal Nationalism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), xii. 8. Victor Kiernan, “The British Isles: Celt and Saxon,” in The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, ed. Mikuláš Teich and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 1–34. 9. Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), see especially chapters 4–10. 10. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peo- ples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), 254; David N. Doyle, Irish Americans: Native Rights and National Empires: The Structure, Divi- sions, and Attitudes of the Catholic Minority in the Decade of Expansion, 1890–1901 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 273–285. 11. Senator La Follette of Wisconsin on Proposed Recognition of Ireland, S.J. Res. 1, Congressional Record, 67 Cong., special sess., vol. 61, pt. 1 (26 April 1921), 651. 12. Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of Empire, 89–95; McElrath, Unsafe Haven, 51–53, 114–119. 13. Claire Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981); George Schultz, “Terrorism: The Prob- lem and the Challenges, June 13, 1984,” United States Department of State, Office of Public Communication (Washington: Department of State, 1984); George Schultz, “Terrorism and the Modern World,” U.S. Department of State Bulletin, vol. 84, 12– 17, December 1984; Ronald Reagan, “The New Network of Terrorists States,” U.S. Department of State Bulletin, vol. 85, no. 7, August 1985. 14. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Knopf, 2006). 15. Levitt, Targeting Terror, 45. Bibliography

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Secondary Books and Monographs

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Articles and Chapter Essays

Alter, Peter. “Traditions of Violence in the Irish Nationalist Movement.” In Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe. Edited by Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Gerhard Hirschfeld. London and Basingstoke: Macmil- lan, in association with Berg Publishers Ltd. for the German Historical Institute, 1982. Augusteijn, Joost. “Accounting for the Emergence of Violent Activism Among Irish Revolutionaries, 1916–1921.” Irish Historical Studies, 35:139, May 2007: 327–344. Bandura, Albert. “Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement.” In Origins of Terrorism: Psy- chologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind. Edited by Walter Reich. orig., 1990; Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Bell, J. Bowyer. “The Thompson Submachine Gun in Ireland, 1921.” Irish Sword,8, 1967: 102–108. 336 Bibliography

Boyce, D.G. “Introduction.” In The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923. Edited by D.G. Boyce. London: Macmillan, 1988. Brown, Thomas N. “The Origins and Character of Irish-American Nationalism.” The Review of Politics, 18, July 1956: 327–358. Brundage, David. “ ‘In Time of Peace, Prepare for War’: Key Themes in the Social Thought of New York’s Irish Nationalists, 1890–1916.” In The New York Irish. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meager. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996. Chaliand, Gérard and Arnaud Blin. “Zealots and Assassins.” In The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. Edited by Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007. ———. “Manifestations of Terror Through the Ages.” In The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. Edited by Gérard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007. Clutterbuck, Lindsay. “The Progenitors of Terrorism: Russian Revolutionaries or Extreme Irish Republicans?” Terrorism and Political Violence, 16 (Spring 2004): 154–181. Coats, John. “Half Devil and Half Child: America’s War with Terror in the Philippines, 1899–1902.” In Enemies of Humanity: The Nineteenth-Century War on Terrorism. Edited by Isaac Land. