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The Volga River: Russia's Strained Lifeline

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The Volga River: Russia's Strained Lifeline COOPERATION ALONG A BIG RIVER DECEMBER 2005 ISSUE 1 LOCAL BEAT The Volga River: Russia’s strained lifeline By Oleg Kashchenko and Michelle French The Volga basin is many things to many people. It is a breadbasket and fisheries centre, a navigational artery for transport and industry, and a source of clean energy helping to meet the demands of a consuming public. It is home to about half of Russia’s population, carries 70 percent of inland waterway traffic, accounts for half of inland fish stocks, and supports half its agriculture. No small feat for the largest river in Europe. But the Volga basin, comprising 1.36 million square kilometers, shows signs of distress from domestic and industrial pressures. As with major European rivers, wastewater and resource depletion continuously challenge the Volga’s ability to cleanse itself and provide a source of potable water. On the whole, these pressures have been increasing. Take the relationship between population and water quality, for example. About 70 percent of the river’s Fabrice Renaud pollutants — including oil, nutrients, and heavy metals — Hydropower has turned Europe’s longest river into a chain of come from residential and agricultural sources, with 444 man-made seas. towns and 57 million rural and urban inhabitants in the basin. Combined with industrial sources, about 20 km3 of wastewater flows into the ecosystem every year. Today some 88 fish species can be found in the Volga While industry has become cleaner since 1992, only 15 basin, a rise from 74 before dam construction. percent of treated wastewater meets national standards. Yet, 85 percent of drinking water in the Volga basin is Dams have brought mixed results for human health and taken from surface water sources, including the Volga itself. community vitality. On the one hand, they have improved and strengthened the economy by providing Fish stocks in the Lower Volga (which flows into the energy reserves at a time when world energy costs are Northern Caspian basin) have responded unevenly to the rising. On the other, settlements have been disrupted, pressures of poaching, over-fishing, and hydropower. causing acute social problems associated with During the last 30 years, the sturgeon catch plummeted resettlement. Flood mitigation has been essential to due to losses of spawning grounds, food base preserve the more than 80,000 archeological disturbances, and over-fishing and poaching. In 2002 monuments, 96 historical cities and rural settlements, poaching exceeded legal catches by 15 times. Official fish and UNESCO World Heritage sites within the basin. catches are one quarter of their 1970 level. The Volga and Kama dams — constructed during the Soviet era — have The Volga basin is a bountiful resource but it is also also impacted fish reserves. Only two of 11 dams have fish under pressure. With President Vladimir Putin’s May 16, ladders, and flooding has destroyed spawning grounds. 2003 address to the Federal Assembly declaring his intention to double Russia’s GDP over the next decade Nevertheless, the Lower Volga and Northern Caspian (i.e. by 2010), basin experts are faced with the ultimate basins still account for half of Russia’s inland fish catch balancing act: how to promote needed economic growth every year. Fortunately, no species of fish has disappeared while ensuring social and environmental integrity. completely, thanks to riverine havens in remote tributaries. What is more, during the 1980s, some species Oleg Kashchenko is the assistant professor of the UNESCO Co-chair at Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. from the White and Baltic Seas, as well as from the Black Michelle French graduated in 2005 from the Master’s of Journalism and Caspian Seas have appeared in the Upper Volga. programme at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. LATEST SCORES River managers must work together 2 A visionary confluence 3 NEWSBYTES Project partner dies 4 IN PRINT Gaps identified in Danube analysis 4 CABRI VOLGA BRIEF River managers must work together International group of experts calls for strengthened water management, better coordination By Jerome Simpson • The River and Environmental Rehabilitation group worked on standards for water quality; Water experts from Russia and the EU wastewater; integrated water this fall proposed stronger water resource management (while management and coordination referring to the Volga Revival among different administrative levels Programme and the Dnepr in the Volga basin. The proposal was Global Environment Facility made during an expert group meeting project); monitoring; data held September 28-29 in Nizhny exchange; management; and Novgorod, Russia, and