Index

A Ahmadi, M.A. , 581, 600 Abdulhafez, M. , 1165–1167 Ahn, H.B. , 275 Absence of eyelids , 1085, 1086 Ahuero, A.E. , 473–498 A C C . S ee Adenoid cystic carcinoma Ainbinder, D.J. , 1164, 1166 A C E . S ee Angiotensin-converting enzymes Alex, J.C. , 589 Acquired causes, dacryostenosis Alfonso, E.C. , 546 congenital defect, drainage system , 637 Al-Hariri, A. , 207–226 functional dacryostenosis , 631 Allen, C. , 981 impaired tear outfl ow , 630 Allen, J.H. , 1108 infectious mononucleosis , 638 Allen, K. , 694 lower lid ectropion , 640 Allen, L. , 1108 metastatic disease , 642 Allen, R.C. , 283–294 thermal/chemical burns , 642 Allen, S.E. , 313 topical chemotherapeutic medications , 645 ALO. S ee Apraxia of eyelid opening

Acquired ptosis Aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) anatomy and physiology , 419 biocompatibility implant , 1110 blepharoptosis , 419 ceramic implant biomaterial , 1110 classifi cation , 420–425 and HA implantion , 1114 evaluation , 425–429 polymethylmethacrylate implant , 1146 Acute/chronic sinus disease , 117 porous architecture, FCI , 1110, 1111 Adam, P. , 974 porous orbital implants , 1144 Adams, W. , 87 porous spherical implants , 1113 Adenocarcinoma , 872–873 American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) , 873–875, 920–924 and Reconstructive Surgery (ASOPRS) Adnexal burns founding and charter members , 93 acute treatment prominent oculoplastic surgeons , 92, 93 eyelid , 229 training quality , 92 Masquerade procedure , 231 W. Hughes , 92–93 monocanalicular stents , 230 Amjad, I. , 1232 polymyxin B sulfate , 230 Anatomy prophylactic ocular lubrication , 230 carotid and intracranial ophthalmic arteries , 53–54 sloughing skin , 229 cavernous sinus tarsorrhaphy , 230–231 structures, anterior , 51, 52 description , 229 and venous connections , 51 intermediate care cranial nerves lower and upper lid release incision , 232 abducens , 52, 53 wound healing progress , 231 oculomotor and trochlear , 52 late reconstruction posterior lateral , 52 adjacent tissue skin/myocutaneous fl aps , 232 sagittal section, head , 52 cicatricial contracture and ectropion , 232 trigeminal ganglion , 53 defi nition , 232 dura mater , 50–51 full-thickness skin graft, cicatricial ectropion , 233 eyelid ( see Eyelid anatomy) medial canthal , 233–234 lacrimal secretory and excretory system , 12–20 posterior lamella and lid margin , 233 nasal and paranasal sinuses , 7–12 superfi cial epidermis and thicker dermal layer , 229 optic chiasm , 54 thermal injuries , 229 orbit , 37–49 Adnexal deformities , 1073, 1081 osteology , 3–7 Agatston, S.A. , 399 pertinent intracranial osteology

E.H. Black et al. (eds.), Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1285 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0971-7, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 1286 Index

Anatomy (cont.) goblet cells, conjunctiva , 1134–1135 cranial fossae and sphenoid contribution , 50 prosthesis irregularities , 1135 optic foramen , 50 socket discharge , 1135 sagittal section, skull , 50, 51 dryness , 1134 sphenoid bone , 50, 51 ectropion , 1139 Anderson, D.D. , 88 enophthalmos ( see Enophthalmos) Anderson, N.G. , 612 enucleation vs. evisceration , 1119 Anderson, R.L. , 29, 311, 345–353, 393, 461, 1145 evisceration indications , 1118–1119 Anel, D. , 88 eyelash misdirection and entropion Anesthesia fornix deepening, graft , 1139 contraindications, sedation , 1267–1268 inferior fornix , 1137, 1139 effi cacy and side-effect profi le , 1265 lower eyelid laxity , 1137 levels, sedation , 1267 implant exposure and extrusion , 1146–1147 nonmedical prevention, anxiety , 1265–1266 implant infection , 1147–1148 pediatric vs. the adult population , 1265 implant migration , 1145 role, sedation , 1265 indications, enucleation , 1118 sedation , 1266–1267 lagophthalmos, prosthesis surface , 1136 sedation choices , 1268–1269 long-term management , 1167 surgery lower eyelid malposition injectable , 1269–1270 inferior fornix shortening , 1137, 1138 PONV , 1270 loss, volume and connective tissue disruption , 1137 postoperative pain control , 1270–1271 mucous membrane graft , 1137, 1138 topical , 1269 ophthalmologist and ocularist , 1131 talking, child’s level , 1266 prosthetic eye , 1131–1134 Aneurysmal bone cyst replacing, diseased eye , 1131 advantages , 861 secondary orbital implantation , 1144–1145 clinical presentation socket characteristics , 1131 left orbit , 861 socket pain , 1136 refractive changes , 861 Anophthalmos and microphthalmos CT scans , 861–862 bony deformities , 1158 histopathology , 862 bulbar conjunctiva and orbital skeleton , 1160 MRI , 862 coloboma/cystic component , 1159, 1160 treatment and prognosis , 862 conformers expanding , 1163 Angiogram , 994, 1002 CT-determined volumetric change , 1166 Angiosarcoma dermis fat grafts , 1164 advantages , 830 “dumbbell” conformers , 1162 clinical presentation , 830 eye and orbit grow , 1161–1162 CT and MRI , 830 facial and orbital development , 1162 histopathology , 830 facial growth , 1161 prognosis , 830–831 hypoplastic orbit , 1166 treatment , 830 infl atable soft tissue , 1164 Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) , 1010 lateral orbitotomy vs. transconjunctival Anolik, R. , 507–516 placement , 1165 Anophthalmic surgery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 1161 acquired socket contracture Mendelian inheritance , 1161 mild , 1150–1151 ophthalmic appliances , 1165 moderate , 1151–1156 orbital tissue expander (OTE) , 1165, 1166 severe , 1156–1158 orbital volume augmentation , 1163 anophthalmos and microphthalmos (see Anophthalmos and pediatrician and pediatric ophthalmologist , 1161 microphthalmos) porous implants , 1164 anterior orbital cysts , 1136–1137 reconstruction efforts , 1162 artifi cial eye , 1131–1134 self-expanding hydrogel orbital , 1164 associated socket changes systemic malformation , 1161 enucleation and evisceration procedure , 1131–1132 validation, long-term effectiveness , 1167 eyelid laxity , 1132 Ansari, S.A. , 376 intraorbital volume loss , 1132 Anterior approach, ptosis repair orbital fat , 1133 aponeurosis reattachment , 438 post-enucleation syndrome , 1133 autogenous fascia lata , 433–434 preoperative/intraoperative , 1132 Crawford/Masson fascial stripper , 434 prosthesis , 1132 Emla cream , 437 volume, fl uid displaced and implant calculation , 1132–1133 excision, preaponeurotic orbital fat , 440 blepharoptosis (see Blepharoptosis) Frontalis suspension surgery , 433, 435 complications, implant pegging , 1148–1150 hemostasis , 438 discharge and irritation levator aponeurosis surgery , 436 artifi cial eye , 1135–1136 muscles, leg , 434 droopy left upper lid , 1135 orbital septum , 438 Index 1287

postoperative care , 436 severe hordeolum , 113 Preoperative and postoperative views , 441 upper eyelid chalazion , 113, 114 surgical technique , 436 anaerobic bacteria , 121–122 Apert’s syndrome , 1078 anthrax , 118–119 Apraxia of eyelid opening (ALO) applied corticosteroids , 113 blepharospasm , 350 chancroid , 121 botulinum-A toxin responders , 349 chlamydial , 122 description , 347 chronic meibomitis and seborrheic blepharitis and functional lid deformity , 351 Demodex brevis , 115 neurotoxin therapy , 347 meibomian froth, tear meniscus , 115 Aqueous tear defi ciency (ATD) , 617 seborrheic dermatitis, scalp , 116 Archetypal brainstem ocular motility syndromes , 144 seborrheic marginal blepharitis , 115, 116 Arnold, M.G. , 583 collarettes , 111, 112 Arora, R. , 1153 diphtheria , 119 Arroyo, J.M. , 94 eczematoid dermatitis Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) localized skin abscess and preseptal cellulitis , 117 acquired fi stulas , 994 staphylococci , 116 blood circulation , 993 enteric gram-negative bacteria , 118 diagnosis , 994 eyelid skin cleaning , 113 dynamic virtual imaging , 994–995 inferior corneal micropannus , 111, 112 high-pressure , 993–994 leprosy , 119–120 neurosurgeon , 995 marked lid margin erythema , 111, 112 orbital hemorrhage , 994 staphylococcal , 111 signifi cant hemorrhage , 995 Staphylococcus epidermidis , 111 treatment , 995 streptococcal veins loss , 994 acute cellulitis , 118 Ashton, N. , 612 erysipelas , 118 Asian blepharoplasty impetigo , 117–118 aesthetic goals , 466 syphilis, yaws and pinta , 120–121 anatomy tuberculosis , 119 keloid formation , 463 Bacterial orbital cellulitis levator aponeurosis , 461 classifi cation, surgery , 1007 secondary trichiasis , 462 clinical features complications , 464–466 maxillary sinus , 934 lid crease procedure , 461 paranasal sinus disease , 934 postoperative care , 464 preseptal infection , 934 preoperative evaluation , 463 complications pretarsal orbicularis , 464, 465 antibiotic therapy , 937 suture techniques , 463 cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) , 938 Aspergillosis , 776 classifi cation system , 937 A T D . S ee Aqueous tear defi ciency corticosteroids , 938 Atopic eczema , 199 frontal sinusitis , 938 Augsburger, J.J. , 1112, 1114, 1280–1281 infection , 937 Autoimmune disorders neurological symptoms , 938–939 Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) , 943–944 orbital abscesses , 938 deleterious effects , 1214 polymicrobial infection , 939 granuloma annulare , 944 preexisting cellulitis , 938 Graves’ disease (GD) , 1213 subperiosteal abscess (SPA) , 937–938 hyperthyroidism , 1214 visual loss , 939 orbital sarcoidosis , 941–942 diagnosis Sjögren’s syndrome , 944 CAMRSA , 935 Wegener’s granulomatosis , 942–943 computed tomography (CT) , 934–935 Averbuch-Heller, L. , 143 hypoesthesia , 934 AV M . S ee Arteriovenous malformation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 935 Avoidance of complications , 427, 429 microbiological fl ora , 935 Axial displacement, orbit nonspecifi c infl ammatory markers , 935 exophthalmometers , 702, 703 patients , 934 proptosis , 702 pediatric organisms , 935 periocular vascular , 934 prompt empiric treatment , 934 B diagnosis testing , 1006 Bacon, C.M. , 974 differential diagnosis Bacterial infections broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics , 935 acute internal and external hordeola metastatic disease , 937 incision orientation, chalazion excision , 115 Mycobacterium tuberculosis , 936 lower eyelid chalazion, thick inspissated material , 114–115 neoplastic disorders , 936–937 1288 Index

Bacterial orbital cellulitis (cont.) Benedetto, P. , 922, 1040 noninfectious, infl ammatory disorders , 936 Benign cartilaginous tumors rhino-orbital mucormycosis , 935–936 advantages , 853 sickle cell disease , 937 clinical presentation , 854 tissue biopsy , 936 computed tomography , 854 trauma , 937 histopathology , 854 management , 1006 MRI , 854 myriad , 1006 treatment and prognosis , 854 orbital nocardiosis , 939 Benign tumors, lacrimal gland preseptal cellulitis , 1006 myoepithelioma , 920 signs , 1006 oncocytoma , 920 surgical interventions , 1007 pleomorphic adenoma , 917–920 treatment Benign tumors, orbit. See also Benign cartilaginous tumors antibiotic , 937 midorbital muscle , 812 caution , 937 osteomas , 870–871 clindamycin , 937 prognosis, life , 849 Bacterial preseptal cellulitis recurrence , 844 Haemophilus infl uenzae , 1006 schwannomas (see Neurilemoma) periorbital infections , 1006 slow-growing , 812 symptoms , 1006 surgical resection , 849 Bajaj, M.S. , 1153 Bennett, J.E. , 93 Baker, D. , 459 Berbos, Z. , 345–353 Baker, S.R. , 456, 457 Bergen, M.P. , 47, 48 Bakewell, B. , 1280–1281 Berke, R.N. , 84, 93, 393, 800 Balch, K.C. , 92 Berkowitz, M. , 1115 Ballen, PH. , 88, 93 Berlin, A.J. , 93, 694 Balloon dacryoplasty , 692 Bernardino, C.R. , 1265–1271 Banerjee, A. , 275 Beyer, C.K. , 92, 93 Barnes, S.D. , 546 Bick, M.W. , 86–88, 313 Barrett, L. , 300 Bilateral, ptosis Bartisch, G. , 1106 congenital , 415 Bartley, G.B. , 612 mild , 415 Basal cell adenocarcinomas moderate , 415 advantages , 882 severe , 415–416 clinical presentation , 882 Bilyk, J.R. , 165–193, 361–388, 959–987, 1227–1245 computed tomography , 882 Biopsy, orbital histopathology , 882–883 excisional , 797 MRI , 882 fi ne-needle aspiration biopsy , 796–797 prognosis , 883 incisional , 797 treatment , 883 Biopsy/resection technique, pathologic specimens Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) classifi cation advantages , 883 endoscopic biopsies , 780 clinical presentation incisional and excisional , 779 eyelid malpositions , 883 “surgical” and “medical” orbital disease , 780 left upper eyelid , 884 excision and handling method CT scans , 883–884 guidelines , 780, 781 Gorlin’s syndrome , 579 pleomorphic adenoma , 780 histopathology , 884 techniques, specimen processing , 781 infi ltrative , 580 Bishop, D.W. , 93 Mohs map , 578–580 Bi, Y.W. , 612 MRI , 884 Black, E.H. , 467–472, 687–688 peribulbar fi brosis , 579 Blau syndrome , 1010 photodynamic therapy , 579 Blepharophimosis prognosis , 884–885 actual ectropion , 1096, 1097 treatment , 884 canthorrhaphy , 1100–1101 Basal ganglia diseases , 144 clinical features , 1096 Basement membrane immunoglobulins , 355, 356 correction Batterbury, M. , 275 epicanthus and telecanthus , 1098 Baumgartner, S.A. , 393 medial canthal tendon , 1099 Bayes theorem , 141 orbicularis incisions , 1098 Baylis, H.I. , 93, 1204 skin markings , 1098, 1099 BCC. S ee Basal cell carcinoma soft tissue , 1098 Beard, C.A. , 82, 84–86, 93, 408, 420, 557 surgical technique , 1099, 1100 Becker, B.B ., 106 Y to V technique , 1098 Beckingsale, P.S. , 158 description , 1096 Beigi, B. , 652 ectropion Index 1289

lid defect , 1100 Blow-out fracture. See Orbital fracture lower lid , 1100 Bodian, M. , 93 medial canthopexy , 1100 Bonavolonta, G. , 927 upper lid , 1100, 1101 Bone tumors epicanthal folds , 1096, 1097 aneurysmal bone cyst , 861–862 hereditary factor , 1096 cholesterol granuloma , 862–863 levator muscle function , 1097, 1098 Ewing sarcoma , 863–865 nasal bridge , 1097 fi brous dysplasia , 865–867 palpebral fi ssure , 1101 giant cell reparative granuloma , 867–868 ptosis , 1100 ossifying fi broma , 868–869 silastic , 1100 osteoblastoma , 869–870 solid material , 1100 osteoma , 870–871 stages , 1097 osteosarcoma , 871–872 telecanthus , 1096, 1097 Bonnet, A. , 90 Blepharoplasty Boo-Chai, K. , 1054, 1060 Asian ( see Asian blepharoplasty) Botulinum toxin canthal webbing adjuvant use , 480–481 close-up, Y-plasty , 522–523 complications , 481 V-Y plasty , 522–523 facial rejuvenation , 473 complications (see Complications, blepharoplasty) history ectropion and retraction chemodenervation , 474 bowed, retracted lower lids postblepharoplasty , 525–526 lateral canthal rhytids , 474 lateral canthal tendon incised , 526 pathophysiology lateral canthotomy , 526 axonal nerve sprouting , 473 lower lid retraction , 527 central nervous system , 474 nonabsorbable suture , 526, 527 role, muscle action , 473 oriental , 461 technique overcorrected or undercorrected redundant skin , 527–529 Arnica montana and bromelain , 475 retraction and lagophthalmos facial anatomy , 474 demarcated lid crease , 520–521 lidocaine , 475 levator aponeurosis , 520–521 neuromuscular disorders , 475 lysing of septum , 520–521 treatment areas Blepharoptosis Bunny lines (nasalis muscle) , 478 chronic infl ammatory cycle , 1141 glabellar frown lines , 476 coagulum protein , 1140–1141 horizontal forehead rhytids , 476, 477 enophthalmos, left socket , 1140 lateral canthal rhytids (crow’s feet) , 477 ocular prosthesis augmentation , 1140 lower face , 479–480 orbital implant migration and upper eyelid ptosis , 1139–1140 midface , 478–479 original surgery, senile dehiscence , 1139 perioral rhytids , 479 pivot point , 1139 upper face , 476–478 right upper eyelid ptosis , 1140 Botulinum toxin therapy , 348 Blepharospasm Bourget, I. , 88 botulinum toxin , 348 Bourget, J. , 455, 456 classifi cation Boutros, S. , 456 Brueghel syndrome , 345–346 Bova, F.J. , 598 decisions , 345 Brackmann, D.E. , 336 Meige syndrome , 345, 346 Brackup, A.H. , 93 pronounced lower facial dystonia , 345, 346 Brainstem ocular motility disorders clinical presentation dorsal midbrain syndrome , 145 ALO , 347 internuclear ophthalmoplegia , 144 apparent apraxia, eyelid , 347 skew deviation , 145 control, eyelid , 346 Branca, A. , 82 eyelid closure , 346 Branchial arch syndrome , 1052, 1054 orbicularis contraction , 347 Brazzo, B.G. , 669–674, 681–685 description , 345 Breast carcinoma etiologic factors , 347 advantages , 878 functional and cosmetic deformities , 345 clinical presentation Meige syndrome , 345 orbital symptoms , 878 myectomy , 349–350 superior left orbit , 878 oral drug , 348 CT scan, left medial rectus muscle , 878–879 painting, “De Gaper” , 345, 346 histopathology , 879 protocol MRI , 879 BEBRF , 350 prognosis , 879 botulinum-A toxin nonresponders , 351 treatment , 879 patient support , 351 Brent, R.L. , 1239 supportive therapies , 347–348 Brodland, D.G. , 582 treatment , 345 Brody, A.S. , 1239 1290 Index