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Conley, Carolyne A. “War Among Savages: Homicide and Ethnicity in the Victorian United Kingdom.” Journal of British Studies, 44 (October 2005): 775–795. Costigan, Giovanni. “The Treason of Sir Roger Casement.” American Historical Review, 60, January 1955: 285. Connolly, S.J. “Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Colony or ancien régime?” In The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy. Edited by D. George Boyce and Alan O’Day. London: Routledge, 1996. ———. “The Whiteboy Movement, 1761–1765.” Irish Historical Studies, 21, March 1978: 20–54. Crenshaw, Martha. “Thoughts on Relating Terrorism to Historical Contexts.” In Terror- ism in Context. Edited by Martha Crenshaw. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. ———. “The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice.” In Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind. Edited by Wal- ter Reich. orig., 1990; Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Crow, Jeffery J. “Liberty Men and Loyalists: Disorder and Disaffection in the North Carolina Backcountry.” In An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the Amer- ican Revolution. Edited by Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate and Peter J. Albert. Charlottesville: Published for the U.S. Capitol Historical Society by the University of Virginia Press, 1985. Cuddy, Edward. “ ‘Are the Bolsheviks Any Worse than the Irish?’: Ethno-Religious Conflict in America during the 1920s.” Éire-Ireland, 11, 1976: 13–32. Dugard, John. “International Terrorism: Problems of Definition.” International Affairs, 50, January 1974: 67–81. Duff, J.B. “The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans.” Journal of American History, 40, December 1968: 585. Edwards, Rebecca. “Politics as Social History: Political Cartoons in the Gilded Age.” Magazine of History, Organization of American Historians, The Gilded Age, 13: 4, Summer 1999: 11–15. Online version: http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/ gilded/edwards.html, 15 June 2009. Bibliography 337

Eid, Leroy V. “Puck and the Irish: ‘The One American Idea’.” Éire-Ireland, 11, 1976: 18–35. Fields, Barbara J. “Ideology and Race in American History.” In Region, Race and Recon- struction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward. Edited by J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Fitzgerald, David. “Ireland and the Empire.” In Oxford History of the British Empire, General Editor William Roger Louis, 5 Vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998– 1999. vol. 3. The Nineteenth Century. Edited by Andrew Porter. 1999. Flory, Maurice. “International Law: An Instrument to Combat Terrorism.” In Terrorism and International Law. Edited by Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. Foner, Eric. “Class, Ethnicity and Radicalism in the Gilded Age: The Land League in Irish America.” In Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. Edited by Eric Foner. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Green, E.R.R. “The Fenians Abroad.” In Secret Societies in Ireland. Edited by T. Desmond Williams. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973. Haire, David N. “In Aid of the Civil Power, 1868–1890.” In Ireland under the Union: Varieties of Tension: Essays in Honour of T W Moody. Edited by F.S.L. Lyons and R.A. J. Hawkins. