Index A Ahmadi, M.A. , 581, 600 Abdulhafez, M. , 1165–1167 Ahn, H.B. , 275 Absence of eyelids , 1085, 1086 Ahuero, A.E. , 473–498 A C C . S ee Adenoid cystic carcinoma Ainbinder, D.J. , 1164, 1166 A C E . S ee Angiotensin-converting enzymes Alex, J.C. , 589 Acquired causes, dacryostenosis Alfonso, E.C. , 546 congenital defect, drainage system , 637 Al-Hariri, A. , 207–226 functional dacryostenosis , 631 Allen, C. , 981 impaired tear outfl ow , 630 Allen, J.H. , 1108 infectious mononucleosis , 638 Allen, K. , 694 lower lid ectropion , 640 Allen, L. , 1108 metastatic disease , 642 Allen, R.C. , 283–294 thermal/chemical burns , 642 Allen, S.E. , 313 topical chemotherapeutic medications , 645 ALO. S ee Apraxia of eyelid opening Acquired ptosis Aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) anatomy and physiology , 419 biocompatibility implant , 1110 blepharoptosis , 419 ceramic implant biomaterial , 1110 classifi cation , 420–425 and HA implantion , 1114 evaluation , 425–429 polymethylmethacrylate implant , 1146 Acute/chronic sinus disease , 117 porous architecture, FCI , 1110, 1111 Adam, P. , 974 porous orbital implants , 1144 Adams, W. , 87 porous spherical implants , 1113 Adenocarcinoma , 872–873 American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) , 873–875, 920–924 and Reconstructive Surgery (ASOPRS) Adnexal burns founding and charter members , 93 acute treatment prominent oculoplastic surgeons , 92, 93 eyelid , 229 training quality , 92 Masquerade procedure , 231 W. Hughes , 92–93 monocanalicular stents , 230 Amjad, I. , 1232 polymyxin B sulfate , 230 Anatomy prophylactic ocular lubrication , 230 carotid and intracranial ophthalmic arteries , 53–54 sloughing skin , 229 cavernous sinus tarsorrhaphy , 230–231 structures, anterior , 51, 52 description , 229 and venous connections , 51 intermediate care cranial nerves lower and upper lid release incision , 232 abducens , 52, 53 wound healing progress , 231 oculomotor and trochlear , 52 late reconstruction posterior lateral , 52 adjacent tissue skin/myocutaneous fl aps , 232 sagittal section, head , 52 cicatricial contracture and ectropion , 232 trigeminal ganglion , 53 defi nition , 232 dura mater , 50–51 full-thickness skin graft, cicatricial ectropion , 233 eyelid ( see Eyelid anatomy) medial canthal , 233–234 lacrimal secretory and excretory system , 12–20 posterior lamella and lid margin , 233 nasal and paranasal sinuses , 7–12 superfi cial epidermis and thicker dermal layer , 229 optic chiasm , 54 thermal injuries , 229 orbit , 37–49 Adnexal deformities , 1073, 1081 osteology , 3–7 Agatston, S.A. , 399 pertinent intracranial osteology E.H. Black et al. (eds.), Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1285 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0971-7, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 1286 Index Anatomy (cont.) goblet cells, conjunctiva , 1134–1135 cranial fossae and sphenoid contribution , 50 prosthesis irregularities , 1135 optic foramen , 50 socket discharge , 1135 sagittal section, skull , 50, 51 dryness , 1134 sphenoid bone , 50, 51 ectropion , 1139 Anderson, D.D. , 88 enophthalmos ( see Enophthalmos) Anderson, N.G. , 612 enucleation vs. evisceration , 1119 Anderson, R.L. , 29, 311, 345–353, 393, 461, 1145 evisceration indications , 1118–1119 Anel, D. , 88 eyelash misdirection and entropion Anesthesia fornix deepening, graft , 1139 contraindications, sedation , 1267–1268 inferior fornix , 1137, 1139 effi cacy and side-effect profi le , 1265 lower eyelid laxity , 1137 levels, sedation , 1267 implant exposure and extrusion , 1146–1147 nonmedical prevention, anxiety , 1265–1266 implant infection , 1147–1148 pediatric vs. the adult population , 1265 implant migration , 1145 role, sedation , 1265 indications, enucleation , 1118 sedation , 1266–1267 lagophthalmos, prosthesis surface , 1136 sedation choices , 1268–1269 long-term management , 1167 surgery lower eyelid malposition injectable , 1269–1270 inferior fornix shortening , 1137, 1138 PONV , 1270 loss, volume and connective tissue disruption , 1137 postoperative pain control , 1270–1271 mucous membrane graft , 1137, 1138 topical , 1269 ophthalmologist and ocularist , 1131 talking, child’s level , 1266 prosthetic eye , 1131–1134 Aneurysmal bone cyst replacing, diseased eye , 1131 advantages , 861 secondary orbital implantation , 1144–1145 clinical presentation socket characteristics , 1131 left orbit , 861 socket pain , 1136 refractive changes , 861 Anophthalmos and microphthalmos CT scans , 861–862 bony deformities , 1158 histopathology , 862 bulbar conjunctiva and orbital skeleton , 1160 MRI , 862 coloboma/cystic component , 1159, 1160 treatment and prognosis , 862 conformers expanding , 1163 Angiogram , 994, 1002 CT-determined volumetric change , 1166 Angiosarcoma dermis fat grafts , 1164 advantages , 830 “dumbbell” conformers , 1162 