Bronchogenic carcinoma Calsina, M. , 1177–1184 advantages , 879 CALT. S ee Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue clinical presentation , 879 Calvano, C.J. , 455–460, 467–472 CT scan and MRI , 879 Camara, J.G. , 318 histopathology , 879–880 Camirand, A. , 94 Brooks, A.B.M.D. , 600 CAMRSA. S ee Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Brown, C. , 584 S. aureus Brown, I. , 975, 981, 986 Canalicular laceration , 665, 666 Brown’s syndrome , 41 Canalicular stenosis , 681 Brow ptosis. See Forehead ptosis Canaliculitis , 663 Bruder, R. , 653 Canaliculus Brueghel syndrome , 345–346 diagnosis, canalicular , 221 Buckling vs. hydraulic theory identifi cation , 222 blowout fracture , 246 intact , 222 complications lid laceration , 222 alloplastic materials , 258–259 proximal cut , 222 coagulopathy and hemorrhage , 258 Vicryl sutures , 222 factors , 258 Canals, A.G. , 184 fi stula formation , 259 Cancer Gelfi lm implant , 259, 260 skin , 552 globe elevation , 259 types , 551 implant extrusion , 259 upper lid , 556 implant placement , 261 Cancer therapy, oculoplastic complications postorbital fracture repair , 259 biochemical changes , 595 presurgical repair , 259, 260 chemotherapy sensitive areas , 261 ablative surgery, head and neck cancer , 602–603 management epiphora, canalicular stenosis, cause-and-effect relationship , 250 and nasolacrimal duct blockage , 600–601 compartment syndrome , 248–249 orbital and periorbital edema , 601 CT scan , 247 trichomegaly , 601 globe luxation , 246 radiation therapy guidelines , 253, 255 clinical sequelae , 595 herniated tissue , 246, 247 delayed wound healing , 599 ischemic contraction , 249 invasive squamous cell carcinoma , 595, 596 motility restriction , 250 normal tissue damage , 596–598 oculocardiac refl ex , 251, 252 orbital processes , 595 physical signs and motility , 246 plaque brachytherapy , 595–596 soft tissue disruption and displacement , 252 secondary neoplasms , 599–600 surgical speciality and symptomatic diplopia , 246 Canthal webbing teardrop, tissue herniation , 248 close-up, Y-plasty , 522–523 white-eyed , 247, 249, 250 V-Y plasty , 522–523 white-eyed-type blowout fracture , 251–252 Canthoplasty technique lower eyelid position , 459 Desmarres retractor , 255, 258 and orbicularis suspension , 455 lateral canthotomy , 255 Capillary hemangioma periosteum and malleable retractor , 258 advantages , 824 repair, alloplastic implant , 255, 257 CED-MRA , 750, 752 Tennis ball striking eyelids and globe , 244, 245 clinical presentation , 824, 825 Buerger, G.F. , 92, 93 congenital hemangiomas , 748 Bullock, J.D. , 170, 173 CT , 824–825 Bunce, C. , 975, 982, 983 histopathology , 825 Buncic, J.R. , 193 infantile hemangiomas , 748, 751 Burian, F. , 1052 MRI , 749, 825 Burkitt lymphoma , 966, 1022 prognosis , 825–826 Burns. S ee also Adnexal burns treatment , 825 adnexa , 1283 Capillary vascular malformations (CVM) , 508 periorbital ecchymosis , 1283 Caprini, J.A. , 177 Burroughs, J.R. , 1047 Capsulopalpebral fascia (CPF) , 714 Byrne, S.F. , 814 Capsulopalpebral head (CPH) , 714 Carlton, W.H. , 656 Carol, L. , 609 C Carotid-cavernous fi stulas (CCF) Cahill, K.V. , 317–321 classifi cation Caldwell, G.W. , 89, 675 arterial supply , 765 Callahan, A. , 92, 93, 408, 579, 1093, 1096, 1098 Barrow’s angiographic classifi cation , 765 Callahan, M.A. , 393–416, 579, 1093, 1096, 1098 clinical presentation Index 1291

episcleral vessel dilation , 766 Cavernous sinus syndrome , 147, 151 ophthalmoplegia , 766 Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) description , 1002 aseptic evaluation , 766 clinical presentation , 769 imaging , 1002 pathogenesis , 769 invasive subtraction angiogram , 1002, 1003 septic orbital surgeon , 1003 clinical presentation , 772 outcomes and prognosis neuroimaging , 772 blood, Schlemm’s canal , 766, 767 outcomes and prognosis , 772 Goldmann’s equation , 766, 767 sources , 771–772 secondary glaucoma , 766 treatment , 772–773 pathogenesis CBC. S ee Complete blood count EDS , 765 CCF. S ee Carotid-cavernous fi stulas spontaneous CCFs , 765 Cellulitis presentation , 765 bacterial orbital (see Bacterial orbital cellulitis) proptosis , 1002 fungal orbital (see Fungal orbital cellulitis) traumatic high-fl ow , 1002 Celsus, A.C. , 81–83, 88 treatment Centurion syndrome , 27 embolization , 767 CFEOMs. S ee Congenital fi brosis of the extraocular endovascular interventional techniques , 767 muscles endovascular treatment risks , 768 C H . S ee Cluster headache manual compression , 767 Chagas’ disease , 132 nonporous, covered stents , 768 Chambers, C.B. , 621–626, 1273–1281 stenting , 768 Chandler, J.R. , 937 surgical intervention , 767 Chandra, M. , 1153 transarterial access, microcatheter , 767 Chanudet, E. , 974 transvenous embolization , 768 Chao, A.N. , 581 vascular steal , 1002 Chapman, V.M. , 1233 venous drainage Char, D.H. , 646 anterior drainage , 765 Charpy, A. , 22 cortical drainage , 766 Chaudhary, N. , 376 Carrington, C.B. , 942 Cheeseman, E.W. , 951 Carroll, R.P. , 313 Chemotherapy-induced canalicular and nasolacrimal duct blockage Carruthers, A. , 474 docetaxel , 600 Carruthers, J. , 474 treatment, thyroid carcinoma , 601 Cassonnet, P. , 612 Chemotherapy, oculoplastic complications Castro, J.R. , 646 ablative surgery, head and neck cancer , 602–603 Causes of epiphora , 631 epiphora, canalicular stenosis Cavernous hemangioma docetaxel , 600 advantages , 826 orbital and periorbital edema , 601 clinical presentation , 826 periorbital edema , 601, 602 computed tomography , 826 punctal and canalicular stenosis , 601 exophthalmos , 999 secretion of 5-fl uorouracil , 600 hemangiopericytoma , 1000 trichomegaly , 601 histopathology , 826–827 orbital and periorbital edema , 601 imaging , 1000 trichomegaly , 601 malformations , 1000 Chen, M.S. , 694 MRI , 826 Chen, R.J. , 612 prognosis , 827 Chen, S. , 461–466 symptomatic , 1000 Chen, V.W. , 544 treatment , 827 Cherubini, T.D. , 92, 93 Cavernous ICA aneurysms Chhabra, S. , 546 clinical presentation , 769 Chhanabhai, M. , 965, 966 prognosis , 769 Child abuse treatment , 769 abusive burns, adnexa , 1283 Cavernous malformations documented injuries , 1283–1284 CT , 751–752 frustration and loss, control , 1283 intraconal retrobulbar space , 751, 753 oculoplastic surgeons , 1283 Cavernous sinus disease , 147, 150 ophthalmologist , 1283–1284 Cavernous sinuses pattern marks, body , 1283 description , 760 Choe, C.H. , 759–777 oculomotor nucleus , 762 Choi, S.S. , 275 ophthalmic root , 762 Cholesterol granuloma , 862–863 thrombosis (see Cavernous sinus thrombosis) Cho, R.I. , 1033–1042 trochlear nucleus , 762 Chow, L.W. , 592 vital structures , 761 Christianson, M. , 941, 942 1292 Index

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) Collis, M.H. , 90 cardiac pacemakers , 373 Colobomas description , 371, 420 facial clefting , 1085 diagnosis , 371 lower lid electron microscopy , 371–372 extensive facial clefts , 1088, 1090 Kearns–Sayre syndrome , 421 mandibulofacial dysostosis (mfd) , 1088–1090 oculopharyngeal dystrophy , 421–422 mandibulofacial dysostosis , 1085–1086 ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome , 371, 372 upper lid primary gaze and upgaze , 420, 421 canthal ligament , 1086 Retinitis pigmentosa , 420 epibulbar tumors , 1088, 1089 retinopathy, KSS , 372, 373 full-thickness defect , 1086 Chung, S.M. , 275 levator muscle , 1087 Churg–strauss syndrome (CSS) occurrence , 1086 asthma , 943 orbicularis muscle , 1086 diagnosis , 943, 944 orbital deformities , 1088, 1089 environmental factors , 943 pure , 1086 genetic risk factor , 943 reconstruction , 1086–1087 histopathologic features , 944 technique , 1087 infl ammatory types , 943 vascular pedicle , 1086–1087 ophthalmic manifestations , 943 Colobomatous cyst tissue biopsy , 943 advantages , 823 treatment , 944 clinical presentation , 823 vasculitis , 943 CT and MRI , 823–824 Cicatricial ectropion histopathology , 824 anterior lamellar skin graft , 329–330 prognosis , 824 description , 328 treatment , 824 full-thickness skin graft , 233 Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus graft determination , 232 (CAMRSA) , 935 paralytic , 330 Complete blood count (CBC) , 61 skin fl aps , 329 Complex marginal lacerations wound contracture , 230 anterior lamellar tissue , 218, 220 Cicatricial entropion debridement, lid wound , 216, 217 description , 311 freshening, upper eyelid injury , 218, 219 lid splitting technique , 320 injury and wound , 216, 217 treatment , 314–315 lateral canthotomy and graded cantholysis , 218, 219 trichiasis , 318 minimal eyelid laceration, margin , 216, 218 Clarke, M.P. , 193 skin , 218, 219 Classifi cation, craniofacial malformations technique, tissue loss , 216, 217 Boo-Chai , 1054 V-type confi guration , 216 Cohen, craniosynostosis , 1070–1071 Complications, blepharoplasty craniofacial syndromes , 1051 lower lid craniosynostosis , 1069–1070 canalicular laceration/epiphora , 530 degenhardt , 1052–1053 conjunctival chemosis , 530 Demeyer , 1055–1056 diplopia , 530 description , 1051 ectropion and retraction , 525–527 Harkens , 1054 hemorrhage , 529–530 incidence , 1051–1052 herniated orbital fat , 529 Karfi k , 1054–1055 nonaesthetic incision , 529 lund , 1053–1054 overcorrected/undercorrected redundant skin , 527–529 morian , 1052 lower lid laxity , 519 schemas , 1052 margin refl ex distance (MRD1) , 519 Tessier , 1056–1066 topical and systemic medication , 519 van der Meulen , 1066–1069 upper lid Cleasby, G.W. , 803 blindness , 525 Clemens, S. , 653 canthal webbing , 522–523 Cluster headache (CH) diplopia , 525 autonomic symptoms , 387, 388 hemorrhage , 524 description , 387 herniated fat , 523–524 etiology , 387 incision irregularities , 524–525 treatment , 388 lacrimal gland prolapse or excision , 525 Coats’ disease , 719 nonaesthetic eyelid crease , 522 Coello, A.F. , 184 numbness , 525 Cogan, D.G. , 598 overcorrected/undercorrected redundant skin , 521–522 Cohen, A.J. , 689–695 preseptal and orbital cellulitis , 524 Cohen, M.M. Jr. , 1070 Pseudomonas infection , 524 Cohen, S.W. , 89 ptosis , 525 Index 1293

retraction and lagophthalmos , 520–521 lid elevation , 393 symptomatic dry eye/exposure keratopathy , 520 ocular motility examination wound dehiscence , 525 and vision assessment , 393 Computed tomography (CT) preoperative and postoperative photographs , 394 angiogram , 226 preoperative examination , 393 axial , 172 reconstructive/cosmetic surgery , 394 computer software program , 279 strain communication , 393 3D construction , 273 superior rectus weakness , 394 description , 274 surgery ( see Surgical correction, ptosis) enophthalmos , 275 Congenital punctal agenesis , 623 head , 211 Congenital soft tissue deformities imaging , 168, 172, 178 absence, eyelids , 1085 and MRI , 187, 226 blepharophimosis , 1096–1101 orbital fl oor fracture , 272, 275 colobomas radiopaque medium , 276 facial clefting , 1085 scan , 213, 226 lower lid , 1088–1090 Conciliis, C.D. , 973, 974 mandibulofacial dysostosis , 1085–1086 Congenital deformities upper lid , 1086–1088 anatomy description , 1085 canthal tendons , 1075 ectropion syndrome , 1101–1102 capsulopalpebral fascial complex , 1076, 1077 epicanthal folds , 1090–1096 entropion , 1076 orbital region , 1085 eyelids , 1075, 1076 telecanthus , 1096 preseptal orbicularis muscles , 1075 Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) , 971 skeletal and soft tissue , 1075 Conjunctival melanoma transverse ligament , 1076 ocular adnexal tumors , 593 trochlea , 1076 SLNB , 592 craniofacial clefts Conjunctival scarring , 355 cranial extension , 1080 Conjunctiva-muller’s muscle resection, posterior approach frontal encephalocele , 1080 advantages , 442 frontozygomatic cleft , 1080 Desmarres retractor , 441 nasolacrimal drainage system , 1079 history , 441 paramedian cleft , 1080 Horner’s syndrome and anophthalmic socket , 441 soft tissue and bony clefts , 1079 marking suture , 441–442 surgical management , 1080 Connor, M.A. , 595–603 temporozygomatic cleft , 1080 Connors, J.M. , 965, 966 tessier clock-face , 1079 Contact dermatitis Treacher collins’ syndrome , 1079, 1080 allergic , 199 craniostenoses irritant , 199 Apert’s syndrome , 1078 recurring rash , 201 cranial suture lines , 1078, 1079 Contralateral lid retraction Crouzon’s disease , 1078 Hering’s law , 362, 363 exorbitism , 1079 unilateral pseudoptosis , 362, 363 defi nition, terms Cornblath, W.T. , 759–777 anomalies , 1078 Corneal and conjunctival diseases , 102 craniofacial malformations , 1078 Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) , 1257, 1258 ethmoid sinus , 1078 Cosman, B. , 1058 hypertelorism, orbital wall , 1078 Cosmetic blepharoplasty , 448 interorbital distance , 1078 Costin, B. , 1045–1048 orbital hypotelorism, hypertelorism , 1077 Coston, T.O. , 1036 telecanthus , 1077 Couch, K. , 207–226 traumatic cause , 1076 Couch, S.M. , 323–330 embryology , 1074 Coupland, S.E. , 985 genetic basis , 1073 CPEO. S ee Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Congenital ectropion syndrome CPF. S ee Capsulopalpebral fascia canthus , 1101 CPH. S ee Capsulopalpebral head lid margins , 1102 Cranial nerve striking feature , 1102 ameliorating dysfunction , 773 supraorbital ridges , 1102 oculomoter nerve , 776 telecanthus , 1102 Craniofacial anomalies Congenital fi brosis of the extraocular cranium cerebrate , 1053 muscles (CFEOMs) , 370 cranium faciale , 1053 Congenital ptosis dysplasias , 1053 anesthesia , 394 Lund classifi cation , 1053 description , 393 reduplication , 1053 eye abnormality , 393 subdivisions , 1053–1054 1294 Index

Craniofacial surgery, ophthalmologist endoscopic adnexal problems , 1073 instruments , 107 congenital deformities standard tray , 107 anatomy , 1075–1076 evaluation and diagnostic testing classifi cation , 1078–1080 CT and MRI , 691 defi nition, terms , 1076–1078 dacryoscintigraphy , 691 embryology , 1074 Jones dye tests , 690 description , 1073 preoperative nasal endoscopy , 690 interdisciplinary teams , 1073 tear lake , 690 ophthalmic input , 1073 failed ( see Failed dacryocystorhinostomy) reconstruction , 1073 Dacryoliths repair internal mechanical obstructions , 644 adnexal problems , 1081–1082 metabolic factors , 639 canthal deformities , 1082 sulfur granules , 639 congenital colobomas , 1082 Dailey, R.A. , 340, 675–679, 1045 motility , 1083 Daitoku, K. , 177 nasolacrimal obstruction , 1082 Dal Canto, A.J. , 255 ptosis , 1082 Dalley, R.W. , 172 traumatic deformities Damato, B. , 985 binocular sensory status , 1081 D’Amico, D.J. , 612, 614 nasolacrimal evaluation , 1080–1081 Davagnanam, I. , 376 oculo orbital displacement , 1080 Davis, S. , 1165–1167 pre-and postoperative concerns , 1081 DCR. S ee Dacryocystorhinostomy proptosis or exophthalmos , 1081 DEC. S ee Diethylcarbamazine citrate surgical management , 1081 Deckel, Y. , 579 Craniofacial syndromes Decompression Degenhardt classifi cation , 1052 cornea/globe damage , 1177–1178 description , 1051 lateral wall , 1181–1182 dysplasias , 1066 medial endoscopic , 1182–1183 Craniotomy orbital, acute-phase , 1178 closure , 809 orbital fat , 1179–1181 frontal , 807, 808 soft tissue and bony volume , 1177 frontozygomatic , 807 stable-phase selection, patient , 1178–1179 Crawford, J.S. , 89, 93, 412, 433, 434, 1280–1281 swinging eyelid , 1177 Crawford technique , 412–414 thyroid eye disease (TED) , 1178 Cree, I. , 975, 982, 983 transcaruncle medial wall , 1183–1184 Crikelair, G.F. , 1058 De Conciliis, C. , 974 Crouzon’s disease , 1078 Degenhardt classifi cation Crum, A.V. , 1265–1271 branchial arches , 1052 Cryotherapy technique craniofacial syndromes , 1052 analgesics , 320 hypoplastic alterations , 1053 description , 319 remaxilla and maxilla , 1052 infi ltration and freezing tip , 319 soft tissue , 1052 CSS. S ee Churg–strauss syndrome de Grandmont, G. , 84, 85 CST. S ee Cavernous sinus thrombosis Deitch, R.D. , 93 C T . S ee Computed tomography de La Plaza, R. , 94 Cuaycong, M.J. , 1045 Delayed hypersensitivity , 199 Curettage , 779 Dell’Oro, S. , 974 Custer, P.L. , 300, 323–330, 1113, 1132–1133 DeMeye, W. , 1055, 1056, 1058 Cutler, N.L. , 82, 85, 91, 1108 Demirci, H. , 584, 933–952, 975, 981, 984 CVM. S ee Capillary vascular malformations DePotter, P. , 952 Cystic lesions Dermal fi llers colobomatous cyst , 823–824 biosynthetic polymers dermoid cyst , 817–819 bio-alcamid and aquamid , 489 epithelial cyst , 819–822 calcium hydroxylapatite, Radiesse , 487 mucocele and mucopyocele , 822–823 HIV lipoatrophy , 488 types , 814, 815 poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) , 487 Cytogenetics , 790 silicone , 488 collagen , 485 complications D persistent erythema , 489 Dacryoadenitis , 702 scarring , 490 Dacryocystectomy , 611, 613 Tyndall effect , 489 Dacryocystitis , 609, 624, 671 vision loss , 490 Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). S ee also Transcanalicular laser DCR history , 481 Index 1295

hyaluronic acid alloplastic implants , 279 biologic compatibility , 485 operative time , 279 Restylane-L , 486 pre-drilled screw fi xation hole , 279 rheology , 485 qualitative and quantitative analysis , 277 skin testing, hypersensitivity , 487 Diplopia phagocytosis , 484 CCFs , 766 technique cranial neuropathy , 766 anesthesia , 484 persistent , 769 product selection , 483 symptomatic , 764 vitamin K cream , 484 Dissection, pathologic specimen , 782–784 treatment areas Dixon, R.S. , 29 lower face , 483 DLBCL. S ee Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma midface , 482–483 Dog and human bites nasolabial folds , 482 health, eye , 223 upper face , 481–482 HIV , 223 Dermatochalasis , 362, 363, 447 infection , 223 Dermoid cyst rabies , 223 clinical presentation , 817 Dolman, P.J. , 174, 1214 conjunctival origin , 817–819 Dorsal midbrain syndrome , 145 CT , 817 Douglas, R.S. , 973, 1213–1219 histopathology , 818 Doxannas, M.T. , 1145 lateral orbital rim , 817 Doxonas, M.T. , 461 MRI , 817–818 3D reconstruction, CT scan , 272, 273 prognosis , 818 Dresner, S.C. , 88, 311–315 treatment , 818 Droll, L. , 535–546 Dermoid tumors , 741 DRS. S ee Duane Retraction Syndrome DES. S ee Dry eye syndrome Drug induced pseudo pemphigoid , 356 Desmarres retractor , 794, 795 Dryden, R.M. , 89, 93, 313, 1200 Detachments, ocular Dry eyes choroidal loss of goblet cells , 615 causes , 718 osmolarity testing , 618 hemorrhagic , 717, 718 Schirmer test , 617 imaging , 718 topical immunosuppressants , 619 retinal Dry eye syndrome (DES) persistent hyperplastic primary autoimmune disease , 615 vitreous , 718 changes in the progression , 618 retinoblastoma , 717 Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) “V” shape confi guration , 717 characteristics , 368 Dewan, M.A. , 447–452 description , 368 Dhaliwal, A. , 182, 184, 186 treatment , 369 Diagnostic tests Dubovy, S. , 1040 dye disappearance , 651 Dufresne, C.R. , 1051–1071 interpretation Duke-Elder, S. , 49 dacryocystography , 660 Dupuy-Dutemps, L. , 82, 88 dye disappearance test , 659 Durairaj, V.D. , 1005–1028 epiphora , 658 Dura mater , 50–51 hypersecretion syndrome , 659 Dutton, J.J. , 175, 177, 649–660, 811–889, 1145 lacrimal system obstruction , 658, 659 Duvoisin, R.C. , 143 physiological dysfunction , 660 D W I . S ee Diffusion-weighted imaging refl ex tear response , 658 Dysfunctional tear fi lm and etiology, primary Jones dye , 651–652 oculoplastic surgery Schirmer , 650–651 aqueous tear defi ciency (ATD) , 617 secondary Jones dye , 652 compositional stability , 616 Diamond, G.R. , 1073–1083 DES , 615 Diba, R. , 581 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) , 619 Dieffenbach, J.F. , 81, 86 functioning ocular surface , 616 Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) , 130, 131 lid hygiene , 619 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) meibomian gland dysfunction , 620 cytogenetic differentiation , 963 meibomian glands , 618 description , 963 mucocutaneous junction , 618, 619 mature B-cell neoplasms , 961, 963 neural integrated arm , 616 ocular adnexal , 964 Schirmer testing , 617 orbit and lacrimal drainage system , 964 structural integrity , 615 Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) , 159 Telangiectasia , 618 3D imaging topical antibiotics , 620 1296 Index

