Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust Ramanathapuram - 623 504, Tamil Nadu Pricipal Chief Conservator of Forests and Head of Forest Force, Chennai

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GOMBRT Publication No. 22

Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list

Edited by S Balaji (Jr), J K Patterson Edward and V Deepak Samuel

Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust Ramanathapuram - 623 504, Tamil Nadu Pricipal Chief Conservator of Forests and Head of Forest Force, Chennai

Programme Analyst, Energy & Environment Unit, UNDP, New Delhi

Energy & Environment Unit, UNDP, New Delhi. Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list

Edited by

S Balaji (Jr) J K Patterson Edward V Deepak Samuel

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust Ramanathapuram - 623 504, Tamil Nadu Citation : Balaji (Jr), S, J K Patterson Edward and V Deepak Samuel 2012. Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India - A comprehensive updated species list. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust, Publication No. 22, 128 p.

This publication has no commercial value It is for private scientific and educational circulation only

October 2012

Published by Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust Ramanathapuram - 623 504, Tamilnadu, India

Prepared by Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust and Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute

Editors

S Balaji (Jr) Chief Conservator of Forests & Trust Director GoMBRT, Jawan Bhavan Building (1st Floor) 102/26, Devipattinam Road, Kenikarai Ramanathapuram-623504, Tamilnadu, India.

J K Patterson Edward Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute 44-Beach Road, Tuticorin 628 001, Tamil Nadu, India

V Deepak Samuel Programme Specialist, UNDP GoMBRT, Jawan Bhavan Building (1st Floor) 102/26, Devipattinam Road, Kenikarai Ramanathapuram-623504, Tamilnadu, India.

c Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust, 2012

Available from : Chief Conservator of Forests & Trust Director, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust, Jawan Bhavan Building (1st Floor), 102/26, Devipattinam Road, Kenikarai, Ramanathapuram-623504, Tamilnadu, India. Ph.: 04567-226335, Fax: 04567-229228, E-mail: [email protected] Web :www.gombrt.org

Front cover : Fish assemblage, Gulf of Mannar (Photo courtesy SDMRI) Back cover : Hard and Soft corals, Gulf of Mannar (Photo courtesy GoMBRT)

Typeset & Printed by Rehana Offset Printers, Srivilliputtur. Ph. : 04563-260383 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS Foreword i Messages iii Preface vii Introduction 1 Species List - Abstract 5 Protista 7 Phytoplankton 9 Seaweeds 11 Seagrass 15 Mangrove 17 Flowering Plants 19 Zooplankton 21 Porifera 23 Coelentrata 25 Nematoda 33 Platyhelminthes - Trematoda 35 Annelida - Polychaeta 37 Bryozoa 39 Chaetognatha 41 Arthropoda 43 Echinodermata 47 Mollusca 51 Tunicata - Ascidacea 69 Tunicata - Thaliacea 77 Hemichordata 79 Cephalochordata 81 Pisces 83 Reptiles - Turtles 109 Reptiles - Sea Snakes 111 Aves 113 Marine Mammals 121 References 123 & Chairman, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust

Foreword

Marine and Coastal areas - which include nearshore land and coastal waters upto continental shelf or to a depth of 250 m - are rich in bioresources that play a key role in maintaining earth system functions like regulation of weather, climate and hydrological cycle, as well as in ensuring food security and sustainable livelihood for coastal communities. Besides, coastal and marine biodiversity also reduces vulnearability during natural disasters like cyclones and tsunamis, thus creating a social safety net through ecosystem components and services. Preserving the coastal ecosystem thus gains significance for peninsular states like Tamil Nadu, having about one eighth of the coast line of the country. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, situated in the southern tip of India is a repository of rich marine biodiversity. This Reserve is one of the vastly studied regions, principally due to its diverse and dense marine flora and fauna especially sea cows, green turtles, coral reefs, seagrasses, mangroves and endemic species like Balanoglossus, mangrove associate Pemphis acidula and seagrass Enhalus acoroides. Realising the imperativeness of preserving this biodiversity treasure for posterity, the Gul of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GoMBRT) was constituted by the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu during the year 2002 as a “Special Purpose Vehicle” to conserve and sustainably manage the marine resources of the region with community participation and stakeholders co-ordination. As part of this endeavour, the Trust has been commissioning research projects on marine biodiversity conservation issues vis-a-vis livelihood needs and resources use by the community. One such study has been to create a baseline data on the diversity of marine resources in the region. The Trust has, painstakingly, collated information from various research studies undertaken in the past from all over the world on the biodiversity status of

i the Gulf of Mannar region and has brought out the publication titled “Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India - A comprehensive updated species list”. This publication enlists 4223 species of marine flora and fauna occurring in the region, as against the most commonly reported figure of 3600 species in all popular scientific publications, thus laying to rest the presumptions on biodiversity of the region. I am sure that this bio-inventory species check list will be of immense use, not only to scientists, but also to resource managers and resource users in evolving strategies for effective conservation and management. The timing of this research work coincides with India hosting the Eleventh Conference of Parties (COP 11) of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) in Hyderabad, in October 2012 as also during the period when the CBD has identified the themes for the International Day for Biological Diversity in 2012 as Marine and Coastal Biodiversity. I appreciate the sincere efforts taken by the Editors and the Trust in bringing out this invaluable publication and I commend it to all the stakeholders.

Chennai - 9 22-09-2012

ii C.V. Sankar, I.A.S., Environment and Forests Dept. Principal Secretary to Govt. & Secretariat Vice Chairman, Chennai - 600 0009 Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust

Message

India, one of the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world, also possesses the distinction of having the richest coastal and marine biodiversity hot spots in the entire Southern East Asia viz. the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, situated in the southern tip of the Country in the state of Tamil Nadu. Livelihood needs of the local coastal community are chiefly met from the bioresources of this region. The fisher community, striving hard to decrease its poverty has consequently decreased the biodiversity too, by adopting unsustainable fishing practices. Over exploitation of bioresources in the region has caused habitat degradation and habitat loss of the marine flora and fauna. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GoMBRT) was founded by the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 2002 to facilitate conservation and sustainable use of the Gulf of Mannar’s globally significant assemblage of coastal and marine biodiversity through community participation. The trust has focused on awareness creation, capacity building and providing sustainable complementary livelihood options for the primary stakeholder community, besides aiding resource managers to evolve suitable management strategies for conservation. One such activity of the Trust is to document the marine resources of the region. Popular scientific literature suggest the diversity of coastal and marine biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar region at 3600 species. As all the available biodiversity status reports have based their findings on approximation, the Trust has undertaken the documentation work of collating information from various research publications caused by diverse scientific institutions worldwide and has brought out this publication entitled “Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India - A comprehensive updated species list”. I am pleased to learn that the Trust, an organization of the State Government, has undertaken this painstaking effort, in listing 4223 species of coastal and marine flora and fauna recorded in Gulf of Mannar region. This comprehensive inventory, I am sure, would

iii provide the baseline information on the floral and faunal species, including micro organisms of Gulf of Mannar region, to all the researchers, conservation managers and other stakeholders. The tireless and painstaking effort put forth by the Editorial Team deserves sincere appreciation, especially when India is hosting the Conference of Parties (COP 11) of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) in Hyderabad in October, 2012.

Chennai 21-09-2012

iv Gautam Dey, I.F.S., Panagal Maaligai Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Chennai - 600 015 Head of Forest Force

Message

It gives me immense pleasure to learn that the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust (GoMBRT), a state owned organization, has prepared publication of “Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India - A comprehensive updated species list”, a book inventorising the biodiversity of the region. This would serve as a bench mark reference for all stakeholders, especially the marine scientists, biologists and the student community interested in monitoring of bioresources status in the region over future periods of time. This unique publication coincides with the period when the COP-11 of the Convention of Biological Diversity is being hosted by our country at Hyderabad during October, 2012. The editors deserve special accolade for their painstaking effort in searching and researching multivarious publications concerned with research works carried out by all research agencies across the globe during the past decades and arriving at the data base of 4223 species of marine flora and fauna found to be occurring in the Biosphere Reserve. The publication has inventorised, category wise and family wise, 4223 species of bioresources, which has surpassed the bio inventory of 3600 species generally reported as inhabiting the region by all marine scientists. I fervently hope this publication showcasing the richness in biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar region would serve as a check list, in real sense, to all the marine scientists and academia as also to all persons interested in coastal and marine life systems. I, once again, place on record, my deep sense of appreciation to the Trust and authors of this publication for their commendable work for the cause of coastal and marine biodiversity conservation.

Chennai 20-09-2012

v Preface

The Gulf of Mannar is rich in biological diversity of global significance due to the presence of diverse habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, estuaries, sandy beaches, rocky shores, mud flats etc. This coastal region is very rich in terms of species, their complexity and population size and thus considered to be a cradle of marine life. The fishery resources of this coastal region have the potential to meet the livelihood and protein requirements of exploding human population. The key habitats like coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves along with 21 islands form a natural barrier between land and sea and protect the coast and people from natural calamities like cyclone, tsunami etc. The Gulf of Mannar located in the southeast coast of India extends from Rameswaram Island in the north to Kanyakumari in the south spread over four coastal districts (Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari), it covers a coastal length of 365 km. The 21 islands and the surrounding shallow coastal waters covering an area of 560 km2 between Pamban and Tuticorin was declared as Marine National Park by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1986 for the purpose of protecting marine wildlife and its environment. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GoMMBR) covering an area of 10,500 km2 between Rameswaram and Kanyakumari was declared by the Government of India in 1989. The present work was carried out for proper documentation of marine floral and faunal species list of the Gulf of Mannar. The popular quotes by many research organizations and the scientific communities say more than 3,600 species of flora and fauna in the Gulf of Mannar area. This publication titled “Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India - A comprehensive updated species list” is made possible through searching and researching information once thought to be non-existent. In the present search until now, a total of 4223 species have been recorded surpassing the usually cited number of 3600 species (addition of 623 species). We are confident that this updation of species list in the Gulf of Mannar would be helpful to researchers and conservation managers to further contribute to the ongoing research and also conservation and management measures. We would like to place on record our heartfelt gratitude for the encouragement and support received from Thiru. Debendranath Sarangi, Chief Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu and Chairman, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust.

vii We are immensely thankful to Thiru. C.V. Sankar, Principal Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu, Environment and Forests Department and Vice-Chairman, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust for his constant support and guidance in bringing out this publication. The editors thank Thiru. Gautam Dey, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Head of Forest Force for the advise and support. We take this opportunity to thank all those who generously contributed, in particular Dr. V.K. Meenakshi, APC Mahalakshmi College, Tuticorin for providing inputs on ascidian diversity and Prof. S. Ajmal Khan, CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University for comments and inputs. Finally we thank UNDP-GEF for the generous funding support to this publication as a part of the project titled “Conservation and Sustainable-use of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal Biodiversity”.

Editors

viii Introduction Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

The Gulf of Mannar located in the southeast coast of India extends from Rameswaram Island in the north to Kanyakumari in the south spread over four coastal districts (Ramanathapuram, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari), it covers a coastal length of 365km (Fig.1). The pearls and chanks obtained from Gulf of Mannar coast enjoyed a position among the important export commodities to various parts of the world even before Christian era. Not only for pearls and chanks, Gulf of Mannar is traditionally a fishing ground for various marine resources providing livelihood to thousands of fishermen for several generations. The Gulf of Mannar has a chain of 21 uninhabited islands stretching from Mandapam to Tuticorin over a distance of 140 km along the coast. The islands occur at an average distance of 8-10 km from the mainland and are located between Lat. 847’o N and 9 o15 N & Long. 78 o12’ E 79 o14’ E. These islands are grouped into four namely, Mandapam group (7 Islands - Shingle, Krusadai, Pullivasal, Poomarichan, Manoliputti, Manoli and Hare), Keezhakkarai group (7 Islands - Mulli, Valai, Thalaiyari, Appa, Poovarasanpatti (submerged), Valimunai, and Anaipar), Vembar group (3 Islands - Nallathanni, Puluvinichalli and Upputhanni) and Tuticorin group (4 Islands - Kariyachalli, Vilanguchalli (submerged), Koswari and Vaan) for the purpose of management. The Government of Tamil Nadu in 1986 declared the 21 islands and surrounding shallow waters covering an area of 560 sq.km as Marine National Park for the purpose of protecting marine wildlife and its environment. The Gulf of Mannar is the first Marine Biosphere Reserve not only in India but also in South and South East Asia and falls within what is the Indo-Pacific realm, the worlds’ richest region from a marine biodiversity point of view. The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve (GOMMBR) was declared in 1989 by the Government of India with the recognition of UNESCO MAB programme. This marine biosphere occupies an area of 10,500 sq.km. The Marine National Park is located within the Marine Biosphere and is the Core Zone of Biosphere reserve. The declaration of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GoMBR) facilitates the engendering of reduction in biodiversity loss in conjunction with improving livelihoods and enhancing social, economic and culture conditions for environmental sustainability, the 7 th millennium developmental Goal. Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining the health and stability of earth’s environment. Biodiversity issues have become increasingly important as the human population grows and the demand for natural resources increases as it represents an important economic resource. Considering the importance of marine biodiversity conservation, the United Nations declared Marine Biodiversity as the theme for the International Day for Biological Diversity in 2012. The Gulf of Mannar region is enriched with productive habitats such as coral reefs, seagrasses, mangroves, estuaries, rocky shores and sandy beaches. The diverse nature of ecosystems in the Gulf of Mannar supports a wide variety of significant species including 181 species of seaweeds, 15 species of seagrasses, 117 species of corals, 158 species of arthropods, 856 species of molluscs, 1147 species of finfishes, 5 species of sea turtles apart from the seasonally migrating marine mammals like

1 N

Madurai India

Bay of Bengal Tamil Nadu Palk Bay

Arabian Gulf of Mannar Sea and Palk Bay Indian Ocean Rameswaram 12 14 2 9 21 15 10 17 20 5 7 8 13 16 19 4 6 11 18 3 Gulf of Mannar Tuticorin 2 1 1. Shingle Island 12. Poovarasanpatti Island 2. Krusadai Island 13. Valimunai Island 3. Pullivasal Island 14. Anaipar Island 4. Poomarichan Island 15. Nallathanni Island Thiruvananthapuram 5. Manoliputti Island 16. Puluvinichalli Island

6. Manoli Island 17. Upputhanni Island SRILANKA

7. Hare Island 18. Kariyachalli Island 22 Publication GOMBRT Kovalam 8. Mulli Island 19. Vilanguchalli Island 9. Valai Island 20. Koswari Island 10. Thalaiyari Island 21. Vaan Island 11. Appa Island Kanyakumari 21.9 Miles INDIAN OCEAN Source map : www.geologycom

Fig.1: Map showing the Gulf of Mannar area between Rameswaram and Kanyakumari, including 21 islands Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT whales, dolphins, porpoises and turtles. A unique endemic species of Balanoglossus - Ptychodera fluva, a living fossil that links invertebrates and vertebrates, has been recorded only here at Kurusadai Island. Even though Gulf of Mannar is one of the biologically rich areas in the world it has been exploited heavily over the past 3-4 decades. The human induced threats to biodiversity are mainly overexploitation of marine resources, habitat destruction, marine pollution and destructive fishing. Moreover due to the aforementioned human induced threats coupled with mining of corals, the fishery potentials of this region have been significantly reduced. The number of chanks collected from this province started dwindling slowly from 1.67 million in 1982 to 0.03 million in 1992. This comprehensive work aims proper documentation of marine flora and fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. It is an avenue for tracking down the references and works carried out by scientists in the bygone years in this rich biodiversity area. As per popular quotes by many research organizations and the scientific communities, more than 3,600 species of flora and fauna have been identified in the Gulf of Mannar area. Through searching and researching, information once thought to be non-existent were identified. It was a tiresome and time consuming process to go through vast literatures and records pertaining to the vast republic of microorganisms, flora and fauna studied in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve region. However, it is challenging to find out the right species because many species have been covered by more than a dozen authors. Hence to avoid repetition, extra care has been taken to identify the organisms recorded scientifically. In the present search until now, a total of 4223 species has been recorded surpassing the usually cited number of 3600 species (addition of 623 species). This updated species list on the biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar will not only provide the baseline information on the number of species of organisms identified so far, but also help the researchers and conservation managers to prepare strategies for effective conservation of these precious resources.

3 Species List - Abstract Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

S.No. Group Species No. 1. Protista 48 2. Phytoplankton 65 3. Seaweeds 181 4. Seagrass 15 5. Mangrove 11 6. Flowering Plants 201 7. Zooplankton 66 8. Porifera 77 9. Coelentrata 262 10. Nematoda 3 11. Platyhelminthes - Trematoda 2 12. Annelida - Polychaeta 151 13. Bryozoa 37 14. Chaetognatha 18 15. Arthropoda 158 16. Echinodermata 153 17. Mollusca 856 18. Tunicata - Ascidacea 373 19. Tunicata - Thaliacea 78 20. Hemichordata 4 21. Cephalochordata 2 22. Pisces 1147 23. Reptiles - Turtles 5 24. Reptiles - Snakes 13 24. Aves 290 25. Marine Mammals 7 Total 4223

5 Protista

Total species recorded 48 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Protista is the kingdom comprising all single-celled forms of living organisms in both the five-kingdom and six-kingdom systems of classification. Kingdom Protista encompasses both Protozoa and Protophyta, allowing considerable integration in the classification of both these animal-like and plant-like organisms, all of whose living functions as individuals are carried out within a single cell membrane. The protists do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization. The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. In this inventory, only microbes are included under Protista.

BACTERIA recorded before 2000 Reported by Easwaran et al. 1990 : Occurrence of Thiobacilli in Tuticorin harbour waters. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 19 : 107-109. 1. Thiobacillus spp. 3. T. ferrooxidans 5. T. thioparus 2. T. thiooxidans 4. T. perometabolis 6. T. neopolitanus

Reported by Kannapiran et al. 1999 : Magnetobacteria from estuarine, mangrove and coral reef environs in Gulf of Mannar. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 28 : 332-334. 7. Bacillus cereus 8. Pseudomonas mesophilico 9. P. caryophylli

Reported by Purushothaman 1998 : Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. Proceedings No. 24, MSSRF, Chennai. 10. Arthrobacter auresceus 21. B. globisorus 32. M. agilis 11. A. histidinolovorans 22. B. lateroporus 33. M. brochothrixcampestris 12. A. ilicis 23. B. megaterium 34. M. varians 13. A. ramosus 24. B. pantotheniiticus 35. Pseudomonas mendocina 14. A. viscosus 25. B. polymyxa 36. P. pseudoalcaligens 15. Azotobacter chrococcum 26. B. sphaericus 37. P. stutzeri 16. A. vinelandii 27. Breevibacterium acetylicum 38. Sporosarcina urea 17. Bacillus commpestris 28. Flavobacterium aquatile 39. Vibrio furnissi 18. B. circulans 29. Flavomonas oryzhabitans 40. V. alginolyticus 19. B. filicolonicus 30. Kurthia gibsonii 41. V. parahemolyticus 20. B. frendenreichii 31. Micrococcus luteus

MICROBES recorded after 2000

Reported by Nabeel et al. 2007: Food web analysis of a mangrove stand in south India: Stable isotopes and fatty acid biomarker approach. In : Biodiversity Conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. pp. 393-412. 42. Aeromonas hydrophila 45. Corynebacterium xerosis 48. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 43. A. punctata 46. Escherichia coli 44. Azotobacter beijerinckii 47. Lactobacillus sp.

7 Phytoplankton Total species recorded 65 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Phytoplankton is the autotrophic component of plankton. The name comes from the Greek terms, phyton or “plant”; “planktos” meaning “wanderer” or “drifter”. Most phytoplankton is too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory pigments such as phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc.).

PHYTOPLANKTON recorded before 2000 Reported by Prasad and Nair 1960 : Observations on the distribution and occurrence of diatoms in the inshore waters of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Ind. J. Fish., 7(1) : 49-68. 1. Rhizosolenia alata 17. Chaetoceros coarctatus 33. N. longisimma 2. R. imbricata 18. C. lasiconus 34. Asterionella japonica 3. R. styliformis 19. C. peruvianus 35. Eucampia zoodiacus 4. R. stolterforthii 20. C. lorenzianus 36. Gerinardia sp. 5. R. castracaeni 21. C. affinis 37. Hemialus sinensis 6. R. calcaravis 22. C. didymus 38. Pleurosigma spp. 7. R. hebetata 23. C. diversus 39. Rhabdonema spp. 8. R. robusta 24. C. indicus 40. Stephanopyxis palmeriana 9. Thalassionema nitzschoides 25. Ditylum brightwelli 41. Leptocylindrus minimus 10. Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii 26. Hemidiscus herdmanianus 42. L. danicus 11. Bacteriastrum hyalinum 27. Coscinodiscus gigas 43. Bellarochea malleus 12. B. varians 28. Triceratium favus 44. Planktoniella sol 13. B. delicatulum 29. Fragilaria oceanica 45. Bacillaria paradosa 14. Biddulphia sinensis 30. Thalassiosira coromandeliana 46. Climacosphenia elongata 15. B. mobilensis 31. Nitzschia seriata 47. Isthmian enervis 16. B. pulchella 32. N. clostrium 48. Melosira sulcata

Reported by Chellam and Alagarswami 1978 : Bloom of Trichodesmium thiebautii and their effect on experimental pearl culture at Veppalodai. Ind. J. Fish. , 25(1&2): 237-239. 49. Trichodesmium thiebautii

Reported by Gopinathan 1986 : Differential growth rates of microalgae in various culture media. Ind. J. Fish., 33(4): 450-456 50. Isochrysis galbana 51. Teraselmis chuii

Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 52. Ceratium trichoceros 53. C. massilensis 54. Noctiluca miliaris

Reported by Subrahmanyan 1968: South Indian Ocean, Memoirs II – The Dinophyceae of the Indian seas – Part I, Genus Ceratium.J.Mar.Biol.Assn.India. ZSI Ref.No. 1513/02.08.75. 55. Ceratium germiculatum 57. C. porrectum 58. C. schimidtii 56. C. begelowii

9 GOMBRT Publication 22

BLUE GREEN ALGAE recorded before 2000 Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. Vol. 1(2): 113-130. 59. Chroococcus sp. 60. Merismopedia sp.

FILAMENTOUS ALGAE recorded before 2000 Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. Vol 1(2): 113-130. 61. Phormidium sp. 63. Lyngbya sp. 64. Spirulina sp. 62. Microcoleus sp.

PHYTOPLANKTON recorded after 2000 Reported by Kumar and Dharmaraj 2003 : Studies on the growth of the microalga Dunatella salina. Ind. J. Fish., 50(2): 59-262. 65. Dunatella salina

10 Seaweeds Total species recorded 181 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae. As these three groups are not thought to have a common multicellular ancestor, the seaweeds are a paraphyletic group. In addition, some tuft-forming bluegreen algae (Cyanobacteria) are sometimes considered as seaweeds and lacks a formal definition. SEAWEEDS recorded before 2000

Reported by Kaliaperumal and Pandian 1984 : Marine algal flora from localities of south Tamil Nadu. J. Mar.Biol.Assn. India. 26(1&2):159-164. 1. Enteromorpha clathrata 3. E. prolifera 5. E. compressa 2. E. flexuosa 4. Enteromorpha sp.

Reported by Venkatraman Kumar 1993 : Biochemical constituents of marine algae from Tuticorin coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 22:138-140 6. E. tuberosa

Reported by MoEF 1987 : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Project Document 5, MoEF, Govt. of India. 7. Ulva lactuca 8. U. reticulata

Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3 : 9 – 25. 9. U. beytensis 18. B. pulmosa 26. C. peltata 10. Chaetomorpha antennina 19. Caulerpa crassifolia 27. C. racemosa var. cleavifora 11. C. littorea 20. C. cupressoides 28. C.racemosa var.lateverense 12. C. torta 21. C. cupressoides var. 29. C. racemosa var. uvifera 13. C. clavata lycopodium f. Elegance 30. C. racemosa var. 14. Cladophora fascicularia 22. C. fastigiata Chemnitzia f. Turbinata 15. Cladophora sp. 23. C. fergusonii 31. C. chemnitzia 16. Rhizoclonium kerneri 24. C. freycinetii 32. C. sertularoides 17. Bryopsis indica 25. C. lentellifera 33. C. taxifolia 34. C. verticillata

Reported by Varma and Rao 1963 : Algal resources of Pamban area. Ind.J.Fish., 9(1) : 205-211. 35. C. scalpelliformes 38. Hypnea musciformis 40. Cystophyllum muricatum 36. Gelidium micropterus 39. H. valentiae 41. Turbinaria conoides 37. Gracilaria edulis

Reported by Krishnamurthy and Thomas 1977 : Some new or interesting marine algae from the Indian waters. Seaweed.Res.Utilin., 2 : 42-51. 42. Penicillus manaarensis 44. Ceramium fimbriatum 46. M. fragilis 43. Chnoospora bicanaliculata 45. Martensia indica 47. Taenioma perpusillum

11 GOMBRT Publication 22

Reported by Venkatraman Kumar 1993 : Biochemical constituents of marine algae from Tuticorin coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 22:138-140. 48. Udotea indica 49. Codium tomentosum

Reported by Venkatraman Kumar 1993 : Biochemical constituents of marine algae from Tuticorin coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 22:138-140. 52. Halimeda tuna

Reported by Venkatraman Kumar 1993 : Biochemical constituents of marine algae from Tuticorin coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 22:138-140. 55. Stoechospermum 58. Dictyota dichotoma 62. Jania rubens marginatumm 59. Turbinaria ornata 63. Rhodymenia palmata 56. Spatoglossum asperum 60. Sargassum plagiophyllum 64. Ceramium rubrum 57. Padina pavonica 61. Halymenia floresica

Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin., 3 : 9 – 25. 65. Cladophoropsis zollingeri 71. S. wightii 78. G. verrucosa 66. Dictyota bartayresiana 72. Porphyra vietnamensis 79. G. crassa 67. Padina gymnosperma 73. Gelidiella acerosa 80. Hypnea pannosa 68. Cystosiera trinoids 74. Chondrococcus hornemanii 81. Champia parvula 69. Hormophys triquerta 75. Jania aldhaerns 82. Acanthophora spicifera 70. Sargassum aquilfolium 76. Gracilaria corticata 83. Laurencia obtusa 77. G. folifera 84. L. papilosa

SEAWEEDS recorded after 2000 Reported by Kaliaperumal 2007 : Present status of marine algal diversity in Gulf of Mannar region, Tamilnadu. Indian Hydrobiology, 10(1): 53-62.