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Harre, Rom. “The Social Construction of Terrorism.” In Understanding Terrorism: Psy- chosocial Roots, Consequences, and Interventions. Edited by Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004. Hartigan, Maureen, Alan O’Day and Roland Quinault. “Irish Terrorism in Britain: A Comparison Between the Activities of the Fenians in the 1860s and Those of Republican Groups since 1972.” In Ireland’s Terrorist Dilemma. Edited by Yonah Alexander and Alan O’Day. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. Hawkins, Richard. “Government versus Secret Societies in the Parnell Era.” In Secret Societies in Ireland. Edited by T. Desmond Williams. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973. Hewitt, Christopher. “Patterns of American Terrorism, 1955–1998: An Historical Per- spective on Terrorism and Related Fatalities.” Terrorism and Political Violence, 12, Spring 2000: 1–14. Higgins, Rosalyn. “The General International Law of Terrorism.” In Terrorism and Inter- national Law. Edited by Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. Inoue, Keiko. “Propaganda II: Propaganda of Dail Eireann, 1919–1921.” In The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923. Edited by Joost Augusteijn. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Jenkins, Brian M. “The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems.” RAND Corporation Report P-6563, December 1980. Johnpoll, Bernard K. “Perspectives on Political Terrorism in the United States.” In International Terrorism: National, Regional, and Global Perspectives. Edited by Yonah Alexander. New York, Washington, DC, and London: Praeger, 1976. Kenny, Kevin. “Ireland and the British Empire: An Introduction.” In Ireland and the British Empire. Edited by Kevin Kenny. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Kenny, Kevin. “Race, Violence, and Anti-Irish Sentiment in the Nineteenth Century.” In Making the Irish American: History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States. Edited by J.J. Lee and Marion R. Casey. New York and London: New York University Press, 2006. 338 Bibliography

Kiernan, Victor. “The British Isles: Celt and Saxon.” In The National Question in Europe in Historical Context. Edited by Mikuláš Teich and Roy Porter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Kramer, Paul A. “Empires, Exceptions, and Anglo-Saxons: Race and Rule between the British and the United States Empires, 1880–1910.” Journal of American History, 88:4, March 2002: 1315–1353. Laffan, Michael. “Violence and Terror in Twentieth-Century Ireland.” In Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe. Edited by Wolf- gang J. Mommsen and Gerhard Hirschfeld. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, in association with Berg Publishers Ltd. for the German Historical Institute, 1982. Larabee, Ann. “A Brief History of Terrorism in the United States.” In Technology and Terrorism. Edited by David Clarke. Transaction Publishers, 2004. Leary, William M. “Woodrow Wilson, Irish Americans, and the Election of 1916.” Journal of American History, 54:1, June 1967: 57–72. Lee, Joseph. “The Ribbonmen.” In Secret Societies in Ireland. Edited by T. Desmond Williams. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973. MacEoin, Gary. “The Irish Republican Army.” Éire-Ireland, 19, 1974: 3–19. Maxwell, K.R. “Irish-Americans and the Fight for Treaty Ratification.