E Endoscopic surgery EBV. S ee Epstein–Barr virus biopsy forceps and fi ber-optic light , 106, 107 ECM. S ee Extracellular matrix brow lifting , 106 Ectropion DCR , 106–107 cicatricial , 328–330 Endoscopy clinical presentation , 323 brow lifting , 468 congenital and mechanical , 330 forehead lift etiology , 323 fi xation devices , 472 evaluation, patient ptosis repair , 470 anterior lamella , 324–325 scalpel , 471 attention , 323–324 tissue disruption , 470 description , 323 Enophthalmos eyelid distraction test , 324 acellular human dermis graft , 1143 eyelid margin and puncta , 324 anatomy and pathophysiology lateral and medial canthus , 325 bony cavity , 271 orbicularis oculi muscle tone , 325 entrapment, extraocular muscle , 271 posterior eyelid inspection , 325 orbital fat necrosis/atrophy/scar contracture , 271 snap back test , 324 camoufl age tinted spectacles/plus lens , 1141 involutional CT imaging , 275, 281 description , 326 deepening, superior sulcus , 1141 lateral tarsal strip , 326, 327 description , 271, 363 lazy-T procedure , 328 3D imaging , 277–280 medial canthal laxity , 326 evaluation medial spindle, rotational suture , 326–328 cutaneous sensation , 274 retractor advancement , 328 exophthalmometry , 273–274 mixed mechanism , 330 ophthalmic examination , 273 and retraction, eyelid , 323 physical and extraocular motility , 273 therapy, fl owchart , 325 pre-operative photography , 274 upper eyelid , 330 history, trauma , 271, 272 EDS. S ee Ehlers Danlos syndrome imaging , 274 Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS) , 765 Masqueraders , 280 Eiseman, A.S.M.D. , 600 mechanisms , 363–364 Electrolysis technique , 319 metastatic schirrhous breast carcinoma , Eliasieh, K. , 97–109 364, 365 Elliott, L.F. , 412 orbital fl oor implant , 1047, 1142, 1143 Elliott, T. , 571 pathophysiology , 1045 Ellis, F.D. , 393 patient, prior history , 1046 Elner, V.M. , 779–791, 811–889, 933–952, 1205 plateau , 1048 Elstein, A.S. , 141 post enucleation, deep superior sulcus , 1142 El Toukhy, E. , 615–620 posterior traction , 364 Endoscopic conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy postoperative ptosis and cranial neuropathies , 281 advantages, endoscopic technique , 682 posttraumatic , 364 Gladstone–Putterman modifi ed Jones tube , 681 predictors, enophthalmos indications, CDCR CT imaging , 274, 275 canalicular blockage , 681 facial and soft-tissue swelling , 274 lacrimal pump failure , 682 image-based volumetric analysis , 275 outfl ow pathway , 681 non-volumetric studies , 275–276 postoperative care regression analysis , 275 management, complications , 685 retrobulbar hemorrhage and nosocomial infection , medial canthal area , 685 280–281 nose blowing , 685 serious conditions , 1047 preoperative evaluation , 681 silent sinus syndrome , 364, 365 surgical technique socket volume restoration , 1142, 1143 epinephrine , 682 subperiosteal fl oor implant was , 1143, 1144 Gladstone–Putterman tube , 683, 684 subperiosteal placement, volume augmentation , guarded monopolar cautery , 683 1141–1142 normal nasal anatomy , 683 surgical techniques septoplasty , 684 functional and cosmetic concern , 276 Endoscopic medial decompression materials , 276 Cottle elevator , 1182–1183 medial orbital wall , 277–280 nasal antral windows , 1182 orbital fl oor , 276–277 oxymetazolin solution , 1182 principles , 276 periorbital incision , 1183 timing, intervention wall, maxillary sinus and orbital fl oor , 1182 fl oor and medial wall fractures , 274 Endoscopic orbital surgery , 803 lateral wall fractures , 274 Index 1297

subluxation , 274 Espinoza, G.M. , 455, 458 trapdoor fracture , 274 Eversbusch, O. , 436 traumatic orbital wall displacement Eviatar, J.A. , 925 fl oor , 271–272 Ewing sarcoma , 863–865, 1020 lateral wall , 272, 273 Exam techniques. S ee Pediatric examination medial wall , 272 Exophthalmometers , 702, 703 periocular trauma , 271 Exposure, acute treatment , 230, 231 roof , 272–273 Exposure keratopathy Entropion corneal epithelial breakdown , 1187 anatomic components , 311 eyelid retraction , 1187 classifi cation Extracellular matrix (ECM) cicatricial , 311 collagens , 209 congenital , 311 components , 210 involutional , 311 deposition , 210 treatment fi brin and fi bronectin , 209 cicatricial , 314–315 fi broblasts , 209 epiblepharon , 311–312 structural , 209 involutional , 312–313 Extraocular muscles (EOMs) Entropion repair, transconjunctival avulsed/lacerated , 168 cautery, strip , 314 avulsion , 181 conjunctiva and lower-eyelid retractor , 314 and globe , 168 lateral canthotomy , 313, 314 paresis , 186 lower-eyelid retractors , 313, 314 Eyelid sharp dissection , 314 acrimal gland location , 985 transcutaneous approach , 314 allergies , 133–134 Enucleation. S ee also Anophthalmic surgery; Orbital implants BCC negative feedback loop , 1137 clinical presentation , 536–537 socket syndrome , 1133 extrinsic and intrinsic factors , 535 EOMs. S ee Extraocular muscles Gorlin–Goltz syndrome , 535 Eosinophilic granuloma. S ee Histiocytosis management , 537 Epiblepharon pathologic features , 535–536 defi ned , 311 canalicular system , 1227, 1228 treatment contralateral side , 976 manipulation, lower-eyelid retractors , 312 Desmarres retractor , 1236, 1237 overcorrection , 311 laxity transconjunctival entropion repair , 312 elements, entropion , 313 Epicanthal folds eyelid distraction/snapback test , 311 blair, spaeth , 1091, 1092 involutional lower-eyelid entropion , 312 blepharophimosis , 1091 lateral canthus , 313 “bridle scar” , 1092 necrosis , 968 canthopexy , 1092, 1093 orbit description , 1090 adnexal examination , 1279 dorsal scar , 1091 congenital lesions , 1278 operation , 1092 granulomas , 1278–1279 ptosis , 1090 Hertel and Leudde exophthalmometers. , 1279 resection, skin , 1091, 1092 pediatric lesions , 1279–1281 “Simple” congenital folds , 1091 retina/choroid , 1279 telecanthus , 1092–1096 periocular injuries , 1227 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) , 208, 210 repair Epidermoid tumors , 741–742 anterior and posterior lamellae. , 551 Epiphora canalicular system defects , 564 causes , 681 transposition fl aps , 552 postoperative evaluation , 685 SC unicanalicular/bicanalicular blockage , 681 clinical presentation , 540 Epithelial cyst management , 540–541 advantages , 819 pathologic features , 539–540 clinical presentation , 819–820 radiation therapy , 539 computed tomography , 820 surgery histopathology , 820 anesthetic , 76 MRI , 820 needles , 62 respiratory , 820–822 trauma treatment and prognosis , 820 injury , 212 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) , 124, 966, 972 patient evaluation , 212–213 Esmaeli, B. , 535–546, 551–569, 581, 589–593, 595–603, 942, patients, ocular adnexal , 211 969, 985 principles , 211, 212 1298 Index

Eyelid anatomy vascularized graft , 552, 553 comparison , 32 dynamic function , 551 conjunctiva , 32 large defects, lower margin development Hughes fl ap , 555–556 caruncle , 37 levator aponeurosis , 556 fusion , 36, 37 radiation therapy , 556 before fusion , 36, 37 tarsoconjunctival autograft , 557 superfi cial muscle plane, head , 36, 37 tumor excision , 555–557 eyebrow and SMAS , 20–23 large defects, upper margin levator palpebrae superioris aponeurosis , 561 fi brous aponeurosis , 30 Cutler-Beard fl ap , 560–565 “horns” , 30 disadvantages, fl ap , 564 muscle sheath , 29 keratinized epithelium , 562 oblique section , 28, 29 massive tissue loss , 563 parasagittal section, anterior orbital structures , 30 vertical motility , 563 superior rectus , 29 lateral canthal defects , 565 lower retractors , 31 medial and lateral fi xation , 552 margin , 24–25 medial canthal defects medial and lateral canthal ligaments basal cell carcinoma , 565, 566 fi brous strands, tarsi , 27 cicatricial contraction and ectropion , 569 “lacrimal pump” , 27 loss, lacrimal drainage apparatus , 567 Whitnall’s lateral orbital tubercle , 27 Pie crusting , 565, 566 meibomian glands , 32 tumor excision , 568 Müller’s muscle , 30–31 moderate defects, lower margin , 555 nerves moderate defects, upper margin buccal, mandibular and cervical , 35 canthal fi xation , 557, 559 cutaneous distribution , 35, 36 keratopathy and conjunctivitis , 560 sympathetic , 36 Tenzel semicircular fl ap , 557, 559 orbicularis oculi muscle small defects, lower margin closure , 26 canalicular system defects , 554 Homer’s dissection duplication , 25, 26 canthotomy and cantholysis , 553, 554 horizontal section, upper eyelid , 25, 26 dehiscence prevention , 555 peripheral fi bers , 25 primary closure , 553 preseptal orbicularis , 26 small defects, upper margin , 557 superfi cial medial canthal ligament , 25, 26 Eyelid dermatitis orbital septum , 28 acute spongiotic , 199, 200 superfi cial allergen avoidance , 202 adult wrinkled face , 24 bilateral , 199, 200 epiblepharon , 24 chronic , 199, 200 topographic , 23 etiology and differential diagnosis , 199, 200 upper and lower eyelid crease , 24 evaluation , 201 tarsal plates , 31–32 and ophthalmologists , 199 vessels secondarily infected , 199, 200 deep facial arteries , 32, 33 skin care measures , 201 lymph drainage , 34, 35 treatment ocular region superfi cial veins , 34 antihistamines , 203 palpebral arterial arcades and anterior ciliary arteries , 34 non-fl uorinated topicalsteroids , 202 superfi cial arteries, ocular region , 32, 33 systemic steroids , 203 tarsal arterial arcades , 33 Eyelid distraction test , 324 Eyelid and conjunctival neoplasms Eyelid reconstruction. S ee Eyelid and ocular adnexal reconstruction cell type , 535 Eyelid retraction. S ee also Thyroid eye disease (TED) conjunctival neoplasms AlloDerm , 1210 Kaposi sarcoma , 546 anterior/posterior , 1205 melanocytic tumors , 544–545 capsulopalpebral fascia , 1205, 1206 squamous neoplasia , 545–546 curved Stevens scissors thinning , 1209 eyelid neoplasms hard palate mucosal grafting , 1208 BCC , 535–537 tarsal grafts , 1207 malignant melanoma , 541–542 traumatic eyelid loss , 1205 SC , 539–541 Eyelids infections and hypersensitivity SCC , 537–539 allergic contact eczematous dermatitis rare eyelid neoplasms , 543 and conjunctivitis , 133, 134 Eyelid and ocular adnexal reconstruction hapten-carrier laden cells , 134 defects, margin skin , 133 medial canthal defects , 552 bacterial myocutaneous fl aps , 552 anaerobic bacteria , 121–122 split-thickness grafts , 553 anthrax , 118–119 Index 1299

chancroid , 121 cerebellopontine angle , 333 chlamydial , 122 external branches and muscles, facial nerve , 333, 334 diphtheria , 119 relationship, facial nerve , 333, 335 eczematoid dermatitis , 116–117 sensory innervation , 333 enteric gram-negative bacteria , 118 clinical presentation granuloma inguinale , 121 aberrant reinnervation , 336 leprosy , 119–120 history , 336 marginal and angular blepharitis , 111–116 ophthalmic symptoms , 336 staphylococcal , 111 clinical syndromes streptococcal , 117–118 HSV type 1 , 334 syphilis, yaws and pinta , 120–121 idiopathic diagnosis , 334 tuberculosis , 119 Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome , 335 fungal , 126–128 nerve dysfunction , 333 hypersensitivity reactions , 132–135 Ramsay Hunt syndrome , 335 parasitic , 128–132 description , 333 urticaria and angioedema , 132–133 examination vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis acoustic neuroma surgery , 337 fl our dusting , 135 House–Brackmann scale , 336 giant papillae , 134–135 refl ex tearing , 337 lid involvement , 135 medical , 337 viral , 122–126 surgical Eyelid-sparing exenteration aberrant regeneration , 342, 343 advantage , 1036 decompression, facial nerve , 342 lid lash lines and joining , 1036 ectropion repair , 339 preorbicularis plane , 1036, 1037 gold weight implantation , 339–341 periocular adjuncts , 341 tarsorrhaphy , 337–339 Failed dacryocystorhinostomy F balloon dilatation , 692 Facelift endoscopic-assisted endonasal and transcanalicular approach , aging face surgery , 505 693–694 anatomy external approach, skin incision auricular nerve , 502 bleeding , 693 facial Nerve , 502 osteotomy location , 692 platysma , 501 reoperation , 692 SMAS , 501 silicone tubing , 693 complications sutured fl aps , 693 alopecia , 504 management earlobe deformity , 504 conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR) , 691 hematoma , 504 lacrimal drainage system , 691 infection , 504 nasal septal deviation , 692 nerve injury , 503–504 Mitomycin C , 694 scars , 504 nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) , 689–690 patient evaluation , 502 repeat dacryocystorhinostomy , 692 rejuvenation of the midface silicone intubation , 694 midface anatomy , 504–505 Failed lacrimal surgery. S ee Failed dacryocystorhinostomy use, endoscopes , 504 Fairbank, J.T. , 589 surgical techniques Fan, C.Q. , 612, 614 mini-lift and short scar lift , 503 Fan, X. , 275 skin excision , 502 Farnsworth D-15 panel test , 705 sub-SMAS rhytidectomy , 502–503 Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test , 705 Facial dystonia Fasanella, R.M. , 85, 93 blepharospasm , 345 Fat decompression “De Gaper”, paint , 346 aggressive resection and inferotemporal quadrant , 1180 facial movement , 347 nasal and temporal quadrants , 1180 oral drug therapy , 351 postoperative observation , 1181 Facial fractures superior nasal fat pad , 1180 bony architecture , 288 transconjunctival lower lid , 1179, 1180 3D reconstruction , 289 trochlea and malleable retractor , 1180–1181 etiology , 287 Fat herniation pediatric , 293 external digital photography , 457 plain roentogram examination , 289 treatment , 455 surgical intervention , 290 Fat reposition Facial palsy description , 455 abnormality and rehabilitation , 333 herniated orbital resection/transposition , 458 anatomy lower eyelid , 456 1300 Index

Fat transfer Finlay, J.R. , 93 anesthetic infi ltration , 493 Fitzgerald, C.R. , 598 body harvest site Flanagan, J.C.M.D. , 93, 174, 600, 612 optimal donor location , 492 Flap standard tumescent liposuction technique , 492 blood supply , 563 therapeutic liposuction , 493 radiation therapy , 567 complications tissue match , 562 central retinal artery occlusion , 496 Flax seed oil liposuction techniques , 497 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) , 619 ecchymosis , 493–494 Meibomian glands , 620 facial exam , 491–492 Fleischhauer, K. , 974 hematoma/ecchymosis , 493–494 Fleming, J.C. , 1141 history and rationale , 491 Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) , 31–32, 369 isolation techniques , 493–494 Flowers, R.S. , 450 pathway of least resistance , 495 Folberg, R. , 919 postoperative evaluations , 496 Foldi, M. , 49 systemic antibiotics , 493 Font, R.L. , 612, 921 tissue motion stabilization , 496 Foos, R.Y. , 182 volume restoration , 495 Forehead. S ee Forehead ptosis Faustina, M. , 581 Forehead ptosis F D . S ee Fibrous dysplasia anatomic considerations Feldstein, M. , 88, 93 frontalis muscle , 468 Fenton, L.Z. , 1233 motor innervation , 468 Fernandez-Vega Sanz, J. , 687–688 clinical evaluation Ferreri, A.J. , 917, 973, 974 Connell’s sign , 467 Ferry, J.A. , 961–963, 975 forehead rhytides , 468 FES. S ee Floppy eyelid syndrome medical management , 468–469 Fett, D.R. , 1140 surgical management Feustel, P.J. , 1232 coronal forehead lift , 470 Fezza, J. , 601 direct and temporal direct brow lift , 469 Fibro-osseous lesions , 741 endoscopic forehead lift , 470–472 Fibrosarcoma midforehead lift , 469 advantages , 847 pretrichial forehead lift , 469–470 clinical presentation , 847 transblepharoplasty brow lift , 469 computed tomography , 847 Foster, C.S. , 356, 941 histopathology , 847–848 Foster, J.A. , 317–321 MRI , 847 Fox, S.A. , 93 prognosis , 848 Fractional treatment , 848 carbon dioxide laser resurfacing treatment , 511 Fibrous dysplasia (FD) laser delivery , 511 controversies , 1020 Fracture. S ee also Zygomatico-maxillary complex imaging , 1019 acute enophthalmos , 274 management , 1020 CT images , 275 signs and symptoms , 1019 fl oor and medial wall , 274 somatic mutation, GNAS1 , 1019 intraoperative measurement , 277 vision loss , 1019 lateral wall , 274 Fibrous histiocytoma local mobilization , 276 advantages , 848 medial and maxillary bone , 272 clinical presentation , 848 Medpor™ , 276 computed tomography , 848 orbital fl oor , 272 histopathology restrictive strabismus , 271 atypical mitoses , 849 roof , 272 spindle-shaped fi broblasts , 849 skull/orbital models , 279 MRI , 848–849 superior/inferior globe dystopia , 274 pleuripotential mesenchymal cells , 848 trapdoor , 274 prognosis , 849 ZMC , 272, 273 treatment , 849 Fracture and dogbite. S ee Orbit Filaria Frakker, J.D. , 311 loa loa , 131 Freund, M. , 245 onchocerca volvulus , 130 Fricke, J.C.G. , 81, 82 roundworms , 131 Frontal bar Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi and Brugia timori , 130–131 frontal nerve , 808 Filatov, V.P. , 81, 82 periorbita exposure , 807, 808 Fillers and fat transfer. S ee Injectables and fi llers repositioning , 809 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy , 796–797 Frost, W.A. , 90 Finger, P.T. , 985 Frozen sections Index 1301

diagnosis , 781 Giant cell reparative granuloma , 867–868 Mohs technique , 781 Gillies, H.D. , 268, 269 Frueh, B.R. , 158, 584, 1187 Girgin, C.A. , 1114 Frush, D.P. , 1239 Gladstone, G.J. , 419–429, 431–442, 681–685 Fukuda, I. , 177 Gladstone-Putterman tube , 681, 682 Fullen, D.R. , 584 Glat, P.M. , 456, 459 Functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction , 640 Glatt, H.J. , 300 Fungal infections Glazer, L.C. , 174 blastomycosis , 127 Glowacki, J. , 748 candida albicans , 126 Goldberg, R.A. , 30, 92, 179, 456 coccidioidomycosis , 128 Goldberg, S.I. , 963 cryptococcosis , 127 Goldstein, S.M. , 973 dermatophytes , 126 Gold weight implantation rhinosporidiosis , 128 Arion sling , 341 sporotrichosis , 127 lagophthalmos , 339 tinea versicolor and pityrosporum species , 126–127 modifi ed technique, supratarsal , 340 Fungal orbital cellulitis platinum , 341 Aspergillus surgical approach , 340 diagnosis , 939–340 and tarsal strip ectropion repair , 340 imaging , 939 Gonnering, R.S. , 89 infl ammatory conditions , 939 Gonzalez, J.M. , 184 invasive disease , 939 Gonzalez, M.O. , 1005–1028 sphenoid sinus , 939 Goodstein, M.L. , 92 systemic antifungal treatment , 340 Gordy, R.L. , 88 voriconazole , 340 Gorlin–Goltz syndrome , 535 mucormycosis (see Mucormycosis, orbital) Gorlin, R.J. , 1054 mycoses , 939 Gorlin’s syndrome , 579 ubiquitous saprophytes , 939 Gorman, C.A. , 1217 Fung, C.Y. , 961–963, 975 Graber, M. , 141 Gradenigo’s syndrome , 52–53, 140, 149 Graft G antibiotic ointment , 233 Galler, K.E. , 244 bolster dressing , 560 Gall, J. , 612 cicatricial ectropion , 233 Galor, A. , 546 cicatricial scarring , 233, 234 Gamel, J.W. , 921 distant tissue , 553 Gao, D. , 1233 eyelid malpositions , 231 Garber, F.W. , 1187 Hughes procedure , 556 Garner, A. , 946 preauricular or retroauricular , 552 Garrity, J.A. , 612 split-thickness , 232, 233 Gascoyne, R.D. , 965, 966 tarsorrhaphy , 230 Gausas, R.E. , 341, 342, 973 upper eyelid defects , 552 GBS. S ee Guillain–Barré syndrome upper lid , 232 G D . S ee Graves’ disease vascular supply , 232 General fracture management, orbital wound contraction , 232 anatomy ( see Orbital anatomy) Graves’ disease (GD). S ee also Thyroid orbitopathy evaluation autoimmune process , 1213 adnexa and motility, ocular , 241 reduce quality, life , 1213 globes and integrity, optic nerves , 241 thyroid eye disease (TED) , 1213 ophthalmic examination , 241 Graves ophthalmopathy. paralytic diplopia , 241 S ee Thyroid eye disease (TED) prognostic importance, visual acuity , 241 Graves’ orbitopathy , 915–916 principles , 242 Green, J.P. , 92 radiological examination Green,W.R. , 1280–1281 description , 241 Greig, D.M. , 1078 imaging and scanning, CT , 241 Grimes, D. , 975, 981, 986 infl ammation/infection , 242 Groet, E. , 1139 left fl oor and medial wall fractures , 242 Gross examination, periocular tissues , 782 MRI , 242 Grossniklaus, H.E. , 612 Genetics. S ee Oculoplastics Grove, A.S. Jr. , 1193 Gentry, L.R. , 709–755 Guibor, P. , 89 Georgescu, D. , 345–353 Guidoboni, M. , 973, 974 Geronemus, R.G. , 507–516 Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) , 144, 373, 424 Geroulakos, G. , 177 Gunter, G.S. , 1059 Ghabrial, R. , 694 Gupta, S. , 933–952, 1213–1219 Ghose, S. , 1153 Guthrie, G.J. , 83 1302 Index