12 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

85. Ulva fasciata 117.Halymenia porphyraeformis 149.Cladophoropsis javanica 86. Chaetomorpha aerea 118.Gracilaria cortica (var) 150.Microdictyoton tenuis 87. C. linoides cylindrica 151.Valonia aegagrophila 88. Cladophora vagabunda 119.G. canaliculata 152.Anadyomene stellata 89. Trichosolen mucronatus 120.G. debilis 153.Struvea anastomosans 90. Caulerpa laetevirens 121.Sarconema filiforme 154.Dictyosphaeria cavernosa 91. Codium arabicum 122.Solieria robusta 155.Derbesia boergesanii 92. Halimeda macroloba 123.Bortyocladia leptopoda 156.Ectocarpus spp. 93. Boergesenia foerbesii 124.Coelarthrum opuntia 157.Feldmannia irregularis 94. Valoniopsis pachynema 125.Centroceras clavulatum 158.Giffordia spp. 95. Padina boergesenii 126.Spyridia filamentosa 159.Sphacelaria spp. 96. P. tetrastomatica 127.S. fusiformis 160.Dictyopteris delicatula 97. Lobophora variegata 128.Acanthophora muscoides 161.Zonaria crenata 98. Colpomenia sinuosa 129.Laurencia poiteaui 162.Rosenvingea intricata 99. Hydroclathrus clathrarus 130.Lyngbya majuscule 163.R. nhatragensis 100.Chnoospora minima 131.Spirocoleus tenuis 164.Iyengaria stellata 101.Hormophysa cuneiformis 132.Chlorodesmis hidelbrandtii 165.Sahlingia subintegra 102.Sargassum ilicifolium 133.Caulerpa sedoides 166.Liagora albicans 103.S. polycystum 134.C. coynephora 167.Actinotricha fragilis 104.S. tenerimum 135.C. serrulata 168.Tricleocarpa triglis 105.Tubinaria decurrens 136.Acetabularia calyculus 169.Gelidium pusillum 106.Asparagopsis taxiformis 137.A. parvula 170.Pterocladia heteroplatos 107.Portieria hornemanni 138.Neomeris annulata 171.Grateloupia filicina 108.Amphiroa anceps 139.Avrainvillea erecta 172.Gelidiopsis variabilis 109.A. fragilissima 140.Rhipidosiphon javensis 173.Gracilaria acruata 110.Cheilosporum spectabila 141.Udotea flabellum 174.G. textorii 111.Grateloupia lithophila 142.Boodlea composita 175.Ahnfeltiopsis pygmaea 112.Gracilariopsis 143.Polysiphiona spp. 176.Neurymenia fraxinifolia lemaneiformis 144.Ceramium spp. 177.Tolypocladia glomerulata 113.Chondroacanthus acicularis 145.Herposiphonia spp. 178.Leveillea jungermannioides 114.Dictyurus purpurascens 146.Heterosiphonia spp. 179.Dasya iyengari 115.Rhodymenia dissecta 147.Chondria spp. 180.Vanvoorstia spectabilis 116.Nitophyllum marginale 148.Enantiocladia prolifera 181.Anotrichum tenue

13 Seagrass

Total species recorded 15 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Seagrasses are flowering plants from one of four plant families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae or Cymodoceaceae). They are productive nearshore habitats that host many economically and ecologically important species. Seagrasses regulate water column dissolved oxygen, modify the physical and chemical environment, stabilize sediments, slow water movements and trap heavy metals and nutrient rich runoff, thus improving the water quality for coastal environment and associated communities. SEAGRASSES recorded before 2000 Family : HYDROCHARITACEAE

Reported by MoEF 1987 : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Project Document 5, MoEF, Govt. of India. 1. Enhalus acoroides 3. Halophila ovalis 5. H. beccari 2. Thalassia hemprichii 4. H. ovata 6. H. stipulacea Family: POTAMOGETONACEAE 7. Cymodocea serrulata 9. Halodule uninervis 10. Syringodium isoetifolium 8. C. rotundata

Reported by Jagtap et al. 2003 : Status of a seagrass ecosystem: An ecologically sensitive wetland habitat from India. Wetlands, voil.23 pp 161-170. 11. Halodule pinifolia 13. Halophila decipiens 15. Ruppia maritima 12. H. wrightii 14. H. ovalis var: Ramamurthiana

15 Mangrove

Total species recorded 11 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. The word is used in at least three senses: (1) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal, for which the terms mangrove swamp and mangrove forest are also used, (2) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangal, and (3) narrowly to refer to the mangrove family of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora. Mangals are found in depositional coastal environments where fine sediments, often with high organic content, collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. MANGROVES recorded before 2000

Reported by Kathiresan and Rajendran 1998 : Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. Proceedings No. 24, MSSRF, Chennai. 1. Aegiceras corniculatum 4. Exoecaria agallocha 6. Rhizophora apiculata 2. Avicennia marina 5. Lumnitzera racemosa 7. R. mucronata 3. Bruguiera cylindrica

MANGROVES recorded after 2000 Reported by Kathiresan et al. 2007 : Biodiversity in mangrove ecosystem in the Gulf of Mannar.In: Biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.pp. 152-175. 8. Pemphis acidula 10. Bruguiera gymnorrizha 11. Acanthus ilicifolius 9. Ceriops tagal

17 Flowering Plants

Total species recorded 201 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Flowering plants are plants that produce flowers as part of their reproductive cycle. More than 250,000 species of flowering plants, technically called as angiosperms possess roots, stems, leaves, and well-developed conductive tissues (xylem and phloem). They are often differentiated from gymnosperms by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (the ovary) within the flower, a based on distinction that is not always clear-cut. The division is composed of two classes: monocots and dicots (cotyledon). Monocots have flower parts in threes, scattered conducting strands in the stem, and usually prominent parallel veins in the leaves, and they lack a cambium. Dicots have flower parts in fours or fives, conducting strands arranged in a cylinder, a net-veined pattern in the leaves, and a cambium. Flowering plants reflect an immense diversity in habit, size, and form; they account for more than 300 families growing on every continent, including Antarctica. Flowering plants have adapted to almost every habitat. Most reproduce sexually by seeds via the specialized reproductive organs that are present in all flowers. FLOWERING PLANTS recorded after 2000 Reported by Kathiresan et al. 2007 : Flowering plant species in the islands of Gulf of Mannar In: Biodiversity Conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. 1. Abrus precatorius 28. Bulbostylis barbata 55. Corchurus fascicularis 2. Acacia norrida 29. Cadaba fruiticosa 56. C. aestuans 3. Acalypha indica 30. Caesalpinia bonduc 57. Cordia obliqua 4. Acacia planifrons 31. Calotropis gigantea 58. C. subcordata 5. Achyranthes aspera 32. Canavalia rosea 59. Crinum defixum 6. Aeluropus logopoides 33. Caralluma adscendens 60. Crotalaria medicagenia 7. Aerva lanata 34. Cardiospermum canescens 61. C. retusa 8. Aloe vera 35. Capparis sepiaria 62. Croton bonplandianus 9. Alysicarpus rugosus 36. C. zeylanica 63. Cucumis melo 10. Amaranthus polygamus 37. Cassia auriculata 64. Cyanotis cristata 11. Ammannia baccifera 38. C. italica 65. Cymbopogon caesius 12. Anisomeles malabarica 39. C. senna 66. Cyperus arenarius 13. Apluda mutica 40. Cassytha filiformis 67. C. bulbosus 14. Acrachne henrardiana 41. Cayratia trifolia 68. C. compressus 15. Arthrocnemon glaucum 42. Cenchrus ciliaris 69. C. conglomeratus 16. Asparagus racemosus 43. Chloris barbata 70. C. pumilus 17. Asystasia gangetica 44. Cissampelos pareira 71. C. rotundus 18. Atlantia racemosa 45. Cissus quadrangularis 72. Cypereus squarrosus 19. Atriplex repens 46. Citrullus colocynthis 73. C. stoloniferu 20. Azadirachta indica 47. Cleome viscosa 74. Dactyloctenium aegypium 21. Azima tetracantha 48. Clerodendrum inerme 75. Datura metel 22. Blumea obliqua 49. Clitoria ternatea 76. Delonix elata 23. Boerhavia diffusa 50. Coccinia grandis 77. Dichrostachys cinerea 24. B. erecta 51. Cocculus hirsutus 78. Dodonaea viscosa 25. Borassus flabellifer 52. Colubrina asiatica 79. Echinochloa colona 26. Brachiaria ramosa 53. Commelina bengalensis 80. Eclipta prostrata 27. Breynia vitis-idaea 54. C. paleata 81. Ehretia laevis

19 GOMBRT Publication 22

82. E. ovalifolia 121.Leucas anandaraoana 160.Sesuvium portulacastrum 83. Enicostema axillare 122.L. aspera 161.Setaria verticillata 84. Epaltes divaricata 123.L. diffusa 162.Sida cordifolia 85. Eragrostris amabilis 124.Leucas mollisima 163.Solanum pubescens 86. E. coarctata 125.Lindernia crustacea 164.S. trilobatum 87. E. riparia 126.L. minima 165.S. virginianum 166.Sopubia delphinifolia 88. Eremopogon foveolatus 127.L. parviflora 167.Spermacoce hsipida 89. Erythroxylum monogymnum128.Manilkara hexandra 168.S. ocymoides 90. Euphorbia indica 129.Ludwigia perennis 169.Spinifex littoreus 91. E. rosea 130.Mariscus squarrosus 170.Sporobolus maderaspatanaus 92. Ficus benghalensis 131.Micrococc mercurialis 171.S. tremulus 93. Fimbristylis cymosa 132.Momordica dioica 172.S. virginicus 94. F. ferruginea 133.Moringa ptrygosperma 173.Stemodia viscosa 95. F. polytrichoides 134.Opuntia dillenii 174.Striga asiatica 96. F. triflora 135.Pandanus fascicularis 175.Suaeda maritima 97. Gloriosa superba 136.Pavetta indica 176.S. monoica 177.S. nudiflora 98. Gisekia pharnaceoides 137.Pedalium murex 178.Suriana maritima 99. Halopyrum mucronatum 138.Pentatropensis capensis 179.Tamarindus indica 100.Halosarcia indica 139.Peplidium maritium 180.Tarenna asiatica 101.Hedyotis corymbosa 140.Pergularia daemia 181.Tephrosia maxima 102.H. graminifolia 141.Phoenix pusilla 182.Thespesia populnea 103.H. puberula 142.Phyllanthus amarus 183.Tinospora cardifolia 104.H. pumila 143.P. rotundifolius 184.Trachys muricata 105.Heterostemma tanjorense 144.Physalis minima 185.Trianthema triquerta 106.Hydrophylax maritima 145.Pleurostylia opposita 186.Tribulus lanuginosus 107.Indigofera colutea 146.Polycarpaea spicata 187.T. terrestris 188.Trichosanthes cucumernina 108.I. linnaei 147. Polygala erioptera 189.Tridax procumbens 109.I. oblongifolia 148.Pongamia pinnata 190.Tylophora indica 110.Iphigenia indica 149.Premna serratifolia 191.Tynha angustata 111.Ipomoea dissecta 150.Prosopsis chilensis 192.Vernonia albicans 112.I. nil 151.Pupalia lappacea 193.V. cinerea 113.I. pes-carpe 152.Rikliella squarrosa 194.Vicoa indica 114.I. pes-tigrides 153.Salicornia brachiata 195.Vigna trilobata 115.Ipomoea violacea 154.Salvadora persica 196.Vitex trifolia 116.Jatropha grandulifera 155.Sapindus emarginatus 197.Waltheria indica 117.Lablab purpureus 156.Sauropus bacciformis 198.Wattakaka volubilis 199.Wedelia biflora 118.Lannea coromandelica 157.Scaevola plumier 200.Zizipus mauritiana 119.Launea intybacea 158.S. taccada 201.Z. xylopyrus 120.L. sarmentosa 159.Securinega leucopyrus

20 Zooplankton

Total species recorded 66 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Zooplankton are the heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) type of plankton. Plankton is organisms drifting in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. The name of zooplankton is derived from the Greek zoon, meaning “animal”, and planktos, meaning “wanderer” or “drifter”. Zooplankton is a broad categorisation spanning a range of organism sizes that includes both small protozoans and large metazoans. It consists of small adults and even larval forms of certain groups. Ecologically important protozoan zooplankton groups include the foraminiferans, radiolarians and dinoflagellates (the latter are often mixotrophic). Important metazoan zooplankton include cnidarians such as jellyfish and the Portuguese Man of War; crustaceans such as copepods and krill; chaetognaths (arrow worms); molluscs such as pteropods; and chordates such as salps and juvenile fish. This wide phylogenetic range includes a similarly wide range in feeding behavior: filter feeding, predation and symbiosis with autotrophic phytoplankton as seen in corals. Zooplankton feed on bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, other zooplankton (sometimes cannibalistically), detritus (or marine snow) and even nektonic organisms. ZOOPLANKTON Recorded before 2000 Reported by Kartha 1960 : A study of the copepods of the inshore waters of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. Ind.J. Fish., 6(2) : 256-267. 1. Paracalanus parvus 9. Canthocalaus pauper 17. C. elliptica 2. P. aculeatus 10. Centropages furcatus 18. Labidocera spp. 3. Acartia erythraea 11. C.tenuirenis 19. Pontella spp. 4. Corycaeus spp. 12. C. dorsispinatus 20. Tortanus gracilis 5. Euterpina acutifrons 13. Pseudodiaptomus aurivilli 21. T. forcipatus 6. Metacalanus aurivilli 14. Schmackeria serricaudata 22. Temora turbinata 7. Oithona spp. 15. Calanopia thompsonii 23. T. discaudata 8. Acrocalanus spp. 16. C. aurivilli 24. Oncea spp.

Reported by Raghu Prasad 1954 : The characteristics of marine plankton at an inshore station in the Gulf of Mannar near Mandapam. Ind.J.Fish. ,1(1&2) : 1-36. 25. Macrosetella gracilis 27. Peltidium sp. 28. Procellidium sp. 26. Microsetella sp.

Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3 : 9 – 25. 29. Amphiascopsis cinctus 34. L. hirusta 39. Phyllopodopsyllus minor 30. Diosaccus truncatus 35. L. meinerta 40. Porcellidium fimbriatus 31. Enhydrosoma spp. 36. Longipedia coronata 41. P. clavigerum 32. Eudactylopsus striatus 37. Orthopsyllus linearis 42. Metis jousseaumei 33. Laophonte cornuta 38. Parastenheli littoralis 43. Brachionus sp.

21 GOMBRT Publication 22

TINTINIDS (PROTOZOAN ZOOPLANKTON) recorded before 2000 Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 44. Cyttarocyclis ehrenbergi 45. Tintinnus sp

FORAMINIFERA (PROTOZOAN ZOOPLANKTON) recorded before 2000 Reported by Hamsa and Nammalwar 1977 : Some planktonic foraminifera from the Gulf of Mannar. Ind. J. Fish., 24(1&2): 232 – 237. 46. Orbulina bilobata 49. G. prolata 51. G. pseudomeaardii 47. Globigerina triloculinoides 50. Globorotalia pseudobulloides 52. G. opima 48. G. parva

Reported by Hamsa and Gandhi, 1978 : Foraminifera collected off Mandapm (Gulf of Mannar) J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. pp. 162-166. 53. Textularia cuneiformis 58. Bulimina elegans 63. Uvigernia ampullaceal 54. Trochammina inflata 59. Bolivina robusta 64. Streblus catesbyanus 55. Robulus limbosus 60. B. rhomboidalis 65. Cancris auriculus 56. Nonionia scapha 61. B. subtenuis 66. Poroeponides lateralis 57. Operculina gaimairdi 62. B. subreteculata

22 Porifera

Total species recorded 77 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus “pore” and ferre “to bear”) are animals of the phylum Porifera. Sponges are aquatic, sessile, and are either multicellular or multinucleate- syncytial forms. They do not have columnar tissues supported on a basal membrane, organ systems in the usual sense, or special sensory structures. The body is pierced by pores, with smaller and more numerous pores for incoming water, and larger and fewer pores for outgoing water. The pores are connected by means of a canal system, in part lined with a single layer of flagellated chaonocytes or a chaonosyncytium that generates and maintains the water currents. The internal skeleton is composed of an organic matrix of collagen, with or without compact fibers of sponging, and with or without siliceous or calcareous spicules. They are divided into classes namely Calcarea, Demospongiae, Sclerospongiae and Hexactinellida. PORIFERA recorded before 2000 Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,Vol.3.pp 9 – 25. 1. Callyspongia diffusa 5. Mycale tenuispiculata 9. S. pumila 2. Halichondria panacea 6. Protylyssa oculata 10. Spirastrella inconstans 3. Haliclona tenuiranosa 7. Sigmadocia fibulata 11. Spongia officinalis 4. H. exigua 8. S. petrosioides ceylonensis 12. Tedonia antulans Reported by Thomas 1979 : Boring sponges destructive to commercially important molluscan beds and coral reefs in Indian seas. Ind. J. Fish., 26(1&2) 163 – 200. 13. Amoprhinopsis excavans 23. C. mucronata 33. Thooce soxalis 14. Aka diagonexa 24. C. ensifera 34. Thoosa hancocki 15. A. minuta 25. C. indica 35. T. armata 16. Donotella acustella 26. C. orientalis 36. T. fishceri 17. Clonia celata 27. C. margaritifera 37. T. investigatoris 18. C. vastifica 28. C. annulifera 38. Spirastrella cuspidifera 19. C. lobata 29. C. kempi 39. S. aurivilli 20. C. quadrata 30. Annandaler laeviaster 40. Jaspis penetrans 21. C. viridis 31. Delectona higgini 41. J. investigatrix 22. C. carpenteri 32. Dotona pulchella 42. Halina plicata 43. Sanus anonyma Reported by Thomas 1977 : Studies on Indian sponges VIII. Four new records of silicious sponges Echinochalina glabra (Ridely and Dendy), Higginsia mixta (Hentschel), Geodia lindgreni (Lendenfeld) and Pachamphilla dendyi) (Hentschel) from the Indian Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. India. 19(1): 115-122. 44. Echinochalina glabra 46. Geodia lindgreni 48. Hymedesmia mertoni 45. Higginsia mixta 47. Pacamphilla dendyi

Reported by Thomas 1968 : Studies on Indian sponges – V. Two new records of silicious sponges belonging to the families Myxillidae (Hentschel) and Spirastrellidae (Hentschel) from the Indian

23 GOMBRT Publication 22

Region. J.Mar.Biol.Assn.India. 10(2): 264-268. 49. Spirastrella pachyspira 50. S. inconstans

Reported by Thomas 1969 : Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: Proceedings of the first International Symposium on corals and coral reefs. Marine Biological Association of India, Mandapm camp, India, 12-16 January, 1969. 51. Endectyon lamelossa

Reported by Thomas 1976 : Endectyon lamellosa N. sp. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida, Raspailiidae) from the Indian seas and a revised key to the Indian species of Endectyon Topsent. 52. E. fruticosa 53. E. thrustoni PORIFERA recorded after 2000 Reported by Pattanayak 2009 : Catalouge of extant marine porifera, type specimen in the Zoological Survey of India. Rec.Zool. Serv. India. Occ, paper no.307; 1-80. 54. Chondrilla kilakaria 59. Histoderma encrusta 64. C. pambanensis 55. Qasimella indica 60. Hymedesmia mannarensis 65. Chaline clathrata 56. Dendrocia antyaja 61. H. stylophora 66. Gelloides carnosa 57. Rhabdermia acanthostyla 62. Mycale mannarensis 67. Pachychalina spinilamella 58. Ectyodoryx lissostyla 63. Callyspongia cellaria 68. Hircinia cactiformis var. fusca

Reported by Calcinai et al 2000 : Boring sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Indian Ocean. Ital. J. Zoology, 67 : 203-219. 69. Dercitus plicatus 72. Pione vastifica 75. Cliona inconstans 70. Spirastrella vagabunda 73. Cliothosa aurivilli 76. Pione vastifica 71. Cliona inconstans 74. Dercitus plicatus 77. Cliona hancocki

24 Coelentrata

Total species recorded 262 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Coelenterata is an obsolete long term encompassing two animal phyla, the Ctenophora (comb jellies) and the Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their allies). The taxon name comes from the Greek “koilos” (“hollow”), referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla. They have very simple tissue organization, with only two layers of cells, external and internal. The term coelenterate is no longer recognized as scientifically valid, as the Cnidaria and Ctenophora have placed at equal rank under the Metazoa with the other phyla of animals. Cnidaria means to sting. A single term encompassing these two phyla but leaving out all others of equal rank would be considered polyphyletic. Nonetheless, the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Cnidaria are radial, biradial, or radiobilateral in symmetry, and are structured about an oral-aboral axis derived from the primary gastrula axis. The body is composd of 3 layers: an outer epidermis derived from ectoderm, an inner gastrodermis derived from endoderm, and a cellular or noncellular mesoglea largely derived from ectoderm. There is but a single body cavity, or coelenterons, and a single mouth opening to the gut derived from the blasotpore. Distinctive nematocysts are formed by interstitial cells. Typically, one or more orals or fields of tentacles are arranged around the mouth. The neurosensory apparatus is composed of a nerve net of nonpolarized protoneurons, and there are types of sensory cells sometimes assembled in special sense organs. There is a tendency toward polymorphism and alternation of generations between sessile hydroid and swimming medusoid forms, and the body is often colonial with a variety of specialized individuals or zooids. Ctenophora are marine forms, have biradaial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity, and gelantinous mesenchymal mesoglea with associated muscle cells. The principal distinctive characteristic is the radially arranged rows of cilia or ctents. Tentacles are not arranged in whorls around the mouth. They have an aboral sense organ and special adhesive cells or holoblasts. Cleavage is determinate, and ontogeny culminates in a cytoppid larva with virtually no planula.

CORALS recorded before and after 2000

Reported by Pillai 1986 : Recent corals from the south east coast of India. In : Recent advances in marine biology. New Delhi. 107-201. Patterson et al., 2004 : A field guide to stony corals (Scleractinia) of Tuticorin in Gulf of Mannar, Southeast India, SDMRI Research Publication No. 4, 80 p. Patterson et al. 2007 : Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India – Distribution, Diversity and Status. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI), Special Research Publication No. 12, 113 p. Family : POCILLOPORIDAE 1. Pocillopra damicornis 3. P. eydouxi 4. Madracis interjecta 2. P. verrucossa

25 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family : ACROPORIDAE 5. Acropora formosa 20. A. digitata 35. A. indica 6. A. intermedia 21. A. hebes 36. A. millepora 7. A. valenciennesi 22. A. echinata 37. A. brevicollis 8. A. micropthalama 23. A. nasuta 38. Montipora venosa 9. A. corymbosa 24. A. pillai sp.novo. 39. M. spumosa 10. A.nobilis 25. Montipora subtilis 40. M. tuberculata 11. A. humilis 26. M. digitata 41. M. monasteriata 12. A. valida 27. M. divaricata 42. M. granulosa 13. A. hemprichi 28. M. jonesi 43. M. exserta 14. A. stoddarti 29. M. hispida 44. M. turgescens 15. A. diversa 30. M. foliosa 45. M. manauliensis 16. A. cytherea 31. M. aequituberculata 46. M. verrucosa 17. A. brevicollis 32. Montipora sp. novo. 47. M. verrilli 18. A. abrolhosensis 33. Acropora sp.novo. 48. Astreopora myriophthalma 19. A. subtilis 34. A. hyacinthus

Reported by Venkatraman et al 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 49. Acropora secale 50. Montipora millepora 51. M. tuberculosa Family : AGARICIIDAE Reported by Patterson et al. 2007 : Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India – Distribution, Diversity and Status. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI), Special Research Publication No. 12, 113 p. 52. Pavona varians 55. Pachyseris rugosa 57. P. cactus 53. P. divaricata 56. Pavona decussata 58. P. clavus 54. P. duerdeni Family : SIDERASTREIDAE 59. Siderastraea savignyana 61. Coscinaraea monile 62. Psammocora contigua 60. Pseudosiderastraea tayami Family : FUNGIIDAE 63. Cycloseris cyclolites Family : FAVIIDAE 64. Favia pallida 73. F. halicora 82. Hydnophora microconos 65. F. favus 74. F. melicerum 83. H. exesa 66. F. mathaii 75. Goniastraea pectinata 84. Leptastrea transversa 67. F. speciosa 76. G. retiformis 85. L. purpurea 68. F. stelligera 77. Platygyra daedalea 86. Cyphastraea serailia 69. Favites abdita 78. P. sinensis 87. C. japonica 70. F. complanata 79. Platygyra.sp.novo. 88. C. microphthalama 71. F. flexuosa 80. P. lamellina 89. Echinopora lamellosa 72. F. pentagona 81. Leptoria phrygia 90. Plesiastraea versipora 91. Culicia rubeola

26 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family : OCULINIDAE Reported by Patterson et al. 2007 : Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India – Distribution, Diversity and Status. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI), Special Research Publication No. 12, 113 p. 93. Galaxea fascicularis 94. G. astreata

Family : MUSSIDAE 95. Acanthastraea echinata 97. S. recta 98. Lobophylia corymbosa 96. Symphyllia radians

Family : PECTINIDAE 99. Mycedium elephantotus

Family : MERULINIDAE 100.Merulina ampliata Family : DENDROPHYLLIDAE 101.Turbinaria crater 104.Dendrphyllia indica 107.Endopsammia philipinensis 102.T. peltata 105.D. coaractata 108.Heteropsammia michelini 103.T. mesenterina 106.Balanophyllia affinis 109.Tubastrea aurea

Reported by Venkatraman et al 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 110.Turbinaria undata Family : PORITIDAE Reported by Patterson et al. 2007 : Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India – Distribution, Diversity and Status. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI), Special Research Publication No. 12, 113 p. 111.Goniopora stokesi 116.Porites solida 120.P. exserta 112.G. planulata 117.P. mannarensis 121.P. compressa 113.G. minor 118.P. lutea 122.P. complanata 114.G. stutchburyi 119.P. lichen 123.P. nodifera 115.Goniopora sp.novo.

Family : CARYOPHYLLIDAE 124.Polycyathus verilli 125.Heterocyathus aequcostatus SEA PENS recorded before 2000 Reported by Jones 1959 : Notes on animal associations 1. A Porcellanid crab on the sea pen Pterolides esperi. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. India., 1(2): 178-179. 126.Pterolides esperi

27 GOMBRT Publication 22

JELLYFISHES recorded before 2000 Subclass : HYDROMEDUSAE Reported by Raghu Prasad 1954 : The characteristics of marine plankton at an inshore station in the Gulf of Mannar near Mandapam. Ind.J.Fish., 1(1&2) : 1-36. 127.Cytocis tetrastyla 131.Phialucium virens 136.Irenopsis hexanemalis 128.Bougainvilla fulva 132.Pseudocltia gardineri 137.Octocanna polynema 129.Stomotoca (Amphinema) 133.Eutima curva 138.Aequorea conica dinema 134.E. (Octorchis) orientalis 139.Liriope tetraphylla 130.Obelia sp. 135.Phortis palkensis Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 140. Lytocarpus philippines 141.Phialucium virens

Subclass : SCYPHOMEDUSAE 142.Carybdea xaymacana 145.Rhizostoma sp. 147.Physalia cetriculus 143.Chiropsalmus sp. 146.Rhopilina hispidus 148.Porpita pacifica 144.Mastigias papua

SEA ANEMONES recorded before 2000 Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 149.Bunadactis sp. Reported by Alagarswami and Chellam 1976 : On fouling and boring organisms and mortality of pearl oysters in the farm at Veppalodai, Gulf of Mannar.Indian.J.Fish., 23(1&2): 10-22. 150.Paranemonia sp.