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 31:4, Winter 1967–8: 620–641. McCord, Norman. “The Fenians and Public Opinion in Great Britain.” In Feni- ans and Fenianism. Edited by Maurice Harmon. orig., 1968; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970. Messer, Peter C. “Feel the Terror: Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France.” In Enemies of Humanity: The Nineteenth-Century War on Terrorism. Edited by Isaac Land. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Miller, K.A. “Class, Culture, and Immigration Group Identity in the United States: The Case of Irish-American Ethnicity.” In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics. Edited by Virginia Yans-McLaughlin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Miller, Martin A. “The Intellectual Origins of Modern Terrorism in Europe.” In Ter- rorism in Context. Edited by Martha Crenshaw. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Moghaddam, Fathali M. “Cultural Preconditions for Potential Terrorist Groups: Terrorism and Societal Change.” In Understanding Terrorism: Psychosocial Roots, Consequences, and Interventions. Edited by Fathali M. Moghaddam and Anthony J. Marsella. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004. Morrow, Rising Lake. “The Making of the Anglo-American Treaty of 1870.” American Historical Review, 39, July 1934: 663–681. Murphy, Maureen. “Bridget and Biddy: Images of the Irish Servant Girl in Puck Car- toons, 1880–1890.” In New Perspectives on the Irish Diaspora. Edited by Charles Fanning. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000. Neidhardt, W.S. “The American Government and the Fenian Brotherhood: A Study in Mutual Political Opportunism.” Ontario History, 64, 1972: 27–44. Nowlan, Kevin B. “The Fenians at Home.” In Secret Societies in Ireland. Edited by T. Desmond Williams. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973. O’Connor, Peter Emmett J. “James Larkin in the United States, 1914–1923.” Journal of Contemporary History, 37, 2002: 183–196. O’Day, Alan. “Irish Nationalism and American Relations in the Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” In Anglo-American Attitudes: From Revolution to Bibliography 339

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9/11 attacks, 2 Archibald, Edward, 87, 90, 120, 137, Abbott, Lyman, 103, 177 139–40 Act of Union (1800–1801), 7, 29, 117, Argonaut, 220, 228, 235–6 255 Arnold-Forster, H. O., 116 Adams, Charles Francis, 39, 45, 60–1, 99 Arthur Administration, 118, 142, 156–7, Adee, Alvey A., 174 159, 165–6, 168, 173, 176, 183 agrarianism, 18, 66–7, 69–76, 78–80, Arthur, Chester A., 124, 146, 180, 185 82–6, 90–1, 93, 95, 98–100, 103–6, Asquith, Herbert Henry, 202, 218 109–11, 114–16, 125, 127, 203, 230 Atlanta Constitution, The, 106, 119, 150, Alabama Claims, 25, 45, 178 165, 178 Alabama, C.S.S., 41, 141 Atlantic Community, 9 American Association for the Atlantic Monthly, 55, 113, 236 Recognition of the Irish Republic, 214, 238, 245 Bagenal, Philip H., 82, 112–13, 230 American Catholic Quarterly Review, 112 Banks, Nathaniel P., 40, 59–60 American Commission on Conditions in Barrows, B.H., 90 Ireland (Villard Commission), 208, Battine, Cecil, 228 227, 247 Bayard, Thomas, 125, 169, 171–2, 174, American Defense Society (ADS), 203, 176, 178, 181–2 207, 224, 232–3, 237–8, 244, 246 Beach, Thomas Miller, 86–7, 133, 136 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 220 Becker, Bernard Henry, 82, 95 Anarchist Exclusion Act (1903), 231–2 Beecher, Henry Ward, 87–8, 93, 103, 177 Ancient Order of Hibernians, 89, 111, Beer, George Louis, 194 195 Bell, J. Franklin, 223 Anderson, Robert, 49–50, 116, 156 Berkman, Alexander, 238 Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 21, 189, Black and Tans, 210–12, 217, 222, 225, 252, 263 227, 247 Anglo-Irish War (1919–1922), 21, 33, Blaine, James, 141–2, 