H herpes simplex , 122–123 H A . S ee Hydroxyapatite varicella-zoster , 123–124 Habermann, T.M. , 612 Hervouet, F. , 85 Haddock, N.T. , 456 Hewes, E.H. , 557 Hahnel, S. , 245 Hidayat, A.A. , 610, 612 Hamartomas and choristomas Hill, J.C. , 88, 93 dermolipomas , 1012–1013 Hirsch, O. , 92 description , 1011 Histiocytosis , 742 epidermal dermoid cysts , 1012 Hoenig, J.A. , 456 frontozygomatic suture , 1012 Holds, J.B. , 333–343, 455, 458, 1145 histopathology , 1012 Holmes, L.A. , 1059 neural tissue , 1011 Horizontal buttresses , 284, 285 orbital cysts , 1011 Hornblass, A. , 925 proptosis and dynamic proptosis , 1011 Horner syndrome (HS) signs and symptoms , 1012 apical lung mass , 385, 386 teratomas , 1013 apraclonidine , 384 types , 1011 carotid artery dissection , 385, 386 vascular hamartomas , 1011 clinical examination , 382 Hamra, S.T. , 456, 458 cocaine dilation , 383–384 Hansen, E.A. , 1164, 1166 congenital , 385 Hanusa, B.H. , 584 conjunctival hyperemia , 383 Hargiss, J.L. , 93 description , 382 Harmon, D.C. , 982 etiology , 384 Harris, G.J. , 174, 398, 935, 1007 hydroxyamphetamine testing , 383 Harris, N.L. , 963, 982 paralytic ptosis , 387 Harry, J. , 612 pharmacologic agents , 382–383 Hartman, D.C. , 93 ptosis and miosis, upper eyelid , 382, 383 Hass, A.N. , 174 Hou, P.K. , 694 Hasserjian, R.P. , 961–963, 975 House, J.W. , 336 Hatef, E. , 985 Hovda, D.A. , 179 Hatton, M.P. , 1024, 1232 HPC. S ee Hemangiopericytomas Haug, R.H. , 1025, 1026 H S . S ee Horner syndrome Hecht, S.D. , 93 Huaman, A.M. , 952 Hedges, T.R. Jr. , 169 Huda, W. , 1239 Heegaard, S. , 612, 965, 966 Huggert, A. , 89 Helveston, E.M. , 393 Hughes, W.L. , 82, 83, 90, 93 Hemangiopericytomas (HPC) Huilgol, S.C. , 579 diagnosis , 1002 Huneke, J.W. , 93 mesenchymal tumors , 1002 Hunt, W.E. , 770 pseudocapsule and cavernous hemangiomas , 1002 Huynh, N.T. , 579 treatment , 1002 Hwang, J.M. , 192 Hemifacial sasm Hydroxyapatite (HA) annual incidence , 351 bone substitute, orthopedic surgery , 1108 clinical presentation coralline orbital implants , 1105 involuntary contractures , 351–352 eye socket discomfort , 1147 ipsilateral facial weakness , 352 host reaction , 1136 orbicularis oculi musculature , 351 less postoperative tissue infl ammation , 1111 description , 351 peg/sleeve coupling system , 1149 diagnosis/work-up , 352 porous orbital implant, fi brovascular ingrowth , 1108 etiologic factors , 351 socket volume augmentation , 1157 therapy subperiosteal implant , 1141 medical , 352–353 Hypoglobus surgical treatment , 353 malignancy , 1045 Hemostasis silent sinus syndrome , 1045 adjuvant agents , 67–68 upper sulcus deformity , 1046 eyelids and ocular adnexa , 65 vertical diplopia , 1046 prevention , 66 Hypophysitis , 771 reduction , 67 Henderson, J.W. , 89 Henk, J.M. , 946 I Hernandez Cospin, J.R. , 1047 Ibarra, M. S. , 973 Herpes simplex virus Idiopathic orbital infl ammation eyelids vesicular eruption , 122, 123 clinical features keratitis , 122 acute lacrimal gland , 945 Herpesviruses adult and pediatric patients , 945 Epstein–Barr , 124 biopsy , 945 Index 1303

CT and MRI , 945 bovine pericardium , 1115 fi brofatty tissue , 945 expanded polytetrafl uoroethylene (e-PTFE) , 1115 infl ammatory disorder , 944 human donor sclera , 1115 lymphoproliferative disorders , 946 long shelf life , 1115 NSOI , 946 polyglactin 910 mesh , 1115–1116 rhabdomyosarcoma , 946 wound closure and sclera patch , 1116 thyroid orbitopathy , 944–945 Imre, J. Jr. , 84, 88 dacryoadenitis , 948 Infantile hemangioma (IH) orbital apex syndrome , 949 beta-blocker propranolol , 1001 orbital myositis , 947–948 complex mixed lesions , 1000, 1001 perineuritis , 948 description , 1000 posterior scleritis , 948–949 diagnosis , 1000 treatment medical treatment , 1001 anti-infl ammatory agents , 946 occurence, syndromic context , 1000 caution , 946 placenta , 1000 lacrimal gland , 947 surgical treatment , 1001 lesions , 947 VEGF , 1001–1002 steroid-sparing agents , 946 Infection surgical debulking , 946 and abscess formation , 303 systemic steroids , 946 antifungal agents , 306 trochleitis , 948 complications , 297 Idiopathic orbital infl ammatory disease (IOID) IOrbFBs , 304, 307 focal/diffuse , 736 orbit occurrence , 735 cavernous sinus , 733, 735 optic nerve sheath , 736 congestive orbitopathy , 733 I H . S ee Infantile hemangioma Cytomegalovirus , 722 Iliff, C.E. , 93 dacryoadenitis , 730, 733 Iliff, W.J. , 1280–1281 dacryocystitis , 730, 732 Imaging, orbit inferior rectus and oblique muscle abscess , 732, 734 CT , 709, 710 intracranial abscesses , 733 dynamic vascular and positional imaging , 712 lacrimal sac , 730, 732 MRI , 709, 711, 712 mucormycosis , 735 Immunosuppression orbital cellulitis , 730 B-cells and T-cells , 972 postseptal cellulitis , 732 DNA levels , 973 preseptal cellulitis , 730, 732 EBV , 972 subperiosteal orbital abscess , 732, 734 malignancies , 972 Toxocara canis , 719 MTX , 972 Infl ammation PTLD , 972, 973 ocular Implant pegging episcleritis , 723 anophthalmic socket surgery , 1111 scleritis , 723 conjunctival overgrowth , 1149–1150 uvea/retina , 724 Gadolinium enhanced MR , 1149 orbital ( see Orbital infl ammation) infrared oculography , 1148 Infl ammatory bowel disease , 150 magnetic peg and sleeve system , 1105 Infl ammatory disease patients problems , 1149 intrinsic infl ammations porous dacryoadenitis , 911 bioceramic orbital and titanium , 1116 infectious lesions , 911–912 ocularist and ophthalmic plastic surgeon , 1117 noninfectious lesions , 912–914 polycarbonate , 1117 systemic infl ammations prosthesis , 1117–1118 Graves’ orbitopathy , 915–916 and sleeve coupling systems , 1117 sarcoidosis , 915 porous orbital implants , 1149 Sjogren’s syndrome , 914–915 pyogenic granulomas , 1149 SLE , 915 and sleeve prosthesis , 1148 WG (see Wegener’s granulomatosis) titanium sitting, aluminum oxide , 1148 Ing, E.B. , 193 Implant wrapping Injectables and fi llers alloplastic orbital implant , 1145 anatomy and physiology of facial aging , 473 anophthalmic socket surgery , 1131 botulinum toxin and attaching extraocular muscles adjuvant use , 480–481 fi brovascularization , 1114–1115 complications , 481 HA/Bioceramic, diminish tissue , 1114 history , 474 secondary orbital surgery , 1115 pathophysiology , 473–474 vicryl mesh, bioceramic , 1114 technique , 474–476 orbital selection treatment areas , 476–480 Autologous temporalis fascia , 1115 dermal fi llers 1304 Index

Injectables and fi llers (cont.) IOID. S ee Idiopathic orbital infl ammatory disease biosynthetic polymers , 487–489 Iyengar, S.S. , 311–315 complications , 489–490 history , 481 hyaluronic acid , 485–487 J products , 484–485 Jackson, A. , 275 technique , 483–484 Jackson, I.T. , 1014 treatment areas , 481–483 Jaffe, E.S. , 962, 966 fat transfer Jain, A.A.R. , 1007 complications , 496–497 Jakobiec, F.A. , 982 facial aging , 490 Jelks, E.B. , 456, 459 hematoma/ecchymosis , 493–494 Jelks, G.W. , 456, 459, 1051–1071 history and rationale , 491 Jemal, A. , 544 pathway of least resistance , 495 Jenkins, C. , 975, 982, 983 postoperative evaluations , 496 Jenkins, W.S. , 1025 preoperative exam , 491–492 Jensen, C.D. , 193 procedural technique , 492–493 Johnson, C.C. , 93 optimal technique , 498 Johnson, M.C. , 376 volume replenishment, face , 497 Johnson, T.E. , 180 Inkster, C.F. , 1116 Johnson, T.M. , 584 Instrumentation, orbital surgery Jones, D.F. , 1141 cryoprobe , 796 Jones, I.S. , 93 drills , 796 Jones, J.T. , 624 endoscope , 796 Jones, L.T. , 15, 19, 39, 40, 89, 93, 313, 436 image guidance procedures , 796 Jones tube periosteal elevator , 794, 796 medial canthal tissues , 685 retractors nose blowing , 681 neurosurgical cottonoids , 794 septal deviation , 684 Senn and Desmarres retractors , 794, 795 tear production , 682 Integrated orbital tissue expander model , 105 Jordan, D.R. , 243–261, 612, 1105–1127, 1131–1167 Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IGRS) , Juhl, B.R. , 610, 612 859–860 Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) Intracanalicular plugs advantages , 849–850 scar tissue , 664 clinical presentation , 850 types , 663 CT and MRI , 850 Intracranial disease , 160 histopathology , 850 Intraorbital foreign bodies (IOrbFBs), penetrating injury prognosis , 851 axial CT scans , 300, 301 treatment , 850–851 complications JXG. S ee Juvenile xanthogranuloma factors , 303 gaze-evoked amaurosis , 306 globe and medial rectus , 305–306 K histopathological examination , 305 Kahana, A. , 807–810, 933–952, 993–1003, 1033–1042 infl ammatory response , 304, 305 Kakkos, S.K. , 177 production, fi stula , 304 Kaltreider, S.A. , 1113, 1132 prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotics , 303 Kao, S.C.S. , 694 tendency , 305 Karamitsos, A. , 651 T-2 weighted axial MRI , 303–304 Karampatakis, V. , 651 MRI and CT , 300 Karatza, E.C. , 975, 981, 984 MRI and suspected metallic Karcioglu, Z.A. , 952 examinations and imaging , 302 Karesh, J.W. , 88, 1140 ferro-magnetic , 301 Karfi k, V. , 1054, 1055, 1058, 1060, 1063 radiology department , 302 Karp, C.L. , 546 treatment , 306–307 Karp, L.A. , 598 woody shrub and lacerations, eyelid and face , 300, 302 Kass, E.S. , 1046 Inverted papilloma , 885–886 Katowitz, J.A. , 621–626, 973, 1073–1083, 1273–1281 Involutional entropion Katowitz, W.R. , 621–626, 1273–1281 description , 311 Katz, S.E. , 1045–1048 entropion repair, transconjunctival , 313–314 Kazanjian, V.H. , 82 treatment Kazim, M. , 1177–1184 causes , 312 Kazim, N. , 519–530 cul-de-sac sutures , 312 K D . S ee Kimura’s disease full-thickness blepharotomy , 313 Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) , 155, 421 lateral canthal resuspension , 313 Kearns, T.P. , 155 tarsectomy and orbiculectomy, transconjunctival , 313 Kelsey, C.A. , 1239 Wies procedure , 312 Keltner, J.L. , 768 Index 1305

Kennedy, D.W. , 92 infectious lesions , 911–912 Kennedy, T.A. , 709–755 noninfectious lesions , 912–914 Kennerdell, J.S. , 1177 lymphoproliferative disorders (see Lymphoproliferative disorders, Kent, T. , 139–161 lacrimal gland) Keratoconjunctivitissicca , 914 malignant tumors Kersten, R.C. , 269, 271–281, 522, 1045, 1231 ACC (see Adenoid cystic carcinoma) Kikkawa, D.O. , 21, 793–804, 969 acinic cell carcinoma , 925 Kim, H.J. , 609–614 carcinosarcoma , 926 Kim, H.K. , 275 malignant myoepithelial carcinoma , 925–926 Kim, S.J. , 192, 969 mucoepidermoid carcinoma , 925 Kimura’s disease (KD) , 927 pleomorphic adenocarcinoma , 924–925 Kim, Y.D. , 969 primary adenocarcinoma , 924 Kirsch, M. , 768 squamous cell carcinoma , 925 Klapper, S.R. , 1105–1127, 1131–1167 solitary fi brous tumors , 927 Klein, D. , 1059 systemic infl ammations Klippenstein, K. , 601 Graves’ orbitopathy , 915–916 Knize, D.M. , 35 sarcoidosis , 915 Knowles, D.M. II. , 982 Sjogren’s syndrome , 914–915 Koltai, P.J. , 1232 SLE , 915 Koornneef, L. , 38, 40, 42, 48, 249, 947, 1139, 1145 WG (see Wegener’s granulomatosis) Koreen, I.V. , 779–791 Warthin’s tumor , 927 Korn, B.S. , 793–804 Lacrimal gland neoplasms Koster, M.L. , 351 adenoid cystic carcinoma , 742, 743 Koster, W. , 433 pleomorphic adenomas , 742, 743 Krag, D.N. , 589 Lacrimal gland tumors Krastinova, D. , 1158 adenocarcinoma , 872–873 Krauss, H.R. , 182 adenoid cystic carcinoma , 873–875 Krema, H. , 581 mucoepidermoid carcinoma , 875–876 Krimmer, B. , 93 pleomorphic adenoma , 876–878 Kroll, S.M. , 646 Lacrimal sac tumors Kronlein, R.U. , 92 clinical features , 609 KSS. S ee Kearns–Sayre syndrome diagnostic evaluation , 609 Kulwin, D.R. , 207–226, 229–235, 269, 522, 1231 fat suppression , 609, 611 Kumar, B. , 571 management Kumar, K.S. , 1153 dacryocystectomy , 611, 613 Kumar, S. , 1153 rituximab , 614 Kuo, P.K. , 612, 614 pathology Kushner, B.J. , 1001 broad classifi cation , 610, 612 Kwong, A. , 592 epithelial Tumors , 609–610 fat suppression , 609, 611 nonepithelial tumors , 610–611 prognosis , 614 L Lacrimal secretory and excretory system Lacerations canaliculi complex , 216 ampulla , 18 complex marginal , 218–219 development , 20 marginal , 216–218 lacrimal sac diverticulum, Maier’s sinus , 18–19 simple , 216 nasolacrimal , 18 Lacrimal nasolacrimal sac and duct , 19–20 Bowman probe , 679 osteology 90° Kerrison rongeur , 676 bone , 12, 13 Quikert probes with silicone tubing , 677, 678 fossa , 12 Lacrimal apparatus disease , 630 medial nasolacrimal canal , 13, 14 Lacrimal gland diseases probe, nasolacrimal canal , 14, 15 amyloidosis , 926 right maxillary bone , 13 benign tumors vertical suture , 12 myoepithelioma , 920 secretors oncocytoma , 920 accessory glands, caruncle pleomorphic adenoma , 917–920 and plica semilunaris , 17, 18 cavernous hemangioma , 928 artery , 17 congenital dermoid cysts , 926 gland , 15, 16 dacryops , 926 palpebral lobe , 15, 16 hemangiopericytoma , 927–928 parasympathetic innervation , 17 herniated orbital fat , 928 refl ected orbital lobe , 15, 16 intrinsic infl ammations tear layer , 14 dacryoadenitis , 911 tubuloalveolar structure, gland , 16 1306 Index

Lacrimal surgery Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) , 154 canalicular system , 89 Lam, C.K. , 592 DCR , 88, 89 Langenbrunner, D.J. , 937 epiphora treatment , 89 Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (LCH) incision and drainage , 88 adult xanthogranulomatous diseases Lacrimal system obstructions asthma and periocular , 951 ancillary testing , 649 Erdheim-Chester disease , 951 chemiluminescence , 657 necrobiotic , 951 clinical diagnosis onset xanthogranuloma , 950 clinical history , 649–650 types , 950 dye disappearance test , 651 description , 950 external examination , 650 diagnosis , 950 primary Jones dye test , 651–652 intraocular tumor probing , 652 choroidal melanoma , 951 rose bengal staining , 651 necrotic tissue , 952 Schirmer tests , 650–651 retinoblastoma , 952 secondary Jones dye test , 652 uveal melanoma patients , 951–952 tear break-up time , 651 visual complaints , 951 diagnostic imaging techniques kimura disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia computed tomography , 655–656 fi brosis and lymphoid follicles , 951 contrast dacryocystography , 654–655 lesions , 951 diagnostic ultrasonography , 653–654 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome , 951 magnetic resonance imaging , 656 pruritus , 951 radionuclide dacryoscintigraphy , 656–657 management , 950 epiphora , 629 osteolytic defects , 950 etiological causes putative risk , 950 canaliculitis , 639 Langer, P.D. , 609–614 dacryoliths , 639, 644–645 Lapiere, C.M. , 473 endogenous origin , 639–640 Larrabee, W.F. Jr. , 501–505 exogenous factors , 640 Lasers fractures , 642 adnexal structures, periorbital skin infectious , 638–639 abnormal hair , 514 infl ammatory , 639 hidrocystomas , 515 latrogenic Obstruction , 642–644 intense pulsed light devices , 513–514 mechanical , 644 infraorbital dark circles , 513 medications , 645–646 periorbital photodamage and rejuvenation microbiologic analyses , 638 ablative systems , 511 radiation , 646–647 actinic keratose , 512 traumatic , 642 noninvasive and invasive treatments , 511 tumors (neoplastic) , 640–642 periorbital tattoo removal , 511 etiologies , 649 skin laxity , 511–512 exam , 630–631 squamous cell carcinoma , 512 history , 629–630 photothermolysis , 507 imaging studies pigmented concerns, periorbital skin dacryocystography , 632 congenital melanocytic nevi , 510–511 etiological causes, SALDO , 632–634 ephelides , 509 interpretation, diagnostic tests , 658–660 genetic syndromes , 510 lacrimal pump, dynamic pumping mechanism , 631 safety and complications lacrimal thermography , 658 endotracheal intubation , 516 location, stenosis/occlusion ocular damage , 515 canaliculus , 635 optical density (OD) , 515 duct , 636–637 spontaneous emission , 507 lacrimal sac , 635–636 vascular concerns, periorbital skin obstruction, nasal portion , 637–638 CVM , 508 punctum and/or ampulla , 635 PDL , 508 nasolacrimal endoscopy , 658 superfi cial eyelid hemangioma , 508 percutaneous contrast dacryocystography , 657 venous malformations , 509 Lacrimal trauma , 664 xanthelasma , 513 Lagophthalmos Laser techniques , 320 Arion sling , 341 Lash ptosis , 317–319 diminished levator function , 1186 Lateral orbitotomy eyelid fi ssure , 337 bone window , 800 facial palsy , 337 orbital dissection , 801 gold weight implantation , 339, 340 orbital rim replacement , 803 secondary restrictive , 1186, 1189 Stallard-Wright incision , 801 Lai, P.C. , 1116 Latrogenic obstruction Index 1307

cheese wiring , 643 histopathology , 852 dacryostenosis , 644 MRI , 851–852 dacryostenosis and obstruction , 642 prognosis , 852 intracanalicular plugs , 643 radiation-induced lesions , 851 nasoantral window procedures , 644 treatment , 852 punctoplasty , 643 Lelli, G.J. Jr. , 61–79, 97–109, 158 Lawenda, B.D. , 583 Lemke, B.N. , 3–54 Law, M. , 592 LEMS. S ee Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome Lazy-T Procedure , 328, 329 Lentigo melanoma (LM) , 584 LCH. S ee Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis Leone, C.R. Jr. , 93, 313 Leatherbarrow, B. , 1116 Lepore, F.E. , 143 Lee, A.G. , 376 Leukocoria Lee, B.J. , 699–706, 933–952 causes Lee, H.B.H. , 239–242 Coats’ disease , 719 Lee, J.H. , 275 PHPV , 718–719 Lee, W.T. , 275 retinoblastoma , 718 Le Fort fractures ROP , 719 anatomy Toxocara canis infection , 719 cranial base and occlusal plane , 283 defi ned , 718 horizontal buttresses , 284 Levator advancement , 441 maxilla formation , 283, 284 Levator aponeurosis , 461 vertical buttresses , 283–284 Levator recession and mullerectomy zones, weakness , 283 aponeurosis , 1197–1199 battles sign , 289 hang-back suture , 1197, 1200 brow incision and coronal , 292 local anesthesia , 1194 classifi cation Muller’s muscle , 1195, 1196 radiographic images , 285, 286 spacer grafts , 1196, 1197 type I and type II , 285, 286 Levator resection, ptosis type III , 285, 287 complications complications , 294 conjunctival prolapse , 405–406 craniofacial dysjunction , 289 corneal ulceration , 405 emergency situation , 290 crease deformity , 405 extraskeletal fi xation , 290 defi ned, lagophthalmos , 403–404 history and physical examination , 283, 288 entropion and ectropion , 405 images, CT and 3D , 290 eyelid cysts , 406 imaging keratitis exposure , 403 panorex images , 289 loss, eyelashes , 406 plain roentogram examination , 289 muscle imbalance , 406 intubation , 290 nasal and lateral notching , 403 lacerations , 292 orbital septum , 404 malocclusion , 289 overcorrection , 402 maxillomandibular fi xation , 291 poor eyelid contour , 403 MMFand IMF , 290 undercorrection , 402–404 oculofacial surgeon , 290 conjunctival approach panfacial trauma repair, principles , 292 methods , 399–402 patterns occidental eyelid crease , 399 I fracture , 292–293 skin approach II and III fractures , 293, 294 advantages , 396 pediatric , 293–294 methods and preparation , 397–399 plating systems , 290–291 Levin, A.V. , 1249–1262, 1283–1284 postoperative management , 294 Levine, M.R. , 207–226, 355–357, 615–620, 1045–1048 supramarginal incision , 291 Leyngold, I. , 345–353 upper eyelid incision Liao, S.L. , 694, 1116 description , 291 Li, C. , 244 disadvantage , 291–292 Lid malpositions frontozygomatic suture , 292 antiquity , 86 transconjunctival , 291 ectropion , 86–87 Le Fort, R. , 283, 284, 287 entropion , 88 Leibsohn, J. , 313 Lid retraction. S ee Thyroid eye disease (TED) Leigh, R.J. , 143 Lid-sparing. S ee Eyelid-sparing exenteration Leiomyosarcoma Lid splitting technique advantages , 851 defi ned , 320 clinical presentation right upper lid margin , 320, 321 abaxial displacement , 851 upper, procedure , 320 globe displacement , 851 Liebow, A. , 942 computed tomography , 851 Li, H. , 275 1308 Index

