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Amphioxus, the ‘Lancelet’, Subphylum Cephalochordata and the Invertebrate Origins of the Vertebrates: Hemichordata & Urochordata Parazoa No Tissues Porifera

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Amphioxus, the ‘Lancelet’, Subphylum Cephalochordata and the Invertebrate Origins of the Vertebrates: Hemichordata & Urochordata Parazoa No Tissues Porifera Protochordates Branchiostoma lanceolatum: Amphioxus, the ‘lancelet’, subphylum Cephalochordata And the invertebrate origins of the vertebrates: Hemichordata & Urochordata Parazoa No tissues Porifera Eumatazoa Radiata Cnidaria/Ctenophora Diploblastic Bilateria Acoelomates Platyhelminthes/Nemertea Triploblastic Pseudocoelomates Nematoda/Rotifera Coelomates Protostomes Lophophorates/Mollusca/Annelida/Athropoda Deuterostomes Chaetognatha/Echinodermata/Chordata Determinate-Spiral as in Protostomes Blastopore becomes anus, not mouth Starfish embryos: egg – zygote – cleavage – blastula – gastrula – bipinnaria. mouth anus Echinoderm bipinnaria larva links them to protochordates & us! Eumetazoa: Bilateria: Eucoelomata-Deuterostomes cont’d Phylum Hemichordata Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata Deuterostomes Protochordates Vertebrates Chordata ‘Hemichordata’ Cephalochordata Urochordata Craniata Protostomes Echinodermata Agnatha No Lo.Jaw Lower Jaw Head & vertebrae No sessile adult 2008: DNA sequences showed Dorsal Hollow Nerve Urochordates closer to Vertebrates Cord, Notochord than Cephalochordates Branchial slits, Indeterminate, Radial Cleavage A simple Phylogeny of Deuterostomes Subphylum Hemichordata: Balanoglossus Hemichordata: Balanoglossus: acorn worm-LS of “Head” DHNC Pharyngeal gill slits proboscis glomerulus ? ‘Notochord’/stomochord collar Heart Halocynthia pyriformis Subphylum Urochordata In Larvaceae : gonads & no sessile stage Molgula occidentalis Esophagus Tentacular Filters Cut Edge of Mantle,tunic around Incurrent removed Siphon Ant ENDOSTYLE 6 4 6 pairs of Branchial Pleats Molgula occidentalis: sandy tunic removed, organs show through ‘mantle’ Hemal vessels L Food Filled Intestine L. Gonads R R. Testes Hermaphrodite=a pair of ovaries & testes R. Ovary Renal Sac Finger print-like pattern of stigmata in Molgula’s Pharyngeal Gill Slits Filtering Tentacles Around incurrent siphon 5 mm spicules Didemnum candidum: A colonial Ascidian; an encruster Ectinascidea sp. Pharynx w/ Gill Slits Ganglion or ‘brain’ tunic Gut endostyle (intestine) stomach esophagus atrium Gonads & ducts Blood vessel in ‘pedicle’ Anus & sperm duct pore Clavelina picta Distaplia sp. Tunicate larva (Tunicate) Larvaceae: ‘Oikopleura’? Tunicate larva Tunicate larva Urochordata: Thaliacea: Salpa or Doliolum sp., ~1 mm gonad Atrial siphon tunic gut Buccal Muscular siphon Endostyle rings ‘Salp’- Doliolum sp. in plankton tow net ~1mm – Thaliacea(Urochordata) Illustrations of burrowing lifestyle of adults in sediment, filter feeding for plankton, from internet Pikaia gracilens was the oldest known ancestor cephalochordate from the 520 Ma middle Cambrian - Burgess Shale of B.C. Canada Artist’s rendition fossil mbl Amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae.: Larva in marine plankton tow off Sarasota, FL ‘eye’ spot notochord Cilia in pharyngeal slits Hatschek’s groove & pit Pigment (‘eye’) Fin-ray box spot DHNC notochord pharynx Pharyngeal, Visceral or Myosepta between ocelli Branchial Bar Myomeres (‘Myotomes’) intestine Oral Hood Velum & velar pore Atrial pore or Anus Digestive atriopore Oral cirri Wheel Branchial Endostyle Ceacum or’liver’ organ (Visceral, Pharyngeal) Slit – exits to surrounding Atrium Male w/ Testes Female w/ Ovaries Cilia in gill slit notochord Larval amphioxus in Sarasota, FL plankton net tow~1mm Ileocolic ring, a concentration of intestinal cilia, because there is no smooth muscle Dorsal fin DHNC Notochord gut Post anal tail & caudal fin Anus intestine Path of water through mouth, pharynx, slits Atrial pore (water exiting slits, & atrium to pore leaves atrium here) ‘Caecum’, ‘Liver’ or midgut cecum R L Wheel organs - ciliated Metapleural folds Myomeres Ocelli Hatschek’s pit & groove (ant. Dorsal hollow nerve Pituitary?) cord Fin-ray boxes Pigment spot Fin No cephalization Velar tentacles Notochord Wheel organ w/ cilia Ciliated oral cirri Aperture in velar Oral hood muscle wall Myosepta between Myomeres Fin-ray boxes notochord velum Branchial SLIT Branchial BAR Light sensitive receptors above notochord & in center of to DHNC: OCELLI Side view, optical section Horizontal muscle fibers in notochord maintain hydrostatic pressure and thus firmness of notochord notochord OCELLI Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Cross section notochord Cilia on Bars Pharynx Blood vessels ovary Skeletal rod coelom Dorsal fin Epibranchial groove Caecum Endostyle Food particles brought in through the oral hood and ‘mouth’ adhere to the endostylar mucus and the mucus-food bolus is passed by the cilia upwards to the epibranchial groove by the cilia of the branchial bars; hence backward to the ciliated gut. Meanwhile the oxygenated water passes through the slits the atria and out the atrial pore (atriopore). The caecum is believed to produce enzymes for digestion. Epibranchial groove DHNC ® Sections of male (testes) N Left & female Atrium (ovaries) Right, section is posterior digestive digestive part of caecum”liver” caecum”liver” branchial slits and anterior digestive Pharynx caecum”liver” testes ovary endostyle SOENOCYTES (Podocytes) the ‘flame cells’ or nephridia of the Amphioxus Doral Aorta branch to ‘glomerulus’ ® Nuclei of Solenocyte = Podocyte Atria PHARYNX Bar Willey, 1894 Area of next slide caecum Cephalic Caudal intestine Iliocolic band of concentrated cilia to atria move digestive bolus to anus, because the ‘intestine‘ has no muscle for peristalsis; note bolus in center. Fin-ray Epidermis box Dermis DHNC Myomeres Myosepta Notoch- ord Hatschek’s groove Buccal Cirri Oral hood blastula invagination notochord mesoderm Neural fold & tube blastopore coelom See next archenteron page After Cerfontaine & Hatschek, from Kellicott, 1913 .
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