144, 158, 166, 50–1, 112, 118, 189, 191, 196, 198, 181, 183 202–3, 210, 213–14, 216, 220, 222, Blaine-Pauncefote Extradition Treaty 240, 243–4, 249 (1890), 181 Anglo-Saxonism, 4–5, 7–11, 16, 18–19, Bloody Sunday (1920), 20, 205, 217–18 22, 24, 26–8, 31, 33, 36, 42, 44, 47–8, Blythe, Ernest, 197–8 51–2, 55–6, 59, 61, 63, 66–8, 75–7, Boers, 135, 213 82–3, 86, 88–90, 92–3–103, 105, 108, Boland, Harry, 242 110, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 121, 123–6, Boland, Michael, 148, 162 130, 132, 136, 141, 148, 151, 154–5, Borah, William E., 227 157–8, 160–2, 164, 168, 171, 173–4, Boston Herald, 233, 240 178–81, 184–5, 187, 189–94, 199, 203, Boxall, George E., 95–6, 126 205, 209, 212–14, 217, 219–21, boycotting, 15, 67, 81, 95, 100, 102–5, 226–30, 232–8, 240, 244–9, 251, 118, 125, 197, 222 253–5, 257–65 Brady, Edward, 202 An tOglach, 197 Breslin, John J., 147

340 Index 341

Brewster, Benjamin H., 165–6 Colby, Bainbridge, 221–2, 235 Bridge, James Howard, 185 Cold War, 1–3, 9, 22, 250 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 58, 103–5, 164, Coleridge, John Drake, 156 171–2 Colfax, Schuyler S., 63, 99 Brooks, Edward, 91–2, 99–102, 106–7, Collins, Jerome, 131 111, 145 Collins, Michael, 200–2, 204–5, 217, Bruce, Frederick, 36, 38 243, 248–9 Bruce, Henry, 49 Collins, Patrick A., 105, 154 Bryce, James, 93, 104 Condon, Edward O’Meagher, 43, 60, 149 Bureau of Investigation, 245–7 Contemporary Review,52 Burgess, John William, 98 Coolidge, Calvin, 233 Burke, Edmund, 35–6 Cowper, Earl of, 85 Burke, Ricard O’Sullivan, 36, 46, 50 Cox, S.S., 145–6 Burke, Thomas, 85, 114, 116 Creel, George, 219, 221 Bush, George W., 2 Creighton, Robert J., 123–4 Crime Special Branch, 118 Cairo Gang, 200–1, 204, 211, 217–18, Croke Park Massacre (1920), 20, 217, 226 221, 225–6 Canadian Raids (1866, 1870), 36, 253 Croly, Herbert, 220 Canby, Henry Seidel, 207–8, 219 Cronin, Patrick H., 134, 253 Captain Moonlight, 69, 79 Crozier, Frank Pearce, 227–8 Carbonari, 159 Crump, George W., 89, 139 Carey, James, 124 , 132 Caribbean, 26, 156, 193, 239, 241 Carnegie, Andrew, 93, 185 Carroll, William, 147 Daily News, 82, 95, 200, 239 Casement, Roger, 213–14, 244–5 Daily Telegraph, The, 47, 52 Cavendish, Frederick, 85, 114, 116, Daugherty, Harry M., 247–8 118, 120 Daunt, William J. O’Neill, 50–1, 53, Century, The, 93, 103, 158, 172 116–17 Chamberlain, Joseph, 182–3 Davis, John W., 204–6, 255–7 Chester Castle Raid (1867), 24, 34, 41–2, Davitt, Michael, 70–1, 82, 85, 90, 103, 71, 154 110, 114–15, 135, 147, 151 Chicago Tribune, 57–8 Dawson, Richard, 229–30 Christian Union, The, 87, 93, 103, 112, Deasy, Timothy, 41–2 119, 146, 154, 156, 158, 160, 177, Derby Ministry, 49 180, 199 de Valera, Éamon, 198, 200–1, 214, Clan-na-Gael, 19, 34, 42, 86, 120, 130, 242, 244 131–2, 138, 141, 148–9, 151–2, 156–7, Devoy, John, 38, 54, 60, 86, 132, 135–7, 162, 164, 166, 173, 183–4, 196, 214, 147, 150–2, 162, 164, 214 247, 253 Dillon, John, 115 Clarendon, Earl of, 36, 59 Dillon, Luke, 162 Clerkenwell Prison Bombing (1867), 17, Dillon, William, 153 24, 46–61, 63, 66, 74, 84, 88, 99, 133, Disestablishment Act (1869), 48–9, 53, 143, 154 73, 78, 133, 203 Administration, 167, 174, 183 Drummond, Victor, 89–90, 140, 144, 183 Cleveland, Grover, 157, 185–6 Dublin Castle, 29, 37, 39, 41, 68, 84–5, Clipperton, Robert, 148–50, 153–4, 172 89, 104, 106, 116–18, 122, 137, 148, Cobbe, Frances Power, 55 150, 153, 163, 200, 212–13, 215, 243, Cohalan, Daniel, 214 264 342 Index