Li, J. , 275 factors , 455 Linardos, E. , 652 fat preservation and mobilization , 457 Linberg, J.V. , 33, 255 history Lindegaard, J. , 612 periocular and midface anatomy , 456 Linggood, R.M. , 963, 982 transconjunctival approach , 455 Lipoblastoma postoperative care , 460 advantages , 852 tarsal suspension/orbicularis suspension , 459–460 clinical presentation , 853 transconjunctival CT and MRI , 853 excision, herniated orbital fat , 457–458 histopathology , 853 transposition/reposition , 458 prognosis , 853 volume augmentation , 455 treatment , 853 Lubkin, V. , 93 Lipodermoid Lucarelli, M.J. , 3–54, 961–963, 975, 1132 advantages , 854 Lund, O.E. , 1053–1054 clinical presentation , 854–855 Lyle, C.E. , 1141 CT scan , 855 Lymphangioma histopathology , 855 advantages , 827 MRI , 855 clinical presentation , 827 prognosis , 855 computed tomography , 828 treatment , 855 histopathology , 828 Lipoma immune-mediated signals , 998, 999 advantages , 856 lesions , 998 clinical presentation , 856 lymphocytes , 998 computed tomography , 856 MRI , 827–828 histopathology , 856 prognosis , 828 MRI , 856 respiratory infection , 998, 999 prognosis , 856 sclerosing agents , 999 treatment , 856 treatment , 828, 998–999 Liposarcoma Lymphatic malformations , 752, 755 advantages , 857 Lymph node metastasis from eyelid and conjunctival tumors clinical presentation immunohistochemical staining , 592 decreased visual acuity , 857 lymphatics , 590 right-sided ptosis and minimal proptosis , 857 merkel cell carcinoma , 593 computed tomography , 857 Lymphoma histopathology , 857–858 AIDS MRI , 857 HAART therapy , 968 prognosis , 858 HIV infection , 966 treatment , 858 immunocompetent population , 967 Lisman, J.V. , 93 non-Hodgkin lymphoma , 967 Lisman, R.D. , 250, 459, 1185–1210 paranasal sinuses , 969 Liu, E. , 1115 PCNSL , 967, 968 Liva, E.L. , 93 sinoorbital ARL , 968 Li, X.P. , 612 treatment , 969 L M . S ee Lentigo melanoma Burkitt lymphoma , 966 Localization, neuro-ophthalmology classifi cation , 960 anatomy , 140 follicular , 963 description , 139 MALT , 962, 963 locations , 140 mantle cell lymphoma , 965–966 principles , 139–140 mature B-cell neoplasms , 961 prioritized differential diagnosis , 140–141 multiple myeloma (MM) Locken, J.A. , 1239 ocular adnexal , 969, 971 Lockwood, C.B. , 28, 31, 39, 43 plasma cell malignancy , 969 Loeb, R. , 94, 456, 458 plasmacytoma , 970 Long, J.A. , 1114 natural killer , 969 Looi, A. , 965, 966 T-Cell , 969 Lovato A.A. , 646 Lymphoproliferative disorders, lacrimal gland Lower eyelid blepharoplasty computed tomography , 916 anatomical change and evolution , 456 MALT lymphomas , 917 cosmetic complaint , 455 OAL , 916–917 evaluation/technique selection OAML , 917 external digital photography , 457 radiation therapy , 917 Fitzpatrick scale , 456 rituximab , 917 gentle retropulsion and vector , 456 RLH , 916 quality and pigmentation , 456 Lymphoscintigraphy , 590 excision , 458–459 Lyon, D.B. , 47 Index 1309

M crutch glasses, metal crutch , 433 MAC. S ee Microcystic adnexal carcinoma neurogenic ptosis , 432 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) traumatic , 432 anatomy , 159 principles , 432 vs. CT , 160 surgical DWI , 159 anterior approach , 433–441 resolution, low-density objects , 226 posterior approach , 441–442 scan , 213, 226 Mandibular dysostosis , 1052, 1069 T2 and FLAIR , 159, 160 Mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) Mahaisaviriya, P. , 1153 canthopexy , 1090 Malhotra, R. , 579, 580 dystopic , 1089 Malignancy , 609, 962, 969, 980 orbital septum , 1090, 1091 Malignant melanoma Treacher–Collins syndrome , 1088, 1090 advantages , 880 Manson, P.N. , 39 clinical presentation Marcus Gunn Jaw-Winking Synkinesis (MGJW) , 378, 379 advanced , 881 Marcus Gunn Syndrome , 424 congenital nevi , 880 Margin extrascleral spread , 880 complex lacerations , 218–219 computed tomography , 881 eyelid , 212, 213 histopathology , 881 lacerations , 216–218 MRI , 881 wound , 213, 216 POM , 880 Maris, C.S.G. , 93 prognosis , 882 Maroon, J.C. , 1177 treatment Marshak, H. , 663–667 globe sparing treatment , 882 Marthin, J.K. , 612 local resection , 881 Martin, B. , 1158 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) Martin, H.J. , 544 advantages , 832 Martin, J.J. , 184 clinical presentation , 833 Martin, P.A , 579 computed tomography , 833 Marx, D.P. , 675–679 histopathology , 833 Masquerade procedure , 231 magnetic resonance imaging , 833 Masqueraders , 280 mean age , 833 Massaro, B.M. , 89 prognosis , 834 Masson’s trichrome , 826, 827 treatment , 833–834 Massry, G.G. , 926, 1145 Malignant tumors Mathew, M.R. , 377 lacrimal gland Matic, D.B. , 275 ACC ( see Adenoid cystic carcinoma) Matthews, A.E. , 1227–1245 acinic cell carcinoma , 925 Mawn, L.A. , 243–261 carcinosarcoma , 926 Maxillofacial trauma , 288, 290 malignant myoepithelial carcinoma , 925–926 Mazzoli, R. , 1164, 1166 mucoepidermoid carcinoma , 925 M C . S ee Merkel cell carcinoma pleomorphic adenocarcinoma , 924–925 McCarthy, V. , 914 primary adenocarcinoma , 924 McCord, C.D. Jr. , 30, 93 squamous cell carcinoma , 925 Mc Culley, J.P. , 615 orbit McFadzean, R.M. , 377 bone erosion and enlargement , 848 McLaughlin C.C. , 544 carcinoids , 831–832 McLaughlin, P. , 985 leiomyosarcomas , 851–852 McLean, I.W. , 951 liposarcomas , 857–858 McMillan, T.F. , 652 mortality rates , 849 McNab, A.A. , 297–307 MPNST ( see Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor) M D . S ee Myotonic dystrophy neuropathic ophthalmoplegia , 812 Medeiros, L.J. , 982 osteosarcoma , 871–872 Medial canthal reconstruction , 233–234 pain , 812 Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) , 144 MALT. S ee Mucosa-associated lymphoid tumors Medial spindle Management, acquired ptosis adjunctive technique , 326, 327 anesthesia local anesthesia , 326, 328 Bupivacaine and Epinephrine , 432 multiple sutures/longer conjunctival resection , 328 dynamic tissue and anatomic structure , 431 Medical management , 268 Hyaluronidase and Sodium bicarbonate , 432 Meibomian glands infi ltration , 431 bacterial colonization , 615 lidocaine , 431–432 keratinization , 618 patient selection , 431 Meibom , 616 preoperative medication , 431 Meige, H. , 345 nonsurgical Meige syndrome , 345, 346 1310 Index

Melanocytic tumors Millett, F.E. , 93 clinical presentation , 544 Million, R.R. , 598 management , 545 Mills, D.M. , 318 pathologic features , 544 MIS. S ee Melanoma in situ Melanoma in situ (MIS) Mishandling, pathologic specimens , 784 rapid immunostaining , 585 Mitchell, D.F. , 1059 staged excision technique , 584 Mitchell, E.P.M.D. , 600 Meldrum, M.L. , 922 Mitchell, S.D. , 419–429, 431–442 Melicher, J. , 265–270 Mitochondrial diseases , 155 Meligonis, G. , 964 Mitomycin C , 694 Meltzer, M.A. , 81–94 Mitomycin-C , 356–357 Mendenhall, W.M. , 598 Mitz, V. , 21 Meningioma , 764 Mizrak, A. , 1269 Meningocele (meningoencephalocele) Mladick, R.A. , 459 advantages , 834 MLF. S ee Medial longitudinal fasciculus clinical presentation , 834 Moderate socket contracture CT scan , 834 amniotic membrane (AMT) , 1152 histopathology , 835 AMT vs. MMG , 1153 MRI , 834 central conjunctiva, contracted fornix , 1152 treatment and prognosis , 835 defi nition , 1151 Merkel cell carcinoma (MC) goal, treatment , 1151 prophylactic radiation therapy , 583 HA orbital implant , 1154, 1156 regional lymph node metastasis , 582 mucotome , 1152 Mermelstein, V. , 143 mucous membrane grafting (MMG) , 1152 Merriam, W.W. , 393 mucous membrane transplantation , 1152 Mesenchymal tumors progressive tissue contraction , 1153, 1156 benign cartilaginous tumors , 853–854 shortened fornices and socket volume defi ciency , 1154 fi brosarcoma , 847–848 substrate graft , 1153–1154 fi brous histiocytoma , 848–849 Mombaerts, I. , 914, 947 juvenile xanthogranuloma , 849–851 Monheit, G.D. , 579 leiomyosarcoma , 851–852 Montgomery, W.W. , 1045, 1046 lipoblastoma , 852–853 Moore, C.C. , 275 lipodermoid/dermolipoma , 854–855 Moore, S. , 92 lipoma , 856 Morian classifi cation , 1052 liposarcoma , 857–858 Morley, A.M. , 964 RMS ( see Rhabdomyosarcoma) Morton, D.L. , 589 solitary fi brous tumor , 860–861 Moshari, A. , 951 Metastatic tumors Mourits, M.P. , 1213, 1217 breast carcinoma (see Breast carcinoma) MPNST. S ee Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor malignant melanoma , 880–882 MRI. S ee Magnetic resonance imaging Methotrexate (MTX) , 972 M S . S ee Multiple sclerosis Mettler, F.A. Jr. , 1239 MTX. S ee Methotrexate Meyer, D.R. , 447–452, 1232 Mucocele and mucopyocele cystic lesions Meyers, D.R. , 318 advantages , 822 MFD. S ee Mandibulofacial dysostosis computed tomography , 822, 823 M G . S ee Myasthenia gravis histopathology , 822–823 MGJW. S ee Marcus Gunn Jaw-Winking Synkinesis MRI , 822 Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) , 583–584 treatment and prognosis , 823 Microvascular disease , 147, 149 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma , 875–876 Microvascular free fl aps Mucormycosis, orbital orbital defects , 1035 cavernous sinus , 340 reconstruction , 1039, 1040 exenteration , 340 soft tissue , 1038 immunocompromised patients , 340 Midface fractures intravenous amphotericin B , 340 external fi xation , 290 morbidity and mortality , 340 global posterior retrusion , 288 spores , 340 Le Fort I and III fracture , 289 symptoms , 340 mobility , 288 treatments , 340 weakness zones, maxilla , 283 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tumors (MALT) , 641, 744, 917 Midface lift. S ee Facelift Mudgil, A.V. , 192 Migden, M.R. , 571–585 Mules, P.H. , 90, 1107 Mihaylova, M. , 1158 Mullaney, P.B. , 952 Millen, J.W. , 49 Muller-Hermelink, H.K. , 974 Miller, C.C. , 94, 455 Müller’s muscle , 714, 715 Miller, G.R. , 93 Mulliken, J.B. , 748 Miller, N.R. , 92, 165, 377 Multiple sclerosis (MS) Index 1311

description , 423 lateral wall, midle and inferior turbinates amputated , 9 immunomodulatory drugs , 424 sphenoid , 11–12 optic neuritis , 424 theories , 7 symptoms , 423 Nasolacrimal duct anatomy , 621–622 Murchison, A.P. , 165–193, 361–388, 959–987, 1227–1245 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction Musch, D.C. , 158, 182, 184, 186, 584, 1187 anatomy and embryology , 621–622 Mustardé, J.C. , 82, 84, 1085–1102 congenital etiology , 623 Myasthenia gravis (MG) diagnostic studies , 622–623 acetylcholine receptor antibodies , 381 lower system obstructions AChR antibodies , 153 amniotic bands , 626 bulbar symptoms , 380 amniotocele and dacryocystitis , 624 chest imaging , 381 anatomical variation , 624–625 description , 378 dacryostenosis , 624 diagnosis , 380 facial clefts , 626 diplopia , 379, 380 supernumerary (anlage) , 625 EMG , 381 tumors and mass effect , 626 Hering’s law , 379, 380 symptoms patient, autoimmune , 151, 153 epiphora , 622 pattern, strabismus , 379–380 lashes and mucopurolent discharge , 622 positive ice testing , 380, 382 periocular mass , 622 ptosis/diplopia , 153 upper system obstructions sensitivity and specifi city, ocular , 380, 381 canalicular abnormalities , 624 symptoms and signs, periocular , 379 punctal abnormalities , 623 systemic therapy , 381 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) , 669, 689–690 Mycotic orbital cellulitis Nasopharyngeal carcinoma , 763–764 Aspergillus infections , 1007 Naugle exophthalmometer , 702, 703 biopsy , 1008 Naugle, T.C. , 412 fungus , 1007 Nelson, C.C. , 158, 584, 699–706 imaging , 1007 Nemet, A.Y. , 579 immunocompromised patients , 1007 Neoplasia , 610 management , 1007 Neoplasms, lacrimal gland Myectomy adenoid cystic carcinoma , 742, 743 botulinum-A toxin approval , 349 pleomorphic adenomas , 742, 743 complications , 350 Nephrogenic systemic fi brosis (NSF) , 161 deformities , 349 Nerad, J.A. , 265–270, 339 En block removal, corrugator muscle , 349 Nesi-Eloff, F. , 519–530 functional and cosmetic procedures , 350 Nesi, F.A. , 61–79, 455–460, 519–530 integrated upper , 350 Neumann, R. , 356 lymphedema , 350 Neural tumors orbicularis and lagophthalmos , 350 carcinoid , 831–832 peripheral bilateral facial nerve paralysis , 349 meningocele (meningoencephalocele) , 834–835 tissue disruption , 350 MPNST , 832–834 Myositis, orbital neuroblastoma , 835–836 corticosteroids , 947 optic nerve sheath meningioma , 838–840 cytotoxic immunosuppression , 948 optic pathway glioma , 836–838 diagnosis , 947 plexiform , 746–747, 749 Graves’ disease , 947 plexiform neurofi broma , 840–842 infectious etiologies , 947 schwannoma (see Neurilemoma) nonthyroid extraocular muscle , 947 schwannomas , 746, 748 Myotonic dystrophy (MD) , 370 solitary neurofi broma , 844–845 sphenoid wing meningioma ( see Sphenoid wing meningioma) N Neurilemoma Naffziger, H.C. , 92 advantages , 842 Nasal and paranasal sinuses clinical presentation ethmoid isolated motility disturbance , 842 bone , 10, 11 right orbital , 842, 843 gestation and expansion , 10 CT scan frontal , 11 fusiform , 843 maxillary mucinous cystic degeneration , 843 anterolateral , 10 histopathology and ethmoid , 9 Antoni A and B areas , 843 and orbit , 10 palisades , 843, 844 nose MRI , 843 anatomy , 8 prognosis , 844 development , 8 treatment , 843–844 1312 Index

Neuroanatomy Neurologic diseases , 141 and basal ganglia neurophysiology , 143 Neuromuscular description , 140 junction disease , 140 Neuroblastoma signaling , 154 advantages , 835 Neuronal arc , 615 clinical presentation , 835 Neuro-ophthalmology approach, oculoplastic disorders CT scan , 835 abducens nerve histopathology , 836 anatomy , 147 MRI , 836 pathology , 149 prognosis , 836 brainstem ocular motility disorders , 144–145 treatment , 836 cavernous sinus Neurogenic ptosis anatomy , 149–150 botulism , 387 pathology , 150 CH , 387–388 CCF , 150–151 HS , 382–387 description , 139 MG , 378–382 imaging techniques , 159–161 MGJW , 378 localization , 139–141 oculomotor nerve dysfunction neurologic conditions, manifestations aberrant CN-III regeneration , 374–376 basal ganglia , 143, 144 abnormality, CN III , 373 cerebral gaze deviation , 142 aneurysms , 376 cerebral ptosis , 143 anisocoria , 376 PD , 143 AOMR , 374 PSP , 143–144 CCA , 376 oculomotor nerve CTA , 376–377 anatomy , 146 diagnosis , 373 paralysis , 146 MRA , 377 pathology , 146–147 neuroimaging , 374 orbital apex syndrome , 151–159 neuroimaging protocols , 378 role , 141–142 neuroradiologist , 377–378 THS , 150 palsy , 373–374 trochlear nerve partial CN-III palsy , 374, 375 anatomy , 147 ophthalmoplegic migraine , 388 pathology , 147 Neuroimaging Neurosurgical approach , 807 CT , 159 Ng, S.G. , 1116 MR angiography and CT , 160–161 Ni, C. , 612, 614 MRI , 159–160 NLDO. S ee Nasolacrimal duct obstruction NSF , 161 Noble, J.L. , 275 Neurologic disease, ptosis Nonaxial displacement, orbit description , 361 globe displacement , 702, 704 examination pearls superior and inferior orbit , 702 EOMs and APD , 361 Norris, J.L. , 803 frontalis use , 361, 362 Norton, A. , 975, 982, 983 gastrointestinal work-up , 361 Nowinski, T. S. , 313 heaviness, eyelids , 361 NSF. S ee Nephrogenic systemic fi brosis physiologic anisocoria , 362 Nugent, R. , 913 myogenic Nunery, W.R. , 239–242 CFEOM , 370 CPEO , 371–373 GBS , 373 O MD , 370 OALD. S ee Ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease OPMD , 370–371 OAML. S ee Ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma neurogenic (see Neurogenic ptosis) Obear, F. , 92, 93 oculoplastic surgeon , 361 Obear, M.F. , 92, 93 pseudoptosis Oche, L.M. , 544 aberrant facial nerve regeneration , 370 O’Connor, W.J. , 582 contralateral lid retraction , 362–363 OCP. S ee Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid defi ned, MRD , 362 OCS. S ee Orbital compartment syndrome dermatochalasis , 362 OCT. S ee Optimal cutting temperature compound DRS , 368–369 Ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease (OALD) enophthalmos , 363–364 AIDS-related lymphoma , 966–969 FES , 369 Burkitt lymphoma , 966 globe asymmetry , 364 classifi cation, lymphoma ocular misalignment , 364, 366 DLBCL , 963–965 Parinaud Syndrome , 369 extranodal disease , 960 spastic disorders , 364–368 follicular lymphoma , 263 Index 1313

MALT Lymphoma , 962–263 plain fi lm, BB , 224, 225 mantle cell lymphoma , 965–966 management, blunt trauma mature B-cell neoplasms , 961 lateral canthal injuries , 215–216 NHL subtypes , 962 medial canthal injuries , 215 Revised European-American Classifi cation of Lymphoid secondary repair , 220 (REAL) , 961 sharp trauma management terminology , 960 complex lacerations , 216 clinical presentation complex marginal , 218–219 axial exophthalmos , 976–977 marginal lacerations , 216–218 axial proptosis , 977 simple lacerations , 216 characteristics , 975 traumatic levator dehiscence , 219–220 conjunctival OAL , 976 surgical management cranial neuropathies , 977, 978 anesthesia , 214 extraocular motility , 977, 978 irregular laceration , 213, 214 lacrimal gland , 976 ophthalmic plastic laceration tray , 214 levator aponeurosis , 977, 978 treatment goal , 213 lymphoid hyperplasia , 975 wounds exploration , 213 pediatric population , 975 wound healing , 207–211 ptosis and visual loss , 977, 979 Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) “salmon patch” , 975–976 clinical presentation , 355 ulcerative colitis , 976, 977 description , 355 defi nitions , 959 diagnosis epidemiology , 960 defi nition , 355 imaging immunoperoxidase technique , 356 computed tomography (CT) , 980, 982 medicines , 356 diagnosis and surgical planning , 979 pathophysiology , 355 lymphoma diagnosis , 981 treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 980, 981 goal , 356 positron emission tomography (PET) , 980, 982 immunosuppressants , 356 staging and tumor surveillance , 979 Mitomycin-C , 356–357 management systemic , 357 staging , 985–986 Ocular disease , 119 tissue diagnosis , 985 Ocular pathology treatment , 986–987 abnormal globe and optic disk abnormalities multiple myeloma , 969–971 buphthalmos , 716 natural killer , 969 coloboma , 716 pathogenesis papilledema , 716 B-cell lymphoma , 971 staphyloma , 716 CALT , 971 Oculoauricular dysplasia , 1052, 1053 chronic immune stimulation , 972 Oculomandibulofacial dyscephaly , 1052 immunosuppression , 972–973 Oculomandibulofacial dysmorphia , 1052 infectious organisms , 973–974 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) lymph follicle regions , 971 autosomal dominant/recessive , 371 monoclonal population , 971 French-Canadian heritage , 371 pathology, immunology, and cytogenetics , 974–975 majority, populations , 371 prognostic indicators , 982–985 muscle biopsy and levator resection , 371 T-cell lymphoma , 969 prevalence , 370 Ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma (OAML) , 917 Oculoplastics Ocular adnexal trauma genetic etiology, human DNA , 1249 canalicular and lacrimal system genetic testing Bowman probe , 221 acquired forms, ptosis , 1259 monocanalicular stent , 222 congenital anomalies, orbit , 1250–1255 transected canaliculus , 222 craniofacial disorders , 1255–1257 description , 207 genetic forms, ptosis , 1257–1259 dog and human bites , 222–223 syndromes, lacrimal system abnormalities , 1259–1262 eyelid , 211–213 human genome , 1249 gunshot wounds, orbit mendelian patterns, inheritance , 1249–1250 BB, right parietal lobe area , 224, 225 non-mendelian inheritance , 1250 double perforation repair , 224, 225 Oculoplastic surgery entrance wound , 224 instruments , 62 exit wound posterior , 224 medications , 61 left globe double perforations , 226 perioperative hemostasis , 66 mass and velocity, missiles , 224 Oestreicher, J.H. , 1115 multiple facial fragments, soft tissue , 226 Ogura, J.H. , 92, 612 operative management , 226 Oh, S.-R. , 793–804 patient, double perforation , 224, 225 Oley, C.A. , 158 1314 Index