SEA ANEMONES recorded after 2000 Reported by Venkatraman et al, 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 151.Phytocotus exul 157.A. annae thallia 162.Adamisia miniata 152 P. gangaticua 158.Aulactinia strheides 163.Calliactis parasitica 153.Actinogeton sessre 159.A. varidi 164.Hormathia coronata 154.Anthopleura annae 160.Condodylactis parvicornis 165.Paracaliiactis valdiviae 155.A. annae micahelsern 161.Telmactis decola 166.Diadumane lencoleva 156.A. annae niglescens

OCTOCORALS (SOFT CORALS) recorded before and after 2000

Reported by Pratt 1905. Report on some Alcyoniidae collected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. In Herdman W.A. and Honell, J. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl and Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar, 3(19) : 247-268. 167.Alcyonium pachyclades 168.Lobophytum pauciflorum 169.Sacrophyton oligotrema

28 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

170.S. bicolor 173.S. querciformes 176.S. densum 171.Scelrophytum polydactylum 174.S. marenzelleri 177.S. durum 172.S. gardineri 175.S. palmatum

Reported by Gravely 1927. The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island. Alcyonaria. Bull. Govt. Mus. New Ser., 1(1) : 190-197. 178.Anthelia sp. 180.Sacrophyton ehrenbergi 181.Scelrophytum durum 179.Clavularia crassa

Reported by Thomson and Henderson 1905a. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish., Gulf of Mannar, 3 : 269-328. Thomson and Henderson 1905b. Preliminary notice of the deep-sea Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 15(7) : 547-557. 182.Capnella mannaarensis 186.Nephthya chabrolli 190.S. rosea 183.Chironephthya variabilis 187.N. lobulifera 191.S. dendrophyta 184.Clavularia margaritifera 188.Paraspongodes striata 192.S. splendens 185.Eunephthya purpurea 189.Spongodes pulchara 193.Xenia umbellata

Reported by Hickson 1931. Three species of Alcyonaria from the Gulf of Mannar. Supplement to the Littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Mannar. Bull. Madras Gov. Mus. New Ser. Nat. Hist. Sec., 1(2) : 81-89. 194.Cornularia cornucopiae 197.L. ransoni 200.L. latiolobatum 195.L. sacrophytoides 198.L. compactum 201.Nephthya sp. 196.L. crassum 199.L. variatum 202.Xenia nana

Reported by Jayasree and Parulekar 1997. The Ecology and distribution of Alcyonaceans at Mandapam (Plak Bay, Gulf of Mannar) South India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 94(3) : 521-524. 203.Dampia poecilliformes 210.Sinularia dissecta 216.S. exilis 204.Sacrophyton 211.S. polydactyla 217.S. intacta trocheliophorum 212.S. abrupta 218.S. grandilobata 205.S. crassocaule 213.S. leptoclados 219.S. brassica 206.S. cherbonneri 214.S. hirta 220.S. granosa 207.S. stellatum 215.S. mannaarensis 221.S. erecta 208.S. glaucum 209.S. elegans

Reported by Thomson 1905. Appendix to the Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish., Gulf of Mannar, No. 28 : 167-188. 222.Fusticulavia herdmani

Reported by Rani Mary George el al., 2007a. A qualitative appraisal of the soft corals (Octocorallia : Alcyonacea) off Mandapam, South India. J. Fish., 54(1) : 99-106.

29 GOMBRT Publication 22

Rani Mary George et al., 2007b. Studies on the coral biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. CMFRI Annual Report 2006-07, p. 65. 223.Cladiella laciniosa 225.S. jasminae 227.S. parulekarai 224.Sinularia kavarattiensis 226.S. gaveshaniae OCTOCORALS (GORGONIANS) recorded before and after 2000 Reported by Thomson 1905. Appendix to the Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish., Gulf of Mannar, No. 28 : 167-188. 228.Bebryce indica 229.Virgularia indica Reported by Thomson and Henderson 1905a. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish., Gulf of Mannar, 3 : 269-328. Thomson and Henderson 1905b. Preliminary notice of the deep-sea Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 15(7) : 547-557. 230.Echinomuricea 235.Leptogorgia australiensis 240.Soelnocaulon tortuosum indo-malaccensis var. flavotiveta 241.Scripearella aurantiaca 231.Junceella gemmacea 236.Muricella complanata 242.Verrucella rubra 232.J. fragilis var. rubra n. 237.M. ramosa 243.V. flexuosa var. gallensis 233.Lophogorgia lutkeni 238.Plexauroides praelonga 234.L. irregularis 239.Plexauroides antipathies var. flexuosa

Reported by Gravely 1927. The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island. Alcyonaria. Bull. Govt. Mus. New Ser., 1(1) : 190-197. 244.Virgularia sp.

Reported by Thomas and Rani Mary George 1986a. Resource survey of sea fans (gorgonids). Final Report of the Report of the Project MBO/ar/1.1. pp. 1-73 unpublished. Thomas and Rani Mary George 1986b. A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 28(1&2) : 96-112. 245.Echinogorgia complexa 249.Ellisella andamanensis 253.Scripearella filliformis 246.E. reticulata 250.Gorgonella umbraculum 254.Subergorgia suberosa 247.Echinomuricea indica 251.G. rubra 255.S. reticulata 248.E. indo-malaccensis 252.Nicella dichotoma 256.Thesia flava

Reported by Thomas and Rani Mary George 1987a. Gorgonid resources of India. Mr. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., 74 : 1-13. Thomas and Rani Mary George 1987b: On five species of commercially important gorgonids new to Indian seas. Indian J. Fish., 34 (1) : 20-27. 257.Heterogorgia flabellum

Reported by Rani Mary George et al., 2007b. Studies on the coral biodiversity of Gulf of

30 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Mannar Biosphere Reserve. CMFRI Annual Report 2006-07, p. 65. 258.Junceella juncea HYDROIDS recorded before 2000 Reported by Alagarswami and Chellam 1976 : On fouling and boring organisms and mortality of pearl oysters in the farm at Veppalodai, Gulf of Mannar.Indian J.Fish., 23(1&2): 10-22. 259.Companularia sp. 261.Abietinaria sp. 262.Lytocarpus sp. 260.Sertularia sp.

31 Nematoda

Total species recorded 3 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): “thread” + - ode “like”) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 80,000 different described species (of which over 15,000 are parasitic). They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species counts, and are found in locations as diverse as Antarctica and oceanic trenches. Further, there are a great many parasitic forms, including pathogens in most plants, animals, and also in humans. Nematodes are generally elongate, spindle-shaped, pseudocoelomates. Their sensory system is well developed, with a radial array of anterior sensilla, anterior amphids, and sometimes posterior phasmids. The cuticle is complex. There are longitudinal muscles only. The digestive system is complete, anus subtermial. Rennet cells, when present, exit through an anteroventero median excretory pore. The circumsophygeal nerve ring coordinates 4 longtitudinal nerve cords. Nematodes are doiceous, the female with a separate vulvar opening, the male system opening into a cloaca equipped with peniles spicules. There is a post embryonic development with 4 juvenile stages. NEMATODES recorded before 2000 Reported by Chaturvedi and Kansal 1977 : Check-list of Indian nematodes. Rec. Zool. Surv. Ind., No.5. 1. Cucullanus bulbosus 2. Echinocephalus 3. E. unicatus spinossimus

33 Platyhelminthes - Trematoda

Total species recorded 2 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Platyhelminthes are acoelomates. Although bilaterally symmetrical, they are cephalised only slightly. Typically they bear anterior eye spots, chemoreceptive organs, and a “brain”. They possess multiciliary epidermal cells without accessory centrioles. There is a functional third germ layer, the mesoderm, that produces a mesenchymal parenchyma that fills the space between the epidermis and the gastrodermis. The digestive system has a single opening to a well developed gastrovascular cavity. A synaptic nerve net of unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons tend to condense as longtitudinal nerve trunks and a bilobed, anterior brain. There are no morphological distinctions between dendritic and axonic neuron endings, but neurons sometimes serve as definite sensory, associated, and motor elements. Protonephridial tubules with terminal flame cells are present. Reproductive systems are complex and typically hermaphroditic. Development aquires in free-living forms by means of determinate, spiral cleavage, with mesoderm and endoderm arising from a special mesentoblast. Sperm is filiform, threadlike in form, with an elongate head, cylindrical middle piece, and long unicilairy tail. PLATYHELMINTHES recorded before 2000

Reported by Samuel 1978: A digenic trematode infection in the edible oyster crassostrea madrasensis (Preston). 154-159. 1. Bucephalopsis haimenaus

Reported by Ragunathan and Krishnan 2007 : Faunal diversity of Sethusamudram ship channel and its adjoining region of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, southeast coast of India.In: Biodiversity Conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.pp.353-377. 2. Convoluta saliens

35 Annelida - Polychaeta

Total species recorded 151 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Nearly all of the 8000 species of polychaetes are marine. These are especially abundant from low tide line to about 150 meters, but many live in the intertidal zone, and some have been found of that of over 5000 meters. Some polychaetes burrow in the bottom; some crowd into crevice in or under rocks and shells, or live in the tubes or houses of other animals; some build tubes in the bottom material or on the surface of submerged objects. They are often extremely abundant; thousands of polychaetes may live in a single square meter of a mud flat, and they are important elements in the food chain,. Some are primary or intermediate consumers, while others feed on organic debris, gathering small particles with a ciliary-mucous feeding apparatus, or swallowing quantities of mud. They are preyed upon by hydroids, flatworms, other annelids, crustaceans, echinoderms, or fishes. Different combinations of feeding habits and dwelling places have made for incredible diversification of form.

POLYCHAETA recorded before 2000

Reported by Pierre Fauvel 1953 : Annelida, Polychaeata – In: The Fauna of India, including Pakistan, Burma and Malaya. ZSI Archives. 1. Lepidonotus carnivulatus 30. S.(Toposyllis) 58. Marphysa macintoshi 2. L. cristatus closterobranchia 59. M. mossambica 3. L. dictyolepis 31. S. (Ehlersia) cornuta 60. M. fallax 4. Harmathoe imbricata 32. Opisthosyllis brunnea 61. Paramarphysa orientalis 5. H. ampuliifera 33. Trypanosyllis zebra 62. Lysidice collaris 6. H. dictyophora 34. Odontosyllis graveyli 63. Nematonereis unicornis 7. H. sinagawaensis 35. Tylonereis bogoyawlenskyi 64. Aglaurides fulgida 8. Scalisetosus pellucidus 36. T. faueli 65. Diopatra neopolitina 9. Gastrolepidia clavigera 37. Leonnates jousseaumei 66. Onuphis dibranchiate 10. Sthenalias boa 38. L. decipiens 67. O. conchylega 11. S. zeylanica 39. N. cricognatha 68. O. holobranchiata 12. Chrysopetalum ehlersi 40. N. chilikaensis 69. Arabella iricolor 13. Chloeia flava 41. N. indica 70.Staurocephalus insertis 14. Euphrosyne myrtosa 42. N. coutierei 71. Goniada (Goniadopsis) 15. E. foliosa 43. N. zonata-perisca agnesiae 16. Hesione pantherina 44. N. kauderni 72. Glycera rouxii 17. H. intertexta 45. N. jacksoni 73. Scoloplos marsupialis 18. Leocrates claparedii 46. N. (Ceratonereis) mirabilis 74. S. chevalieri 19. Podarke angustfrons 47. Perinenereis nigropunctata 75. Scololepis indica 20. Phyllodole zeylanica 48. P. nuntia var. typical 76. Polydora (Polydora) hornelli 21. P. (Anaitides) dissotyla 49. P. nuntia brevicirris 77. P. (Polydora) coaca 22. Eulalia viridis 50. Pseudonereis annomala 78. Polydorella prolifera 23. E.(Plectocirrusmgalhaensis) 51. Platynereis dumreilii 79. Prionopsio polybranchiata 24. E. (Eumida) sanguina 52. P. abnormis 80. P. krusadensis 25. Notophyllum splendens 53. Eunice tubifex 81. Audouinia filigera 26. Syllis(Harposyllis)spongicola 54. E. tentaculata 82. Cirratulus filiformis 27. S. (Syllis) gracilis 55. E. afra 83. C. chrysoderma 28. S. (Toposyllis) variegata 56. E. siciliensis 84. Heterocirrus typhlops 29. S. (Toposyllis) prolifera 57. E. (Nicidion) gracilis 85. Dodecaeceria fistulicola

37 GOMBRT Publication 22

86. Dodecaeceria fistulicola 98. Puliella armata 110.Polycirrus coccineus 87. Phyllochaetopterus ellioti 99. Axiothellaobockensis 111.Hypsicomus phaeotaenia 88. Mesochaetopterus minutus 100. A.australis 112.Potamilla ehlersi 89. Stylarioides eruca 101.Asychis disparidentata 113.P. ceylonica 90. Parascerochelius 102.Owenia fusiformis 114.Hydroides monoceros branchiatus 103.Sabellaria pectinata 115.Pomatostegus stellatus 91. Armandialanceolata 104.Amphicteis 116.P. polytrema 92. A.Leptocirrus posterobranchiata 117.Vermiliopsis acanthophora 93. Polythalmus pictus 105.Polymnia nebulosa 118.V. glandigerus 94. Dasybranchus caducus 106.Nicolea gracillibranchis 119.Omphalopomopsis 95. Heteromastus similis 107.Terebella ehrenbergi langerhansi 96. Heteromastides bifidus 108.Pista herpii 120.Salmacina dysteri 97. Scyphoproctus dijiboutiensis 109.Streblosoma perisca 121.Spirorbis foraminosus

Reported by Karl Bense 1959 : On marine polycheata from Mandapam (south India). J. Mar. Biol. Assn. India. 12(2): 165-167. 122.Dorvillea mandapame 126.Raphidrilus nemasoma 129.Angeneriella hummelincki 123.Prionopsio malngreni 127.Oriopsis armandi 130.A. hummelincki indica 124.P. sexoculata 128.O. coalescens 131.Amphiglena mediterranea 125.Poecilochaetus serpens

Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 132.Marphysa sanguinea 134.Phyllochaetopterus sp. 135.Loimia medusa 133.Polydora sp

Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3 : 9 - 25. 136.Cirratulus filiformis 142.Lysella pambensis 147.Pseudoneris anomola 137.Clymene insecta 143.Odontosylis gravelii 148.Streblosoma persica 138.Dasychone cingulata 144.Perineris cultifera 149.Syllis (Typoscyllis) krohnii 139.D. serratibranchus 145.Platyneris dumerelli 150.S. prolifera 140.Diopatra neopolinata 146.Polyopthalmus pictus 151.Tehlepus plagiostema 141.Eucine antennata

38 Bryozoa

Total species recorded 37 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Bryozoans are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate, superficially similar to coral (although some species lack any calcification in the colony and instead have a mucilaginous structure.) Bryozoa are also known as moss animals or moss animacules (which is the literal Greek translation of bryozoa) or as sea mats. They generally prefer warm, tropical waters, but are known to occur worldwide. There are about 8,000 living species, with several times that number of fossil forms known. Most species of Bryozoan live in marine environments, though there are about 50 species which inhabit freshwater. In their aquatic habitats, bryozoans may be found on all types of hard substrates: sand grains, rocks, shells, wood, blades of kelp, pipes and ships may be heavily encrusted with bryozoans. Most bryozoans are sessile and immobile, but a few colonies are able to creep about, and some non-colonial bryozoans live and move about in the spaces between sand grains. One remarkable species makes its living while floating in the Southern Ocean. Bryozoans are colony- forming animals. Many millions of individuals can form one colony. The colonies range from millimeters to meters in size, but the individuals that make up the colonies (the zooids) are tiny, usually less than a millimeter long. In each colony, different individuals assume different functions. Some individuals gather up the food for the colony (autozooids), others depend on them (heterozooids). Some individuals are devoted to strengthening the colony (kenozooids), and still others to cleaning the colony (vibracula). BRYOZOANS recorded before 2000

Reported by MoEF Project document 5, 1987 : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Project document 5, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. 2. Membraniopora membranacea Reported by Alagarswami and Chellam 1976 : On fouling and boring organisms and mortality of pearl oysters in the farm at Veppalodai, Gulf of Mannar.Indian.J.Fish., 23(1&2): 10-22. 3. Thalamoporella sp.

Reported by MoEF Project document 5, 1987 : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Project document 5, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. 4. Thalamoporella hamta

Reported by Alagarswami and Chellam 1976 : On fouling and boring organisms and mortality of pearl oysters in the farm at Veppalodai, Gulf of Mannar.Indian.J.Fish., 23(1&2): 10-22. 5. Lagenipora sp. 6. Watersipora sp. 7. Bugula sp. Reported by MoEF Project document 5, 1987 : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Project document 5, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. 8. Electra sp. 11. Scrupocollaria mansueta 14. S. bertholextii 9. Smittipora abyssicola 12. Serupocellaria spatulata 15. Synotum aegyptiacum 10. Spiralaria serrata 13. S. talonis 16. Bugulela crosslandi

39 GOMBRT Publication 22

17. B. clavata 23. Turbicellopore redontei 29. R. larreyi 18. Tremogasterina granulata 24. Parasmittina tubula 30. R. globosum 19. T. lanceolata 25. P. elongata 31. Alcyonidium polyovum 20. Cellesporaria pilaefera 26. Hippopodina feegeensis 32. Amathia distan 21. C. granulosa 27. Triphyllozoon tubulatum 22. Mucropetraliella 28. Rhynchozoon caupaetus philippinensis

Reported by Menon and Nair 1974 : Ectoproctus Bryozoans of the Indian waters, J. Mar.Biol.Assn. India. 9: 430-433. 33. A. convoluta

Reported by MoEF Project document 5, 1987 : The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. Project document 5, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. 34. Aeverrillia setigera 36. Lobioporella sinuosa 37. Zanograsterina granulata 35. Crisia elongata

40 Chaetognatha

Total species recorded 18 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Chaetognatha is a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. About 20% of the known species are benthic and can attach to algae or rocks. They are found in all marine waters from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped. Some deep-sea species are orange. They range in size from 2 mm to 12 cm. The common term for the phylum is “Arrow Worms”. There are more than 120 modern species assigned to over 20 genera. Despite the limited diversity of species, the number of individuals is staggering. Chaetognaths are transparent or translucent and are covered by a cuticle. They have fins and a pair of hooked, chitinous, grasping spines on each side of their heads that are used in hunting. The spines are covered with a hood when swimming. They have a distinct head, trunk and tail. All species are hermaphroditic, carrying both eggs and sperm. Some species are known to use the neuro-tetrodotoxin to subdue prey. CHAETOGNATHA recorded before 2000

Reported by Sudarsan 1963 : Observations on the chaetognatha of the waters around Mandapam. Ind.J.Fish., 8(2) : 364-382. 1. Sagitta enflata 5. S. tenuis 8. Krohnitta pacifica 2. S. negelcta 6. S. pulchra 9. K. subtilis 3. S. bedoti 7. S. hispida 10. Spadella cephaloptera 4. S. robusta 11. S. angualta CHAETOGNATHA recorded after 2000 Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 12. Pterosagitta draco 15. S. hexaptera 17. S. pacifica 13. S. bipunctata 16. S. minima 18. S. regularis 14. S. ferox

41 Arthropoda

Total species recorded 158 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Arthropods are animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek arthron, “joint”, and podos”foot”, which together mean “jointed feet”) and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. All arthropods are covered by a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, a polysaccharide, which provides physical protection and (among terrestrial species) resistance to desiccation. Arthropods grow by shedding this covering in what are termed molts. Crusctea are arthropods with typically five pairs of head appendages, antennules, antennae, gnathobasic mandibles, maxilules and maxillae. The body is often divided into different tagmata in subsidiary groups, but typically there is a recognizable head, thorax and abdomen. The posterior anal somite or telson contains the anus and often bears caudal ramie. Often the excretory system consists of antennal glands or maxillary glands. A median naupliar eye unusually a pair of lateral compound eyes are present. Sexes are usually separate. Crustacean generally exhibit indirect development and typically possess a nauplius larva or egg-nauplius stage.

LOBSTERS recorded before and after 2000 Reported by Nair et al. 1973 : On the occurrence of Panulirus longipes, P. penicillatus and P. polyphagus in the Gulf of Mannar with notes on the lobster fishery around Mandapam. Ind. J. Fish., 20: 333 – 350. Reported by Venkatramani et al., 2008: Study on fish resources of GoMBR, 156 pp. Report submitted to GoMBRT. 1. Panulirus longipes longipes 4. P. ornatus 7. Thenus orientalis 2. P. penicillatus 5. P. homarus 8. Scyllarus tutiensis 3. P. polyphagus 6. P. versicolor AMPHIPODS recorded before 2000 Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3: 9 – 25. 9. Amphelisica zamboangae 18. H. hawaiensis 26. M. quadriana 10. Amphtihae indica 19. H. honolulensis 27. Melita fresneli 11. Amphilochus schubarti 20. Lecucothoe furcae 28. M. orgasmos 12. Atylopsis latipalpus 21. L. spinicarpa 29. Ochromenella affinis 13. Atylus minikoi 22. Lysianassa cinghalensis 30. Paracalliope indica 14. Cyproidea ornata 23. Macra inaequipes 31. Podocerus brasilensis 15. Elasmopus pectenicrus inaequipes 32. Shoemakerella nasuta 16. E. sokotrae 24. M. inaequipes serrata 33. Socarnella bonnieri 17. Hyale diplodactyla 25. M. pacifica 34. Stenothoe gallensis Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 35. Thalorchestia gracilis ISOPODS recorded before 2000 Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships.

43 GOMBRT Publication 22

Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3 : 9 – 25. 36. Dynamene bidendata 39. Exosphaeroma spp. 41. Sphaeroma walker 37. Dynamella spp. 40. Idotea emarginata 42. Synidotea variegata 38. Eulophognathia insolita STOMATOPODS recorded before 2000 Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 43. Squilla wood-masoni 44. S. latereillei CRABS recorded before 2000 Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3 : 9 – 25. 45. Alphaeus strenuous 49. Hyastenus planaxius 53. Paramithrax aculeatus 46. Arcania septemspinosa 50. H. planesius 54. Platygrapsus minutes 47. Charybdis orientalis 51. Menaethuis monoceros 55. Schizophyrs aspera 48. Hippolyte ventricosa 52. Paguristes incomitatus Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 56. Ocypoda macrocera 60. Dotilla myctiroides 63. Thalamita crenata 57. Uca annulipes 61. Dorippe dorsipes 64. Clibanarius padavansis 58. Scopimera pilula 62. Graspus strigous 65. Diogenes sp. 59. Macropthalmus depressus Reported by Jones 1959 : Notes on animal associations 1. A Porcellanid crab on the sea pen Pterolides esperi. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. India. 1(2): 178-179. 66. Porcellanella sp. CRABS recorded after 2000 Reported by Jeyabaskaran and Ajmal Khan 2007 : Diversity of brachyuran crabs in Gulf of Mannar (Southeast coast of India). In: Biodiversity Conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. pp. 68-82. 67. Dromia dehani 79. Pilumnus longicornis 91. Leptodius euglyptus 68. Calappa lophos 80. Eucrate crenata 92. L. gracilis 69. C. philargius 81. Ocypode ceratophthalma 93. Atergratis floridus 70. Matuta lunaris 82. Gelarimus annulipes 94. A. roseus 71. M. planipes 83. Grapsus strigosus 95. A. integerrimus 72. Leucosia pubescens 84. Metopograpsus messor 96. Platypodia cristata 73. Philyra globosa 85. Portunus(Monomia)petreus 97. Etisus laevimanus 74. Doclea gracilipes 86. Charybdis(Charybdis)helleri 98. Pilodius aereolatus 75. Atergatis integerrimus 87. Thalamita danae 99. Phymodus monticulosus 76. Leptodius exaratus 88. T. prymna 100.P. granulosus 77. Galene bispinosa 89. T. integra 101.P. ungulates 78. Ozius rugilosus 90. T. admete 102.P. nitidus

44 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

103.Chlorodiella nigra 109.Trapezia cymodoce 115.Percnon planissium 104.Cymo melanodactylus 110.T. areolata 116.Cyclax suborbicularis 105.C. andreossyi 111.T. ferruginea 117.Grapsus albolineatus 106.Pilumnus vespertilio 112.Composcia retusa 118.Plagusia depressa 107.P. tomentosus 113.Tylocarcinus styx tuberculata 108.Tetralia cavimana 114.Hyastenus oryx 119.Carpilius maculatus

BARNACLES recorded before 2000 Reported by Tampi 1959 : The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. 120.Balanus amphitrite communis 121.B. amphitrite variegatus SHRIMPS recorded after 2000 Reported by Venkatramani et al., 2008: Study on fish resources of GoMBR, 156 pp. Report submitted to GoMBRT. 122.Solenocera crassicornis 134.P. cornuta 146.P. latisulcatus 123.S.choprai 135.P. maxillipedo 147.Penaeopsis perryi 124.M. stridulans 136.P. stylifera 148.P.monodon 125.Nematapalaemon tenuipes 137Penaeus penicillatus 149.P. semisulcatus 126.M. burkenroadi 138.Metapenaeus monoceros 150.Acetes indicus 127.M. dobsoni 139.Penaeus indicus 151.A. japonicus 128.Atypopenaeus stenodactylus 140.P. japonicas 152.A.sibogae 129.Parapenaeopsis hardwicki 141.Solenocera hextii 153.Heterocarpus woodmasoni 130.Penaeus cenaliculatus 142.Metapenaeus brevicornis 154.M.elegans 131.M.moyebi 143.Parapenaeopsis acclivirospris 155.Parapenaeus longipes 132.P.sculttiles 144.P.uncta 156.Acetes erythraces 133.A.johni 145.Exopalaemon styliferus BRINE SHRIMPS recorded before 2000 Reported by Kumaraswamy Achari1971: Occurrence of the brine shrimp Artemia salina in Kareswar island off Tuticorin, Gulf of Mannar. 196-198. 157.Artemia salina

INSECTS recorded after 2000 Reported by Raghunathan and Krishnan 2007 : Faunal diversity of Sethusamudram ship channel and its adjoining region of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, southeast coast of India.In: Biodiversity conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.pp. 353-377. 158.Halaobates galatea

