Notes Introduction 1. Congressional Record, 48 Cong., 2 sess., vol. 16, pt. 2, 48 Cong., 2nd sess. 24 January 1885, 981; United States Congress, Senate, S. 2578, 24 January 1885. 2. Joseph Heller, The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949 (Ilford and Essex: F. Cass; Portland, OR: International Specialized Book Services, 1994); J. Bowyer Bell, Terror Out of Zion: Irgun Zai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine Under- ground, 1929–1949 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977); J. Bowyer Bell, The IRA, 1968–2000: Analysis of a Secret Army (London and Portland, OR: F. Cass, 2000); Martin Dillon, The Dirty War: Covert Strategies and Tactics Used in Political Conflicts (New York: Routledge, 1999). 3. Lawrence Howard, “Introduction,” in Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses, ed. Lawrence Howard (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1992), 1. 4. David Tucker, Skirmishes at the Edge of Empire: The United States and Interna- tional Terrorism (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1997); Robert Kumamoto, International Terrorism and American Foreign Relations, 1945–1976 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999); Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 2001); Brent Smith, Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams (Albany, NY: State University Press of New York, 1994); Christopher Hewitt, “Patterns of American Terrorism, 1955–1998: An Historical Perspective on Terrorism and Related Fatalities,” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 12, Spring 2000, 1–14; John Dugard, “International Terrorism: Problems of Definition,” International Affairs, vol. 50, January 1974, 67–81. 5. Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1983). 6. President Harry S. Truman’s address before a joint session of Congress on 12 March 1947, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January to December 1947 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), 176–180. 7. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 240; Michael Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), chapter 2; Dugard, “International Terrorism: Problems of Definition,” 70. 8. Charles A. Russell, Leon J. Banker, Jr., and Bowman H. Miller, “Out-Inventing Terrorists,” in Terrorism: Theory and Practice, ed. Yonah Alexander, David Carlton, and Paul Wilkinson (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979), 5–7; Kumamoto, Inter- national Terrorism and American Foreign Relations, 11–30, 69–95; Matthew Levitt, Targeting Terror: US Policy toward Middle Eastern State Sponsors and Terrorist Organi- zations, Post-September 11 (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2002), 38, 76–83. 9. Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Recon- struction (orig., 1971; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995). 266 Notes 267 10. Richard Green, Death in the Market: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006); Jeffery A. Clymer, America’s Culture of Terrorism: Violence, Capitalism and the Writ- ten Word (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 3–6, 32–59; Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 18–19. 11. Bernard K. Johnpoll, “Perspectives on Political Terrorism in the United States,” in International Terrorism: National, Regional, and Global Perspectives, ed. Yonah Alexander (New York, Washington, DC, and London: Praeger, 1976), 30–36; Randall B. Woods, “Terrorism in the Age of Roosevelt: The Miss Stone Affair, 1901–1902,” Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 31, 1979, 478–495; Russell D. Buhite, Lives at Risk: Hostages and Victims in American Foreign Policy (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1995), 1–56. 12. Ernest May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961), 52–58; Bradford Perkins, The Great Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1895–1914 (New York: Atheneum, 1968), 4–10; Edward P. Crapol, America for Americans: Economic Nationalism and Anglophobia in the Late Nineteenth Century (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 19–39; Charles S. Campbell, From Revolution to Rapprochement: The United States and Great Britain, 1783–1900 (New York and London: Wiley, 1974), 137–163; Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 49. 13. Carl Frederick Wittke, The Irish in America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Uni- versity Press, 1956); William D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States: 1858–1886 (orig., 1947; New York: Russell & Russell, 1971), 367–407; Charles Tansill, America and the Fight for Irish Freedom, 1866–1922: An Old Story based upon New Data (New York: Devin-Adair Col., 1957), 105; Thomas N. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890 (orig., 1966; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 19, 69–73; T. Desmond Williams, “The Irish Republican Brother- hood,” in Secret Societies in Ireland, ed. T. Desmond Williams (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan; New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1973), 143–144; Kevin Kenny, The American Irish: A History (Harlow and New York: Longman, 2000), 171–179, 192–195. 14. David M. Pletcher, The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1962), 235; Joseph P. O’Grady, Irish-Americans and Anglo-American Relations, 1880–1888 (orig., 1965; New York: Arno Press, 1976), 203–204, 269–283; Murney Gerlach, British Liber- alism and the United States: Political and Social Thought in the Late Victorian Age (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), xiv–xviii, 84–94. 15. Walter L. Hixson, The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. For- eign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008); H.W. Brands, What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Walter McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World since 1776 (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997). 16. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 182; Daniel Rodger, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998). 17. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order, 3–8, 27. 268 Notes 18. Thomas Schoonover, Uncle Sam’s War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2003); Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. and Thomas W. Zeiler, Globalization and the American Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 19. Amy Kaplan, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 12–16; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000). 20. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1870: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 108; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Christine Kinealy, A Disunited Kingdom?: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1800–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 21. D.G. Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland (orig., 1982; London: Routledge, 1995); S. Cronin, Irish Nationalism: A History of Its Roots and Ideology (Dublin: Academy Press, 1980); Robert Kee, The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972); Richard English, Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland (Basingstoke and Oxford: Macmillan, 2006). 22. Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), chapter 3; Michael L. Krenn, The Color of Empire: Race and American Foreign Relations (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006). 23. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London and New York: Verso, 1991), 143; Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 38–40. 24. Fleeing the Famine: North America and Irish Refugees, 1845–1851, ed. Margaret M. Mulrooney (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2003); Tim Pat Coogan, Wher- ever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), especially chapters 4 and 7–9; Peadar Kirby, Ireland and Latin America: Links and Lessons (Dublin: Gill Macmillan, 1992); see also the open-access journal Irish Migration Studies in Latin America. 25. Hugh MacDongall, Racial Myth in English History: Trojans, Teutons, and Anglo- Saxons (Montreal: Harvest House; Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1982), chapter 5; Paul Rich, Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), chapter 1. 26. Tony Ballantyne, Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 35–38; Joseph Lennon, Irish Orientalism: A Literary and Intellectual History (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2004), chapter 4. 27. Stuart Anderson, Race and Rapprochement: Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo-American Relations,