Onofrey, C.B. , 180 tarsectomy/mullerectomy. , 84–85, 87 ONSM. S ee Optic nerve sheath meningiomas and reconstructive , 61 OPG. S ee Optic pathway glioma repairing orbital fractures , 104 Ophthalmic plastic surgery skin defects , 68–76 ASOPRS , 92–93 skin marking , 97 balloon catheter dilation, lacrimal system , 106 soft tissue grafts , 101–102 bone and cartilage , 103–104 surgeon position , 97 canalicular laceration repair , 105 tissue dissection canalicular stents , 106 blunt , 99 cosmetic oculoplastic surgery , 93–94 oculoplastic tray , 99, 100 draping , 97 periosteal freer elevator , 99, 101 dry eye evaluation , 102–103 scissors uses , 99 endoscopic surgery standard instruments identifi cation , 99, 100 entropion , 88 tissue manipulation , 62 exposure, surgical fi eld , 99, 101 traction and exposure eyelid repair and reconstruction epithelial defects , 101 Cutler and Beard method , 82, 85 Kennerdell orbital retractor , 101, 102 fl aps , 81, 82 malleables and desmarres uses , 101, 102 Kollner-Hughes procedure , 82, 83 use , 97 Mustarde’s lower and upper lid , 82, 84 visibility, fi eld , 98 pedicle fl ap , 81, 82 wound closure , 62–65 eyelid transmarginal repair Ophthalmoplegic migraine , 388, 423 closure, posterior lid margin sutures , 76, 77 OPMD. S ee Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy fi nal closure, incisions , 79 Optic nerve edema , 705 inferior crus isolation , 78 Optic nerve sheath lateral canthotomy formation , 78 fenestration , 802, 803 lysis, inferior crus , 78, 79 meningiomas , 804 sliding full-thickness eyelid , 78, 79 Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) sutures placement , 76, 77 advantages , 838 vertical wound’s subcutaneous layer closure , 77, 78 clinical presentation , 839 wound closure , 77, 78 CT scan , 839 wound edges freshening , 76, 77 histopathology , 840 hemostasis , 65–68 magnetic resonance imaging , 839–840 hemostasis technology , 101 primary , 839 incisions prognosis , 840 chalazion clamp , 98, 99 treatment , 840 grasp scissors and needle holders , 98 Optic nerve tumors surgeon, three-point fi xation grip , 98 axial proptosis , 812 surgical blades , 99 ONSM ( see Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM)) lacrimal surgery , 88–89 primary , 837 lid malpositions , 86–87 superfi cial biopsies , 838 nonsurgical facial aesthetics Optic pathway glioma (OPG) botulinum toxin , 107 diagnosis , 1013 chemical peel , 108 management , 1013 complementary fat grafting , 108 NF1 , 1013 laser resurfacing , 109 optic nerve glioma , 1013 microdermabrasion , 108 pediatric brain tumors , 1013 silicon/polyorganosiloxane, injection , 108 radiation therapy , 1014 skin rejuvenation , 108 signs and symptoms , 1013 subdermal fi llers , 107–108 treatment , 1013 oculoplastic surgery , 81 Optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT) , 576 orbital tissue expanders , 105 Oral drug therapy , 348 orbit volume enhancement Orbit. S ee also Transcranial approach, orbit integrated/porous , 104–105 abducens nerve , 45 nonintegrated/nonporous , 104 anterolateral wall and inferotemporal fl oor , 265 perioperative antibiotics , 62 arteries photography , 97 carotid bifurcates , 48 physicians, eye and cradling structures , 94 lacrimal and supraorbital , 48 preparation, patient ophthalmic artery , 47, 48 laboratory and ancillary evaluation , 61 types , 47 medical conditions , 62 blunt trauma , 267 surgical outcomes , 61 bony orbit procedures categories , 81 anterior margin , 712 ptosis lamina papyracea , 710, 712 antiquity , 83, 86 openings , 712–713 approaches, levator , 83–84, 86 orbital apex , 712 suspensions , 86 ciliary ganglion and parasympathetic nerves , 47 Index 1315

extraocular muscles carotid cavernous fi stula , 754–755 annulus , 41, 42 cavernous malformations , 751–752 function , 714 lymphatic and venolymphatic malformations , 752 inferior oblique , 42–43 orbital varix , 752 insertions, oblique , 43 vascular supply medial and inferior rectus , 42 central retinal artery , 714 rectus and oblique , 713 terminal branches, ophthalmic artery , 714 right trochlea , 43 venous drainage , 714–715 spiral, Tillaux O. S , 42 veins , 48–49 fat , 41 white-eyed blowout fracture (WEBOF) , 1233–1236 fl oor exploration , 269 zygoma manipulation , 269 foreign bodies (FB) Orbital anatomy cavernous sinus, superior orbital fi ssure , 1240, 1241 description , 239 CT measurements , 1242, 1244 fl oor , 239, 240 emphysema, wooden , 1242, 1244 lateral wall , 239, 240 Gaze-evoked amaurosis , 1244, 1245 medial wall globe rupture , 1240, 1241 description , 240 heavy metal glasses , 1242, 1243 frontoethmoid suture line , 241 image width and localization , 1240, 1243 lamina papyracea, ethmoid bone , 240–241 infection, retained wooden , 1244, 1245 roof , 239, 240 metallic and nonmetallic substances , 1240 Orbital apex metallic orbital , 1240, 1242 intra-and extra-conal structures , 760 and frontozygomatic suture , 266 SOF , 759 Gillies and transconjunctival approach , 268 Orbital apex syndrome globe and optic nerve botulism , 154 anterior segment divisions , 711, 713 features, neuromuscular disorders , 151, 152 layers , 713 Lambert–Eaton , 154 subarachnoid space , 713 MG , 151–154 Tenon’s capsule , 713 mitochondrial myopathies globe topography , 44 CPEO , 155, 157 infection ( see Infection, orbit) extraocular muscles , 155 lacrimal system , 715 features, KSS , 155, 157 lid retractor system , 714 levator resection techniques , 158 lymph drainage , 49 symmetric loss, ocular motility , 155, 156 neural structures myopathies , 159 frontal and lacrimal branches , 715 myotonic dystrophy , 158 motor and sensory fi bers , 715 oculopharyngeal dystrophy , 158 oculomotor nerve , 715 rhinogenic mycosis , 151, 152 oculomotor nerve , 45 Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) optic nerve , 44–45 axial CT, globe tenting , 172, 173 orbital fascia cantholysis , 173–174 enucleated left socket, Tenon’s capsule , 38 desmarres retractors , 170, 171 fi brous structures , 40 eyelid surgery , 174 Lockwood’s ligament , 39 intraorbital and intraocular pressures , 170, 172 muscular , 38, 39 left superior, subperiosteal hematoma , 172 Whitnall’s ligament , 39 ocular trauma , 170 orbital fat , 715 procedure , 172 pediatric roof fractures proptosis, extraocular motility CT review , 1233 and chemosis , 170, 171 maxillofacial ratio , 1232 visual loss , 170 paranasal sinuses , 1233 Orbital evaluation periorbita , 38 examination ( see Orbital examination) soft tissue , 270 imaging , 705–706 step-off deformity , 268 laboratory evaluation , 705 sympathetic nerves , 47 management , 706 tetrapod fracture , 267 patient history trigeminal nerve family , 700 dissection , 45, 46 previous facial surgery , 699 maxillary division , 46 smoking , 700 ophthalmic division , 46 symptoms, infl ammatory diseases , 699, 700 pathways , 45–46 Orbital examination trochlear nerve , 45 accessory tests , 705 type IIIb tripod fracture , 268 axial displacement , 702 type IV tripod fracture , 268 external vascular masses arterial pulsations , 701–702 arteriovenous malformations , 752, 754 skin lesions and masses , 701 capillary hemangioma , 748–751 thyroid-associated orbitopathy , 701 1316 Index

Orbital examination (cont.) and IOrbFBs (see Intraorbital foreign bodies (IOrbFBs), extraocular motility , 704 penetrating injury) eye, anterior segment , 704–705 Odysseus and Polyphemus , 297 lacrimal gland , 702 prevention lymph node , 702 areas of medicine , 297 nasolacrimal system , 702 Iraqi insurgency , 298 nonaxial displacement , 702, 704 Orbital fracture posterior segment, eye , 705 buckling vs. hydraulic theory , 245–261 pupils , 700–701 description , 243 visual acuity , 700 examination and radiologic studies Orbital exenteration circumference , 243, 244 bone removal , 1037 description , 244 clinical considerations , 1040 desmarres lid retractors and motility restriction , 243 complications entrapment, tissue , 244 cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) leaks , 1041 fl oor and medial wall, globe , 243, 244 fi stular communication , 1040–1041 fundus examination and periocular trauma , 243 postoperative numbness , 1040 importance, clinical examination , 244–245 defi nition , 1033 inferior displaced plate, bone , 244, 245 eyelid-sparing exenteration , 1036, 1037 MRI and CT scanning , 245 indications visual acuity and ocular function , 243, 245 adenoid cystic carcinoma , 1034 ophthalmic examination , 243 congenital teratomas , 1034 Orbital hemorrhage fungal infections , 1034 and OCS , 170–174 malignant tumors , 1034 TON , 165 performance conditions , 1033 Orbital history periocular necrotizing fasciitis , 1034 diplopia , 699 trauma , 1034 neuropathic pain/paresthesias , 699 mucormycosis , 1033 optic nerve gliomas , 700 preoperative evaluation and planning previous facial surgery , 699 cranial vault , 1034 symptoms, infl ammatory diseases , 699, 700 facial plastic surgery , 1035 Orbital imaging malignancies , 1034 B-mode ultrasound , 706 rehabilitation , 1035 CT imaging , 706 primary reconstruction MRI , 706 bony reconstruction , 1039–1040 Orbital implants skin grafting , 1038 anophthalmic socket characteristics , 1105 soft tissue , 1038–1039 anophthalmic surgery , 1118–1119 spontaneous granulation , 1037–1038 dermis-fat grafts , 1126 rehabilitation enucleation surgical technique , 1119–1122 patching , 1040–1041 evisceration surgical technique , 1122–1124 prosthetics , 1041–1042 extirpation method, Bartisch , 1106 subtotal exenteration implant exposure and extrusion advantage , 1037 conjunctival epithelium , 1147 eyelid-sparing , 1037 polymethylmethacrylate , 1146 sebaceous cell carcinoma , 1036 porous/nonporous , 1146–1147 secure fi xation , 1037 postoperative trauma/infection , 1146 total exenteration Tenon’s capsule and conjunctiva , 1146 infi ltration anesthesia , 1035 implant migration , 1145 infraorbital nerve , 1036 intraorbital implants samplings , 1107 initial incision , 1035 Iowa implant, methyl-methacrylate resin , 1108 nasolacrimal duct , 1036 loss, binocular vision , 1105 periosteal adherence , 1035 magnetic implants , 1108 subperiosteal dissection , 1036 Mules glass sphere , 1108 Orbital foreign bodies nonsurgical management , 1119 classifi cation ocularist , 1126–1127 coronal CT scan, woman , 298 ocular prostheses , 1106 factors , 298 orbital implant wraps , 1105 IOrbFB , 299 porous penetrating injury , 298–299 adults selection , 1112 clinical assessment aluminum oxide , 1110 gardens/wooded areas , 299 architecture, polyethylene MEDPOR , 1110 innocuous injury , 299, 300 Bio-Eye™ HA implant , 1109 morbidity , 299 classifi cation and terminology , 1108–1111 ocular and adnexal examination , 299 hydroxyapatite (HA) spheres , 1108 doctors , 297 lower lid laxity , 1108–1109 Henry’s injury , 297 microcrystalline structure , 1111 Index 1317

peg/not peg , 1116–1118 infl ammation , 723–724 selection, children , 1112–1113 infl ammatory conditions socket infl ammation , 1111 IOID , 735–736 synthetic HA implants, FCI , 1109 sarcoidosis , 738 volume considerations , 1113–1114 Sjögren’s syndrome , 741 wrapping and attaching, extraocular muscle , 1114–1115 thyroid orbitopathy , 736–737 wrap selection , 1115–1116 Wegener’s granulomatosis , 738, 740 postoperative care , 1126 intraocular masses pre-evisceration surgery , 1106 choroidal hemangioma , 721 reconstructive surgery, anophthalmic socket , 1107–1108 ocular melanoma , 720 Ruedemann’s combined implant , 1108 ocular metastasis , 720–721 secondary retinal angioma , 721 anophthalmic socket deformities , 1144 retinoblastoma , 719–720 Rectus muscle localization , 1145 leukocoria , 718–719 surgical technique , 1124–1126 ocular tunnel technique , 1145 detachments (see Detachments, ocular) spherical implants , 1108 pathology (see Ocular pathology) surgical techniques , 1105 optic nerve Orbital infl ammation glioma , 726–727, 729 bacterial orbital cellulitis neuritis and demyelinating disease , 725 clinical features , 934 perineuritis , 725–726 complications , 937–939 sheath meningioma , 728, 730, 731 diagnosis , 934–935 surgical change , 725 differential diagnosis , 935–937 trauma orbital nocardiosis , 939 CT , 724, 748 treatment , 937 fractures , 747, 750 description , 933 globe rupture , 725 evaluation multiple orbital foreign bodies , 724 cardinal features , 933 retrobulbar hematoma , 750 goals , 933–934 tumors and tumorlike lesions spill-over , 933 dermoid, epidermoid and lipoma , 741–742 fungal orbital cellulitis fi bro-osseous lesions , 741 Aspergillosis , 939–940 histiocytosis , 742 mucormycosis , 940 lacrimal gland neoplasms , 742, 743 granulomatous diseases metastasis , 745–746 autoimmune disorders , 940–944 neural tumors , 746–747 idiopathic orbital infl ammation , 944–949 orbital leukemia , 744–745 infection , 934 orbital lymphoma , 744 Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis rhabdomyosarcoma , 745 adult xanthogranulomatous diseases , 950–951 Orbital schwannoma , 1015–1016 intraocular tumor , 951–952 Orbital soft tissue sarcomas , 1020 kimura disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia , 951 Orbital surgery Orbital infl ammatory syndrome , 139, 142 anesthesia and positioning , 794 Orbital lymphangiomas , 1017–1018 antiquity , 89–90 Orbital mass lesions approaches , 91–92 appearance , 814 complication , 804 bone tumors ( see Bone tumors) decompression , 92 childhood , 858 defi ned , 67 Graves’ orbital mass lesions , 814 endoscopic heterogeneous , 832 advantages , 803 lacrimal gland lesions , 816 complications , 803 lytic expansile , 864 limitation , 803 mesenchymal tumors (see Mesenchymal tumors) excisional biopsy , 797 motility disturbance and subjective diplopia , 812 instruments , 794–796 mucoceles , 822 meticulous hemostasis , 804 neural , 815 ocular prosthese non-Graves’ space-occupying , 814 materials used, enucleation implants , 90 Orbital meningioma , 1015 Ruedmann implant , 90 Orbital neurofi broma , 1014 types, integrated implants , 91 Orbital radiology universal implant , 91 calcifi cation, ocular ptosis , 804 degenerative , 722 Orbital tumors Phthisis bulbi , 723 ancillary imaging techniques imaging techniques CT , 814 CT , 709, 710 MRI , 814 dynamic vascular and positional imaging , 712 biopsy , 803 MRI , 709, 711, 712 bone (see Bone tumors) 1318 Index

Orbital tumors (cont.) Ossifying fi broma , 868–869 clinical evaluation , 811 Osteoblastoma , 869–870 fi ne-needle aspiration biopsy , 796–797 Osteology incidence, orbital disease orbital apex frequency, categories , 814, 815 anterior, disarticulated sphenoid bone , 7, 11 Graves’ orbital disease , 814 inferior and superior fi ssure , 6, 7 lacrimal gland tumors , 872–878 optic canal , 7 lesions orbital margin , 4 cystic (see Cystic lesions) orbital shape and development infl ammatory , 814–815 anteroposterior, adult skull , 3, 4 lacrimal gland , 816 divergent axis , 3, 4 lymphoproliferative , 816 facial development , 3, 5 mesenchymal , 815 orbital walls vascular, 815, 824–831 apex , 4, 5 mesenchymal tumors (see Mesenchymal tumors) bones , 4, 5 metastatic tumors , 816 congenital dehiscences , 6 neural , 815 infraorbital groove , 6 neural tumors (see Neural tumors) Osteoma , 870–871 onset Osteosarcoma , 871–872 age , 813 Ostrovsky, A. , 81–94 nature of , 813 Otto, A.J. , 1139 ophthalmic and medical history , 811 ophthalmic examination physical , 811–812 P radiologic imaging and diagnostic ultrasound , 811 Pain control, postoperative secondary tumors , 816 appropriate anesthesia , 1270 signs and symptoms combination analgesics , 1271 laterality , 812–813 non-opioid medications , 1271 loss, vision , 812 Pandey, P.K. , 1153 ocular motility , 812 Pao, K.Y.-H. , 1249–1262 orbital pain , 812 Papoose periorbital infl ammation , 812 child down holding , 1265 proptosis , 812 dental procedure , 1267 unusual features , 813 parent/guardian permission , 1266 Orbital varix , 752, 754 towel technique , 1266 Orbital vascular anomalies velcro panels , 1266 AVM , 993–995 Paralysis carotid-cavernous fi stulas , 1002 Bell’s palsy , 334 cavernous malformation , 999–1000 ectropion repair , 339 description , 993 eye and periocular structure , 333 HPC and SFT , 1002 facial nerve dysfunction , 333 infantile hemangioma , 1000–1002 House–Brackmann scale , 336 lymphovenous malformation , 998–999 pretrichial browlift , 341 magnetic resonance angiography systems , 993 Paralytic ectropion, repair , 339 non-invasive imaging , 993 Parasellar syndromes vascular tumors , 993 anatomy venous malformation , 995–998 cavernous sinuses , 760–762 Orbitotomy orbital apex (see Orbital apex) anterior paranasal sinuses , 762–763 inferior orbital lesions , 798–799 pituitary gland , 762 medial orbital lesions , 799–800 differential diagnosis superior orbital lesions , 797–798 infection lateral aspergillosis , 776 bone window , 800, 802 RCOM , 773–775 dressing , 802 septic cavernous sinus thrombosis , 771–773 orbital dissection , 801 zoster neuropathy , 776–777 periosteal incision , 801 infl ammation Stallard-Wright incision , 801 hypophysitis , 771 suction drainage system , 801 THS , 770–771 Orbitozygomatic trauma , 763 frontozygomatic craniotomy , 807 tumors osteotomy , 808 lymphoma , 764 Orcutt, J.C. , 946 meningioma , 764 Oriental blepharoplasty , 461 metastases , 764 Orozco, M.A. , 1165–1167 miscellaneous , 764–765 Osma Azab, A. , 1165–1167 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (see Nasopharyngeal carcinoma) Index 1319

pituitary adenoma , 764 adenoid cystic carcinoma , 1022 vascular Crohn’s disease , 1011 cavernous ICA aneurysms , 768–769 description , 1005 CCF see facial trauma , 1023–1028 CST, aseptic , 769 histiocytic tumors , 1020–1021 Parasitic infections infectious arthropods arcus marginalis , 1006 demodex species , 129 bacterial orbital cellulitis , 1006–1007 insect larvae , 129 bacterial preseptal cellulitis , 1006 phthirus pubis , 128–129 mycotic orbital cellulitis , 1007–1008 fl atworms/platyhelminthes orbital septum , 1005–1006 cysticercosis , 131 periorbital cellulitis , 1005 echinococcosis , 131–132 infl ammatory disease schistosomiasis , 132 idiopathic orbital infl ammation , 1008 sparganosis , 132 pediatric thyroid eye disease , 1008–1009 protozoa , 132 pediatric Wegener’s granulomatosis , 1009 roundworms/nemathelminthes periarteritis nodosa/polyarteritis nodosa , 1010 fi laria , 130–131 sarcoidosis , 1010–1011 trichinosis , 129–130 systemic lupus erythematosus , 1009–1010 Parbhu, K.C. , 244 lymphoproliferative tumors Paresis , 336, 341 Burkitt lymphoma , 1022 Parinaud’s syndrome , 119, 122, 369 non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphomas , 1021 Parkinson’s disease (PD) , 143 periocular disease , 1021 Park, U.C. , 192 steroids , 1021–1022 Park, W.C. , 275 systemic staging , 1021 Parmar, D.N. , 612 mesenchymal tumors Parsons, J.T. , 598 Ewing sarcoma , 1020 Pastiadis, G. , 651 fi brous dysplasia , 1019–1020 Pathogenesis of nasolacrimal duct obstruction , 630 orbital soft tissue sarcomas , 1020 Patrinely, J.R. , 487, 1045, 1047 rhabdomyosarcoma , 1018–1019 P D . S ee Parkinson’s disease metastatic tumors PDL. S ee Pulsed dye laser leukemic neoplasia , 1023 Pediatric. S ee Anesthesia neuroblastoma , 1022–1023 Pediatric Crohn’s disease , 1011 neural tumors Pediatric examination optic pathway glioma , 1013–1014 epiphora , 1275–1276 orbital meningioma , 1015 eyelid orbital neurofi broma , 1014 benign tumors , 1278 orbital schwannoma , 1015–1016 malignant tumors , 1278 orbital tumors , 1011–1013 orbit , 1278–1281 paranasal sinus region , 1005 ptosis , 1276–1278 Sjogren’s syndrome , 1011 tumors , 1278 vascular tumors rapport infantile hemangioma , 1016–1017 “bad guy” , 1274 orbital lymphangiomas , 1017–1018 blepharophimosis , 1273 Pediatric periocular dog bite injury clinical bullets , 1273 canalicular laceration , 1227, 1228 examination tools, comfort , 1274 canine oral cavity , 1228 oculoplastic and orbital conditions, adults , 1273 empiric antibiotic therapy , 1228 pediatric corner , 1273, 1274 insurance claims , 1227 targets and toys fi xation , 1273, 1274 surgical technique visual and motility , 1275 Bowman probe , 1230 Pediatric facial trauma canthal avulsion and canalicular laceration repair , 1228, 1229 description , 1023 Crawford tube system , 1231 fractures , 1024 double-armed silk suture , 1231–1232 intraorbital foreign body , 1026–1027 nasolacrimal stent , 1230, 1231 lateral orbital wall fractures , 1026 P&I, lacrimal system , 1228, 1229 midfacial fractures , 1024 topical ocular anesthetic procedure , 1230 orbital Pediatric thyroid eye disease fl oor fractures , 1024–1025 diagnosis , 1009 hemorrhage , 1027 Graves’ disease , 1008 medial wall fractures , 1025 imaging , 1009 roof fractures , 1025–1026 nonneonatal disease , 1008 paranasal sinuses , 1023 signs and symptoms , 1009 traumatic optic neuropathy , 1027–1028 Peebles, T.R. , 170 zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures , 1026 Pèer, J.J. , 610 Pediatric orbital disease Pelvic infl ammatory disease , 122 1320 Index