45 Echinodermata

Total species recorded 153 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) are a phylum of marine animals (including sea stars) found at all ocean depths. after the chordates; they are the largest phylum without freshwater or terrestrial representatives. The word derives from Greek echinoderma, “spiny skin” and that from echinos, “sea-urchin”, originally “hedgehog” + (derma), “skin. The uncephalized body displays biradial symmetry with an oral-aboral axis. Echinoderms are composed of 5 fields with podia (ambulacra) alternating with five fields without podia (inter ambulacra). The body is unsegmented and enterocoelus, and with endomesoderm derived from the primitive gut or archenteron. An edoskeleton of calcareous ossicles is covered by a thin edpidermis that is usually ciliated. The coelom is complexly partitioned during development, giving rise to hemal and visceral systems and a unique hydraulic ambulacral or water-vascular system equipped with tube feet or podia used for respiration, movement, and sensory reception. There is a diffused, uncentralized nervous sytem, typically composed of 3 nerve rings, arranged around the digestive tube, and from which radiating peripheral nerves arise. There are no excretory organs. Echindoerms are typically dioecoeus with simple reproductive organ and gonoducts, and development begins with holoblastic, radial cleavage followed by a series of ciliated, bilateral larval stages that drastically metamorphose to become the radial adults. SEACUCUMBERS recorded before 2000 Reported by Mukhopodhyaya 1988 : On some holothurians from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Rec.Zool.Surv. India, 85(1):1-17. 1. Holothuria (lessonothuria) 14. Stichopus chloronotus 28. Pseudocolochirus tricolor pardalis 15. Actinocucumis typicus 29. P. violaceus 2. H. (Helodeina) cinerascens 16. Synapta maculata 30. Trachythyone imbricata 3. H. (Helodina) atra 17. Bohadschia argus 31. Thyone papuensis 4. H. (Helodina) edulis 18. B. marmorata 32. Actinocucumis typicus 5. H. (Metriatyla) ocellata 19. B. tenuissima 33. Phyllophorus (Phyllothuria) 6. H. (Cystipus) rigida 20. Stichopus chloronotus pervipedes 7. H.(Thymioscyia) hilla 21. S. variegatus 34. P. (Phyllothuria) cebuensis 8. H.leucospilota 22. Cucumaria turbinata 35. Molpadia australis 9. H. scabra 23. C. fraunfeldi 36. Acaudina irania 10. H. moebii 24. Hemithyone semperi 37. Synaptula recta 11. H. kurta 25. Pentacta quadrangularis 38. Protankyra pseudodigitata 12. H. (Theelothuria) spinifera 26. Stolus buccalis 39. Havelockia herdmani 13. H. marmorata 27. S. conjugans

Reported by James 1984 : Studies on the Indian echinoderms.15. on Psolus mannarensis and other dendrochirotids from the Indian seas. J. Mar. Bio. Assn. Ind., 26(1&2): 109-122. 40. H. versicolor Reported by Mukhopodhyaya 1988 : On some holothurians from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Rec.Zool.Surv. India, 85(1):1-17. 41. Psolus complenatus 43. Leptopenctata javanicus 45. Actinoccumis sp. 42. P. mannarensis 44. Penctata quadrangularis 46. Phyllophorus (Phyllophorella) parvipedes

47 GOMBRT Publication 22

SEACUCUMBERS recorded after 2000 Reported by James 2008. A field guide for identification of common echinoderms of the Gulf of Mannar. p . 231–253. 47. Actinopyga miliaris 54. Havelockia versicolor 61. Phyllophorus 48. H. (Semperothuria) imitans 55. Hemithyone semperi (Phyllophorella) parvipedes 49. H. (Theelothuria) spinifera 56. Pentacta quadrangularis 62. Acaudina molpadioides 50. H. (Theelothuria) arenicola 57. Pseudocolochirus violaceus 63. Synaptula recta 51. H.(Thymioscyida)impatiens 58. Stolus buccalis 64. S. striata 52. Stichopus naso 59. S. conjugens 65. Polychcira rufescens 53. Psolus complanatus 60. Afrocucumis typicus

SEA URCHINS recorded before 2000 Reported by James 1985 : Echinoderm fauna of the proposed national marine park in the Gulf of Mannar: Symposium on endangered marine animals and marine parks. Paper No:54. 66. Stomopneustes variolaris 72. Toxopneustes piliosus 78. Echinolampus alexandri 67. Astropyga radiata 73. Tripneustes gratilla 79. E. ovata 68. Temnopleurus toreumactius 74. Echinometra mathaei 80. Lovenia elongata 69. Salmaciella dussumieri 75. Clypeaster humilis 81. Laganum laganum 70. Salmacis bicolor 76. Echinodiscus auritus 82. Peronella orbicularis 71. S. virgulata 77. E. bisperforatus 83. Metalia sternalis

Reported by Mohan Joseph 1978 : Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – 1. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed Res. Utilin.,3 : 9-25. 84. Ophiactis savignyi 85. Ophiotrhix variegata

SEAURCHINS recorded after 2000 Reported by Venkatraman et al.,2002: Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 86. Prionocidaris baculosa 88. Fibularia volva 90. Metalia latissima 87. Pseudoboletia maculata 89. Echinodiscus depressum 91. Rhynobrissus pyramidalis

CRINOIDS recorded before 2000 Reported by James 1985 : Echinoderm fauna of the proposed national marine park in the Gulf of Mannar: Symposium on endangered marine animals and marine parks. Paper No.54. 92. Capillaster multiradiatus 95. Comatella stelligera 98. Stephanometra indica 93. Comanthina schlegeli 96. Hetrometra reynaudi 99. Tropiometra carinata 94. Comanthus parvicirrus 97. Lamprometra palmata

SEA STARS recorded before 2000 Reported by James 1985 : Echinoderm fauna of the proposed national marine park in the Gulf of Mannar: Symposium on endangered marine animals and marine parks. Paper No.54.

48 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

100.Luidia maculata 109.Stellaster equistris 117.A. cornata 101.Astropecten bengalensis 110.Asterodiscides elegans 118.A. lorioli 102.A. indicus 111.Cuclita schmideliana 119.A. sarsini 103.A. hemprichi 112.Pentaceraster affinis 120.Linckia laevigata 104.A. monacanthus 113.P. regulus 121.L. multifora 105.Anthenea pentagonula 114.Protoreaster lincki 122.Tegulaster ceylanica 106.Craspidiaster hesperus 115.Archaster typicus 123.Anadora faouzii 107.Goniodiscaster scaber 115.Archaster typicus 124.N. mollis 108.Siraster tuberculatus 116.Asterina burtoni 125.Euretaster cribrosus 126.Echinaster purpureus

SEA STARS recorded after 2000 Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 127.Luidia hardwicki 128.Poroaster superbus BRITTLE STARS recorded before 2000 Reported by James 1985 : Echinoderm fauna of the proposed national marine park in the Gulf of Mannar: Sympsium on endangered marine animals and marine parks. Paper No.54. 129.Amphiopholis squamata 136.Ophicnemis marmorata 143.Ophinereis dubia 130.Dougaloplus echinatus 137.Ophiothrix exigua 144.Ophiarchnella gorgonian 131.Ophiactis savignyi 138.O. accedens 145.Astroboa clavata 132.O. modesta 139.Ophiothela danae 146.Gymnolophus obscura 133.Macrophiothrix aspidota 140.Ophiocoma scolopendrina 147.Ophiogymna elegans 134.M. longipeda 141.O. erinaceus 148.Ophiomaza cacaotica 135.M. variabilis 142.Ophicomella sexradia

BRITTLE STARS recorded after 2000 Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 149.Ophiomyxa australis 151.Ophicnemis (keystonea) 152.Ophigymna lineata 150.Amphioplus gravely neredina 153.Ophiarchnella infernalis

49 Mollusca

Total species recorded 856 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Molluscs (British spelling) or mollusks (American spelling) are animals belonging to phylum Mollusca. The word mollusc is derived from the French mollusque, which originated from the Latin molluscus, meaning thin-shelled, from mollis, soft. The scientific study of molluscs is known as malacology. Cephalopoda molluscs such as squid, cuttlefish and octopus are among the most neurologically-advanced of all invertebrates. The majority of mollusc species live in marine environments, and many of them are found intertidally, in the shallow subtidal and on the continental shelf. Pelagic species of octopus and squid live throughout the water column of the ocean, and some species of clam and limpet live in the abyssal depths of the oceans around hot hydrothermal vents. However, all molluscs are not marine: the bivalve and gastropod classes include freshwater species, and some gastropods (the land snails and slugs) live on land.

MOLLUSCS recorded before 2000 Reported by Sathyamurthi 1956 : The Mollusca of Krusadai Island I –Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin Madras Govt.Museum POLYPLACOPHORA Family: ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 1. Ischnochiton herdmani 2. I. aeqigranulatus PRSOBRANCHIA Family: FISSURELLIDAE 3. Scutus unguis Family: NACELLIDAE 4. Cellana radiata Family: TROCHIDAE 5. Calliostoma polychroma 6. Cantharidus interruptus 7. Trochus tentorium Family: TURBINIDAE 8. Angaria plicata 10. Turbo intercostalis 11. Phasianella nivosa 9. A. atratus Family: NERITIDAE 12. Nerita rumphii 14. N. dombeyi 15. Neritina rangiana 13. N. squamulata Family: PHENACOLEPAPIDAE 16. Phenacolepas asperulata Family: LITTORINDIDAE 17. Littorina subgranosa Family:TURRITELLIDAE 18. Turritella acutangula Family: ARCHITECTONICIDAE 19. Torinia dorsuosa 20. T. fulva

51 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: VERMETIDAE 21. Vermicularia inopterus Family: MELANIIDAE 22. Melania tuberculata Family: POTAMIDIDAE 23. Cerithidea fluviatilis Family: CERITHIIDAE 24. Colina pupaeformis 26. C. obeliscus 28. C. clypeomorus 25. Cerithium morus 27. C. proditum 29. C. splendens Family: TRIPHORIDAE 30. Triphora concinna 31. T. violacea Family: JANTHINIDAE 32. Janthina roseola 33. J. globosa Family : AMALTHEIDAE 34. Cheilea undulata Family: NATICIDAE 35. Natica marochiensis 37. N. traillii 39. Sinum planulatum 36. N. albula 38. N. lamarckii 40. S. neritoideum Family: CYPRAEIDAE 41. Cypraea pallida Family: CASSIDAE 42. Phalium ponderosum 43. Gyrenium natator Family: RANELLIDAE 44. Cymatium rhinoceros Family: BURSIDAE 45. Bursa spinosa 46. B. margaritula Family: TONNIDAE 47. Tonna tessellata 49. T. olearium 50. T. perdix 48. T. fasciata Family: MURICIDAE 51. Rapana bulbosa 55. Drupa heptagonalis 59. Jopas sertum 52. Murex badius 56. D. granulata 60. Thais rudolphi 53. M. trapa 57. D. horrida 61. T. rugosa 54. M. ponderosa 58. D. chrysostomata 62. T. intermedia Family: COLUMBELLIDAE 63. Pyrene versicolor 65. P. vulpecula 67. P. mindorensis 64. P. zebra 66. P. diminuta

52 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: NASSARIIDAE 68. Nassa jacksoniana 70. N. suturalis 71. N. pallidula 69. N. thersites Family: FASCIOLARIIDAE 72. Fusinus longicaudus Family: OLIVIDAE 73. Ancilla acuminata Family: MITRIDAE 74. Mitra circula Family: TURBINELLIDAE 75. Xancus rapa Family: HARPIDAE 76. Harpa conoidalis Family: TURRIDAE 77. Brachytoma crenularis Family: CONIDAE 78. Conus piperatus 79. C. dispar 80. C. lineatus 81. C. acuminatus OPISTHOBRANCHIA Family : APLYSIIDAE 82. Aplysisa benedicti 84. A. lineolata 86. Dolabella rumphii 83. A. cornigera 85. Petalifera krusadaiae 87. Bursatella leachii Family: POLYBRANCHIIDAE 88. Polybranchia orientalis Family: ELYSIIDAE 89. Elysia grandifolia 90. E. ornata Family: PLEUROBRANCHIDAE 91. Euselonops winckworthi NUBDIBRANCHIA Family : TRITONIIDAE 92. Marionia pambanensis Family: DORIDIDAE 93. Glossodoris humberti 95. Thordisa villosa 97. Halgerda apiculata 94. Trippa tristis 96. T. crosslandi 98. Asteronotus madrasensis Family: DENDRODORIDIDAE 99. Dendrodoris rubra 100.D. nigra 101.Doriopsilla sp.

53 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: ARMINIDAE 102.Pleurophyllidiella paucidentata Family: BORNELLIDAE 103.Bornella digitata Family: HANCOCKIIDAE 104.Hancockia papillata Family: FLABELLINIDAE 105.Eubranchus productus Family: TERGIPEDIDAE 106.Hervia militaris 107.H. ceylonica PULMONATAFamily: Siphonariidae 108.Siphonaria stellata Family: ONCHIDIIDAE 109.Onchidium verruculatum Family: PLEURODONTIDAE 110.Planispira fallaciosa 111.P. vittata SCAPHOPODA Family: DENTALIIDAE Reported by Sathyamurthi 1952 : The Mollusca of Krusadai Island II – Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletin Madras Govt.Museum 112.Dentallium octangulatum 114.D. mannarense 115.D. elpis 113.D. asprinum BIVALVIA Family: ARCIDAE Reported by Sathyamurthi 1956 : The Mollusca of Krusadai Island II – Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletin Madras Govt.Museum 116.Arca fusca 118.A. symmetrica 119.A. lateralis 117.A. complanata Family: MYTILIDAE 120.Modiolus perfragilis 121.M. traillii 122.Lithophaga cinnamomema 123.M. tulipa 124.Brachydontes varibilis Family: ISOMONIDAE 125.Isognomon isognomum norma Family: PTERIIDAE 126.Pteria chinensis 127.Pinctatda vulgaris Family: PECTINIDAE 128.Pectin splendidulus 129.P. crassicestatus

54 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family:CRASSATELLIDAE 130.Crassatella rostrata

Family: LUCINIDAE 131.Lucina pisum 132.Divaricella cumingii 133.Codakia divergens

Family: CARDIIDAE 134.Cardium flavum 135.C. papyraceum

Family: TRIDACNIDAE 136.Tridacna elongata

Family: VENERIDAE 137.Pitar erycina 140.Venus reticulata 143.Venerupis macrophylla 138.P. nobilis 141.Antigona lamellaris 144.Paphia textile 139.Dosinia puella 142.Periglypta fischeri 145.Irus exoticus

Family: PETRICOLIDAE 146.Petricola lithophaga 147.Mesodesma glabratum 148.M. trigona

Family: MACTRIDAE 149.Mactra mera 150.M. violacea

Family: SOLENIDAE 151.Siliqua radiata 152.Solen lamarckii

Family: LATERNULIDAE 153.Laternula corrugata

Family: CLAVELLIGIDAE 154.Brechites dichotomus

CEPHALOPODA Reported by Sathyamurthi 1956 : The Mollusca of Krusadai Island II – Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletin Madras Govt.Museum.

Family: SEPIIDAE 155.Sepiella inermis 156.Sepia rouxii

Family: LOLIGINIDAE 157.Loligo indica 158.Sepioteuthis arctipinnis

Family: OCTOPODIDAE 159.Octopus hongkongensis

55 GOMBRT Publication 22

MOLLUSCS recorded after 2000 POLYPLACOPHORA Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn 2002 : Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79. Family : ACANTHOCHITONIDAE 160.Acanthochitona mahensis 161.Craspedochiton laqueatus Family : CHITONIDAE 162.Chiton maldivensis 163.Tonicia pectinoides Family : ISCHNOCHITONIDAE 164.Ischnochiton bouryi 166.I. gallensis 167.Stenoplax alata 165.I. comptus GASTROPODA PROSOBRANCHIA Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn.2002. Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79 Family : NACELLIDAE 168.Cellana rota 169.C. testudinaria Family : HALIOTIDAE 170.Haliotis varia Family : FISSURELLIDAE 171.Clypidina notata 175.D. lima 179.E. puncticulata 172.Diodora bombayana 176.D. ticaonica 180.Macrochisma compressum 173.D. clathrarta 177.D. tenuistriata 181.M. scutiformis 174.D. funiculaa 178.Emarginula obovata 182.Scutus unguis Family : TROCHIDAE 183.Calliostoma scobinatum 194.E. atratus 205.Pseudominolia gradata 184.C. sublaevis 195.E. circulatus 206.Rubritrochus pulcherrima 185.C. tranquebarica 196.E. pulcatus 207.Stomatella impertusa 186.Clanculs ceylonicus 197.E. quadricarinatus 208.Stomatia phymotis 187.C. clanguloides 198.E. tricingulatus 209.Tectus pyramis 188.C. marginatus 199.Gibbula blanfordiana 210.Trochus maculata 189.C. microdon 200.Jujubinus interruptus 211.T. pustulosus 190.Ethalia carneolata 201.J. polychromus 212.T. radiatus 191.E. guamensis 202.Monilea callifera 213.T. sacellum 192.Ethiminolia variabilis 203.M. solandri 214.T. stellatus 193.Euchelus asper 204.Pagodatrochus variabilis 215.Umbonium vestiarium

56 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family : TURBINIDAE 216.Angaria delphinus 220A. stellare 224.Turbo argyrostromus 217.A. rugosa 221.Liotina cidaris 225.T. bruneus 218.Astralium rhodostoma 222.L. peronii 226.T. petholatus 219.A. semicostata 223.Phasianella solida 227.T. radiatus Family : NERITIDAE 228.Clithon oualaniensis 232.N. histrio 236.N. polita 229.Nerita albicilla 233.N. maura 237.N. semirugosa 230.N. chamaeleon 234.N. patula 238.N. undata 231.N. doreyana 235.N. plicata 239.Smaragdia rangiana Family : PHENACOLEPADIDAE 240.Plesiothyreus cythreae 241.P. galathea Family : LITTORINIDAE 242.Littoraria bengalensis 245.L. undulata 248.N. quadricincta 243.L. intermedia 246.Nodilittorina leucosticta 249.N. trochoides 244.L. scabra 247.N. millegrana 250.N. vidua Family : RISSOIDAE 251.Rissoina bertholeti 252.R. clathrata 253.R. media Family : TURRITELLIDAE 254.Turritella attenuata 257.T. columnaris 260.Vermicularia vermicularia 255.T. candida 258.T. maculata 261 .Zaria duplicata 256.T. cochlea 259.T. vittulata Family : TENAGODIDAE/ SILIQUARIDAE 262.Siliquaria (T) sanguina 264.S. T. encausticus 266.S. T. tostus 263.S. T. cumingi 265..S. T. lactea 267 .S. T. trochlearis Family : VERMETIDAE 268.Dendropoma spirulaeformis269.Serpulorbis dentiferus Family : PLANAXIDAE 270.Planaxis acutus 271.P. sulcatus Family : POTAMIDIDAE 272.Cerithidea cingulata 273.Telescopium telescopium 274.Terebralia palustris Family : CERITHIIDAE 275.Cerithium armatum 281.C. trailli 287.Colina selecta 276.C. citrinum 282.C. tuberosus 288.Pseudovertagus aluco 277.C. columna 283.C. zonatum 289.Rhinoclavis articulata 278.C. dialeucum 284.Clypeomorus batillariae 290.R. fasciatum 279 .C. scabridum 285.C. bifasciata 291.R. kochi 280.C. tenellum 286.C. petrosa gennesi 292.R. sinensis

57 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family : VANIKORIDAE 293.Vanikoro granulosa Family : HIPPONICIDAE 294.Cheilea doemitoria 296.C. papyracea 298.Hipponix lissus 295.C. equestris 297.C. undulata Family : CREPIDULIDAE 299.Bicatillus extinctorium 301.C. layardii 303.Crucibulum violaceum 300.Calyptraea edgariana 302.C. walshi Family : TRICHOTROPIDAE 304.Separatista separatista Family : STROMBIDAE 305.Lambis crocata 311.S. dentatus 317.S. pipus 306.Lambis lambis 312.S. gibberulus 318.S. plicatus 307.L. scorpius indomaris 313.S. labiosus 319.S. urceus 308.Rimella crispate 314.S. listeri 320.Tibia curta 309.Strombus aurisdiane 315.S. marginatus 321.T. delicatula 310.S. canarium 316.S. mutabilis 322.T. powisi Family : SERAPHIDAE 323.Terebellum terebellum Family : XENOPHORIDAE 324.Xenophora corrugata 326.X. pallidula 327.X. solaris 325.X. indica Family : NATICIDAE 328.Eunacticina papilla 336.N. gualteriaa 344.P. peselephanti 329.Mamilla fibrosa 337.N. pulicaris 345.Sigaretotrema inflata 330.M. melanostoma 338.N. vitellus 346 .Sinum haliotoideum 331.M. sebae 339.Polinices albumen 357 .S. neritoideum 332.M. simiae 340.P. candidissima 348.Tanea euzona 333.Natica alopapilionis 341.P. columnaris 349.T. lineata 334.N. arachnoidea 342.P. didyma 350.T. tigrina 335.N. buriasiennsis 343.P. mamilla Family : TRIVIIDAE 351.Trivirostra pilula 352.T. globosa 353 .Trivia rubinicolor Family : CYPRAEIDAE 354.Cypraea annulus 358.C. caputserpentis 362.C. errones 355.C. arabica 359.C. carneola 363.C. helvola 356.C. argus 360.C. caurica 364.C. histrio 357.C. asellus 361.C. coloba 365.C. mauritiana

58 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

366.C. moneta 374.C. gracilis 382 .C. poraria 367.C. nucleus 375.C. hirundo 383 .C. pulchella 368.C. ocellata 376.C. isabella 384.C. staphylacea 369.C. onyx succinata 377.C. lentiginosa 385 .C. talpa 370.C. clandestina 378.C. lamacina 386 .C. testudinaria 371.C. erosa 379.C. lutea 387.C. tigris 372.C. fimbriata 380.C. lynx 388 .C. vitellus 373.C. gangranosa 381.C. pallida Family : OVULIDAE 389.Phenocovolva birostris 390.Primovula formosum 391. Volva volva Family : CASSIDAE 392.Casmaria erinacea 395P. glaucum 397.S. bondarevi 393.Cypraecassis rufa 396Semicassis bisulcatum 398.S. canaliculatum 394.Phalium areola Family : RANELLIDAE 399.Biplex bozzettii 401.C. perryi 403.C. trilineatum 400.Cymatium cingulatum 402.C. pileare 404.C. tripum Family : PERSONIDAE 405.Distorsio perdistorta 406.D. reticularis Family : BURSIDAE 407.Bufonaria albivaricosa 410.B. margariticola 413.B. granularis 408.B. crumena 411.B. perelegans 414.Tutufa bufo 409.B. echinata 412.B. rana Family : TONNIDAE 415.Tonna allium 416.T. cumingii 417.T. dolium Family : FICIDAE 418.Ficus gracilis 420.F. investigatoris 421.F. variegata 419.F. ficus Family : MURICIDAE 422.Chicoreua brunneus 431.Homalocantha scorpio 440.Orania bradia 423.C. microphyllus 432.H. secunda 441.Pterynotus albobrunneus 424.C. ramosus 433.Maculotriton seriale 442.Purpura panama 425.C. virgineus 434.Mancinella alouina 443.Rapana rapiformis 426.Cronia margariticola 435.M. intermedia 444.Siratus pliciferoides 427.Drupa morum 436.Morula granulata 445.Thais bufo 428.Drupella achrostoma 437.Murex carbonnieri 446.T. lacera 429.Haustellum haustellum 438.M. tribulus 447.T. sacellum 430.H. malabaricus 439.Nassa francolina 448.T. tissoti

59 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family : COLUMBELLIDAE 449.Anachis comistea 452.Euplicta scripta 454.Pyrene flava 450.A. fauroti 453.Mitrella mindorensis 455.P. testudinaria 451.A. misera Family : BUCCINIDAE 456.Babylonia canaliculata 461.Engina trifasciata 465.N. pusilla 457.B. spirata 462.E. zonalis 466.Pollia undosa 458.B. zeylanica 463.Metula inflata 467.P. wrightae 459.Cantharus melanostomus 464.Nassaria coromandelica 468.Phos retecosus 460.C. tranquebaricus Family : MELONGENIDAE 469.Hemifusus cochlidium 470.H. pugilinus 471.H. pugilinus canaries Family : NASSARIIDAE 472.Bullia melanoides 478.N. costatus 483.N. nodiferus 473.B. tranquebarica 479.N. dorsatus 484 .N. olivaceus 474.B. vittata 480..N. glans 485 .N. pullus 475.Nassarius castus 481.N. hepatica 486 .N. siquijorensis 476.N. comptus 482.N. micans 487 .N. stolatus 477.N. conoidalis Family : FASCIOLARIDAE 488.Fusinus colus 491.F. toreuma 493.Pleuroploca filamentosa 489.F. forceps 492.Peristernia rhodestoma 494 .P. trapezium 490.F. laticostatus Family : OLIVIDAE 495.Agaronia gibbosa 499.A. scaphella 502 .O. oliva 496.A. nebulosa 500.Oliva irisans 503 .O. todosina 497.Ancilla ampla 501.O. miniacea flammeacolor 504 .O. vidua 498.A. cinnamomema Family : MITRIDAE 505.Mitra assimilis 506.M. coffea 507 .Neocancilla circula Family : COSTELLARIIDAE 508.Vexillum exasperatum Family : TURBINELLIDAE 509.Tudicla spirillus 510.Turbinnella pyrum 511.Vasum turbinellum Family : HARPIDAE 512.Harpa amouretta 513.H. davidus Family : VOLUTIDAE 514.Harpulina lapponica 515.H. loroisi 516.Melo melo