Dublin Metropolitan Police, 49, 62, 115, Friends of Irish Freedom, 214–16, 238, 118, 120, 198, 201, 210, 224 241, 247 Dumont, Frederick, 203–7, 209, 222–6, Froude, James A., 49, 83 235, 242–4, 249 Dynamite War (1881–1885), 49, 52, 54, Gaelic Athletic Association, 115, 217 88, 128–61, 180–3 Gaffney, Thomas St. John, 220 Gallagher, Thomas, 155–6, 175 Easter Rebellion (1916), 195, 199, 202, Gardiner, Alfred George, 239–40 210, 213, 216, 219, 238, 246, 252 Garfield, James, 141, 170 Eastman, Edwin G., 40, 61 Garrison, William Lloyd, 133 Economist, The, 42, 48, 82, 100, 116–17, Geddes, A.C., 222, 227, 242 155, 157, 176 George, Henry, 96, 122, 128 Edmunds, George, 1, 168–9, 171–2, German-Irish Collaboration, 210, 238 174, 178 Gibbons, Randall L., 170 Edwards, Pierrepont, 41, 87, 124, 137 Gladstone Ministry, 73, 78, 81, 84–5, Egan, Patrick, 84, 87–8, 96, 105, 107, 100, 108, 115, 118, 136, 155–6, 163 120, 122, 148–9, 180 Gladstone, William, 37, 48–50, 72, 74–5, Eisenhower Administration, 2 79, 81, 83–4, 101, 105, 109–10, Eldredge, Charles A., 45 114–15, 117–20, 125, 135, 137, 140, Engels, Frederick, 51, 234 149, 152, 155, 157, 162, 170, 213 Escouflaire, Rodolphe C., 202, 208 Glasgow Herald, 151 Explosive Substances Act (1883), 155–6 Godkin, Edwin, 78, 97–8, 124–5, 151, 177 Gompers, Samuel, 86 Feeley, Denis, 148 Grant Administration, 28 Fenian Brotherhood, 31–2, 34, 36–7, 41, Grant, Ulysses S., 132 53, 63, 86, 112, 114, 120, 131–2 Granville, Lord, 109 Fenianism, 25, 27–38, 42–3, 45, 49–52, Grasty, Charles H., 208 56, 59, 61–3, 66, 69, 73, 98, 132, 176, Great Railroad Strikes (1877), 102, 110 180, 203, 241 Greeley, Horace, 159 , 183–4 Green, Alice Stopford, 216 Filipino Nationalists, 188, 223, 241, Greenwood, Hamar, 202 252, 259 Grey, Earl of, 83 Finerty, John F., 153 Griffith, Arthur, 195–6, 203–4 First International (1864), 101 Guy Fawkes Plot (1605), 61, 251 Force Acts (1870–1), 124, 253 Force Acts (1875), 107 Habberton, John, 104 Ford, Patrick, 96, 133–5, 138, 140, 143, habeas corpus, 24, 38–9, 41, 73, 83, 85, 154, 204 89, 106–8, 118, 145–6, 257 Forster, William E., 72, 81, 84–5, 89, 101, Hackett, Francis, 216–17 103, 106, 110–11, 116, 152, 162 Hague Conventions (1899, 1907), 228 Fortescue, Chichester, 73 Hammond, John Lawrence, 213 Fortnightly Review, 82, 122 Harcourt, William Vernon, 117, 143, Fox, Richard K., 160 149, 152, 155, 157, 162 Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 161–2 Harding Administration, 189, 233, 238, Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., 108, 111, 243, 246 122–3, 142–3, 146, 156, 158, 165, Harding, Warren G., 220, 242, 248 167–8, 174 Harper’s Weekly, 88, 93–4, 118, 121, French Assassination Attempt (1919), 159–60, 180 199, 219 Hart, Albert Bushnell, 203 French Commune (1870–1), 23, 101 Hartt, Rollin Lynde, 207 Index 343

Harvey, George B., 245–6 Jacobin Terror (1793–4), 12, 23, 35–6, Hawley, Joseph R., 170 39, 83, 96, 103, 199, 203, 220, 234, Hay, John, 99 247, 254 Haymarket Bombing (1886), 134, 184, Johnson Administration, 28, 37–9, 59 231 Johnson, Albert, 232–3 Healy, T. M., 153 Johnson, Andrew, 23 Heap, G. H., 40 Johnson, Ben, 159 Hoar, George, 125, 170 Hobson, Bulmer, 197 Kautsky, Karl, 50–1, 234 Holland, John, 183 Kelly, Thomas J., 41–2, 44, 46, 62 Holt, Hamilton, 219 Kent, William, 205–7, 209, 225–6, 242, Home Office, 49, 135 249 home rule, 48, 52, 61, 70–1, 80, 83, 91, Keppler, Joseph, 105–6, 119, 133, 148, 97, 103, 115–16, 123, 126, 132, 183–4, 161, 180–1 188–9, 196, 204, 217, 223–4, 226, 236, Kinsella, Thomas, 104–5 239–40, 255–6, 258 Knights of Labor, 86 Hoover, Herbert, 242 Ku Klux Klan, 27, 68, 73, 77, 93–4, 107, Hoover, J. Edgar, 245 124–5, 214, 237, 248 Hoppin, William J., 172 Hughes, Charles E., 207, 242 La Follette, Robert, 226–7, 259 Hughes, Katherine, 216 Land Act (1870), 48, 73, 108 Hugins, Roland, 236–7 Land League, 34, 70–1, 81–94, 