Pemberton, C.H.M.D. , 600 palpation, “Z” axis , 576 Penetrating injury. S ee Intraorbital foreign bodies (IOrbFBs), training , 574 penetrating injury; Orbital foreign bodies treatment goals, periorbital malignancy Penne, R.B. , 174 cancer cells , 572 Periarteritis nodosa/polyarteritis nodosa , 1010 zinc chloride fi xative , 572 Periocular adjunct Periorbital edema , 601 browlift , 341 Periorbital skin facial suspension , 341, 342 pigmented concerns , 509–511 Periocular tissues, pathologic diagnosis vascular concerns , 508–509 medicolegal considerations , 785 Perry, A.C. , 91 processing Perry, J.D. , 456, 1114 dissection , 782–784 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) , 718–719 gross examination , 782 PET. S ee Positron emission tomography identifi cation, surgical margins , 784 Peter A.D. , 182 mishandling , 784 Peyronie, M. , 21 rendering Pidde, W.J. , 92, 93 histopathologic diagnosis , 784 Pierard G.E. , 473 limitations, histologic diagnosis , 784–785 Pinchuk, L. , 1165–1167 pathologic material , 784 Pindborg, J.J. , 1054 pathology reports , 785 PITON. S ee Posterior indirect TON resection and handling Pituitary adenoma , 764 classifi cation , 779–780 Pleomorphic adenoma , 876–878 excision , 780–781 Plexiform neurofi broma frozen sections , 781 advantages , 840–841 labeling , 782 clinical presentation tissue fi xation , 781–782 mechanical ptosis , 841 surgical pathology right eyelids and face , 841 cytogenetics , 790 computed tomography , 841 cytologic techniques , 789 histopathology , 842 electron microscopy , 789–790 MRI enzyme immunohistochemistry , 790–791 gadolinium , 842 fl ow cytometry , 790 heterogeneous hyperintense mass , 841 histologic stains , 786 signal intensity , 841 immunohistochemistry , 786–789 prognosis , 842 molecular techniques , 790 treatment , 842 plastic embedding , 791 Plowman, P.N. , 975, 982, 983 Periorbital area, MMS Pneumatic retinopexy , 725 chronic infl ammation , 575 Policeni, B.A. , 376 clinical features , 575 POM. S ee Primary orbital melanomas functional impairment , 585 Pomsathit, J. , 1153 histological transformation , 571 PONV. S ee Post-operative nausea and vomiting histologic features , 575 Ponzoni, M. , 917, 973, 974 history , 571–572 Poonyathalang, A. , 1153 indications , 574 Porous polyethylene invasive malignant melanoma (MM) anophthalmic socket surgery , 1111 rapid immunostaining , 585 coralline HA , 1112 staged excision technique , 584 MEDPOR quad implant , 1110 margin control microcrystalline structure , 1110 granulation tissue formation , 574 orbital implants , 1148 metastasis , 572 synthetic , 1110 micrographic process , 573 synthetic eyelid implants , 1151 tissue dye , 574 titanium screw , 1149 WLE , 573 wrapped and unwrapped , 1114 patient considerations , 575 Porter, J.D. , 44 periorbital cutaneous malignancy Positron emission tomography (PET) , 980, 981, 1033 BCC , 578–580 Posterior indirect TON (PITON) Bowen’s disease , 580–581 and bilateral optic canal fractures , 178 MAC , 583–584 chiasmal injury and optic nerve avulsion MC , 582–583 autoenucleation , 182 SC , 581 gouging and biting, eye , 181, 182 relative contraindications , 575 serial oedipism , 181, 183 skin cancers , 574 defi ned , 177 technique prognosis , 180, 181 cutaneous restoration , 578 treatment identical color orientation , 577 management , 179 OCT , 576 megadose corticosteroids , 179–180 Index 1321

optic canal decompression , 180 systemic lymphoma, patients , 983, 984 Posterior scleritis Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) , 143–144 autoantibodies detected , 949 Proia, A.D. , 814 diagnosis , 948 Pseudo-Gradenigo syndrome , 189 infl ammation affects , 948 PTLD. S ee Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder symptoms , 948 Ptosis. S ee also Forehead ptosis treatment , 949 classifi cation Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) aponeurotic , 420 dimenhydrinate and droperidol , 1270 description , 420 major risk factors , 1270 mechanical , 424 treatment , 1270 myogenic , 420–422 unpleasant sensation , 1270 neurogenic , 422–424 Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) , 972, 973 pseudoptosis , 425 Power, W.J. , 356 traumatic , 424 Poxviruses evaluation molluscum contagiosum , 125 amblyopia , 1275 orf , 125 anisometropic amblyopia , 1275 papillomavirus , 125–126 birth trauma , 1276 variola and vaccinia , 124–125 classifi cation, levator function , 1277 Prabhakaran, V.C. , 942 jaw wink/myasthenia gravis , 1276 Pratt, L.L. , 612 lid measurements, digital camera , 1276–1277 Prause, J.U. , 612, 965, 966 lid position and phenylephrine , 1277, 1278 Preechawat, P. , 1153 pediatric examination , 1276 Preffer, F.I. , 961–963, 975 sucking/chewing, synkinetic movement , 1276 Priel, A. , 793–804 upgaze and downgaze measurement , 1277 Primary endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy urgent surgical repair , 1275 bone removal , 676, 677 globe ptosis , 39 ChitoFlex against osteotomy site, hemostasis , 677, 678 neurogenic , 143 complications , 678–679 surgery incision, lacrimal sac , 677 anesthetic agents , 432 indications , 676 brow suspension , 433 lateral nasal mucosa , 676 Desmarres retractor , 441 nasal passageway , 676 infi ltration anesthesia , 431 oxymetazoline , 675 oculoplastic procedure , 431 patient selection , 675 Pulsed dye laser (PDL) postoperative care , 678 purpura resolution. , 509 preoperative evaluation , 676 superfi cial eyelid hemangioma , 508 Quikert probes with silicone tubing , 677, 678 treatment, hidrocystomas , 515 removal, posterior lacrimal sac fl ap , 677, 678 vascular concerns, periorbital skin , 508 surgical equipment , 675 Punctal atresia, congenital , 623 “Tenting”, lacrimal sac , 676, 677 Punctoplasty Weil-Blakesley forceps , 676, 677 canaliculitis , 663 Primary external dacryocystorhinostomy intracanalicular plugs , 663–664 anesthesia , 669 Punctum and canaliculus surgery dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) , 669 examination , 664 NLDO , 669 intracanalicular plugs , 663 postoperative care , 674 lacrimal trauma procedure canalicular lacerations , 664 Bayonette forceps , 670 dog bites , 664 Bowman probe , 672 punctoplasty creation of osteotomy , 671 canaliculitis , 663 curvilinear incision , 669–670 intracanalicular plugs , 663–664 level, osteotomy , 673 repair periosteal elevator , 673 bicanalicular repair , 665–666 periosteum , 671 canalicular laceration , 665 rongeur, enlarge osteotomy , 672 choice of stent , 665 Primary orbital melanomas (POM) , 880 monocanalicular repair , 666 Pro, B. , 985 pigtail probe , 666–667 Prognostic indicators stent removal , 667 anatomic location, OALD , 982 Pushker, N. , 1153 factors , 985 Putterman, A.M. , 22, 28, 85, 246, 426, 441, 442, 1140, 1196 lacrimal gland infi ltration , 983 mortality, OAL , 984 MZL , 984 Q pediatric follicular lymphoid hyperplasia , 984 Quickert, M.H. , 88, 89, 93, 312 prognosticate transformation , 982 Quickert, M.W. , 436 1322 Index

R characterization , 209 Rabinovitz, H. , 579 described , 207 Radiation therapy, oculoplastic complications medial canthal tendon , 215, 216 clinical sequelae , 595 minor lacerations , 214 delayed wound healing , 599 perforation site , 226 invasive squamous cell carcinoma , 595, 596 posterior horn , 215 normal tissue damage primary , 213, 223 eyelid , 597–598 secondary , 220 Hughes tarsoconjunctival fl ap , 597 surgical , 213 lacrimal system , 598 tarsus , 218 orbital bone , 598 Repeat dacryocystorhinostomy , 692 skin and conjunctiva , 596–597 Repka, M.X. , 192 orbital processes , 595 Restasis , 619, 620 plaque brachytherapy , 595–596 Resti, A.G. , 973, 974 secondary neoplasms Resurfacing sarcomas , 600 ablative fractional carbon dioxide , 511 solid tumors , 599 actinic keratoses , 512 Radiofrequency (RF) , 159, 450, 457 applications of lasers , 507 Radnot, M. , 612 radio frequency , 513 Rainin, E.A. , 312 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) , 719 Ralfkiaer, E. , 610, 612, 965, 966 Reverdin, J.L. , 81 Rappaport, H. , 960 Revised European-American Classifi cation of Lymphoid Rare eyelid neoplasms (REAL) , 961 lymphoma , 543 Revision dacryocystorhinostomy merkel cell carcinoma , 543 endoscopic , 694 metastatic lesions , 544 laser , 692 sweat gland tumors , 543 silicone intubation , 694 vascular tumors , 543 R F . S ee Radiofrequency Rash Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) eyelid , 199 advantages , 858 recurring , 201 classifi cation , 1018 Rasmussen, P. , 965, 966 clinical presentation , 858 Rathbun, E. , 312 CT scan , 859 Rattan, G.H. , 207–226, 229–235 diagnosis , 1018–1019 Raymond, W.R. , 1164, 1166 histopathology RCOM. S ee Rhino-cerebral-orbital mucormycosis divisions , 859 REAL. S ee Revised European-American Classifi cation embryonal , 859 of Lymphoid incisional biopsy , 1019 Reconstruction, exenterated orbit Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) , 1018 bony IRS iteration , 1018 alloplastic implants , 1040 MRI , 859 autogenous bone grafts , 1040 orbital embryonal , 1018 defects , 1039 orbital sarcoma , 1018 orbital rim , 1039 prognosis , 860 spontaneous epithelialization , 1039 treatment , 1019 open and closed cavities , 1037, 1038 IGRS , 859 paranasal sinuses , 1037 radiotherapy , 860 skin grafting Rhino-cerebral-orbital mucormycosis (RCOM) dermis-fat graft , 1038 clinical presentation socket , 1038 eschar , 774 split-thickness grafts , 1038, 1039 malnutrition , 774 soft tissue ophthalmoplegia , 774 fi bular free fl aps , 1039 description , 773–774 periocular skin , 1038 diagnosis , 774–775 vascularized fl aps , 1039 risk factors spontaneous granulation , 1037–1038 acidosis , 774 Redmond, R.M. , 927 Deferoxamine therapy , 774 Reeh, M.J. , 93, 313 spore form , 774 Reese, A.B. , 911 treatment Reese, R.G. , 433 Amphotericin B , 775 Rees, T. , 459 exenteration , 775 Reidy, R.P. , 459 fl uconazole and itraconazole , 775 Renal disease , 160 hyperbaric oxygen , 775 Repair surgical debridement , 775 canalicular , 221–222 toxic side effects , 775 canalicular trauma , 221 Rho, S.H. , 275 Index 1323

Rhytides Schlachter, D.M. , 467–472, 687–688

CO2 laser , 456 Schlect, D. , 975, 981, 986 cosmetic complaint , 455 Schroeder, R.P. , 952 laser skin resurfacing , 455 Schwartz, J.S. , 207–226 Richani-Reverol, K. , 455–460, 687–688 Schwartz, S.R. , 1016 Rigel, D. , 579 Sciallis, G.F. , 615 Riley–Day syndrome , 17 Scott, A.B. , 348, 474 Ritleng, P. , 89 Scott, I.U. , 927 Rivera, E. , 600 Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) RMS. S ee Rhabdomyosarcoma aggressive tumor , 581 Roberts, D. , 985 of eyelid , 592 Robertson, W.D. , 172 Mohs reconstruction , 582 Robins, P. , 579 orbital invasion , 581 Roden, D. , 571 Secondary tumors Rodriguez-Sains, R. , 579 basal cell adenocarcinomas , 882–883 Roenigk, R.K. , 582 basal cell carcinoma , 883–885 Roen, J.L. , 16 inverted papilloma , 885–886 Rogers, G.M. , 283–294 SCC , 887–889 Roopenian, A. , 82 sinonasal carcinoma , 886–887 Rootman, J. , 172, 913, 914, 919, 921, 945, 965, 966, 985, 1214, Sedano, H.O. , 1057 1280–1281 Sedation R O P . S ee Retinopathy of prematurity choices and routes Rose, G.E. , 612, 964, 975, 982, 983, 1140, 1141 ketamine , 1268–1269 Rossomondo, R.M. , 656 Midazolam , 1268 Roveda, J.M. , 1093, 1096, 1098 “Spider-man power juice” , 1268 Rubin, M.D. , 182 systemic anesthetics , 1268 Rubin, P.A.D. , 1007, 1024, 1045, 1232 topical EMLA cream and Propofol , 1268 Ruedemann, A.D. Sr. , 90, 93 contraindications Ryan, S.J. , 612 inhalational anesthetics , 1268 Ryu, W.U. , 275 malignant hyperthermia , 1268 Malignant hyperthermia (MH) , 1267–1268 NPO status , 1267 S levels , 1267 Saadeh, P.B. , 456 role , 1265 Sabatier, R.E. , 412 Selva, D. , 579 Saeed, P. , 942 Senn retractor , 794, 795 Sakurai, E.H. , 1059 Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) Salman, S. , 1046 conjunctival and eyelid tumors Sanvenero-Rosselli, G. , 1052 evaluation, SLN , 592 Sarcoidosis feasibility and false-negative rate , 590 ACE , 1010 indications , 592–593 Blau syndrome , 1010 risks , 592 diagnostic test , 1010 technique , 590–591 early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS) , 1010 histologic status , 589 immunosuppression , 1011 multicenter selective lymphadenectomy trial , 590 mutations , 1010 regional lymph nodes , 589 myriad, ways , 1010 tracers , 593 orbital Serbinenko, F.A. , 767 imaging , 941 Sevel, D. , 17 immunosuppression , 942 Severe socket contracture noncaseating granulomata , 941 buccal mucosal donor , 1156 patients, initial evaluation , 941 cicatrization , 1156 uveitis , 941 diameter, radial artery , 1157 orbital sarcoid disease , 1010 fornix reconstruction , 1156 pathognomonic , 1010 inability, prosthesis wearing , 1155, 1156 Sartor, K. , 245, 300 Optical camoufl age methods , 1158 Satchi, K. , 297–307 trilobed adiposal fl ap , 1157 Savar, A. , 535–546, 589–593 vascularized enophthalmic sockets , 1156 Savino, P.J. , 165–193, 361–388 SFT. S ee Solitary fi brous tumor Sayre, G.P. , 155 Shannon, G.M. , 93 S C . S ee Sebaceous carcinoma Shave biopsy , 779 SCC. S ee Squamous cell carcinoma Shepherd, J.B. III. , 139–161 Schaefer, D.A. , 629–647 Sherman, D.D. , 49 Schantz, E. , 474 Shields, C.L. , 581, 609–614, 952, 975, 981, 984, 1011–1012 Schenck, N.L. , 612 Shields, J.A. , 581, 924, 952, 975, 981, 984, 1011–1012, 1280–1281 Schimek, R.A. , 93 Shinder, R. , 551–569 1324 Index

Shorr, J.K. , 456 depressed scar , 69 Shorr, N. , 92, 456 edges , 68 Shumrick, K.A. , 269 elliptic defect closed, interrupted sutures , 68, 69 Siddens, J.D. , 419–429, 431–442 Z-plasty Siegel, R. , 30 arms creation , 74, 75 Silapunt, S. , 571–585 double armed 6-0 silk suture, cutting needles , 73 Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) elevated brow , 75, 77 description , 1045 eyelid , 73, 74 diagnosis , 1046–1047 fl aps , 72, 73 epidemiology lateral canthus , 75 condition , 1045 O-Z plasty , 72 facial, orbital trauma , 1045 tissue fl aps , 74, 76 sinus hypoplasia , 1045 use , 73, 74 imaging Skin graft, anterior lamellar coronal view , 1047 care , 329–330 CT scan , 1047 cicatricial ectropion , 330 infundibulum , 1047 full-thickness , 329 radiographic features , 1047 local anesthesia , 329 pathophysiology Skriapa, A. , 651 chronic Eustachian tube , 1046 SLE. S ee Systemic lupus erythematosus fungal and bacterial cultures , 1046 SLN. S ee Sinel lymph node intrasinus pressures , 1046 SLNB. S ee Sentinel lymph node biopsy maxillary sinus roof , 1045 Small, R.G. , 1036 mucus plugging , 1045 Smith, B.C. , 82, 92, 93, 250, 328, 459 resorption atelectasis , 1046 Smith, C.P. , 269 presentation , 1046 Smith, J.A. , 941 treatment Smith, J.L. , 770 orbital fl oor repair , 1047, 1048 Smith, T.J. , 1213–1219 restoring sinus drainage , 1048 Smit, T.J. , 1139 single-stage operation , 1048 Smoker, W.R. , 376 surgery goals , 1047 Snap back test , 324 Silicone intubation , 673 Snellen eye chart , 700 Silicone tubing , 677, 678 Snellen, H. , 86 Silva, D. , 93 SOF. S ee Superior orbital fi ssure syndrome Silver, B. , 93 SOFS. S ee Superior orbital fi ssure syndrome Silver, R.A. , 93 Solitary fi brous tumor (SFT) Simontan, J. , 250 advantages , 860 Sinel lymph node (SLN) clinical presentation , 860 aggressive tumors , 592 CT scan , 860 histologic status , 589 diagnosis , 1002 lymph node dissection , 590 hemangiopericytoma , 1002 lymphoscintigraphy , 590 histopathology , 861 Sines, D.T. , 811–889 MRI , 860–861 Sinha, S. , 179 treatment , 1002 Sinonasal carcinoma , 886–887 treatment and prognosis , 861 Sires, B.S. , 473–498 Solitary neurofi broma Sisler, H.A. , 89 advantages , 844 Sjögren’s syndrome clinical presentation , 844 dacryoadenitis , 944 computed tomography , 844–845 Schirmer testing , 944 histopathology , 844–845 tissue autoimmune disorder , 944 magnetic resonance imaging , 844 treatment , 944 multilobulated/multiple tumors , 844 Sjo, L.D. , 610, 612, 965, 966 treatment and prognosis , 845 Sjo, N.C. , 612 Soll, D.B. , 93, 1108, 1145 Skin defects, ophthalmic plastic surgery Soparkar, C.N. , 487, 1045, 1047 dog ears , 69, 70 Spacer grafts fl aps amount, infl ammation , 1201, 1203 Burrow’s triangles , 70, 71 auricular cartilage , 1202, 1203 eyelid function preservation , 71, 72 Bard-Parker blade , 1204 incisions , 69, 70 eye bank sclera , 1199, 1201 Limberg rotational , 71, 72 postoperative resorption , 1198 oculoplastic surgeon , 69 preoperative and postoperative , 1200, 1202 surgical dead space elimination , 70, 71 split-thickness cartilage , 1204–1205 transposition, nonadjacent area , 71 temporal fl are , 1200, 1201 V-Y plasty , 70, 71 Spaeth, E.B. , 82, 93 primary closure Spastic disorders, pseudoptosis Index 1325