60 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family : MARGINELLIDAE 517.Balanaetta angustata 518.Cryptospira sp. Family : CANCELLARIIDAE 519.Merica melanostoma 521.Scalptia scalarina 523.Nipponaphera quasilla 520.M. oblonga 522.S. scalata Family : DRILLIIDAE 524.Drilla tasconium Family : TURRIDAE 525.Funa flavidula 530.Lophitoma acuta 535.Turricula javana 526.Gemmula congener 531.L. indica 536 .T. navarchus 527.G. speciosa 532.Ptychobela griffithi 537 .T. tornata fulminata 528.G. unedo 533.P. suturalis 538 .Turris amicta 529.G. vagata 534.Tomopleura nivea 539 .T. variegata Family : CONIDAE 540.Conorbis coramandelicus 557.C. figulinus 573 .C. parvatus 541.Conus amadis 558.C. frigidus 574 .C. pennaceus 542.C. araneosus 559.C. geographus 575 .C. praecellens 543.C. arenatus 560.C. glans 576 .C. pretiosus 544.C. augur 561.C. gubernator 577 .C. quercinus 545.C. australis 562.C. inscriptus 578 .C. rattus 546.C. bayani 563.C. lentiginosus 579.C. striatellus 547.C. bengalensis 564.C. leopardus 580.C. striatus 548.C. betulinus 565.C. litteratus 581.C. striatus subfloridus 549.C. biliosus 566.C. lividus 582 .C. tessulatus 550.C. caracteristicus 567.C. longurionis 583 .C. textile 551.C. catus 568.C. madagascariensis 584 .C. tuticorinensis 552.C. ceylanensis 569.C. marmoreus 585 .C. vexillum 553.C. coronatus 570.C. monile 586 .C. virgo 554.C. ebraeus 571.C. nusatella 587 .C. zeylanicus 555.C. eburneus 572.C. orbignyi 556.C. eucoronatus Family : TEREBRIDAE 588.Duplicaria duplicate 590.T. dimidiata 591 .T. subulata 589.Terebra boucheti Family : TRIPHORIDAE 592.Iniforis violaceus 593.Triphora concinna Family : EPITONIIDAE 594.Epitonium scalarae

61 GOMBRT Publication 22

GASTROPODA: HETEROBRANCHIA Family : ARCHITECTONICIDAE Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn 2002. Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79. 595.Arhitectonica laevigata 598.A. purpurata 600.H. implexus 596.A. perspectiva 599.Heliacus fulva 601 .H. variegates 597.A. picta GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA Family : ACETONIDAE Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn.2002. Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79. 602.Pupa solidula Family : HYDATINIDAE 603.Hydatina physis 604.H. velum 605 .H. zonata Family : BULLIDAE 606.Bulla ampulla Family : HAMINOEIDAE 607.Haminoea tenera SCAPHOPODA Family : DENTALIIDAE Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn.2002. Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79. 608.Dentalium aprinum 609.D. mannarense 610.D. octangulatum BIVALVIA Family : NUCULANIDAE Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn.2002. Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79. 611.Nuculana mauritiana Family : ARCIDAE 612.Acar plicata 617.A. gubernaculum 622.Barbatia amygdalumtostum 613.Anadara ehrenbergi 618.A. inaequivalvis 623.B. foliata 614.A. erythraeonensis 619.A. natalensis 624 .B. obliquata 615.A. ferruginea 620.Arca avellana 625 .Trisidos semitorta 616.A. granosa 621.A. navicularis 626.T. tortuosa Family : NOETIIDAE 627.Striarca sculptilis 628.S. symmetrica 629.Sheldonella lateralis

62 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family : CUCULLAEIDAE 630.Cucullaea labiata Family : GLYCYMERIDIDAE 631.Glycymeris taylori 632.Tucetona maskatensis Family : ACETONIDAE 633.Pupa solidula Family : LIMNOPSIDAE 634.Limnopsis belcheri Family : MYTILIDAE 635.Botula cinnamomema 641.L. teres 646.Musculus cumingianus 636.Brachidontes pharaonis 642.Modiolus auriculatus 647 .M. nanus 637.Leiosolenus lima 643.M. metcalfei 648 .Perna indica 638.Lithophaga gracilis 644.M. philippniarium 649 .P. viridis 639.L. nigra 645.Musculista perfragilis 650 .Septifer bilocularis 640.L. straminea Family : ISOMONIDAE 651.Isognomon isognomum 653.I. pernum 654.Parviperna nucleus 652.I. legumen Family : MALLEIDAE 655.Vulsella vulsella 656.Malleus malleus Family : PTERIIDAE 657.Pinctada anomioides 659.P. margaritifera 661.P. castanea 658.P. imbricata 660.Pteria avicula Family : PINNIDAE 662.Atrina muricata 664.Pinna atropurpurea 666.P. linguafelis 663.A. vexillum 665.P. bicolor Family : PLICATULIDAE 667.Plicatula australis Family : PECTINIDAE 668.Bractechlamys noduliferus 670.Excellichlamys spectabilis 672.Minivola pyxidata 669.Decatopecten plica 671..Mimachlamys sanguinea 673.Volachlamys tranquebaria Family : SPONDYLIDAE 674.Spondylus imperialis 675.S. layardi 676.S. regius Family : LIMIDAE 677.Lima lima Family : PLACUNIDAE 678.Placuna placenta

63 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family : OSTREIDAE 679.Crassostrea cucullata 681.Crassotrea madrasensis 683.Lopha cristagalli 680.Ostrea forskahlii 682.Dendrostrea folium Family : GRYPHAEIDAE 684.Hyotissa hyotis Family : CARDITIDAE 685.Cardita crassicosta 686.C. variegata 687.Cardites bicolor Family : LUCINIDAE 688.Anadontia edentula 692.Cardiolucina semperiana 696.Lucinoma bengalensis 689.A. ovum 693.Ctena bella 697 .Megaxinus omanensis 690.A. pila 694.Divaricella ornatissima 698 .Pillucina angela 691.A. vesicular 695.D. sechellensis Family : FIMBRIIDAE 699.Fimbria soverbii Family : UNGULINIDAE 700.Cycladicama subquadrata Family : GALEOMMATIDAE 701.Galeomma paucistriata 703.S. hanleyi 704.S. timoriensis 702.Scintilla candida Family : CHAMIDAE 705.Chama fragum 707.C. reflexa 708.Pseudochama cristella 706.C. lazarus Family : CARDIIDAE 709.Acrosterigma impolitum 715.Lyrocardium lyratum 721 .V. elongtum indioceanum 710.A. oxygonum 716.Plagiocardium pseudolatum 722 .V. fidele 711.A. variegatum 717.P. setosum 723.V. pectiniformes 712.Fulvia australis 718.Vasticardium assimile 724 .Vepricardium asiaticum 713.F. papyracea 719.V. attenuatum 725.A. coronatum 714.Lunulicardia retusa 720.V. elongatum elongatum Family : GLOSSIDAE 726.Meiocardium moltkina Family : TRIDACNIDAE 727.Tridacna maxima 728.T. squamosa Family : VENERIDAE 729.Antigona lamellaris 732.Dosinina contracta 735.D. modesta 730.Callista erycina 733.D. cretacea 736.D. trailli 731.Circe scripta 734.D. histrio 737.Gafrarium dispar

64 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

738.G. divaricatum 747.Paphia alapapilionis 756 .P. tiara 739.G. pectinatum 748.P. gallus 757 .Proxichione chemnetzii 740.G. tumidum 749.P. malabarica 758 .Ruditapes philippinarum 741.Irus exoticus 750.P. undulata 759 .Sunetta donacina 742.Marcia hiantina 751.Pelecyora trigona 760 .S. meroe 743.M. opima 752.Periglypta reticulata 761 .S. scripta 744.Meretrix casta 753.Pitar affinis 762 .Tapes literatus 745.M. meretrix 754.P. alabastrum 763 .Timoclea arakana 746.M. ovum 755.Placamen calaphyllum 764 .T. imbricata 765 .T. scabra Family : PETRICOLIDAE 766.Petricola divergens 767.P. fabagella Family : MESODESMATIDAE 768.Atactodea striata Family : MACTRIDAE 769.Lutraria philippinarium 774.M. ornata 779.M. striatula 770.Mactra achatina 775.M. radiata 780.Meropesta nicobarica 771.M. cuneata 776.M. radiolata 781 .M. pellucida 772.M. Cygnus 777.M. turgida 782.Spisula lentiginosa 773.M. luzonica 778.Mactrinula plicataria Family : DONACIDAE 783.Donax aperittus 786.D. incarnatus 789.D. spinosus 784.D. cuneatus 787.D. lubricus 790 .D. inctus 785.D. faba 788.D. semisulcatus 791 .Hecuba scortum Family : SCROBICULARIIDAE 792.Semele casta 794.S. crenulata 795.S. striata 793.S. caudiformis Family : PSAMMOBIIDAE 796.Gari pallida Family : PHARIDAE 797.Cultellus cultellus 799.C. scalprum 800 Siliqua radiata 798.C. maximus Family : TELLINIDAE 801.Apolymetis coarctata 803.A. remies 805.Tellina scalpellum 802.Arcopagia ala 804.Macalia bruguieri 806.Tellinimactra angulata Family : SOLECURTIDAE 807.Solecurtis wilsoni Family : SOLENIDAE 808.Solen asperses 809.S. grandis 810.S. rosemaculatus

65 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family : CORBULIDAE 811.Corbula modesta 812.C. sulculosa Family : GASTROCHAENIDAE 813.Gastrochaena gigantean 815.G. indistincta 817.Spengleria apertissima 814.G. impressa 816.G. lamellose Family : PHOLADIDAE 818.Gouannetia cumingii 820.Martesia striata 821.Pholas orientalis 819.G. globulosa Family : LATERNULIDAE 822.Laternula anatine 823.L. laterna 824.L. navicula

CEPHALOPODA Family : SPIRILUDAE Reported by Hylleberg and Kilburn.2002. Annotated inventory of molluscs from the Gulf of Mannar and vicinity. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 26: 19-79 825.Spirula spirula

GASTROPODA Family : PATELLIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002. Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 826.Cellana radiata Family : TURBINIDAE 827.Turbo intercostalis Family : STROMBIDAE 828.Strombus rubbosa Family : NATICIDAE 829.Natica albula 830.Natica lamarckii Family : CYPRAEIDAE 831.Cypraea carputea

Family : BURSIDAE 832.Bursa rubeta

Family : MURICIDAE 833.Murex trapa

Family : THAIDIDAE (MURICIDAE) 834.Thais carnifera 835.T. rudolphi 836 .Nassa thersites

66 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family : BUCCINIDAE 837.Cantharus undosus Family : HARPIDAE 838.Harpa conoidalis Family : VOLUTIDAE 839.Marginella angustata Family : TURRIDAE 840.Turris indica BIVALVIA Family : ARCIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 841.Arca fusca 842.A. symmetrica 843 .A. plicata Family : MACTRIDAE 844.Venus reticulata CEPHALOPODA Family : SEPIIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 845.Sepia aculeata 847.S. brevimana 848 .S. prashadi 846.S. pharaonis Family : LOLIGINIDAE 849.Loligo duvauceli 851.Sepioteuthis lessoniana 852.Loliolus investigatoris 850.Doryteuthis singhalensis Family : OCTOPODIDAE 853.Octopus rugosus 855.O. fusiforms 856.Cistopus indicus 854.O. macropus

67 Tunicata - Ascidacea

Total species recorded 373 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Tunicate, also known as urochordata, tunicata (and by the common names of urochordates, sea squirts, and sea pork) is the subphylum of a group of underwater saclike filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphons, that are members of the phylum Chordata. Most tunicates feed by filtering sea water through pharyngeal slits, but some are sub-marine predators such as the Megalodicopia hians. Like other chordates, tunicates have a notochord during their early development, but lack myomeric segmentation throughout the body and tail as adults. Tunicates lack the kidney-like metanephridial organs, and the original coelom body- cavity develops into a pericardial cavity and gonads. Except for the pharynx, heart and gonads, the organs are enclosed in a membrane called an epicardium, which is surrounded by the jelly- like mesenchyme. Tunicates begin life in mobile larval stages that resembles a tadpole, later developing into a barrel-like, sedentary adult form.

ASCIDIANS recorded before 2000 Reported by Renganathan and Krishnaswamy 1985 : Some colonial ascidians from Indian waters. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. ,14:38-41. 1. Ecteinascidia krishnani 2. Polyandrocarpa 3. Botrylloides magnicoecum chendurensis

Reported by Krishnan et al.,1989 : On the occurrence of 4 species of ascidians new to Indian waters. Geobios new reports. 8:70-74. 7. Aplidium indicum

Reported by Renganathan 1984 : Aplidium multiplicatum Sluider, 1909 – A new record for the Indian waters. Geobios new reports.3:155-156. 8. Aplidium multiplicatum

Reported by Meenakshi 1998 : Three species of polyclinid ascidians – New record to Indian waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 40(1&2); 201-205. 9. Polyclinum fungosum 10. Polyclinum nudum 11. Polyclinum saturnium

Reported by Renganathan and Monniot1984. Addition to ascidian fauna of India. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. nat. Paris 4e ser. 6A (2): 257-262. 12. Sidnyum indicum

Reported by Monniot 1972 : Ascidies Aplousobranches des Bermudas. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris.Zool.61:942-962. 13. Sidnyum pentatrema

Reported by Meenakshi 1998 : Occurrence of a new ascidian species – Distaplia nathensis sp. nov. and two species – Eusynstyela tincta (Van Name, 1902), Phallusia Nigra (Savigny, 1816) new records for Indian waters. J. Mar. Sci. 27: 477-479.

69 GOMBRT Publication 22

14. Distaplia nathensis

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : Eudistoma lakshmiani n.sp. a new colonial ascidian from Tuticorin Coast of India. Geobios new Reports. 5(2): 163-164. 15. Eudistoma lakshmiani

Reported by Renganathan1984 : New record and redescription of a rare colonial ascidian Eudistoma viride, Tokioka, 1955 from the Indian waters. Geobios New reports, 3: 49-51. 16. Eudistoma viride

Reported by Meenakshi 1997 : Biology of a few chosen ascidians. Ph.D Thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli Unpublished. 17. Didemnum candidum

Reported by Renganthan 1981 : On the occurrence of a colonial ascidian Didemnum psammathodes (Sluiter, 1895) from India. Curr. Sci., 50(20): 922. 18. Didemnum psammathodes

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. 19. Diplosoma swamiensis

Reported by Renganathan 1982 : On the occurrence of a colonial ascidian – Lissoclinum fragile (Van Name, 1902) from India. Curr. Sci., 51(3): 149. 20. Lissoclinum fragile

Reported by Renganathan 1984 : Ecteinascidia garstangi, Sluiter 1898 – a colonial ascidian not hitherto been recorded from India. Geobios new reports. 3: 158-160. 21. Ecteinascida garstangi

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India.Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. 22. Ecteinascida imperfecta

Reported by Renganathan and Krishnaswamy 1985 : Some colonial ascidians from Indian waters. Indian J.Mar. Sci. 14: 38-41. 23. Ecteinascida krishnani

Reported by Meenakshi and Venugopal 1999 : Ecteinascidia sluiteri Herdman, 1906 – New record of a colonial ascidian to Indian waters. Journal of the Bombay Natural history Society 97(3): 446-447. 24. Ecteinascida sluiteri

Reported by Renganathan 1983 : Perphora formosana, Oka, 1931 (Ascidacea – Perophoridae)- a new record for the Indian waters. Geobios new Reports. 2: 78- 79.

70 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

25. Perophora formosana

Reported by Meenakshi and Renganathan 1999 : Ascidia dorsata (Ascidiidae) - an ascidian new to science from Tuticorin coast of India. Geobios new reports. 18: 63-66. 26. Ascidia dorsata

Reported by Meenakshi and Renganathan 1998 : On the occurrence of a simple ascidian – Ascidia syndneiensis Stimpson, 1855 from Tuticorin Coast of India. Geobios new reports. 17: 71-72. 27. Ascidia sydneiensis

Reported byRenganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. 28. Ascidia zara

Reported by Meenakshi 1997 : Biology of a few chosen ascidians. Ph.D. Thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Unpublished. 29. Phallusia caguayensis

Reported by Meenakshi 1998 : Occurrence of a new ascidian species – Distalpia nathensis sp. nov. and two species – Eusynstyela tincta (Van Name, 1902),Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) new records for Indian waters. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 27: 477-479. 30. Phallusia nigra

Reported by Meenakshi and Renganathan 1999 : Phallusia polytrema (Herdman, 1906) – a new record to Indian waters. Geobios new Reports. 18: 61-63. 31. Phallusia polytrema

Reported by Meenakshi and Renganathan 1997 : On the occurrence of rare simple ascidian Rhodosoma turcicum (Savigny, 1816) from India. Geobios new reports. 16: 152-153. 32. Rhodosoma turcicum

Reported by Renganathan 1984 : Redescription of a rare colonial ascidian Botrylloides chevalense Herdman, 1906. Geobios new Reports. 3: 158-160. 33. Botrylloides chevalense

Reported by Renganathan 1985 : Some colonial ascidians from Indian waters. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 14: 38-41. 34. Botrylloides magnicoecum

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. 35. Cnemidocarpa areolata

Reported by Meenakshi 1998 : Occurrence of a new Ascidian species – Distaplia nathensis sp. nov.

71 GOMBRT Publication 22 and two species – Eusynstyela tincta (Van Name, 1902), Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) new records for Indian waters. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 27: 477 – 479. 36. Eusynstyela tincta

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished 37. Polycarpa palkensis

Reported by Renganathan 1981: New record of a simple ascidian Styela bicolor (Sluiter, 1887) from the Tuticorin Coast of India. Curr. Sci. 50(22): 1008. 38. Styela bicolor

Reported byRenganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. 39. Styela canopus

Reported by Renganathan 1985 : On the occurrence of a colonial ascidian, Symplegma brakenhielmi Michaelsen, 1904 from Tuticorin coast of India. Geobios new Reports. 4:75-77. 40. Symplegma brakenhielmi

Reported by Das 1936 : Herdmania (The monascidian of the Indian seas).Indian Zoological Memoirs. No.5. Lucknow 41. Herdmania momus

Reported by Renganathan 1983 : First record of a simple ascidian Microcosmus curvus Tokioka, 1954 from Indian waters. Curr. Sci. 52(19): 929-930. 42. Microcosmus curvus

Reported by Krishnan et al 1989 : On the occurrence of four species of ascidians new to Indian waters. Geobios new Reports. 8: 70-74. 43. Microcosmus exasperates

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. 44. Pyura vittata

Reported by Renganathan 1986 : New record of Molgula martensii Traustedt, 1885 (Molgulidae/Ascidiaceae) from Indian waters. Geobios new Reports. 5(1): 62-63. 45. Molgula martensii

Reported by Meenakshi 1997 : Biology of a few ascidians. Ph.D. Thesis, Manomanmaniam Sundaranr University, Tirunelveli.Unpublished. 46. Molgula simulans

Reported by Alagarswami and Chellam 1976 : On fouling and boring organisms and mortality of pearl oysters in the farm at Veppalodai, Gulf of Mannar.Indian.J.Fish., 23(1&2): 10-22.

72 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

47. Ascidia depressicula ASCIDIANS recorded after 2000 Reported by Meenakshi 2000 : Ecteinascidia venui sp. nov. A colonial ascidian (Perophoridae) from Tuticorin, SE coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 29:83-85. 48. Ecteinascidia venui Reported by Meenakshi 2002 : Occurrence of new species of colonial ascidian - Eudistoma kaverium sp. Nov. and 4 new records of Eudistoma to Indian coastal waters. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 31(3):201-206. 49. Eudistoma kaverium 51. E. laysani 53. E. toealensis 50. E. constrictum 52. E. ovatum

Reported byMeenakshi 2003 : Marine Biodivesity – taxonomy of Indian ascidians. Final technical report submitted to the MoEF, New Delhi. 1-103. Unpublished. 54. Aplidiopsis amoyense 81. Aplidium uteute 108.Eudistoma gilboviride @ 55. Aplidiopsis AS 384 Ab1 82. Polyclinum glabrum 109.Eudistoma glacum @ 56. Aplidiopsis AS 2064 Aj1 83. Polyclinum incrustatum 110.Eudistoma globosum @ 57. Aplidiopsis AS 1043 E2 84. Polyclinum marsupiale 111.Eudistoma incubitum @ 58. Aplidiopsis AS 1050 E3 85. Polyclinum As 2046 Ay1 112.Eudistoma loricatum @ 59. Aplidiopsis AS 1102 E4 86. Polyclinum solum 113.Eudistoma malum @ 60. Aplidiopsis AS 1051 E5 87. Polyclinum tenuatum 114.Eudistoma microlarvum @ 61. Aplidiopsis AS 1941 U1 88. Polyclinum vasculosum 115.Eudistoma muscosum

62. Aplidium brevilarvaceum 89. Synoicum indicum n. sp. 116.Eudistoma AS 433 Ab2

63. Aplidium caelestis 90. Synoicum macrogloss 117.Eudistoma AS 730 Ad1

64. Aplidium directum 91. Synoicum AS 775 A1 118.Eudistoma AS 916 Ae1

65. Aplidium distaplium 92. Synoicum AS 1292 Am1 119.Eudistoma AS 1695 Af1

66. Aplidium filiforme 93. Synoicum AS 844 Bm1 120.Eudistoma AS 267 BG1

67. Aplidium lunacratum 94. Synoicum AS 1306 Bp1 121.Eudistoma AS 478 Bg2

68. Aplidium macrolobatum 95. Synoicum AS 873 G1 122.Eudistoma AS 716 O1

69. Aplidium minisculum 96. Synoicum AS 401 Q5 123.Eudistoma AS 734 O2

70. Aplidium AS 228 Ac1 97. Synoicum AS 177 S2 124.Eudistoma AS 842 P2

71. Aplidium AS 912 B1 98. Synoicum AS 153 T1 125.Eudistoma AS 491 R1

72. Aplidium AS 1281 B2 99. Synoicum AS 833 T2 126.Eudistoma AS 1943 U2

73. Aplidium AS 814 Ba1 100.Synoicum AS 836 T3 127.Eudistoma AS 388 Y1

74. Aplidium AS 1052 E1 101.Synoicum AS 563 W1 128.Eudistoma pyriforme

75. Aplidium AS 828 M1 102.Synoicum papilliferum 129.Eudistoma reginum

76. Aplidium AS 842A P1 103.Distaplia AS 1684 Ag1 130.Eudistoma rubrum

77. Aplidium AS 849 S1 104.Cystodytes dellechiajei 131.Eudistoma sabulosum 78. Aplidium paralineatum 105.Eudistoma amplum 132.Eudistoma superlatum 79. Aplidium ritteri 106.Eudistoma angolanum 133.Eudistoma tokarae 80. Aplidium rubricollum 107.Eudistoma eboreum 134.Eudistoma tumidum

73 GOMBRT Publication 22

135.Eudistoma vitiatum 175.Didemnum AS 1616 Bd2 214.Diplosoma AS 466 Y6

136.Exostoma ianthium 176.Didemnum AS 1560 Be1 215.Diplosoma similis

137.Polycitor calamus 177.Didemnum AS 1563 Be2 216.Diplosoma virens

138.Atriolum AS 835A P22 178.Didemnum AS 495 Bk1 217.Echinoclinum AS 727 Ab5

139.Didemnum albopunctatum 179.Didemnum AS 480 Bo1 218.Echinoclinum triangulum

140.Didemnum augusti 180.Didemnum AS 1318 C1 219.Leptoclinides doboensis

141.Didemnum chartaceum 181.Didemnum AS 1319 C2 220.Leptoclinides madara

142.Didemnum cuculiferum 182.Didemnum AS 853 D1 221.Leptoclinides AS 1017 D5

143.Didemnum etiolum 183.Didemnum AS 817 F1 222.Leptoclinides AS 867 D6

144.Didemnum fragilis 184.Didemnum AS 847 F2 223.Leptoclinides AS 848 F5

145.Didemnum granulatum 185.Didemnum AS 819 F3 224.Leptoclinides AS 858 G5

146.Didemnum lambitum 186.Didemnum AS 874 G2 225.Leptoclinides AS 984A J5

147.Didemnum ligulum 187.Didemnum AS 888 J1 226.Leptoclinides AS 852 P18

148.Didemnum megasterix 188.Didemnum AS 832 N1 227.Leptoclinides AS 835 P19

149.Didemnum molle 189.Didemnum AS 705 O3 228.Leptoclinides AS 485 R2

150.Didemnum moseleyi 190.Didemnum AS 842B P3 229.Leptoclinides reticulatus

151.Didemnum nekozita 191.Didemnum AS 816 P4 230.Leptoclinides rufus

152.Didemnum AS 724 Ab3 192.Didemnum AS 845 P5 231.Lissoclinum abdominal

153.Didemnum AS 913 Ae2 193.Didemnum AS 846 P6 232.Lissoclinum bistratum

154.Didemnum AS 1678 Ag2 194.Didemnum AS 740 P7 233.Lissoclinum AS 1853 Aq2

155.Didemnum AS 1691 Ai1 195.Didemnum AS 714 Q1 234.Lissoclinum AS 1551 As1

156.Didemnum AS 917 Aj2 196.Didemnum AS 492 Q2 235.Lissoclinum AS 481 Bl1

157.Didemnum AS 1511 An1 197.Didemnum AS 263 S3 236.Lissoclinum AS 843 P20

158.Didemnum AS 1594 Aq1 198.Didemnum AS 486 W2 237.Lissoclinum AS 719 P21

159.Didemnum AS 1568 Ar1 199.Didemnum AS 488 Y2 238.Lissoclinum patella

160.Didemnum AS 1843 At1 200.Didemnum nigricans 239.Lissoclinum punctatum

161.Didemnum AS 1792 Au1 201.Didemnum obscurum 240.Lissoclinum tasmanense

162.Didemnum AS 1764 Av1 202.Didemnum pardum 241.Lissoclinum textile

163.Didemnum AS 1801 Aw1 203.Didemnum perlucidum 242.Lissoclinum voeltzkowi

164.Didemnum AS 1884 Ax1 204.Didemnum 243.Polysyncraton aspiculatum

165.Didemnum AS 2006 Ay2 pseudodiplosoma 244.Polysyncraton lithostrotum

166.Didemnum AS 2005 Ay3 205.Didemnum spongioides 245.Polysyncraton

167.Didemnum AS 2060 Az1 206.Didemnum ternatanum meandratum

168.Didemnum AS 2043 Az2 207.Didemnum tonga 246.Polysyncraton multipapillae

169.Didemnum AS 927 B3 208.Didemnum translucidum 247.Polysyncraton AS 1547 A2

170.Didemnum AS 838 Ba2 209.Didemnum turritum 248.Polysyncraton AS 773 A3

171.Didemnum AS 825 Ba3 210.Didemnum vahatuio 249.Polysyncraton AS 784 A4

172.Didemnum AS 753 Bb1 211.Didemnum viride 250.Polysyncraton AS 1118 Ab4

173.Didemnum AS 493 Bc1 212.Diplosoma listerianum 251.Polysyncraton AS 1651 Ah1

174.Didemnum AS 1603 Bd1 213.Diplosoma macdonaldi 252.Polysyncraton AS 1671 Ak1

74 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

253.Polysyncraton AS 1512 Ao1 294.Polysyncraton victoriensis 335.Ascidia latesiphonica