96, 100–7, Hurlbert, Henry William, 125 110–11, 113–23, 135, 148, 151 Hynes, Thomas, 39 (1879–1882), 18, 67, 70, 80–114, 125, 128, 161 International Review, 85, 123 Lansing, Robert, 207, 226 Iran Hostage Crisis (1979–1980), 2 League of Nations, 214 Irgun, 1 League of Nations Convention (1937), Irish-American, The, 34, 41, 44, 53–4, 74, 263 96–7, 160 Lincoln Assassination (1865), 23–4, 49, Irish-American Labor League, 247 61–2, 77, 99, 115, 170 Irish Bulletin, 204, 215 Lippmann, Walter, 220 Irish Citizen, 44, 53, 77, 96 Lloyd George, David, 213 , 21, 153 Lloyd George Ministry, 211–12, 217–18, Irish Invincibles, 114–17, 120–1, 147 235 Irish Nation, 137 Lomasney, William M., 38–9, 151–2, Irish National League of American, 86–7, 162 121, 148–9 London Review, The, 36–7, 42–3, 48, 62 Irish Parliamentary Party, 52, 54, 70, 80, 85, 89, 104, 132, 195 Lowell, James R., 91–2, 97, 101, 107–12, Irish Republican Army (IRA), 20–1, 118, 122–3, 140–5, 157, 165, 175, 183 187–250 Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), MacArthur, Arthur, 188 29–35, 39, 41–2, 50, 53, 59, 62–3, 71, Mac Curtain, Tomás, 211 115, 118, 132, 135, 148, 150, 155, MacDonald, William, 208, 236 163–4, 184, 190, 195–7, 201–2, 204, Macmillan’s Magazine, 116 206, 224, 235, 241, 247 Macready, Nevil, 205 , 193, 195–7, 204, 216, MacSwiney, Terrance, 239 241, 244, 247 Maloney, William, 242 Irish World, 96, 133–4, 137, 140, 143, 204 Manchester Guardian, 213 344 Index

Manchester Martyrs, 17, 24, 43–4, 46, New York Times, 35–6, 45, 56–8, 63, 75–6, 53, 58, 62 78, 80, 92, 111, 120, 129, 137–8, 144, Manchester Rescue (1867), 17, 24, 41–6, 146, 148, 158–9, 166, 168, 171, 173, 48, 53–5, 59–60, 133, 149 179, 185, 200, 208, 217, 247 March Rising (1867), 41, 44, 51–2 New York Tribune, 92, 119, 121, 154, 159, Marxism, 67, 234 166, 169, 178 Marx, Karl, 51, 103 New York World, 58, 115, 120–1, 125, McArthur, William, 138 154, 158, 177, 207, 221 McCafferty, John, 62, 154, 162 Nineteenth Century, The,82 McCarran Internal Security Act, 3 Norris, George W., 226, 228 McCartan, Patrick, 238 North American Review, 111, 160–1 McCarthy, Justin H., 85, 104 McGarrity, Joseph, 238 O’Brien, William, 54, 148, 151 McKinley Assassination (1901), 168, O’Donnell, Patrick, 124 193, 231 O’Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah, 39, 54, 88, McParlan, James, 77 132–43, 148–53, 155, 159, 161, 163, Meany, Stephen Joseph, 34 173–4, 176, 180, 184, 201 Meason, Malcolm Laing, 163 O’Duffy, Eoin, 201 Merritt, Edwin Atkins, 108 O’Kelly, James J., 150 Mezzeroff, Gaspodin, 149 Oklahoma City Bombing (1995), 2 Millen, Frederick F., 163 O’Leary, John, 135, 153 Mitchel, John, 34, 44, 53, 74, 153 O’Mahony Wing, 34, 42 Mitchell, Mason, 242 O’Neill, John, 53 Molly Maguires, 4, 76–8, 102, 110–11, Opper, Frederick Burr, 161, 180–1 140, 157, 159, 199–200 Orange Riots (1870–1), 76, 106 Montgomery, K. L., 229 Outlook, The, 199, 237, 239 Mooney, Thomas, 238 Moran, Benjamin, 75 Pall Mall Gazette, 42–3, 56, 185 Morat Bay Massacre (1865), 40, 45 Palmer, Mitchell, 222, 245, 248 Morris, William O’Connor, 83 Palmer Raids (1919–1921), 222, 233–4 Motley, James L., 75, 78–80, 99 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 194, 241, 246 Nast, Thomas, 180 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 54, 70, 80, Nation, The, 40, 58, 75, 78–9, 92, 96–7, 84–5, 89–90, 101, 103, 115, 117, 119, 103, 117, 124, 136, 144, 150–1, 160, 121, 132, 148, 150, 152, 164 166, 171, 177, 208, 219, 227, 233 Peace Preservation (Ireland) Act National Police Gazette, The, 160 (1870), 73 National Review,96 Peace Preservation (Ireland) Act National Security League, 203, 232, 246 (1881), 85 naturalization