AEO , 367 Streptococcal disease , 118 anticholinergic and dopaminergic medications , 368 Sugandhi, P. , 1153 focal dystonias , 364 Sullivan, J.H. , 557 HFS , 367–368 Sullivan, T.J. , 158, 193, 975, 981, 986 hypothesis, etiology , 366 Sump syndrome , 689, 691, 694 Meige syndrome and oromandibular dystonia , 367 Superfi cial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and eyebrow microvascular decompression , 368 aging , 21, 22 routine neuroimaging , 367 anterior and posterior fascia , 21, 22 SPHC , 368 facial layer, frontalis and platysma , 21 Special pathologic techniques fatty cushion , 22 cytogenetics , 790 galea aponeurotica relationships , 22, 23 cytologic techniques , 789 hair angulation , 20, 21 electron microscopy muscle plane, face , 22, 23 features, neoplasm , 789 Superior orbital fi ssure syndrome (SOFS) limitations , 790 cavernous sinuses , 760 enzyme immunohistochemistry , 790 hematoma , 763 fl ow cytometry , 790 Surgical approaches, orbit and optic nerve histologic stains , 786 anesthesia and positioning , 794 immunohistochemistry anterior orbitotomy antigen detection , 787 inferior orbital lesions , 798–799 false-negative diagnosis , 787 medial orbital lesions , 799–800 immunoenzymatic techniques , 786 superior orbital lesions , 797–798 neoplasms, stains , 786, 788–789 anticoagulants , 793–794 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies , 787 biopsy technique stains and target substances , 786–787 excisional biopsy , 797 molecular techniques , 790 fi ne-needle aspiration biopsy , 796–797 plastic embedding , 791 incisional biopsy , 797 Sphenoid wing meningioma endoscopic orbital surgery (see Endoscopic orbital surgery) advantages , 845 imaging , 794 clinical presentation , 846 instrumentation computed tomography , 846 cryoprobe , 796 histopathology , 846 dissectors , 796 MRI , 846 drills , 796 prognosis , 847 endoscope , 796 treatment , 846–847 image guidance procedures , 796 Spiral of Tillaux , 42, 713 periosteal elevator , 794–796 Split-thickness skin graft , 1038, 1039 retractors , 794 Sporadic disease , 155 intraoperative complications , 804 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lateral orbitotomy (see Lateral orbitotomy) actinic keratosis , 580 medial lid crease approach , 802 eyelid neurosurgical approach , 803 aggressive tumor growth , 537 postoperative complications clinical presentation , 538 emergent , 804 keratin pearls , 537–538 non-emergent , 804 management , 538–539 preoperative assessment, age and race , 793 keratoacanthoma , 580 Surgical correction, ptosis perineural infi ltration , 581 autogenous fascia lata retrieval SSS. S ee Silent sinus syndrome methods , 410–412 Stable phase, orbital decompression thigh incisions , 410 CT/MR imaging, extraocular muscles , 1178, 1179 bilateral ( see Bilateral, ptosis) enlarged EOMs , 1178, 1179 defi nition EOMs and orbital fat soft tissue volume , 1178, 1179 amount, levator resection , 395 immutable orbital bony volume , 1178 degree, levator function and resection , 395 indications and proptosis reduction , 1179 elevation, eyelid margin , 396 TED , 1178 eyebrow suspension, congenital Stahl, G.E. , 88 Crawford technique , 412–414 Stallard, H.B. , 82, 92 description , 412 Stamler, J.F. , 338 intraoperative hemorrhage , 414 Starr, M.B. , 111–135 lagophthalmos and keratitis , 415 Stasior, G.O. , 30 poor eyelid contour , 415 Stasior, O.G. , 93 recurrence, postoperative and postoperative appearance , Stefanyszyn, M. , 610 414–415 Stefanyszyn, M.A. , 174, 612 levator resection (see Levator resection, ptosis) Steinsapir, K.D. , 179 mild unilateral ( see Unilateral, ptosis correction) Stevens, E.R. , 937 Müller’s muscle , 395 Strain, J.D. , 1233 operative procedure , 395 Streeten, B.W. , 598 qualitative system , 395 1326 Index

Surgical evaluation craniofacial clefts , 1256–1257 history , 425 craniosynostoses , 1256 physical examination cryptophthalmos eyelid measurements , 426–427 congenital malformation , 1251 inspection and palpation, eyelids , 425 CT and B-scan ultrasound , 1252 keratitis, ptosis repair , 426 grading system, congenital coloboma , 1252 ocular motility , 425–426 distichiasis , 1252–1253 photography , 427 encephaloceles visual acuity , 425 AFFND type II , 1255–1256 visual fi elds , 427, 428 Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) , 1255–1256 psychological aspect occipital region , 1255 blepharoptosis , 429 sac-like protrusion , 1255 cosmetic surgery , 427 epicanthus , 1253–1254 patient satisfaction , 429 euryblepharon , 1253 potential problems , 427, 429 hamartomas , 1255 Surgical instruments Kearns–Sayre , 1259 endoscopic , 106 lacrimal system abnormalities precision grip , 98 congenital secretory , 1259–1260 Surgical management nasolacrimal system , 1260 aesthetic deformity , 268 myotonic dystropy , 1258 complications , 270 oculopharyngeal muscular dystropy , 1259 physical examination and CT scan , 269 oculoplastic manifestations ZMC fracture , 268 neurofi bromatosis 1 (NF1) , 1260, 1261 Surgical margins , 784 SWS , 1260–1262 Surgical principles. S ee Ophthalmic plastic surgery tuberous sclerosis (TS) , 1260, 1261 Surgical technique, TON telecanthus , 1254 eyelid , 175 Synkinesis lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis , 174 aberrant regeneration , 342 need, instruments , 175 aberrant reinnervation , 336 OCS , 174 history , 342, 343 Suturing Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) materials immune complex deposition , 1009 absorbable and nonabsorbable , 64 lymphocytic infi ltrate , 1009–1010 steel wire , 65, 66 medical treatment , 1010 used, oculoplastic surgery , 64, 66 orbital disease , 1009 needles , 62–63 placement buried and fi gure-of-eight suture , 64 T buried running subcuticular closure , 64, 65 Talkow, J. , 345 horizontal mattress , 64, 65 Taniguchi, S. , 177 interrupted superfi cial closure, skin edges , 63 Tann, T.M. III. , 1114 vertical mattress , 64 Tarbell, N.J. , 963 Suvarnamani, C. , 952 Tarsal strip, lateral , 326 Syndromes Tarsorrhaphy anophthalmia and microphthalmia description , 230, 337 gestational infections , 1251 lateral globe/optic stalk , 1251 local anesthesia , 338 neonatal mean axial length and NNO1 gene , 1251 technique , 337, 338 optic nerve , 1250–1251 utility , 337 periorbital tissue growth , 1251 marginal eyelid adhesion , 231 ultrasound/neuroimaging , 1250 medial blepharophimosis , 1258 cosmesis , 339 CFEOM , 1258–1259 defi ned , 338 choristomas incision anterior, canalicular and closure , 338, 339 aplasia cutis congenita , 1254 Tauber, J. , 356 Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis , 1254–1255 Taxdal, D.S. , 770 ENS , 1254 TBI. S ee Traumatic brain injury Goldenhar /epiderma , 1254 Teasdale, E. , 377 histopathologic group , 1254 TED. S ee Thyroid eye disease congenital coloboma, eyelids , 1252 Telecanthus congenital ectropion , 1253 blepharophimosis , 1096, 1097 congenital ptosis bonus tissue , 1093 Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) , 1257, 1258 correction , 1096 Noonan , 1258 epicanthal folds without telecanthus , 1093, 1094 ocular manifestations , 1257 epicanthus , 1093, 1094 CPEO , 1259 incisions , 1094, 1095 Index 1327

nasal skin , 1092 Tillett, C.W. , 433 operation , 1093–1094 Timoney, P.J. , 239–242 suture , 1094, 1096 Tissue fi xation , 781–782 V technique , 1096 Tokarz, V.A. , 583 without epicanthal folds , 1096 Tolosa, E. , 770 Y to V principle , 1093 Tolosa–Hunt syndrome (THS) Tenon’s capsule , 713 clinical presentation Tenzel, R.R. , 82, 88, 93 diagnostic criteria , 770 Terson syndrome , 169, 185 steroids , 770 Tessier, P. , 85, 94, 1056, 1059, 1060, 1078, 1079, 1085 neuroimaging Thorne, C.H. , 456 MRI , 770 THS. S ee Tolosa–Hunt syndrome venography and angiography , 770 Thyroid treatment clinical activity score (CAS) , 1213–1214 biologic therapies , 771 Graves’ disease (GD) , 1213 corticosteroids , 771 iodine ablation , 1218 T O N . S ee Traumatic optic neuropathy lymphocyte depletion therapy Tost, F. , 653 anticytokine , 1219 Toti, A. , 88 rheumatoid factor and B cell , 1218–1219 Tourette’s syndrome , 144 rituximab (RTX) , 1218 Tower, R.N. , 340 medical management, TED Transcanalicular laser DCR corticosteroids , 1218 description, procedure nonpharmacologic therapy , 1217 intravenous sedation , 687 nontraditional measures, clinical response , 1218 laser-assisted dacryoscytorhinostomy , 688 NOSPECS system , 1213 fi ber-optic technology , 687 pathogenesis, TED mitomycin C , 688 autoantigens , 1216–1217 patients selection , 687 B lymphocytes role , 1216 postopertative care , 688 immunology , 1214–1215 Transconjunctival approach, orbit immunology, GD, 1214 inferior orbital lesions , 798–799 role, orbital fi broblasts , 1215–1216 medial orbital lesions , 799, 801 T lymphocytes role , 1216 superior orbital lesions , 798 pathological features, TED , 1214 Transcranial approach, orbit sight-threatening disease , 1213 autogenous fi llers , 809 targeted immunotherapies , 1218 craniofacial approach, orbit , 808 Thyroid disease , 153 defi nitions , 810 Thyroid eye disease (TED) eyelid retraction frontozygomatic craniotomy , 807 clinical evaluation inner table calvarial grafts , 809 festoons/malar bag , 1188, 1189 medial frontal osteotomy , 807 Graves’ disease , 1187, 1189 neurosurgical , 807 herniated orbital fat and transient edema , 1187, 1189 ophthalmic plastic surgeon , 807 lagophthalmos , 1186, 1189 orbital exposure and dissection , 808 measurement, eyelid retraction , 1187 orbitotomy , 808, 809 palpebral fi ssure , 1186 reconstruction and closure , 809 euthyroid eye disease and edema patient , 1185, 1186 Transcutaneous approach, orbit Graves’ disease inferior orbital lesions , 798 levator aponeurosis , 1185, 1187 medial orbital lesions , 799 orbital and periorbital infl ammation , 1185 superior orbital lesions , 797, 798 orbital soft tissue , 1185–1186 Trauma. See also Ocular adnexal trauma medical therapy affected children , 1227 alpha-adrenergic blocker , 1188 CT imaging, children blepharoplasty , 1190–1191 active tissue growth and development , 1239 blepharotomy, full thickness , 1205 appropriate usage, imaging modality , 1239–1240 correction, lower eyelid retraction , 1205–1210 diagnostic tool, radiation exposure , 1238–1239 indications, surgical correction , 1189–1190 higher dose radiation exposure , 1239 levator marginal myotomy , 1193–1194 eye/adnexa , 1283 levator recession and mullerectomy , 1194–1198 ocular , 724–725 tarsorrhaphy , 1191–1193 ocular and periocular injuries , 1227 upper eyelid lengthening, spacer grafts , 1198–1205 orbit orbital manifestations , 1185 CT , 724, 748 Thyroid orbitopathy fractures , 747, 750 CT , 737, 738 globe rupture , 725 description , 736 multiple orbital foreign bodies , 724 extraocular muscles , 737, 739 retrobulbar hematoma , 750 MRI , 737, 739 orbital fracture and lid laceration , 1283 Tillett, A.M. , 433 pediatric orbital fractures 1328 Index

Trauma (cont.) defi ned , 165 and roof fractures , 1232–1233 direct surgical technique , 1236–1238 bone fragment , 169 white-eyed blowout fracture , 1233–1236 foreign body , 168 pediatric periocular dog bite injuries suspected optic nerve sheath hemorrhage , 169 canalicular laceration , 1227, 1228 optic nerve anatomy , 166 canine oral cavity , 1228 orbital hemorrhage and OCS , 170–174 empiric antibiotic therapy , 1228 PITON insurance claims , 1227 and bilateral optic canal fractures , 178 periocular and orbital foreign bodies , 1240–1245 bone , 177 periorbital ecchymosis , 1283 CT imaging , 178 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment , 178–182 megadose corticosteroids use , 179 surgical technique , 174–175 patients , 179, 182, 188 types , 165 PITON , 177–178 Treacher–Collins syndrome , 1079, 1080, 1088, 1090 Traumatic cranial neuropathies Trichiasis abducens nerve (CN-VI) injury accidental/surgical lid margin trauma , 318 horizontal gaze testing , 188, 190 cicatricial entropion , 318, 355 intracranial pressure , 189, 191 cilia incarnata , 317 medial wall fracture , 189, 192 cryotherapy technique , 319–320 botulinum toxin use , 192 and distichiasis , 357 description , 165 electrolysis technique , 319 diagnosis entropion and distichiasis , 317 binocular diplopia , 185 eyelashes , 317 EOM , 186 infl ammation , 356 forced duction and generation testing , 185 innocent bystander , 317 unilateral CN-III and CN-VI palsy , 185 involutional lower lid margin thinning , 318 management, injuries laser techniques , 320 CN-III , 192–193 lid splitting technique , 320–321 CN-IV , 193 surgical repair , 318 CN-VI , 193 transconjunctival approach , 319 ocular motor nerve palsy , 189 upper lid lash ptosis , 318–319 ocular motor nerves , 184 Trichomegaly , 601 oculomotor nerve (CN-III) injury Trichopoulos, N. , 1112, 1114 aberrant regeneration , 187, 189 Trinkaus, K.M. , 1113, 1132–1133 anatomic pearls , 186 Tripod course, motor cranial , 186, 187 cosmetic deformity , 266 tight third nerve palsy , 186, 188 fracture , 267 palsy and craniofacial fractures , 182, 184 type I and IIIa, zygomatic , 267 TBI , 182, 184 type IIIb and IV, tripod , 268 TON ( see Traumatic optic neuropathy) Trisomy , 1053, 1054 trochlear nerve (CN-IV) injury , 187–188 Trobe, J.D. , 182, 184, 186 Traumatic deformities Trokel, S. , 92 binocular sensory status , 1081 Trotter, K. , 199–203 nasolacrimal evaluation Troutman, R.C. , 91 lacrimal puncta , 1080 Trueblood, J.H. , 656 Schirmer fi lter paper test , 1081 Tsai, D. , 973 oculo-orbital displacement , 1080 Tschen J. , 487 pre-and postoperative concerns Tse, D.T. , 180, 311, 338, 911–928, 1040, 1165–1167 amblyopia prevention , 1081 Tse, J.D. , 1165–1167 corneal protection , 1081 Tseng, J.H.S. , 694 proptosis or exophthalmos , 1081 Tse, R. , 275 surgical management , 1081 Tsirbas, A. , 694 Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) Tucker, S.M. , 33 anterior indirect “Tumbling E’s” method , 700 avulsion, optic nerve head , 166, 167 Tumors. S ee also Lacrimal sac tumors B-scan , 168 malignant , 1034 rotation results, damage , 166, 167 neoplastic anticoagulants management lymphoproliferative diseases , 641 continued vs. cessation anticoagulation , 175, 176 MALT , 641 DVT , 177 metastatic disease , 642 ecchymosis , 175, 176 nasolacrimal duct system , 640 orbital hemorrhage , 175 radiation therapy , 641 orbital injuries , 177 signs and symptoms , 640 properties , 175, 176 orbital , 1033, 1034 role , 176 paranasal sinuses , 1037 Index 1329

U treatment and prognosis , 830 Uddin, J.M. , 652 Vascular concerns, periorbital skin Unilateral, ptosis correction CVM , 508 mild , 396 PDL , 508 moderate superfi cial eyelid hemangioma , 508 description , 406 venous malformations , 509 levator function , 407 Vascular lesions preoperative and postoperative appearance , 406–408 angiosarcoma , 830–831 severe capillary hemangioma , 824–826 description , 408 cavernous hemangioma , 826–827 eyebrow suspension , 408, 409, 412 lymphangioma , 827–829 fascia lata suspension, bilateral severe , 408, 409 varices , 829–830 skin approach , 397–398 Vascular malformations , 709, 754 Upper eyelid blepharoplasty Venereal disease , 121 anesthesia , 449 Venolymphatic malformations , 752, 755 crease fi xation and closure Venous malformation description , 451 distensible and non-distensible , 995 height , lid, 451, 452 evaluation , 995, 997 incision , 451–452 fi brin sealants , 997 skin , 452 location and characteristics , 996, 997 description , 447 location and characteristics, lesion , 996, 997 evolution, beauty spontaneous orbital hemorrhage , 996, 997 aging change , 447–448 thrombin , 997–998 defi ned , 447 valsalva maneuvers , 997 orbital fat atrophy , 447 Verity, D.H. , 964 “perfect look” , 448 Vertical buttresses pre-and postoperative, brow lift photos , 447, 448 classifi cation , 283–284 pre-and postoperative, fat removal , 447, 448 nasomaxillary and zygomaticomaxillary , 284 incision marking pillars of resistance , 284 lagophthalmos , 450 pterygomaxillary and frontoethmoidal-vomerine , 284 lateral hooding and medial redundancy , 449, 450 Vertical diplopia , 1046 lid crease height, men , 449 Viale, E. , 973, 974 multiple methods , 449 Vinciullo, C. , 571 patient–physician relationship , 447 Viral infections postoperative management , 452 herpesviruses , 122–124 skin and fat removal poxviruses , 124–126 bulging, lateral , 451 Volkman, R. , 248, 249 care , 450 von Buchwald, C. , 612 central and medial pad expose , 450, 451 Von Graefe, A. , 81, 84 excision and musculocutaneous fl ap , 450, 451 instruments , 450 surgical planning and eyelid anatomy W Asians, African–American , 448 Wadsworth, J.A.C. , 393 medial canthal region , 449 Walker, D. , 1091 racial and ethnic difference , 448 Waller, R.R. , 1187, 1195 ROOF , 448 Walsh, F.B. , 169 youthful appearance and tight adhesion , 448–449 Walsh, T.E. , 92 Urist, M.J. , 22, 28 Wang, J.K. , 1116 Warthin’s tumor , 927 V Warwar, R.E. , 170, 173 Valenzuela, A.A. , 981 Watkins, L.M. , 1024, 1232 Van der Meulen, J.C. , 1066–1069 Weaver, D.L. , 589 Van Sickels, J.E. , 1025 WEBOF. S ee White-eyed blowout fracture Van Stavern, G.P. , 139–161 Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) Varicella-zoster virus antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies , 942 acyclovir/valacyclovir , 124 characteristics , 915 chickenpox , 124 CT scans , 740 corticosteroids , 124 description , 738 dermatomal distribution , 123 diagnosis , 942 skin lesions treatment , 123 ocular , 942 Varices ocular manifestations , 915 advantages , 828 plasmapheresis , 942–943 clinical presentation , 829 renal , 942 CT and MRI , 829 respiratory tract , 942 histopathology , 829–830 symptoms , 942 orbital , 752 untreated disseminated , 915 1330 Index

Weinberg, D.A. , 170, 689–695 Y Wen, D.R. , 589 Yeatts, R.P. , 969 Werb, A.A. , 85, 89 Yee, R.D. , 182 Werner, S.C. , 1213 Yip, C.C. , 612 Wesley, R. , 601 Yoo, K.W. , 275 West, A.L. , 182, 184, 186 Yoon, M.K. , 271–281 West, J.M. , 89 Yu, Y.S. , 192 W G . S ee Wegener’s granulomatosis Wheeler, J.M. , 82, 88, 90, 312 White-eyed blowout fracture (WEBOF) Z Desmarres retractor , 1236, 1237 Zagalsky, L. , 143 ischemic injury , 1237 Zeldovich, A. , 694 periosteum , 1237 Zhang, D. , 275 postanesthesia care unit , 1238 Zhou, Y. , 974 postoperative appearance, patient , 1238 Zhu, J. , 275 transconjunctival dissection plane , 1236 Ziegler, S.L. , 86 Whitehead, K. , 975, 981, 986 Zinn, K.M. , 166, 177, 186–188 Whitehouse, R.W. , 275 Zinreich, J. , 92 White, J. , 649–660 Zitelli, J.A. , 584 White, V.A. , 965, 966, 985 ZMC. S ee Zygomatico-maxillary complex Whitnall, S.E. , 4, 6, 12, 15, 16, 19, 25, 27–30, 39, Zonnereld, F.W. , 1139 47, 53 Zoster neuropathy Wide local excision (WLE) , 573 hemiplegia , 776 Wies, F.A. , 312 herpes zoster virus (HZV) , 776 Wiest, P.W. , 1239 treatment Wilkins, R.B. , 92, 93 acyclovir , 776 Williamson, R. , 975, 981, 986 systemic steroids , 776 Wladis, E.J. , 170 Zoumalan, C.I. , 61–79, 97–109, 170, 173, 501–505, 1185–1210, 1218 WLE. S ee Wide local excision Zoumalan, R.A. , 501–505 Wobig, J.L. , 19, 313, 436, 624 Zukerberg, L. , 961–963, 975 Wobig, J.l. , 313 Zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) Wojno, T.H. , 612 articulatation , 265 Wolff, E. , 47, 49 bony eminence , 265 Wong, D. , 981 classifi cation, fracture , 267 Wong, J.H. , 589 complications , 270 Wong, V.A. , 158 description , 265, 267 Woog, J.J. , 969 facial bone , 267 Woollam, D.H.M. , 49 frequency , 265 Wormald, P.J. , 694 frontozygomatic suture , 267 Wotherspoon, A.C. , 974 history and physical examination Wound healing cosmetic deformity , 266 chemotaxis and activation , 208 forced duction , 266 factors ophthalmic , 265 defi ciencies , 210 palpation , 266 excessive , 210–211 step-off deformity , 266 nutrition , 210 temporalis muscle vs. coronoid process , 265 infl ammation , 207 nondisplaced type I and blunt trauma , 267 proliferation treatment characterization , 208 antibiotic therapy , 268 ECM , 208, 209 frontozygomatic fracture , 269 VEGF , 209 Gillies approach , 268 remodeling phase lateral canthotomy approach , 269 characterization , 209 malar projection , 269 collagen fi bers , 209 projection, bony malar eminence , 268 tensile strength , 210 three-point fi xation , 269 Wright, J.E. , 911, 920, 946 type I and III tripod fracture , 267 Wright, W.W. , 412 type IIIb and IV tripod fracture , 268 Wu, X.C. , 544 velocity direct blow , 268