clinical presentation , 830 eye and orbit grow , 1161–1162 CT and MRI , 830 facial and orbital development , 1162 histopathology , 830 facial growth , 1161 prognosis , 830–831 hypoplastic orbit , 1166 treatment , 830 infl atable soft tissue , 1164 Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) , 1010 lateral orbitotomy vs. transconjunctival Anolik, R. , 507–516 placement , 1165 Anophthalmic surgery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 1161 acquired socket contracture Mendelian inheritance , 1161 mild , 1150–1151 ophthalmic appliances , 1165 moderate , 1151–1156 orbital tissue expander (OTE) , 1165, 1166 severe , 1156–1158 orbital volume augmentation , 1163 anophthalmos and microphthalmos ( see Anophthalmos and pediatrician and pediatric ophthalmologist , 1161 microphthalmos) porous implants , 1164 anterior orbital cysts , 1136–1137 reconstruction efforts , 1162 artifi cial eye , 1131–1134 self-expanding hydrogel orbital , 1164 associated socket changes systemic malformation , 1161 enucleation and evisceration procedure , 1131–1132 validation, long-term effectiveness , 1167 eyelid laxity , 1132 Ansari, S.A. , 376 intraorbital volume loss , 1132 Anterior approach, ptosis repair orbital fat , 1133 aponeurosis reattachment , 438 post-enucleation syndrome , 1133 autogenous fascia lata , 433–434 preoperative/intraoperative , 1132 Crawford/Masson fascial stripper , 434 prosthesis , 1132 Emla cream , 437 volume, fl uid displaced and implant calculation , 1132–1133 excision, preaponeurotic orbital fat , 440 blepharoptosis ( see Blepharoptosis) Frontalis suspension surgery , 433, 435 complications, implant pegging , 1148–1150 hemostasis , 438 discharge and irritation levator aponeurosis surgery , 436 artifi cial eye , 1135–1136 muscles, leg , 434 droopy left upper lid , 1135 orbital septum , 438 Index 1287 postoperative care , 436 severe hordeolum , 113 Preoperative and postoperative views , 441 upper eyelid chalazion , 113, 114 surgical technique , 436 anaerobic bacteria , 121–122 Apert’s syndrome , 1078 anthrax , 118–119 Apraxia of eyelid opening (ALO) applied corticosteroids , 113 blepharospasm , 350 chancroid , 121 botulinum-A toxin responders , 349 chlamydial , 122 description , 347 chronic meibomitis and seborrheic blepharitis and functional lid deformity , 351 Demodex brevis , 115 neurotoxin therapy , 347 meibomian froth, tear meniscus , 115 Aqueous tear defi ciency (ATD) , 617 seborrheic dermatitis, scalp , 116 Archetypal brainstem ocular motility syndromes , 144 seborrheic marginal blepharitis , 115, 116 Arnold, M.G. , 583 collarettes , 111, 112 Arora, R. , 1153 diphtheria , 119 Arroyo, J.M. , 94 eczematoid dermatitis Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) localized skin abscess and preseptal cellulitis , 117 acquired fi stulas , 994 staphylococci , 116 blood circulation , 993 enteric gram-negative bacteria , 118 diagnosis , 994 eyelid skin cleaning , 113 dynamic virtual imaging , 994–995 inferior corneal micropannus , 111, 112 high-pressure , 993–994 leprosy , 119–120 neurosurgeon , 995 marked lid margin erythema , 111, 112 orbital hemorrhage , 994 staphylococcal , 111 signifi cant hemorrhage , 995 Staphylococcus epidermidis , 111 treatment , 995 streptococcal veins loss , 994 acute cellulitis , 118 Ashton, N. , 612 erysipelas , 118 Asian blepharoplasty impetigo , 117–118 aesthetic goals , 466 syphilis, yaws and pinta , 120–121 anatomy tuberculosis , 119 keloid formation , 463 Bacterial orbital cellulitis levator aponeurosis , 461 classifi cation, surgery , 1007 secondary trichiasis , 462 clinical features complications , 464–466 maxillary sinus , 934 lid crease procedure , 461 paranasal sinus disease , 934 postoperative care , 464 preseptal infection , 934 preoperative evaluation , 463 complications pretarsal orbicularis , 464, 465 antibiotic therapy , 937 suture techniques , 463 cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) , 938 Aspergillosis , 776 classifi cation system , 937 A T D . S ee Aqueous tear defi ciency corticosteroids , 938 Atopic eczema , 199 frontal sinusitis , 938 Augsburger, J.J. , 1112, 1114, 1280–1281 infection , 937 Autoimmune disorders neurological symptoms , 938–939 Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) , 943–944 orbital abscesses , 938 deleterious effects , 1214 polymicrobial infection , 939 granuloma annulare , 944 preexisting cellulitis , 938 Graves’ disease (GD) , 1213 subperiosteal abscess (SPA) , 937–938 hyperthyroidism , 1214 visual loss , 939 orbital sarcoidosis , 941–942 diagnosis Sjögren’s syndrome , 944 CAMRSA , 935 Wegener’s granulomatosis , 942–943 computed tomography (CT) , 934–935 Averbuch-Heller, L. , 143 hypoesthesia , 934 AV M . S ee Arteriovenous malformation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 935 Avoidance of complications , 427, 429 microbiological fl ora , 935 Axial displacement,