controversy, 27, 60, Perdicaris Affair (1904), 4 110–11, 145, 180, 185, 258, 262 Phelps, E. J., 175, 181, 185 New Republic, The, 216–17, 220, 233–4 Phelps-Roseberry Extradition Treaty Newton, John, 160–1 (1886), 181 New York Evening Post, 58, 154, 207–8, Philadelphia Protestant Federation, 240 221 Philippine-American War (1899–1902), New York Herald, 104, 131, 150 170, 188 New York Methodist Episcopal Phoenix Park Murders (1882), 18, 52, 68, Conference, 240 85, 103, 113–27, 147, 152, 170, 177, New York Observer,44 182, 199, 201, 209 New York Star, 147 Pigott, Richard, 52, 152 Index 345

Pinkerton Detective Agency, 4, 16, 77, Seelye, Julius H., 160 140 Self, Edward, 160 Plunkett, Horace, 227 Sepoy Rebellion (1857), 40 Pollard, Hugh Bertie Campbell, 41, 210, Seward, William, 23, 39–40, 45, 60–2, 230, 243 80, 172 Powderly, Terence V., 86 Sexton, Thomas, 103–4 Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act Seymour, M. Hobart, 52 (1882), 85 Sheridan, P.J., 153–4, 180 Protection of Person and Property Sherman, William T., 24–5 (Ireland) Act (1881), 107, 145 Sims, William, 246 Provisional Irish Republican Army, 1 Sinn Féin, 20, 49, 189–91, 195–249 Puck, 87–8, 93, 105–6, 119–20, 124, 133, Sinn Féin Bonds, 243 148, 161, 180–1 Skirmishing Fund, 133–40, 152, 161, Punch, 88, 161 183 Smith, Goldwin, 35, 49, 97–8, 100, 110, Quarterly Review, 115, 156 112 Smith, Jacob H., 223 Rathom, John R., 207, 244 Social Darwinism, 94–6, 98 Restoration of Order in Ireland Act Soloheadbeg Ambush (1919), 198 (1920), 225 Spectator, The, 36–7, 43, 48, 51, 72, 82, Ribbonmen, 69, 71, 114, 255 95, 117, 124, 139, 155, 163, 175, Riddleberger, Harrison H., 169–70 199–200, 212 Rightboys, 69, 255 Stack, J. Herbert, 37–8, 51 Robbins, Edward E., 231 Stead, William T., 185 Roberts/Senate Wing, 42 Stephens, James, 33, 41, 53, 135, 147, Roberts, William R., 62–3 150 Rogers, Henry Wade, 178–9 Stern Gang, 1 Roosevelt Administration, 4–5, 7, 169, Stone Affair (1901–2), 4 231 Storey, Moorfield, 240–1 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 236 Sullivan, Alexander, 148–9, 155, 159–60, Roosevelt, Theodore, 7, 93, 194, 199, 164, 166 231–2 Sullivan, A.M., 115, 150 Root, Elihu, 168–9 Sunday Mercury,90 Rose, Hugh, 72, 105–6 Roundell, Charles Savile, 72–3 Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), 38–9, 81, Taft, William H., 188 86, 107, 122, 198, 201, 207, 209–12, terrorism, definitions of, 11–15 218, 222, 224–5 Thebaud, Augustine J., 104 Russian Revolution (1917), 208, 228, Thornton, Edward, 61–2, 90, 136–7, 230–2, 234, 247 141–2, 144 Russian Terrorists, 12–14, 100, 114, Threshers, 69, 255 138–9, 151–2, 159–60, 230, 237 Times, The (London), 42, 150, 200 Ryan, Desmond, 148, 152 Tinsley’s Magazine, 54–5 Train, George Francis, 33–4 Sackville-West, Lionel S., 109, 118–19, Trench, W. Steuart, 71 121, 145, 150, 157–8, 165–6, 172–3, Triangle, The, 147–8, 155 176 Truman Administration, 2–3 Salford Barracks Explosion (1881), 138, Truman Doctrine, 2–3 143 Turner, Edward Raymond, 237, 241 Schenck, Robert, 39 Tynan, Patrick, 114 346 Index

United Irishmen, 133–4, 136–7, 140, Welsh, Francis Ralston, 238 142–3, 173 West, William, 39, 75 Whiteboys, 69, 114, 159, 255 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 208, 227 Williams, John Sharp, 234–5 Vincent, Howard, 115 Wilson Administration, 10, 189, 194–5, 208, 214, 219, 238 Walker, Albert Perry, 203 Wilson, Henry, 209 Walsh, Thomas J., 226 Wilson, Philip Whitwell, 199–200, 239 Washington Disarmament Conference Wilson, Woodrow, 10, 187, 194, 214, (1921–1922), 242 221, 227, 233–4, 242 Washington, George, 204 Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 176 Zionists, 3