254.Polysyncraton AS 896 B4 295.Trididemnum aspiculatum 336.Ascidia liberata

255.Polysyncraton AS 901 B5 296.Trididemnum cerebriforme 337.Ascidia AS 749 Aa1

256.Polysyncraton AS 876 Bn1 297.Trididemnum clinides 338.Ascidia AS 1530 Al2

257.Polysyncraton AS 1278 C3 298.Trididemnum cyclops 339.Ascidia AS 753 Bb1

258.Polysyncraton AS 1323 C4 299.Trididemnum discrepans 340.Ascidia AS 745 Z1

259.Polysyncraton AS 1356 C5 300.Trididemnum miniatum 341.Ascidia samea

260.Polysyncraton AS 862 D2 301.Trididemnum AS 747 Bf1 342.Ascidia tuticoriensis

261.Polysyncraton AS 875 D3 302.Trididemnum AS 489 Bj1 343.Phallusia arabica

262.Polysyncraton AS 877 D4 303.Trididemnum AS 1175 M2 344.Phallusia barbaric

263.Polysyncraton AS 823 F4 304.Trididemnum AS 725 O4 345.Botrylloides leachi

264.Polysyncraton AS 859 G3 305.Trididemnum AS 851 P8 346.Botrylloides perspicum

265.Polysyncraton AS 860 G4 306.Trididemnum AS 840 P9 347.Botryllus purpureus

266.Polysyncraton AS 866 H1 307.Trididemnum AS 262 S4 348.Botryllus schlosseri

267.Polysyncraton AS 962 J2 308.Trididemnum AS 893 X1 349.Botryllus stewartensis

268.Polysyncraton AS 872 J3 309.Trididemnum AS 839 Y3 350.Botryllus tuberatus

269.Polysyncraton AS 871 J4 310.Trididemnum AS 487 Y4 351.Cnemidocarpa intestinata

270.Polysyncraton AS 869 K1 311.Trididemnum nubilum 352.Cnemidocarpa AS268 Bh1

271.Polysyncraton AS 870 L1 312.Trididemnum paraclinides 353.Polycarpa aurita

272.Polysyncraton AS 855 L2 313.Trididemnum paracyclops 354.Polycarpa AS 1350 C6

273.Polysyncraton AS 723 O5 314.Trididemnum savignii 355.Polycarpa AS 1324 C7

274.Polysyncraton AS 794 P10 315.Trididemnum spiculatum 356.Polycarpa papillata

275.Polysyncraton AS 820 P11 316.Trididemnum strigosum 357.Polycarpa pigmentata

276.Polysyncraton AS 821 P12 317.Trididemnum viride 358.Polycarpa maniensis

277.Polysyncraton AS 787 P13 318.Ecteinascida diaphanis 359.Polycarpa scatterata

278.Polysyncraton AS 931 P14 319.Ecteinascida diligens 360.Styela plicata

279.Polysyncraton AS 854 P15 320.Ecteinascida koumaci 361.Symplegma oceania

280.Polysyncraton AS 804 P16 321.Ecteinascida AS 2068 Ay4 362.Symplegma reptans

281.Polysyncraton AS 815 P17 322.Ecteinascida nexa 363.Boltenia transversaria

282.Polysyncraton AS 372 Q3 323.Ecteinascida styeloids 364.Ctenyura intermedia

283.Polysyncraton AS 496 Q4 324.Ecteinascida thurstoni 365.Ctenyura AS 739 S8

284.Polysyncraton AS 260 S5 325.Perophora clavata 366.Microcosmus helleri

285.Polysyncraton AS 253 S6 326.Perophora hutchisoni 367.Microcosmus propinquus

286.Polysyncraton AS 261 S7 327.Perophora modificata 368.Microcosmus pupa

287.Polysyncraton AS 726 V1 328.Perophora multiclathrata 369.Microcosmus squamiger

288.Polysyncraton AS 494 W3 329.Perophora clavata 370.Pyura spinosa

289.Polysyncraton AS 498 Y5 330.Ascidia challengeri 371.Molgula calvata 290.Polysyncraton pavimentum 331.Ascidia decepta 372.Molgula ficus 291.Polysyncraton rugosum 332.Ascidia glabra 373.Molgula sphaera 292.Polysyncraton semifuscum 333.Ascidia indica 293.Polysyncraton thallomorpha 334.Ascidia kesavanica

75 Tunicata - Thaliacea

Total species recorded 78 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Thaliacaea is a small division of Tunicata comprising the free-swimming species, such as Salpa and Doliolum under a class of pelagic Tunicata in which oral and atrial apertures occur at opposite ends of the body. Unlike their bottom-dwelling relatives the ascidians, thaliaceans are free-floating for their entire lifespan. The group includes both solitary and colonial species. All of the thaliceans are filter feeders. They have a transparent barrel-shaped body through which they pump water, propelling them through the sea and from which they extract food.

THALIACEA recorded after 2000

Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 1. Cyclosalpa pinnata 27. D. krohni 54. O. longicauda 2. C. sewelli 28. D. mulleri var. krohni 55. O. mediterranea 3. C. polae 29. D. indica 56. O. parva 4. C. affinis 30. D. intermedia 57. O. rufescens 5. C. floridana 31. D. singmoides 58. O. valdiviae 6. Salpa maxima 32. D. undulata 59. Appendicularia sicula 7. S. tuberculata 33. D. obscura 60. Tectillaria fertilis 8. Pegea confoederata 34. D. sperata 61. Fritillaria abjorseni 9. Ritteriella amboiensis 35. Dolioletta gegenburi 62. F. aequatorialis 10. R. picteti 36. D. gegenbauri var. tritonis 63. F. antartica 11. Thalia democratica 37. Dolioloides rarum 64. F. borealis typica 12. T. rhomboids 38. Pyrosoma aherniosum 65. F. borealis sargassi 13. T. orientalis 39. P. ovatum 66. F. borealis intermedia 14. T. cicar 40. P. atlanticum 67. F. formica tuberculata 15. T. sibogae 41. Propyrosoma spinosum 68. F. fraudax 16. T. longicauda 42. P. indicus 69. F. gracilis 17. Brooksia rostrata 43. Stegostoma magnum 70. F. haplostoma 18. Metcalfina hexagona 44. Megalocercus abyssorum 71. F. megachile 19. Iasis zonaria 45. Oikopleura albicans 72. F. pacifica 20. Thetys vagina 46. O. cophocera 73. F. pellucida 21. Traustedtia 47. O. dioica 74. F. pellucida omani multitentaculata 48. O. fusiformis 75. F. polaris 22. Wheelie cylyndrica 49. O. fusiformis cornutogastra 76. F. tenella 23. Doliolum denticulatum 50. O. gracilis 77. F. venusta 24. D. nationalis 51. O. graciolides 78. F. bicornis 25. D.denticulatum var.ehrenbergi52. O. intermedia 26. Doliolina mulleri 53. O. labradoriensis

77 Hemichordata

Total species recorded 4 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Hemichordata is a phylum of worm-shaped marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms. They date back to the Lower or Middle Cambrian and include an important class of fossils called graptolites, most of which became extinct in the Carboniferous. They seem to have a primitive form of notochord, formed from a diverticulum of the foregut called a stomochord, but this is most likely the result of convergent evolution. A hollow neural tube exists among some species (at least in early life), probably a primitive trait they share with the common ancestor of chordata and the rest of the deuterostomes. The Body of Hemichordates are divided into three parts, proboscis, collar and trunk. They have open circulatory systems also complete digestive tract but the musculature in their gut is very poorly developed, and food is mostly transported through it by using the cilia that cover its inside surface. Hemichordata are divided into two classes: the Enteropneusta, commonly called acorn worms, and the Pterobranchia, which may include the graptolites. A third class, Planctosphaeroidea, is proposed based on a single species known only from larvae. The phylum contains about 100 living species. The exact taxonomic position of hemichordata and whether the group is monophyletic is currently under debate. One of the suggestions is that the pterobranchs are more basal deuterostomes, while the enteropneusts are an early offshoot of the lineage who is leading to Chordata. HEMICHORDATES recorded after 2000

Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 1. Ptychordera faluva 2. Tornaria spp.

Reported by Raghunathan and Krishnan 2007 : Faunal diversity of Sethusamudram ship channel and its adjoining region of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, southeast coast of India.In: Biodiversity conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.pp. 353-377. 3. Ptychodera viridis 4. Balanoglossus carnosus

79 Cephalochordata

Total species recorded 2 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

The lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata, traditionally known as amphioxus) are a group of primitive chordates. They are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially for food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they provide indications about the origins of the vertebrates. Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, its genome holds clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. The Cephalochordata is traditionally seen as a sister subphylum to the vertebrates, with which it is grouped together into a clade (sometimes called Notochordata) which in turn is the sister group to the simpler still Urochordata. Newer research suggests this may not be the case. The Cephalochordata may be the most basal subphylum of the chordates, while the sister group of the vertebrates may be the urochordates.

CEPHALOCHORDATES recorded after 2000

81 Pisces

Total species recorded 1147 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Fish (Pisces) are aquatic vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously cold-blooded), covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Fish are abundant in the sea and in fresh water, with species being known from mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) as well as in the deepest depths of the ocean (e.g., gulpers and anglerfish). They are of tremendous importance as food for people around the world, either collected from the wild (see fishing) or farmed in much the same way as cattle or chickens (see aquaculture). Fish are also exploited for recreation, through angling and fishkeeping, and are commonly exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have an important role in many cultures through the ages, ranging as widely as deities and religious symbols to subjects of books and popular movies. The term “fish” is most precisely used to describe any non-tetrapod chordate, (i.e., an animal with a backbone), that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins. Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, fish are not a single clade but a paraphyletic collection of taxa, including hagfishes, lampreys, sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, and lungfishes. A typical fish is ectothermic; has a streamlined body that allows it to swim rapidly; extracts oxygen from the water using gills or an accessory breathing organ to enable it to breath atmospheric oxygen; has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin; has jaws; has skin that is usually covered with scales; and lays eggs that are fertilized internally or externally Fish are classified into the following major groups: · Subclass Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) · Class Thelodonti · Class Anaspida · (unranked) Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) o (unranked) Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) o Class Galeaspida o Class Pituriaspida o Class Osteostraci · Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) o Class Placodermi (armoured fishes, extinct) o Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) o Class Acanthodii (spiny sharks, extinct) o Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish) Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Subclass Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths) Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)

83 GOMBRT Publication 22

FISHES recorded before 2000 SHARKS, SKATES AND RAYS recorded before 2000 Class: CHONDRICTHYES Order: LAMINIFORMES Family: ORECTOLOBIDAE Reported by Dorairaj 1998 : Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. Proceedings No. 24, MSSRF, Chennai 1. Chiloscyllium indicum 2. C. griseum 3. Stegostoma fasciatum Family: LAMINIDAE 4. Alopias vulpinus Family: CARCHARINIDAE 5. Rhizoprionodon acutus 10. Hemigaleus balfouri 15. C. sorrah 6. R. oligolinx 11. Carcharinus mealonopterus 16. C. menisorrah 7. R. laticaudus 12. C. dussumieri 17. C. bleekeri 8. Loxodon macrorhinus 13. C. macloti 18. C. hemiodon 9. Hypoprion macloti 14. C. limbatus 19. Galeocerda cuvieri Family:RHINCODONTIDAE 20. Rhincodon typus Family: SPHYRNIDAE 21. Sphyrna blochii 22. S. zygaena Order: SQUALIFORMES Family: PRISTIDAE 23. Pristis cuspidatus 24. P. microdon 25. P. zijsron Family: RHINOBATIDAE 26. Rhynchobatus djiddensis 27. Rhinobatus granulatus 28. Rhina ancylostoma Family: DASYATIDAE 29. Gymnura micrura 32. D. bleekeri 35. D. zugei 30. G. poecilura 33. D. marginatus 36. D. sephen 31. Dasyatis uarnak 34. D. kuhli 37. Urogymnus africanus Family: MYLIOBATIDAE 38. Aetobatus narinari 40. A. maculatus 41. Rhinoptera javanica 39. Aetomylaeus nichofii Family: MOBULIDAE 42. Mobula diabolus Order: TORPEDINIFORMES Family: TORPENIDAE 43. Narcine brunnea 44. N. timlei

84 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

FISHES before 2000 Class : OSTEICHTHYES Order: ELOPIFORMES Family: ELOPIDAE Reported by Dorairaj 1998 : Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. Proceedings No. 24, MSSRF, Chennai 45. Elops machnata Family: MEGALOPIDAE 46. Megalops cyprinoides Family: ALBULIDAE 47. Albula vulpes Order: ANGUILLIFORMES Family: ANGULLIDAE 48. Anguilla bicolor bicolor 49. A. nebulosa nebulosa Family: MURAENIDAE 50. Gymnothorax favagineus 52. G. undulatus 54. Sideria thrysoidea 51. G. punctatus 53. Thyrsoidea macrura 55. S. picta Family: OPHICHTHYIDAE 56. Pisodonophis cancrivorus Family: MURAENESOCIDAE 57. Muranesox cinereus 58. M. telabonoides Family: CONGRIDAE 59. Uroconger lepturus Order: CLUPEIFORMES Family: CLUPEIDAE 60. Sardinella gibbosa 67. S. sidensis 74. Opisthopterus tardoore 61. S. sirm 68. Hilsa ilisha 75. Raconda russelliana 62. S. albella 69. H. kanagurta 76. Dussumieria hasseltti 63. S. longiceps 70. Kowala coval 77. D. acuta 64. S. clupeoides 71. Ilisha dusumieri 78. Anadontostoma 65. S. dayii 72. I. brachysoma chachunda 66. S. fimbriata 73. Pellona ditchela 79. Nematalosa nasus Order: CLUPEIFORMES Family: ENGRAULIDAE 80. Stolephorus comersonii 82. S. waitei 84. Thryssocles mystax 81. S. bataviensis 83. S. indicus 85. Setipinna taty Order : CLUPEIFORMES Family : CHIROCENTRIDAE 86. Chirocentrus dorab 87. C. nudus Order: GONORYNCHIFORMES Family: CHANIDAE 88. Chanos chanos

85 GOMBRT Publication 22

Order: SILURIFORMES Family: ARIIDAE 89. Arius caelatus 93. A. dussumieri 97. Arius sona 90. A. tenuispinis 94. A. jella 98. A. maculatus 91. A. nella 95. A. thalassinus 99. A. arius 92. A. platysomus 96. A. serratus 100.Osteogeniosus militaris Order: AULOPIFORMES Family: SYNODONTIDAE 101.Saurida gracilis 102.S. tumbil 103.Synodus indicus Order: GADIFORMES Family: BREGMACENTRIDAE 104.Bregmaceros macclelandii Order: OPHIDIIFORMES Family: OPHIDIIDAE 105.Hepthocara simum Order: BATRACHIODIFORMES Family: BATRACHOIDIDAE 106.Batrichthys grunniens Order: LOPHIIFORMES Family: ANTENNARIDAE 107.Antennarius hispidus 108.A. nummifer 109.Histrio histrio Family: OGOCEPHALIDAE 110.Dibranchus micropus Order: CYPRINIDONTIFORMES Family: EXOCOETIDAE 111.Cypselurus oxycephalus 113.C. comatus 115 .Paraexocoetus 112.C. oligoepis 114.Exocoetus volitans brachypterus Family: HEMIRHAMPHIDAE 116.Hyporhampus xanthopterus 119.H. georgii 122.H. marginatus 117.H. gaimardi 120.H. dussumieri 123.H. far 118.H. quoyi 121.H. robustus Family: BELONIDAE 124.Albennes hians 126.Tylosurus giganteus 128.T. strongylurus 125.Thalassosteus 127.T. leiurus appendiculoatus Order: ANTHERINIFORMES Family: ANTHERINIDAE 129.Allenetta forskali 130.Pranesus duodecimalis Order: BERYCIFORMES Family: HOLOCENTRIDAE 131.Sargocentron diadema 132.S. rubrum Order: PEGASIFORMES Family: PEGASIDAE 133.Parapegasus natans 134.P. volans 135.Pegasus draconis

86 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Order: SYNGNATHIFORMES Family: FISTULARIIDAE 136.Fistularia villosa Family: CENTRISCIDAE 137.Centriscus scutatus Family: SYNGNATHIDAE 138.Micrognathus revirostris 140.Hippocampus kuda 141.Syngnathoides biaculeatus 139.Trachyrhamphus serratus Order: SCORPAENIFORMES Family: SCORPAENIDAE 142.Pterois volitans 146.G. niger 150.Scorpaeneopsis cirrhosus 143.P. russelli 147.Dendrochirus zebra 151.S. laconia 144.P. miles 148.Parascorpaena bleekeri 152.S. novae-guinae 145.Gymnapistes dracaena 149.P. armata Family: SYNACEIDAE 153.Minous monodactylus 155.Peleropsis frondosus 156.Choridactylus multibarbis 154.Pelor didactylum Family: APLOACTINIDAE 157.Aniculerosa taprobanensis Family: PLATYCEPHALIDAE 158.Platycephalus indicus 161.P. isacanthus 164 .P. indicus 159.P. scaber 162.P. crocodiles 165 .P. carbunculus 160.P. tuberculatus 163.P. macracanthus Family: PERISTEDIIDAE 166.Satyrichthys adeni Family: DACTYLOPTERIDAE 167.Dactyloptena orientalis Order: PERCIFORMES Family: CENTROPOMIDAE 168.Ambasis gymnocephalus 170.A. commersoni 172.Psammoperca waigiensis 169.A. nalua 171.Lates calcarifer Family: SERRANIDAE 173.Cephalopholis boenack 176.E. merra 179 .E. malabaricus 174.C. pachycentron 177.E. areolatus 180.E. morrhua 175.E. miniatus 178.E. bleekeri 181 .Promicrops lanceolatus Family: THERAPONTIDAE 182.Pelates quadrilineatus 184.T. jarbua 185.T. theraps 183.Therapon puta Family: PRIACANTHIDAE 186.Priacanthus hamrur 187.P. cuneatus

87 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: APOGONIDAE 188.Cheilodipterus 189.Apogon septemstriatus 191.A. enneastigma quinquelineatus 190.A. auritus 192.A. endekataensis Family: SILLAGINIDAE 193.Sillago sihama Family: LACTARIIDAE 194.Lactarius lactarius Family: RACHYCENTRIDAE 195.Rachycentron canadus Family: ECHENEIDAE 196.Echeneis naucrates 197.Remora remora Family: CARANGIDAE 198.Megalapsis cordyla 207.C. armatus 216 .Alepas djedaba 199.Alectis ciliaris 208.C. lysan 217 .Carangoides ferdeu 200.A. indicus 209.C. carangus 218 .C. chrysophrys 201.Atropus atropus 210.C. sexfasciatus 219.Decapterus dayi 202.Selaroides leptolepis 211.Trachinotus russelli 220 .D. russelli 203.Gnathandon speciosus 212.T. blochi 221 .Scomberides lyson 204.Selar mate 213.T. bailloni 222.S. tala 205.Caranx sansum 214.Elegatis bipinnulatus 223 .Seriolina nigrofasciata 206.C. malabaricus 215.Ulua mandibularis Family: MENEIDAE 224.Mene maculata Family: LEIOGNATHIDAE 225.Secutor ruconius 231.L. brevirostris 236 .L. dussumieri 226.S. insidiator 232.L. leuciscus 237.L. berbis 227.Leiognathus fasciatus 233.L. smithursti 238 .L. jonesi 228.L. bindus 234.L. lineolatus 239 .Gazza minuta 229.L. equulus 235.L. splendens 240.Gazza achlamys 230.L. daura Family: LUTJANIDAE 241.Lutjanus quinquelinearis 246.L. sanguineus 250.L. russelli 242.L. decussatus 247.L. bohar 251.L. sebae 243.L. rivulatus 248.L. lineolatus 252 .L. vaigiensis 244.L. fulviflamma 249.L. malabaricus 253 .L. gibbus 245.L. waigiensis Family: CAESIONIDAE 254.Caesio caerulaureus 255.C. pinjala

88 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: LOBOTIDAE 256.Lobotes surinamensis Family: GERRIDAE 257.Gerres abbreviatus 259.G. oyena 260 .G. filamentosus 258.G. oblongus Family: HAMEULIDAE 261.Pomodasys maculatus 264.Plectorhynchus pictus 267 .P. cinctus 262.P. hasta 265.P. nigrus 268 .P. orientalis 263.P. furcatus 266.P. schotaf Family: SPARIDAE 269.Argyrops spinifer 270.Mylio berda 271.Rhabdosargus sarba Family: LETHRINIDAE 272.Lethrinus miniatus 276.L. harak 280 .L. microdon 273.L. variegates 277.L. mahsenoides 281.L. caeruleus 274.L. nebulosus 278.L. ramak 282 .L. lentijan 275.L. cinereus 279.L. ornatus Family: NEMIPTERIDAE 283.Nemipterus japonicus 285.N. mesoprion 287 .S. vosmeri 284.N. tolu 286.Scolopsis bimaculatus 288 .S. phaeops Family: SCIAENIDAE 289.Johnius argentatus 293.J. osseus 297.Nibea miles 290.J. macropterus 294.Wak sina 298 .Otolithes argenteus 291.J. coibor 295.Pennahia aneus 299 .O. maculatus 292.J. dussumieri 296.P. macropthalmus 300 .Otolithoides brunneus Family: MULLIDAE 301.Upeneus treagula 305.U. bensai 309 .Paraupeneus indicus 302.U. sulphureus 306.U. oligospilus 310 .P. pleurospilus 303.U. vittatus 307.U. luzonius 311.Mulloidichthys 304.U. displurus 308.U. sundaicus flavolineatus Family: MONODACTYLIDAE 312.Monodactylus argenteus Family: PEMPHERIDAE 313.Pempheris moluca 314.P. vanicolensis Family: KYPHOSIDAE 315.Kyposus vaigiensis 316.K. cinerascens Family: EPHIPPIDAE 317.Ephippus orbis 319.Tripterodon orbis 321.D. longimana 318.Platax tiera 320.Drepane punctata

89 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: SCATOPHAGIDAE 322.Scatophagus argus Family: CHAETODONTIDAE 323.Heniochus acuminatus 327.C. octofasciatus 331.C. melanotus 324.Chaetodon auriga 328.C. melanotus 332.Linophora vagabunda 325.C. fasciatus 329.C. xanthocephalus 333 .L. mertensi 326.C. plebeius 330.Chaetodontops collaris Family: POMACANTHIDAE 334.Pomacanthodes annularis 336.P. xanthometopon 337.P. semicirculatus 335.P. imperator Family: CICHLIDAE 338.Tilapia mossambica Family: POMACENTRIDAE 339.Amphiprion sebae 341.A. septemfasciatus 344.Dascyllus trimaculatus 340.Abudefduf saxtalis 342.A. biocellatus 345.D. aruanus vaigiensis 343.Chromis caerulus 346.Pomacentrus tripunctatus Family: CIRRTHITIDAE 347.Cirrhichthys aureus Family: MUGILIDAE 348.Mugil cephalus 350.Liza waigiensis 352.Valamugil seheli 349.M. borneensis 351.L. macrolepis Family: SPHYRAENIDAE 353.Sphyraena jello 354.S. langsar 355.S. acutipinnis Family: POLYNEMIDAE 356.Elutheronema 358.P. indicus 360.P. sextarius tetradactylum 359.P. sextarius var. mullgni 361.P. microstoma 357.Polynemus plebeius Family: LABRIDAE 362.Stethojulis axillaries 368.C. diagrama 374 .Theilio inermis 363.S. phekadopleurs 369.Epibulus insidiator 375.Halichores nigrescens 364.S. interrupta 370.Thalassoma lunare 376 .H. lecurus 365.Cheilinus chlorurus 371.T. hardwickei 377.H. centriquadrus 366.C. trilobatus 372.T. purpureus 378.H. hyrtlii 367.C. undulatus 373.Coris halei 379.Inistius pavo Family: SCARIDAE 380.Scarus ghobban 383.S. janthocir 386 .S. oktodon 381.S. bataviensis 384.S. dussumieri 387.Leptoscarus 382.S. forsteri 385.S. fasciatus coeruleopunctatus

90 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: URANOSCOPIDAE 388.Ichthyoscopus lebeck

Family: TRICHONOTIDAE 389.Trichonotus setigerus

Family: PERCOPIDAE 390.Bemrops caudimaculata

Family: TRIPTERYGIIDAE 391.Tripterygion fasciata

Family: BLENNIDAE 392.Petroscirtes variabilis 395.Salarias fasciatus 397 .S. dussumieri 393.P. elongatus 396.S. alboguttatus 398.Escenius frontalis 394.P. breviceps

Family: CALLIONYMIDAE 399.Callionymus sagitta 402.C. lineolatus 404.C. marleyi 400.C. schaapi 403.C. japonicus 405.C. cooperi 401.C. melanopterus

Family: ELEOTRIDAE 406.Eleotris fusca 411.Ctenogobius criniger 416.Gobiois nebulosus 407.Eviota gymnocephala 412.Catagobius bilobatus 417 .G. polynema 408.Acantrogobins masoni 413.Glossogobius biocellatus 418.Zonogobius semidoliatus 409.Amblygobius albomaculata 414.Bathygobius fuscus 419.Stigmatogobius javanicus 410.Callagobius hasseltii 415.Gobiodon erythrospilus

Family: ACANTHURIDAE 420.Acanthurus bleekeri 424.A. leucosternon 427.N. tuberosus 421.A. matoides 425.A. strigosus 428.N. unicornis 422.A. gahan 426.Naso brevirostris 429 .Zebrasoma velifer 423.A. lineatus

Family: ZANCLIDAE 430.Zanclus cornutus

Family: SIGANIDAE 431.Siganus canaliculatus 432.S. javus 433.S. vermiculatus

Family: TRICHIURIDAE 434.Lepturocanthus savala 435.Trichiurus lepturus 436.E. intermedius

91 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: SCOMBRIDAE 437.Acanthocybium solandri 441.Euthynnus affinis 445.S. lineolatus 438.Rastrelliger kanagurta 442.Katsuwonus pelamis 446.Sarda orientalis 439.Auxis thazard 443.Scomberomorus commerson 447 .Thunnus albacore 440.A. rochei 444.S. guttatus 448 .T. tonggal

Family: XIPHIDAE 449.Xiphias gladius

Family: ISTIOPHORIDAE 450.Istiophorus platypterus 451.Makaris indica 452.M. nigricans

Family: STROMAETIDAE 453.Parastromateus niger 454.Pampus argentus 455 .P. chinensis

Order: PLEURONECTIFORMES Family: PSETTODIDAE 456.Psettodes erumei

Family: BOTHIDAE 457.Pseudorhombus 458.P. arsius 460.Engyprasopon triocellatus 459P. malayanus grandisquam

Family: CYNOGLOSSIDAE 461.Cynoglossus bilineatus 464.C. bilineatus 467 .C. punticeps 462.C. brachycephalus 465.C. lida 468.C. quinquilineatus 463.C. macrolepidotus 466.C. lingua 469 .Laeops guntheri

Family: SOLEIDAE 470.Achirus pavonicus 472.Zebrias quagga 473.Heteromycteris occulus 471.Synaptura commersoni

Order: TETRADONTIFORMES Family: TRIACANTHIDAE 474.Triacanthus brevirostris 475.Triacanthoides ethiops 476.Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer

Family: BALISTIDAE 477.Abalistes stellaris 481.B. ellioti 485 .Stephanolepis diaspros 478.Sufflamen capisratus 482.Balsitapus undulatus 486 .Alutera scripta 479.Balistoides viridescens 483.Rhinecanthus aculeatus 487 .Paramonoacanthus 480.B. flavimarginatus 484.Pervagor tomentosus choirocephalus 488.Amanses pardalis

92 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: OSTRACIIDAE 489.Ostracion nasus 492.O. lentiginosa 494.Tetrosomus gibbosus 490.O. tuberculata 493.Lactoria cornuta 495.Rhynchestracion 491.O. turritus rhinorhynchus

Family: TETRAODONTIDAE 496.Arothron maculatus 501.A. stellatus 506 .Torquigener oblongus 497.A. nigropunctatus 502.A. leopardus 507 .Amblyrhynchotes 498.A. hispidus 503.Chelonodon patoca hypselogenion 499.A. aerostaticus 504.Canthigaster margaritatus 508 .Lagocephalis inermis 500.A. reticularis 505.Gastrophysus lunaris

Family: DIODONTIDAE 509.Diodon maculifer 510.D. hystrix

SHARKS, SKATES AND RAYS recorded after 2000

Reported by Venkatraman et al 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata.