organised as communication to the public. part of the CABRI-Volga project. The group called for better information exchange and public While diverse opinions were access. The participants pleaded debated, there was a wide for the restart of the Volga ra he consensus that stronger policy and a Vis Revival Programme, and issued a Kam Solikamsk institutional integration needs to be call for performance targets and Berezniki achieved. This will require greater va goals for river basin authorities. Cuso Perm Syl involvement of non-governmental v stakeholders, transfer of experiences • The Human Security and from other rivers in Europe as well Vulnerability group looked at Kirov vulnerabilities of rural Vya as the establishment of structures tka communities and small and successfully implemented in other Volga medium-sized cities. The experts Yaroslavl Cheboksary large river basins. The extent to Tverca Kazan Ivanovo evaluated risk assessment and Ster which a Volga agency or basin Volga Nizhny communication and information Novgorod council could better coordinate the Moscow Ulyanovsk oskva exchange in the Volga basin. M Oka Tolya activities of different administrative ttiSamara Ryazan Sam Syzran They reviewed land-use and Sura levels and develop water Smolensk Novokuybishevsk Novomoskovsk Penza management standards in the hydro-morphological change; Tula dangers of flood protection and ga Russian Federation will be discussed Vol extreme weather; monitoring Orel in subsequent expert group Bryansk Saratov practices; disaster prevention and Voronezh meetings during 2006. Kursk management responsibility. KAZ During the meeting, hosted by • A group focused on Natural Nizhny Novgorod State University of Kiev Resources and their Sustainable Volgograd Architecture and Civil Engineering, Kharkov Use focused on existing and U KRAINE Achtuba more than 60 water experts discussed foreseen laws in water Dnepropetrovsk Volga challenges and exchanged management; institutional Astrakhan experiences related to Volga River C frameworks; multi-stakeholder Kilometers 0 150300 450 600 750 basin management within five partnerships; reforms in property distinct groups. Each expert group rights; and integration of a coordination mechanism for consisted of about 12 representatives economic growth with passenger and freight transport from civil society, business, the environmental concerns. and discussed ways to reduce scientific community and decision water pollution. making bodies, with resident Volga • The Connecting Goods and basin specialists typically constituting People group discussed transport • The Institutional Coordination two-thirds of the participants. aspects of the river. The group and Cooperation group discussed Overall, the meeting sought to foster analysed the urban mobility the design and implementation of institutional cooperation and multi- situation; and conceptualised a environmental programmes for stakeholder networking within the potential Volga Mobility Master the river basin. The group basin and with EU counterparts. Plan to 2010. Members proposed proposed better coordination of 2 December 2005 Issue 1 LATEST SCORES A visionary confluence EU and Russia cooperate to help the Volga basin By Michelle French It’s an example of “twinning” — a process in which two partners share the responsibilities of a project. In the case of the CABRI-Volga project, this means that an equal number of water experts and stakeholders from the Russian Federation and the European Union (EU) jointly explore Volga basin development as it responds to human pressures. On the Russian side, CABRI-Volga succeeds Volga Vision, an interdisciplinary, sustainable development project of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Beginning in the late 1990s, UNESCO began bringing together Russian scientists and polititians to establish a vision. They created a document describing environmental and human risk in the Volga-Caspian basin, Siegfried Rupprecht providing a summary of potential environmental goals for basin inhabitants Scale 1 : 15 000 000 Shipping at the port of Nizhny Novgorod and serving as a reference for follow-up activities and research. is one of the pressures on the Volga River. “The Volga Vision is a summary of what scientists believe can be achieved in one generation. It is a desirable, but realistic imagination of aya resource allocation and suggested the future,” explains Janos Bogardi, who helped spearhead the UNESCO lva various basin management project before becoming director of the United Nations University approaches to boost interaction Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) in 2003. between business, civil society Research into the Caspian and costal zones continues as part of the Ufa and authorities. second phase of the vision’s implementation. Ufa Belaja
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