Family: CARCHARINIDAE 511.Scoliodon laticaudus 512.Carcharhinus ellioti

Family: LAMINIDAE 513.Isurus oxyriinchus

Family: RHINOBATIDAE 514.Rhinobatus thouniana 515.Zonobatus schoenleinii

Family: DASYATIDAE 516.Himantura fava 518.H. walga 520.Urogymnus asperrimus 517.H. imbricata 519.Hypolophus sephen

Family: MYLIOBATIDAE 521.Rhinoptera adspersa

Family: TORPENIDAE 522.Narcine maculata

Family: NARKIDAE 523.Narke dipterygia 524.Bengalichthys impennis

93 GOMBRT Publication 22

Order : CLUPEIFORMES Family : CLUPEIDAE Reported by MFIS 2006 : Exploited marine fishery resources off Tuticorin along the Gulf of Mannar coast (2006). Marine Fisheries Information Service, No. 189, Jul – Sep – pp. 1 - 9 525.Sardinella melanoptera 527.S. neglecta 528.Esculosa thoracata 526.S. brachysoma

Reported by Venkatraman et al 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 529.Hilsa keele 531.Anadontostoma melanura 532.Dussumieria elopsoides 530.Nematalosagalatheae Family : ENGRAULIDAE 533.Stolephorus devisi 534.S. insularis

Reported by MFIS 2006 : Exploited marine fishery resources off Tuticorin along the Gulf of Mannar coast (2006). Marine Fisheries Information Service, No. 189, Jul – Sep – pp. 1 - 9 537.Coilia dussumieri

Reported by Venkatraman et al 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 538.C. ramcarati 543.T. kammalensis 548.T. malabaricus 539.C. reynaldii 544.T. kammalensoides 549.T. setirostris 540.Thryssa dayi 545.T. polibranchialis 550.Encrasicholina heteroloba 541.T. dussumieri 546.T. purava 551.Setipinna tenuifilis 542.T. hamiltonii 547.T. vitrirostris Family: PRISTIGASTERIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. 552.Ilisha elongata 555.I. melastoma 558.Opisthopterus tardoore 553.I. kampeni 556.I. sirishai 559.Pellona ditchella 554.I. megaloptera 557.I. striatula 560.Raconda russeliana Order : ANGUILLIFORMES Family : ANGUILLIDAE Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 561.Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis Family: OPHICHTHYIDAE 562.Ophicthus apicalis 563.O. microcephalus 564.Pisodonophis boro

94 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: MURAENESOCIDAE 565.Muranesox bagio Family: CONGRIDAE 566.Ariosoma anago 567.A. gnanadossi Family: MORINGUIDAE 568.Moringua raitaborua Order: PERCIFORMES Family: CARANGIDAE 569.Selar crumenopthalmus 574.Atule mate 580.C. gymnostethus 570.Scomberoides 575.A. vari 581.C. oblongus commersonianus 576.Carangoides armatus 582.C. praeustus 571.S. tala 577.C. headlandensis 583.Caranx para 572.S. tol 578.C. thalamparoides 584.Alepes melanoptera 573.Caranx ignobilis 579.C. chrysophrys 585.Elagatis bipinnulata Family: LEIOGNATHIDAE 586.Leiognathus longispinis Family: LETHRINIDAE 587.Lethrinus miniatus 588.L. kallopterus Family: DATNIOIDAE 589.Datnioides quadrifasciatus Family: GERREIDAE 590.Gerres acinaces 592.G. macroacanthus 594.G. setifer 591.G. lucidus 593.G. limbatus Family: HAMEULIDAE 595.Pomodasys argyreus 596.Plectorhynchus gibbosus Family: SPARIDAE 597.Acanthopargus berda 599.Chrysophrys cuvieri 601.Rabdosargus sarba 598.A.latus 600.Crenidens indicus Family: NEMIPTERIDAE 602.Nemipterus delagoae 603.N. randalli 604.Scolopsis bilineatus Family: SPHYRAENIDAE 605.Sphyraena barracuda 606.S. picuda 607.S. obtusata Family: MULLIDAE 608.Mulloides sp. 609.Mulloides vanicolensis 610.Upeneus moluccensis Family: SERRANIDAE 611.Epinephelus tauvina 613.E. longispinis 615.Cephalopholis sonneratti 612.E. undulosus 614.E. chlorostigma

95 GOMBRT Publication 22

Reported by Srinivasan et al., 2007 Gropuer fish Biodiversity in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. In: Biodiversity conservation in Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve.pp.93-110. 616.C. argus 619.E. quoyanus 621.E. polyphekadion 617.C. formosa 620.E. tukula 622.E. diacanthus 618.Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus Family: SCIAENIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 623.Otolithes ruber 629.J. cartua 635.Otolithoides biauratus 624.Johnius macrorhynchus 630.J. elongates 636.Panna microdon 625.J. sina 631.J. macropterus 637.Paranibea semiluctuosa 626.J. vogleri 632.Kathala axillaris 638.Nibea maculata 627.J. belengeri 633.Nibea chui 639.Protonibea diacanthus 628.J. carauna 634.Otolithes cuvieri 640.Pseudosciaena coiber Family: LUTJANIDAE 641.Lutjanus argentimaculatus 643.L. fulvus 644.L. lutjanus 642.L. johni Family: PLATACIDAE 645.Platax pinnatus Family: CHAETODONTIDAE 646.Chaetodon collare 647.C. decussates Family: POMACANTHIDAE 648.Apolemichthys xanthurus Family: CICHLIDAE 649.Etroplus maculatus 650.E. suratensis Family: CEPOLIDAE 651.Acanthocepola abbreviata 652.A.limbata Family: POMACENTRIDAE 653.Pristotis jerdoni Family: MUGILIDAE 654.Liza melinoptera 656.Valamugil buchanani 658.V. speigleri 655.L. parsia 657.V. cunnesius Family: SPHYRAENIDAE 659.Sphyraena bleekeri 661.S. lewini 662.S. putnamiae 660.S. flavicauda Family: POLYNEMIDAE 663.Polydactylus heptadactylus 665.P. sexfilis 666.Polynemus paradiseus 664.P. plebeius

96 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: LABRIDAE 667.Halichoeres nebulosus 669.Xyricthys pavo 670.X. pentadactylus 668.Cheilinus bimaculatus Family: SCARIDAE 671.Scarus blochi 672.S. dubius Family: OPISTHOGNATHIDAE 673.Opisthognathus rosenbergi Family: URANOSCOPIDAE 674.Uranoscopus cognatus 675.U. guttatus Family: MUGILLOIDIDAE 676.Paraperchis pulchella 677.P. punctulata Family: BLENNIDAE 678.Xiphasia setifer 679.Petroscirtes bhattacharyae 680.P. kallosoma Family: AMMODYTIDAE 681.Ammodytes kallolepis Family: CALLIONYMIDAE 682.Callionymus filamentosus 684.Eleutherochir opercularis 685.Synchiropus lineolatus 683.C. longicaudatus Family: ELEOTRIDAE 686.Eleotris melanosoma 687.Prionobutis koilomatodon Family: GOBIIDAE 688.Amblygobius 698.A.ornatus 710.Oxyurichthys tentacularis albomaculatus 699.A.reichei 711.O. formosanus 689.Acentrogobius 700.A.viridipunctatus 712.O. macrolepis viridipunctatus 701.Apocryptes bato 713.Parapocryptes rictuosus 690.Apocryptodon madurensis 702.Apocryptichthys cantoris 714.P. serperaster 691.Ctenogobius criniger 703.Awaous stamineus 715.Periophthalmus koelrueteri 692.Glossogobius giuris 704.Boleophthalmus boddaerti 716.P. varibilis 693.Oplopomus caninoides 705.Brachygobius nunus 717.Sicyopterus griseus 694.Parachaeturichthys 706.Cryptocentrus 718.Stigmatogobius polynema gymnocephalus malabaricus 695.Pseudocrypus lanceolatus 707.Gobiopterus chuno 719.Stenogobius javanicus 696.Acentrogobius cyanomos 708.Oligoleps cylindricus 720.Waitea mystacina 697.A.globiceps 709.O.auctipennis Family: GOBIOIDIDAE 721.Taenioides anguillaris 722.Brachyamblyopus urolepis Family: TRYPAUCHENIDAE 723.Trypauchen vagina

97 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: ACANTHURIDAE 724.Acanthurus celebicus 726.A.triostegus 727.A.xanthopterus 725.A.nigrofuscus Family: KURTIDAE 728.Kurtus indicus Family: SIGANIDAE 729.Siganus guttatus 730.S. spinus Family: SCOMBRIDAE 731.Rastrelliger faughni 732.Scomberomorus korianus Family: NOMEIDAE 733.Psenes cyanophyrs Family: ARIOMMATIDAE 734.Ariomma indica Family: CYNOGLOSSIDAE 735.Cynoglossus arel 738.C. dispar 741.C. monopus 736.C. cynoglossus 739.C. semifasciatus 742.Paraplagusia blochii 737.C. dubius 740.C. macrostomus Family: SOLEIDAE 743.Synaptura albomaculata 746.Aesopia cornuta 749.S. avata 744.Zebrias altipinnis 747.Brachirus pan 750.Euryglossa orientalis 745.Z. synapturoides 748.Solea elongata Order: TETRADONTIFORMES Family: TRIACANTHIDAE 751.Pseudotriacanthus 752.Triacanthus biaculeatus 753.T.indicus striglifer Family: BALISTIDAE 754.Abalistes stellatus 755.Aluterus scripta 756.Balistes vetula Family: MONOCANTHIDAE 757.Monocanthus choirocephalus 758. Psilocephalus barbatus Family: TETRAODONTIDAE 759.Chelonodon fluviatilis 761.L. spadiceus 763.Torquigener florealis 760.Lagocephalus lunaris 762.Takifagu oblongus Family: TRICHIURIDAE 764.Eupleurogrammus muticus 765.Lepturocanthus pantuli Family: CITHARIDAE 766.Brachypleura novae zeelandiac

98 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: BOTHIDAE 767.Arnoglossus intermedius 770.C.valderostratus 772.Laeops guntheri 768.Bothus pantherinus 771.Engyprosopon 773.L. kithrae 769.Crossorhombus azureas grandisquamis 774.Pseudorhombus elevatus 775.P. javanicus Family: GEMPYLIDAE 776.Neoepinula orientalis 778.Ruvettus pretiosus cocco 780.T. atum 777.Lepidocybium 779.Thyrsitoides marleyi 781.Gempylus serpens flavobrunneum Family: XIPHIDAE 782.Tetrapturus brevirostris Family: ARIOMMIDAE 783.Psenes indicus Family: MUGILIDAE 784.Liza tade 785.Valamugil speigleri Family: CORYPHAENIDAE 786.Coryphaena hippurus 787.C. equiselis Family: GERRIDAE 788.Pentaprion longimanus Order: SILURIFORMES Family: ARIIDAE 789.Batrachocephalus spp. Family: PLOTOSIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 790.Plotosus canius 791.P. limbatus 792.P. lineatus Order: CYPRIDONTIFORMES Family: EXOCOETIDAE 793.Cypselurus spylopterus 795.C. furcatus 796.Paraexocoetus mento 794.C. bahiensis Family: BELONIDAE 797.Hemirhampus georgii 799.Strongylurus leiura 800.S. appendiculata 798.Tylosurus crocodilus crocodylus Order: AULOPIFORMES Family: SYNODONTIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 801.Saurida pseudotumbil 803.S. micropectoralis 804.Trachinocephalus myops 802.S. undosquamis

99 GOMBRT Publication 22

Order: OPHIIDIFORMES Family: OPHIDIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 805.Brotula multibarbata Family: CARAPIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 806.Carapus homei Order: CYPRINIDONTIFORMES Family: HEMIRHAMPHIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 807.Hemirhamphus lutkei 809.R. malabaricus 811.Tylosurus acusmelanotus 808.Rhynchorhamphus georgii 810.Strogylura strongylura Order: ANTHERINIFORMES Family: ANTHERINIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002: Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 812.Antheriomorus deodecimalis Order: BERICYFORMES Family: HOLOCENTRIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 813. Myripristis murdjan Order: PEGASIFORMES Family: PEGASIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 814.Pegasus volitans Order: SYNGNATHIFORMES Family: FISTULARIIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 815.Fistularia petimba Family: SYNGNATHIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 816.Microphis cuncalus 817.M. brachyurus 818.Syngnathus cyanospilus

Reported by Dhanya Sethunarayanan and Rajagopal 2007 : Syngnathid resources of the Gulf of Mannar and their conservation through aquaculture.In: Biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.pp. 83-92.

100 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

819.Hippocampus s 821.H. fuscus 824.Trachyrhampus serratus inosissimus 822.Hippichthys cyanospilos 825.T. longirostris 820.H. trimaculatus 823.H. spicifer Order: SCORPAENIFORMES Family: SCORPAENIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 826.Paracentropogon indicus 828.Sebastapistes strongia 829.Trachycephalus 827.Scopaeniopsis rosea uranoscopus Family: TETRAROGIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata 830.Tetraroge niger Family: APLOACTINIDAE 831.Cocotropus roseus Family: TRIGLIDAE 832.Lepidotrigla omanensis 833.L. spiloptera Family: PLATYCEPHALIDAE 834.Cociella crocodila 837.Inegocia japonica 840.Suggrundus bengalensis 835.Grammoplites scaber 838.Sorsogona tuberculata 841.S. rodericensis 836.G. suppositus 839.S. melanoptera Order: PERCIFORMES Family: AMBASSIDAE 842.Ambassis gymnocephalus 844.A.commersoni 846.A.miops 843.Ambasiss interruptus 845.A.dayi 847.A.urotaenia Family: SERRANIDAE 848.Cephalopholis miniatus 850.E. flavocaeruleus 851.E. latifasciatus 849.Epinephelus bleekeri Family: PRIACANTHIDAE 852.Priacanthus tayenus Family: APOGONIDAE 853.Apogon ellioti 857.A.aureus 861.Apoogonichthys 854.A.bandensis 858.A.kalosoma poecilopterus 855.A.nigripinnis 859.A.multitaeniatus 862.Archamia macropterus 856.A.quadrifasciatus 860.A.taeniatus 863.A.lineloata Family: SILLAGINIDIE 864.Sillaginopsis panijus 866.S.lutea 867.S. vincenti 865.SIllago chondropus

101 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: MALACANTHIDAE 868.Hoplolatilus fronticinctus Family: ECHENEIDAE 869.Remora branchyptera Family: RACHYCENTRIDAE 870.Rachycentrus canadus

Family:RHINNOCHIMERIDAE Reported by Murugan and Namboothri 2010 : Fin fishes of Gulf of Mannar – A field identification guide. ISBN:no:97881-8465-309-0, pp.224. 871.Neoharriota pinnata Family:PROSCYLLIDAE 872.Eridacnis radcliffei Family:EHINORHINIDAE 873.Echinorhinus bruscus Family:NARCINIDAE 874.Narcine prodorsalis Family:TORPENIDAE 875.Torpedo sinuspersici Family:RHINOBATIDAE 876.Rhinobatos annandeli 877.Glaucostegus granulatus Family:MYLIOBATIDAE 878.Mobula kuhlii Family:DASYATIDAE 879.Neotrygon kuhlii 881.Himantura marginatus 883.H. gerrardi 880.Taenuira mayeni 882.H. imbricatus Family:CYMNUIRDAE 884.Cymnura poecilura Family:MURAENIDAE 885.Gymnothorax 886.G. meleagris 888.G. randalli flavimarginatus 887.G. monostigma 889.Strophidon sathete Family:OPHICTHIDAE 890.Ophichthus altipennis 891.O. evermanii Family:CONGRIDAE 892.Bathycongrus nasicus 893.Bathymyrus echinorhynchus 894.Conger wilsoni

102 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family:ENGRAULIDAE 895.Thryssa mystax Family:CLUPEIDAE 896.Amblygaster clupeoides 898.Tenualosa ilisha 899.T. toil 897.A.sirm Family:PRISTIGASTERIDAE 900.Ilisha megaloptera 901.I.melanostoma Family:ARIIDAE 902.Arius subrsotratus 903.Netuma thalassinus Family:SYNODONTIDAE 904.Synodus dermatogenys 906.Harpodon nehereus 908.S. nebulosa 905.S. sageneus 907.Saurida undosqamis Family:MYCTOPHIDAE 909.Diaphus watasei 910.Neocopelus microchir Family:PATRACHOIDIDAE 911.Patrochomoeus trispinosus 912.Perulipatrachus aquilionarius Family:ANTENNARIIDAE 913.Antennarius coccineus 914.A.Indicus Family:CHAUNACIDAE 915.Chaunax penicillatus Family:OEGOCEPHALIDAE 916.Halieutaea indica Family:LOPHIIDAE 917.Lophiomus setigerres Family:MORIDAE 918.Physiculus agyropastus Family:BREGMACEROTIDAE 919.Bregmaceros lanceolatus Family:ATHERINIDAE 920.Atherinomorus lacunosus Family: BELONIDAE 921.Hemiramphus archipelagicus Family:EXOCOETIDAE 922.Cheilopogon cynopterus 923.Hirundoichthys coromandelensis

103 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family:HOLOCENTRIDAE 924.Myripristis formosa 925.M. kuntee 926.M. botche Family:SYGNATHIDAE 927.Hakicampus grayi 928.Hippocampus kelloggi Family:CENTRISCIDAE 929.Centriscus scutatus Family:MOLIDAE 930.Ranzania laevis Family:DIODONTIDAE 931.Chilomycterus arbicularis 932.Diodon holocanthus Family:TETRADONTIDAE 933.Arothron caeruleopunctaus 935.Canthigaster solandri 936.Torquigener brevipinnis 934.Arothron immaculatus Family:OSTRACCIIDAE 937.Ostracion cubicus Family:BALISTIDAE 938.Xanthichthys ringens 940.Sufflamen chrysopterum 941.S. fraenatus 939.Odonus niger Family:MONOACANTHIDAE 942.Lalmohania velutina 944.Aluterus monoceros 946.Pseudolutarius nasicornis 943.Paramonacanthus 945.Anacanthus barbatus nipponensis Family:SOLEIDAE 947.Brachirus orientalis Family:CYNOGLOSSIDAE 948.Cynoglossus kopsii Family:BOTHIDAE 949.Bothus myriaster 951.Grammatobothus 952.Parabothus polylepis 950.Arnoglossus tapeinosoma polyopthalmus Family:PLATYCHEPHALIDAE 953.Thysanophrys chiltonae Family:SCORPAENIDAE 954.Neomerinthe rotunda 956.Dendrochirus brachypterus 958.Richadrsonichthys 955.Brachypterios serrulata 957.Scorpaena cardinalis leucogaster 959.Cottapistus cottoides

104 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family:SYNACEIIDAE 960.Synanceia horrid 961.Inimicus sinensis 962.I.filamentosus Family:APISTIDAE 963.Apistis carinatus Family:SERRANIDAE 964.Anthias sp 970.E. erythrus 976.Pseudoanthias sp 965.Cephalopholis sonnerati 971.E. faveatus 977.P. Marcia 966.C. urodeta 972.E. fuscoguttatus 978.Pogonoperca punctata 967.C. miniata 973.E. lanceolatus 979.Variola louti 968.Cehlidoperca pleurospilus 974.E. poecilonotus 980.V.albimarginata 969.Epinephelus coioides 975.E. radiatus 981.Aethaloperca rogaa 982.Diploprion bifasciatum Family:SILLAGINIDAE 983.Dasycianea albida 984.Johnius amblycephalus Family:AMBASSIDAE 985.Ambassis nalua Family:APOGONIDAE 986.Apogon fasciatus 991.A.lineatus 996.A.multitaeniatus 987.A. flavus 992.A.moluccensis 997.Cheilodipterus macrodon 988.A.fraenatus 993.A.nigripinnis 998.Pseudoamia 989.A.gardineri 994.A.ellioti amblyyuroptera 990.A.guamensis 995.A.aureus 999.Archamia bleekeri Family:HAEMULIDAE 1000.Plectorhinchus griseus 1003.Pomodasys guoraca 1005.Diagramma pictum 1001.P.lineolatus 1004.P.kakan 1006.Plectorhincus ceylonensis 1002.P.vittatus Family:LUTJANIDAE 1007.Aprion virescens 1011.L.stellatus 1015.Pinjalo sordidus 1008.Etelis radiosus 1012.L.vijta 1016.P.lewsii 1009.Aphareus lutinans 1013.L.bengalensis 1017.P. pinjalo 1010.Lutjanus ophuysenii 1114.L.ehrenbergi Family:CAESIONIDAE 1018.Caseio lunaris 1021.C. varilineata 1024.P.pisang 1019.C.cuning 1022.Dipterygonotus balteatus 1025.P.tile 1020.C.teres 1023.Pterocaesio chrysozona Family:SPARIDAE 1026.Argyrops bleekeri 1027.Ganthodentex aurolineatus

105 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family:LETHRINIDAE 1028.Gymnogranius griseus 1029.Lethrinus olivaceus Family:NEMIPTERIDAE 1030.Nemipterus bipunctatus 1032.Parascolopsis eriomma 1034.S.taeniatus 1031.N. furcosus 1033.Scolopsis auratus 1035.S. xenochrous Family:EPHIPPIDAE 1036.Platax orbicularis Family:MONODACTYLIDAE 1037.Monodactylus kottelati Family:GERRIDAE 1038.Gerres erythrosus 1039.G.longirostris Family:MULLIDAE 1040.Paraupeneus bifsaciatus 1042.Upeneus japonicas 1043.U. taeniopterus 1041.P. macronema Family:CICHLIDAE 1044.Oreochromus mossambicus Family:SCIAENIDAE 1045.Johnius carruta 1046.Ptertolithus maculaus Family:LEIOGNATHIDAE 1047.Equulites elongatus Family:POMACANTHIDAE 1048.Centropyge multispinis Family:CHAETODONTIDAE 1049.Chaetodon fulcula 1051.C.lineloatus 1053.C.trifasciatus 1050.C.gardineri 1052.C.vagabundus 1054.Heniochus pleurotinea Family:BRAMIDAE 1055.Brama oricini Family:CARANGIDAE 1056.Alepas kleinii 1059.C. caeruleopinnatus 1061.Uraspis helvola 1057.Caranx heberi 1060.Decapterus macarellus 1062.Scomberoides lysan 1058.Carangoides bajad Family:PEMPHERIDAE 1063.Cirrhitichthys bleekeri 1064.Pempheris mangula Family:POMACENTRIDAE 1065.Abudefduf bengalensis 1067.Pristotis obtusirostris 1069.Neopomocentrus nemurus 1066.Amphipiron clarkia 1068.Dascyllus reticulatus 1070.Pomacentrus caeruleus

106 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family:SIGANIDAE 1071.Siganus lineatus Family:LABRIDAE 1072.Bodianus neilli 1078.H.zeylonicus 1083.Zyrichthys bimaculatus 1073.Chelinius oxycephalus 1079.Labroids dimidatus 1084.X.cyanifrons 1074.Coris dorsomacula 1080.Pteragogus flagellifer 1085.Choerodon robustus 1075.Gomphosus caeruleus 1081.Stethojulius interrupta 1086.Xipocheilus typus 1076.Halichores hortularus 1082.Thalassoma jansenii 1087.Coris Formosa 1077.H.marginatus Family:SCARIDAE 1088.Chlorurus oedema 1091.S.russelli 1093.Leptoscarus vaigensis 1089.Scarus rivulatus 1092.S.quoyi 1094.Chlorurus gibbus 1090.S.rubroviolaceus Family:CEPOLIDAE 1095.Acanthocepola indica Family:PINGUIPEDIDAE 1096.Parapercis alboguttata 1097.P. maculata 1098.P. xanthozona Family:POLYNEMIDAE 1099.Filimanus similis 1101.P.sexfilis 1102.P.sextarius 1100.Polydactylus plebius Family:OPISTOGNATHIDAE 1103.Opisthognathus rosenbergii Family:URANOSCOPIDAE 1104.Uranoscopus archionema 1105.U.marmoratus 1106.U.affinis Family:PERCOPHIDAE 1107.Pemprops caudimacula Family:PLENNIDAE 1108.Petroseirtes mitratus Family:CALLIONMYRIDAE 1109.Bathycallionmymus 1110.Callionymus erythraeus 1111.C.margareteri sokonumeri Family:GOBIIDAE 1112.Amblychaeturichthys 1114.Ctenotrypauchen 1116.Cryptocentrus leonis seiistius microcephalus 1117.Opliquogobius commates 1113.Amblyeleotris fondanesii 1115.Aulopareia unicolor 1118.Oxyurichthys auchenolepis 1119.O.paulae

107 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family:ACANTHUIRADE 1120.Acanthurun parieni 1122.A.nigricauda 1124.Nassothynnoides 1121.A.mata 1123.A.trists annulatus Family:NOMEIDAE 1125.Cupiceps squamiceps Family:SIGANIDAE 1126.Siganus argenteus Family:SCOMBRIDAE 1127.Gymnosarda unicolor 1128.Thunnus albacores Family:ISTIOPHOIRADE 1129.Istiophorus platypterus Family:LATIDAE 1130.Psammoperca vaigensis Reported by Murugan and Namboothri 2010 : Fin fishes of Gulf of Mannar - A field identification guide. ISBN No. 97881-8645-309-0. pp. 224. Family:ACANTHURIDAE 1131.Acanthurus dussumieri 1133.Naso hexacanthus 1134.A.dennendii 1132.A.xanthopterus Family:POMACENTRIDAE 1135.Amphiprion polynemus 1136.Calotomus carolinus Family:SCARIDAE 1137.Bolbometopon muricatum Family:CHAETODONTIDAE 1138.Chaetodon trifascialis Reported by Venkatramani et al., 2005. Marine ornamental fishes of Gulf of Mannar. ICAR / NATP/CGP/Publiction 115 pp. Family:LABRIDAE 1139.Bodianus speciosus 1140.Choerodon robustus 1141.Hemigynus fasciatus Family:MALACANTHIDAE 1142.Malacanthus lattavittaus Family:SYGNATHIDAE 1143.Corythoichthys fasciatus Reported by Venkatramani and Jayakumar 2006: Biodiversity and biology of marine ornamental reef fishes of Gulf of Mannar - Parrot fishes (Family : Scardiae) Family:SCARIDAE 1144.Scarus ferruginues 1146.S.niger 1147.S.vittatus 1145.S.globiceps

108 Reptiles - Turtles

Total species recorded 5 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Sea turtles (Superfamily Chelonioidea) are turtles found in all the world’s oceans except the Arctic Ocean. There are seven living species of sea turtles: flatback, green, hawksbill, Kemp’s Ridley, leatherback, loggerhead and olive ridley. The East Pacific subpopulation of the green turtle was previously classified as a separate species, the black turtle, but DNA evidence indicates that it is not evolutionarily distinct from the green turtle. All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae; the leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member.Sea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the Order Testudines. Seven distinct species of sea turtles grace our oceans today; they constitute a single radiation that was distinct from all other turtles at least 110 million years ago. During that radiation, sea turtles split into two main subgroups, which still exist today: the unique family Dermochelyidae, which consists of a single species, the leatherback; and the six species of hard- shelled sea turtle, in the family Cheloniidae. TURTLES recorded before 2000

Reported by Pillai and Thiagarajan 1979 : Biology of the green turtle Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus) in the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. Ind. 21(1&2)45-60. 1. Chelonia mydas 3. Lepidochelys olivacea 5. Dermochelys coriacea 2. Eretmochelys imbricata 4. Caretta caretta

109 Reptiles - Sea Snakes

Total species recorded 13 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Sea snakes belonging to the family Hydrophiidae, includes venomous, marine snakes with an oarlike tail and flattened body. Most are found along coasts and in estuaries of Australia and Asia, sometimes basking on the surface in a large group, though the yellow-bellied, or pelagic, sea snake ranges throughout the Pacific. The nostrils, usually on top of the snout, have valvelike closings. The body of several species is much thicker than the head and neck. Most species are 3–4 ft (1–1.2 m) long.Though generally slow to strike, their venom may be lethal. Most species are dark above and lighter below, or ringed with black and grayish green. They feed on small fish and are preyed upon by sea birds, sharks, and larger fish. Their potent venom quickly immobilizes their prey; however, they are not aggressive and rarely strike at humans when caught. Most sea snakes are exclusively marine and lack the enlarged ventral scales that enable land snakes to grip the ground. While some sea snakes lay eggs, some species like Cerebrus rhynchops bear live young ones. SEA SNAKES recorded after 2000

Reported by Lobo 2006 : Sea Snakes of the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. The species and their conservation. Technical report submitted to the Rufford Foundation. 1. Acrochordus granulatus 5. H. faciatus fasciatus 10. Pelamis platurus 2. Hydrophis granulatus 6. H. careuleuescens 11. Thalassophina viperina 3. Lapemis kurtis 7. H. spiralis 12. Kerilia jerdoni 4. Hydrophis (Microcephalus) 8. H. cyanocinctus 13. Enhydrina schistosa gracilis 9. H. lapemoides

111 Aves

Total species recorded 290 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

The vertebrate Class Aves includes the birds, an extremely distinctive and successful clade, with an estimated species of about 9000 worldwide. Aves are part of the hierarchical system of classification, specifically the subphylum Vertebrata of the Phylum Chordata (animals that have back bones). Aves is the name of the class to which birds belong in taxonomy; the Class Aves. Aves are divided into 29 orders, with Passeriformes the largest with about 5000 species. Some of the other orders have as few as one species (like Struthioniformes, the ostrich order). The birds are so varied in number, adaptations, structures, shapes, food habits etc. that their true classification even upto order is a voluminous work. Both morphologically and biologically, they are highly adapted for flight although many species have lost the powers of flight. They have scaly legs and feathers (which are specialized scales). Their bones are light (an adaption for flight), and are honeycombed in most species. The fore-limbs are highly modified that, along with their associated feathers, in most species are adapted for flight. Further adaptations for flight include the urinary system that excretes nitrogenous waste as uric acid crystals, massive reduction in size of reproductive organs when not breeding, the development of only one ovary or testis when breeding, and a massive sternum to anchor flight muscles. All species lay eggs. They are toothless animals, but have a beak. As certain times of year some species lay-down a fat layer for insulation and/or a food reserve that can be utilized in long migratory flights. They have a highly efficient cardiopulmonary system; with an endothermic heart (they are warm-blooded). Order: CYCONIFORMES Family: ARDEIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al. 2002 : Faunal diversity of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77 (Published: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata). 1. Egretta garzetta 3. Ardea alba 5. Egretta gularis 2. Bubulcus ibis 4. A. cinerea 6. Ardeola striatus Family: PHONEICOPTERIDAE 7. Phoneicopterns rosens Order:ANSERIFORMES Family: ANATIDAE 8. Anas acuta 10. A.clypeata 12. A.querquedula 9. A.penelope 11. A.crecca 13. Anser indicus Order: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: HAEMATOPODIDAE 14. Haematopus ostralegus Family: CHAADRIIDAE 15. Pluvialis dominica 18. C. alexandrines 21. Vanelleus indicus 16. P. squatarola 19. C. hiaticula 22. V. malabaraicus 17. Charadrius dubius 20. C. mongolus Subfamily: SCOLOPACINAE 23. Numenius phaeopus 26. Tringa totanus 29. T.glareola 24. N. arquata 27. T. stagnatilis 30. T. terek 25. Limosa lapponica 28. T. nebularia 31. T.hypoleucus

113 GOMBRT Publication 22

32. T. erythropus 37. C. minuta 42. C. subminuta 33. Arenaria interpres 38. C. testacea 43. Limicola falcinellus 34. Calidris canutus 39. C. alpina 44. Phalaropus lobatus 35. C. tennuirostris 40. C. ruficollis 45. Gallinago stenura 36. C. alba 41. C. temminckii 46. Tringo ochropus Family: RECURVIROSTRIDAE 47. Himantopus himantopus Family: BURHINIDAE 48. Esacus magnirostris 49. Burhinus oedicnemus Family: DROMADIDAE 50. Dromas aredeola Family: LARIDAE 51. Larus argentatus 55. L. ridibundus 58. Hydropronge caspia 52. L. ichthyaetus 56. Chlidonias hybridus 59. Sterna hirnudo 53. L. fuscus 57. Gelocheliodon nilotica 60. Sterna bengalensis 54. L. brunnicephalus Family: PODICIPEDIDAE Reported by Naganathan 2004 : Avifaunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar. Govt. Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. pp.80 61. Tachybaptus ruficollis Family: HYDROBATIDAE 62. Oceanites oceanicus Family: PHAETHONTIDAE 63. Phaethon lepturus Family: PELECANIDAE 64. Pelecanus philippensis Family: PHALACROCORACIDAE 65. Phalacrocorax niger 66. P.carbo Family: ANHINGIDAE 67. Anhinga melanogaster Family: ARDEIDAE 68. Ardea purpurea 70. Mesophoyx intermedia 72. Ixobrychus sinensis 69. Casmerodius albus 71. Ardeola grayii 73. Dupetor flavicollis Family: CICONIIDAE 74. Mycteria leucocephala 76. Ciconia episcopus 77. C.ciconia 75. Anastomus oscitans

114 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Family: THRESKIORNTHIDAE 78. Plegadis falcinellus 80. Pseudibis papillosa 81. Platalea leucorodia 79. Threskironis melanocephalus Family:PHOENICOPTERIDAE 82. Phoneicopterus ruber 83. P.minor Family: ANATIDAE 84. Anas poecilorhyncha Family:ACCIPITRIDAE 85. Pernis ptilorhynchus 90. Neophron percnopterus 95. C.melanoleucos 86. Elanus caeruleus 91. Circaetus gallicus 96. C.pygargus 87. Milvus migrans 92. Spilornis cheela 97. Accipiter badius 88. Haliastur Indus 93. Circus macrourus 98. A.nisus 89. Haliaeetus leucogaster 94. C.aeuroginosus 99. Butastur teesa Family: PANDIONIDAE 100.Pandion haliaetus Family: FALCONIDAE 101.Falco tinnunculus 102.F.peregrinus Family: PHASIANIDAE 103.Francolinus pondicerianus 104.Pavo cristatus Family: RALLIDAE 105.Amaurornis phoenicurus 107.Porphyrio porphyrio 109.Fulica atra 106.Porzana fusca 108.Gallinula chloropus Family: ROSTRATULIDAE 110.Rostratula benghalensis Family: CHARADRIIDAE 111.Pulvialis fulva 114.Gallinago gallinago 117.Xenus cinereus 112.Charadrius mongolus 115.Limosa limosa 118.Actitis hypoleucos 113.C.leschenaultii 116.Numenius arquata 119.Calidris ferruginea Family: RECURVIROSTRIDAE 120.Recurvirostra avosetta Family: DROMADIDAE 121.Esacus recurvirostris Family: STERCORARIIDAE 122.Catharacta antartica

115 GOMBRT Publication 22

Family: LARIDAE 123.Larus heuglini 128.S.sandvicensis 132.S.fuscata 124.L.cachinnans 129.S.dougalii 133.Chlidonias leucopterus 125.Sterna caspia 130.S.albifrons 134.C.niger 126.S.aurantia 131.S.saundersi 135.Anous stolidus 127.S.bergii Family: COLUMBIDAE 136.Columba livia 138.S.chinensis 140.Trernon bicincta 137.Streptopelia senegalensis 139.S.decaocto Family: PSITTACIDAE 141.Psittacula krameri Family: CUCULIDAE 142.Clamator jacobinus 146.Cacomantis sonneratii 149.Eudynamys scolopacea 143.C.coromandus 147.C.passerinus 150.Phaenicophaeus 144.Hierococcyx varius 148.Surniculus lugubris viridirostris 145.Cuculus poliocephalus 151.Centropus sinensis Family: TYTONIDAE 152.Tyto alba Family: STRIGIDAE 153.Bubo bubo 154.Athene brama 155.Asio flammeus Family:CAPRIMULGIDAE 156.Caprimulgus asiaticus Family: APODIDAE 157.Cypsiurus balasiensis 158.Tachymarptis melba 159.Apus affinis Family: ALCEDINIDAE 160.Alcedo atthis 162.H.pileata 163.Ceryle rudius 161.Halcyon smyrnensis Family: MEROPIDAE 164.Merops orientalis 165.M.philippinus Family: CORACIIDAE 166.Coracias benghalensis Family: UPUPIDAE 167.Upupa epops Family: CAPITONIDAE 168.Megalaima haemocephala Family: PICIDAE 169.Dinopium benghalense

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Family: PITTIDAE 170.Pitta brachyura Family: ALAUDIDAE 171.Mirafra cantillans 173.Eremopterix grisea 174.Alauda gulgula 172.M.erythroptera Family: HIRUNDINIDAE 175.Hirundo rustica 176.H.daurica Family: MOTACILLIDAE 177.Dendronanthus indicus 180.M.citreola 183.Anthus richardi 178.Motacilla alba 181.M.falva 184.A.rufulus 179.M.maderaspatensis 182.M.cinerea Family: CAMPEPHAGIDAE 185.Coracina melanoptera 186.Tephrodornis pondicerianus Family: PYCNONOTIDAE 187.Pycnonotus cafer 188.P.luteolus Family: IRENIDAE 189.Aegithina tiphia Family: LANIIDAE 190.Lanius cristatus 191.L.vittatus 192.L.schach Family: TURDINAE 193.Zoothera wardii 195.Luscinia brunnea 197.Saxicoloides fulicata 194.Z.citrina 196.Copsychus saularis Family: TIMALLIINAE 198.Turdoides caudatus 199.T.affinis Family: SYLVIINAE 200.Cisticola juncidis 203.A.aedon 206.P.magnirostris 201.Acrocephalus Agricola 204.Orthotomus sutorius 207.Sylvia curruca 202.A.dumetorum 205.Phylloscopus trochiloides Family: MUSCICAPINAE 208.Muscicapa daurica 209.M.muttui 210.Cyornis rubeculoides Family: MONARCHINAE 211.Terpsiphone paradise Family: DICACIDAE 212.Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Family: NECTARINIIDAE 213.Nectarina zeylonica 214.N.asiatica 215.N.lotenia

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Family: ESTRILDIDAE 216.Lonchura malabarica 217.L.punctulata 218.L.malacca Family: PASSERINAE 219.Passer domesticus 220.Petronia xanthocollis Family: PLOCEINAE 221.Ploceus philippinus Family: STURNIDAE 222.Sturnus malabaricus 224.S.roseus 225.Acridotheres tristis 223.S.pagodarum Family: OROOLIDAE 226.Oriolus oriolus Family: DICRURIDAE 227.Dicrurus macrocercus 228.D.leucocephaeus Family: ARTAMIDAE 229.Artamus fuscus Family: CORVIDAE 230.Dendrocitta vagabunda 231.Corvus splendens 232.C.macrorhynchos Order: CYCONIFORMES Family: ARDEIDAE Reported by Venkatraman et al., 2002 : Faunal diversity of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77 (Published: Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata). 233.Egretta garzetta 235.Ardea alba 237.Egretta gularis 234.Bubulcus ibis 236.A. cinerea 238.Ardeola striatus Family: PHONEICOPTERIDAE 239.Phoneicopterns rosens Order:ANSERIFORMES Family: ANATIDAE 240.Anas acuta 242.A.clypeata 244.A.querquedula 241.A.penelope 243.A.crecca 245.Anser indicus Order: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: HAEMATOPODIDAE 246.Haematopus ostralegus Family: CHAADRIIDAE 247.Pluvialis dominica 250.C. alexandrines 253.Vanelleus indicus 248.P. squatarola 251.C. hiaticula 254.V. malabaraicus 249.Charadrius dubius 252.C. mongolus Subfamily: SCOLOPACINAE 253.Numenius phaeopus 255.Limosa lapponica 257.T. stagnatilis 254.N. arquata 256.Tringa totanus 258.T. nebularia

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259.T.glareola 265.C. tennuirostris 271.C. temminckii 260.T. terek 266.C. alba 272.C. subminuta 261.T.hypoleucus 267.C. minuta 273.Limicola falcinellus 262.T. erythropus 268.C. testacea 274.Phalaropus lobatus 263.Arenaria interpres 269.C. alpina 275.Gallinago stenura 264.Calidris canutus 270.C. ruficollis 276.Tringo ochropus Family: RECURVIROSTRIDAE 277.Himantopus himantopus Family: BURHINIDAE 278.Esacus magnirostris 279.Burhinus oedicnemus Family: DROMADIDAE 280.Dromas aredeola Family: LARIDAE 281.Larus argentatus 285.L. ridibundus 288.Hydropronge caspia 282.L. ichthyaetus 286.Chlidonias hybridus 289.Sterna hirnudo 283.L. fuscus 287.Gelocheliodon nilotica 290.Sterna bengalensis 284.L. brunnicephalus

119 Marine Mammals

Total species recorded 7 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

Marine mammals are a diverse group of roughly 120 species of mammal that are primarily ocean-dwelling or depend on the ocean for food. They include the cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), the sirenians (manatees and dugong), the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals and walrus), and several otters (the sea otter and marine otter). The polar bear is also usually grouped with the marine mammals. Marine mammals evolved from land dwelling ancestors and share several adaptive features for life at sea such as generally large size, hydrodynamic body shapes, modified appendages and various thermoregulatory adaptations. Different species are, however, adapted to marine life to varying degrees. The most fully adapted are the cetaceans and the sirenians, whose entire life cycle takes place under water, whereas the other groups spend at least some time on land. There are some 120 extant species of marine mammals, generally subdivided into the five groups bold-faced below. The sirenians and cetaceans are thought to be descendent from an ungulate ancestor, while the pinnipeds, otters and polar bear are descended from a caniform ancestor. The morphological similarities between these diverse groups are a result of convergent and parallel evolution MAMMALS recorded before 2000

Reported by Alagarswami et al. 1973 : Mass stranding of pilot whales in the Gulf of Mannar. Ind. J. Fish., 20(2): 269-279. 1. Globicephala macrorhyncha

Reported by Nair and Lal Mohan 1975 : Studies on the vocalization of the sea cow dugong dugon in captivity. Ind. J. Fish., 22(1&2): 277-278. 2. Dugong dugon MAMMALS recorded after 2000 Reported by Raghunathan and Krishnan 2007 : Faunal diversity of Sethusamudram ship channel and its adjoining region of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, southeast coast of India.In: Biodiversity conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.pp. 353-377. 3. Grampus griseus 5. Sausa chinensis 7. Pseudoarca crassidens 4. Tursiops truncatus 6. Baleonoptera edeni

121 References Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India A comprehensive updated species list - c GoMBRT

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Meenakshi, V.K. and T.K. Renganathan, 1999. Phallusia polytrema (Herdman, 1906) – a new record to Indian waters. Geobios new Reports. 18: 61-63. Meenakshi, V.K., 1997. Biology of a few ascidians. Ph.D. Thesis, Manomanmaniam Sundaranr University, Tirunelveli. Unpublished. Meenakshi, V.K., 1998. Occurrence of a new ascidian species – Distalpia nathensis sp. nov. and two species – Eusynstyela tincta (Van Name, 1902),Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) new records for Indian waters. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 27: 477-479. Meenakshi, V.K., 1998.Three species of polyclinid ascidians – New record to Indian waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 40(1&2); 201-205. Meenakshi,V.K., 2000. Ecteinascidia venui sp. nov. A colonial ascidian (Perophoridae) from Tuticorin, SE coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 29 : 83-85. Meenakshi.V.K., 2002. Occurrence of new species of colonial ascidian - Eudistoma kaverium sp. Nov. and 4 new records of Eudistoma to Indian coastal waters. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 31(3):201-206. Menon, N.R, and N.B. Nair 1974 : Ectoproctus Bryozoans of the Indian waters, J.Mar.Biol.Assn. India. 9: 430-433. MFIS 2006 : Exploited marine fishery resources off Tuticorin along the Gulf of Mannar coast (2006). Marine Fisheries Information Service, No. 189, Jul – Sep – pp. 1 - 9 MoEF,1987. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Project Document 5, MoEF, Govt. of India Mohan Joseph 1978. Ecological studies on the fauna associated with economic seaweeds of south India – I. Species composition, feeding habits and interrelationships. Seaweed.Res.Utilin.,3 : 9 – 25. Monniot, F., 1972. Ascidies Aplousobranches des Bermudas. Bull.Mus.natn.Hist.nat., Paris.Zool., 61:942-962. Mukhopodhyaya, S.K.,1988. On some holothurians from the Gulf of Mannar, India. Rec.Zool.Surv. India, 85(1):1-17. Murugan, S. and Naveen Namboothri, 2010. Fin fishes of Gulf of Mannar – A field identification guide. ISBN:no:97881-8465-309-0, pp.224. Nabeel, M.A., N. Rajendran, S. Manivanan,G. Thiruneelakandan and K. Kathirasan, 2007. Food web analysis of a mangrove stand in south India: stable isotopes and fatty acid biomarker approach. In : Biodiversity Conservation in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. pp.393-412. Naganathan,V., 2004. Avifaunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar. Govt. Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. pp.80 Nair, R.V. and R.S. Lal Mohan, 1975. Studies on the vocalization of the sea cow dugong dugon in captivity. Ind. J. Fish., 22(1&2): 277-278. Nair,R.V., R. Soudararajan and K. Dorairaj,1973. On the occurrence of Panulirus longipes, P. penicillatus and P. polyphagus in the Gulf of Mannar with notes on the lobster fishery around Mandapam. Ind. J. Fish., 20: 333 – 350. Pattanayak, J.G., 2009. Catalouge of extant marine porifera, type specimen in the Zoological Survey of India. Rec.Zool. Serv. India. Occ, paper no.307; 1-80. Patterson Edward, J.K., G. Mathews, Jamila Patterson, Dan Wilhelmsson, Jerek Tamelander and Olof Linden, 2007. Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India – Distribution, Diversity and Status. Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI), Special Research Publication No. 12, 113 p.

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Renganathan, T.K., 1984. Aplidium multiplicatum Sluider, 1909 – A new record for the Indian waters. Geobios new reports.3:155-156. Renganathan, T.K., 1984. Ecteinascidia garstangi, Sluiter 1898 – a colonial ascidian not hitherto been recorded from India. Geobios new reports. 3: 54-55. Renganathan, T.K., 1984. New record and redescription of a rare colonial ascidian Eudistoma viride, Tokioka, 1955 from the Indian waters. Geobios New reports, 3: 49-51. Renganathan, T.K., 1984. Redescription of a rare colonial ascidian Botrylloides chevalense Herdman, 1906. Geobios new Reports. 3: 158-160. Renganathan, T.K., 1985. On the occurrence of a colonial ascidian, Symplegma brakenhielmi Michaelsen, 1904 from Tuticorin coast of India. Geobios new Reports. 4 : 75-77. Renganathan, T.K., 1986. Eudistoma lakshmiani n.sp. a new colonial ascidian from Tuticorin Coast of India. Geobios new Reports. 5(2): 163-164. Renganathan, T.K., 1986. New record of Molgula martensii Traustedt, 1885. (Molgulidae/ Ascidiaceae) from Indian waters. Geobios new Reports. 5(1): 62-63. Renganathan, T.K., 1986. Studies on the ascidians of South India. Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Unpublished. Samuel, D.,1978. A digenic trematode infection in the edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston). Ind.J.Fish.,23 :(1&2)154-159. Sathyamurthi, S.T, 1956 : The Mollusca of Krusadai Island II – Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda. Bulletin Madras Govt.Museum. Sathyamurthi, S.T., 1956. The Mollusca of Krusadai Island I –Amphineura and Gastropoda. Bulletin Madras Govt.Museum Srinivasan,M., B. Haq, G.Yogaraj and S. Balakrishnan, 2007.Grouper fish Biodiversity in Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. In: Biodiversity conservation in Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve. pp.93-110. Subrahmanyan, R.,1968. South Indian Ocean, Memoirs II – The Dinophyceae of the Indian seas – Part I, Genus Ceratium.J.Mar.Biol.Assn.India. ZSI Ref.No. 1513/02.08.75. Sudarsan, 1963.Observations on the chaetognatha of the waters around Mandapam. Ind.J.Fish., 8(2): 364-382. Sunil Kumar, P. and S. Dharmaraj, 2003. Studies on the growth of the microalga Dunatella salina. Ind. J. Fish., 50(2): 59-262. Tampi, P.R.S., 1959.The ecological and fisheries characteristics of a salt water lagoon near Mandapam. J. Mar.Biol.Ass.India. 1(2): 113-130. Tanaji G Jagtap, Deepali S Komarpant and Rouchelle S Rodrigues 2003. Status of a seagrass ecosystem: An ecologically sensitive wetland habitat from India. Wetlands, vol.23 pp 161-170. Thomas, P.A, and Rani Mary George, 1986a. Resource survey of sea fans (gorgonids). Final report of the project MBO/ar/I.I. pp. 1- 73 unpublished. Thomas, P.A, and Rani Mary George, 1986b. A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonid of the Indian seas. J.Mar.Biol.Ass.India, 28(1&2): 96-112. Thomas, P.A, and Rani Mary George, 1987a. Gorgonid resources of India. Mr. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Serv., 74: 1- 13.

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Thomas, P.A, and Rani Mary George, 1987b. On five species of commercially important gorgonids new to Indian seas. Indian.J.Fish.,34(1): 20-27. Thomas, P.A. 1969. Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: Proceedings of the first International Symposium on corals and coral reefs. Marine Biological Association of India, Mandapm camp, India, 12-16 January, 1969. Thomas, P.A., 1976. Endectyon lamellosa N. sp. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida, Raspailiidae) from the Indian seas and a revised key to the Indian species of Endectyon Topsent. Thomas, P.A.,1968. Studies on Indian sponges – V. Two new records of silicious sponges belonging to the families Myxillidae Hentschel and Spirastrellidae Hentschel from the Indian Region. J.Mar.Biol.Assn.India. 10(2): 264-268. Thomas, P.A.,1972. Boring sponges of the reefs of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: Proceedings of the first International Symposium on corals and coral reefs. Marine Biological Association of India, Mandapm camp, India,333-362. Thomas, P.A.,1977. Studies on Indian sponges VIII. Four new records of silicious sponges Echinochalina glabra (Ridely and Dendy), Higginsia mixta (Hentschel), Geodia lindgreni (Lendenfeld) and Pachamphilla dendyi) Hentschel from the Indian Ocean. J.Mar.Biol.Assn.India. 19(1): 115-122. Thomas,P.A.,1979.Boring sponges destructive to commercially important molluscan beds and coral reefs in Indian seas. Ind. J. Fish., 26(1&2) : 163 – 200. Thomson, J.A. 1905. Appendix to the Report on the Alcyonaceans collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish., Gulf of Mannar No. 28: 167-188. Thomson, J.A. and W.D. Henderson 1905a. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish., Gulf of Mannar, 3 : 269-328. Thomson, J.A. and W.D. Henderson 1905b. Preliminary notice of the deep-sea Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 15(7) : 547-557. Varma and Rao 1963. Algal resources of Pamban area. Ind.J.Fish., 9(1) : 205-211. Venkatraman Kumar,1993. Biochemical constituents of marine algae from Tuticorin coast. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 22:138-140. Venkatraman, K. Srinivasan, M., Ch. Satyanarayana and D. Prabakar, 2002. Faunal diversity of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Conservation Area Series, 15: 1 – 77. (Published: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. Venkataramani, V.K. and N. Jayakumar, 2006. Biodiversity and Biology of marine ornamental reef fishes of Gulf of Mannar – Parrotfishes (Family: Scaridae). In: Proceedings of the Seminar on Biodiversity: Life to our Mother Earth (Edited by Dr. S. John William) conducted by Loyola College, Chennai. 153 – 167 p. Venkatramani et al., 2008. Study on fish resources of GoMBR – Current status, distribution, diversity, abundance, prevailing threats and productivity potential. 156 pp. – Report submitted to GoMBRT. Venkatramani, V.K., P. Jawahar, T. Vaitheeswaran and R. Santhanam 2005. Marine ornamental fishes of Gulf of Mannar - ICAR / NATP / CGP / Publication 115 pp. www.wikimediacommons.com

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