Die Konterrevolution Der Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch 1920
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When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
Crucibles of Virtue and Vice: the Acculturation of Transatlantic Army Officers, 1815-1945
CRUCIBLES OF VIRTUE AND VICE: THE ACCULTURATION OF TRANSATLANTIC ARMY OFFICERS, 1815-1945 John F. Morris Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 John F. Morris All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Crucibles of Virtue and Vice: The Acculturation of Transatlantic Army Officers, 1815-1945 John F. Morris Throughout the long nineteenth century, the European Great Powers and, after 1865, the United States competed for global dominance, and they regularly used their armies to do so. While many historians have commented on the culture of these armies’ officer corps, few have looked to the acculturation process itself that occurred at secondary schools and academies for future officers, and even fewer have compared different formative systems. In this study, I home in on three distinct models of officer acculturation—the British public schools, the monarchical cadet schools in Imperial Germany, Austria, and Russia, and the US Military Academy—which instilled the shared and recursive sets of values and behaviors that constituted European and American officer cultures. Specifically, I examine not the curricula, policies, and structures of the schools but the subterranean practices, rituals, and codes therein. What were they, how and why did they develop and change over time, which values did they transmit and which behaviors did they perpetuate, how do these relate to nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century social and cultural phenomena, and what sort of ethos did they produce among transatlantic army officers? Drawing on a wide array of sources in three languages, including archival material, official publications, letters and memoirs, and contemporary nonfiction and fiction, I have painted a highly detailed picture of subterranean life at the institutions in this study. -
Republic of Violence: the German Army and Politics, 1918-1923
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence. -
REFORM, RESISTANCE and REVOLUTION in the OTHER GERMANY By
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository RETHINKING THE GDR OPPOSITION: REFORM, RESISTANCE AND REVOLUTION IN THE OTHER GERMANY by ALEXANDER D. BROWN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Modern Languages School of Languages, Cultures, Art History and Music University of Birmingham January 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The following thesis looks at the subject of communist-oriented opposition in the GDR. More specifically, it considers how this phenomenon has been reconstructed in the state-mandated memory landscape of the Federal Republic of Germany since unification in 1990. It does so by presenting three case studies of particular representative value. The first looks at the former member of the Politbüro Paul Merker and how his entanglement in questions surrounding antifascism and antisemitism in the 1950s has become a significant trope in narratives of national (de-)legitimisation since 1990. The second delves into the phenomenon of the dissident through the aperture of prominent singer-songwriter, Wolf Biermann, who was famously exiled in 1976. -
Zur Kontinuität Des Groß- Und Weltmachtstrebens Der Deutschen Marineführung
Dokumentation Gerhard Schreiber Zur Kontinuität des Groß- und Weltmachtstrebens der deutschen Marineführung Kontinuität als geschichtswissenschaftliche Kategorie fragt zum einen, ob und wann ein historisches Kontinuum möglich ist, und sie beschreibt zum anderen — allgemein gesehen — eine geschichtliche Einheit, die auf der weitgehenden Identität der Mo- mente beruht, die in einem zeitlichen Längsschnitt zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Mit Kontinuität ist somit weder Kausalität noch Determiniertheit der histori- schen Entwicklung gemeint, sondern die Ähnlichkeit und die Erklärbarkeit des Späte- ren mit dem Früheren1. Mit einem derartigen Vorverständnis stellt die vorliegende Dokumentation die Frage nach der Sichselbstgleichheit der Machtpolitik im preußisch-deutschen Nationalstaat, dem Deutschen Reich zwischen 1871 und dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges2. Das eigentliche Untersuchungsfeld soll dabei — quasi idealtypisch — auf eine konservative Führungselite, die Marineführung3, eingeengt werden. Zur Diskussion steht die These, daß es zwischen den imperialistischen Zielsetzungen der Marine, wie sie späte- stens mit dem Beginn des Großflottenbaus zutage traten, und den Überlegungen zu einer deutschen Weltvorherrschaft, die im Dritten Reich in diesem Wehrmachtteil an- gestellt wurden, eine ungebrochene machtpolitische Kontinuität gab. Die dem spezifi- schen Denksystem der Marineführung immanente ideologische Kohärenz konkreti- sierte sich in diesem Zusammenhang vor 1918, vor 1933 und bis 1945 in der einem ri- gorosen Navalismus oder -
University of Bradford Ethesis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bradford Scholars University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. THE WHITE INTERNATIONAL: ANATOMY OF A TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL REVISIONIST PLOT IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR I Nicholas Alforde Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2013 Principal Supervisor: Gábor Bátonyi, DPhil Abstract Nicholas Alforde The White International: Anatomy of a Transnational Radical Revisionist Plot in Central Europe after World War I Keywords: Bauer, Gömbös, Horthy, Ludendorff, Orgesch, paramilitary, Prónay, revision, Versailles, von Kahr The denial of defeat, the harsh Versailles Treaty and unsuccessful attempts by paramilitary units to recover losses in the Baltic produced in post-war Germany an anti- Bolshevik, anti-Entente, radical right-wing cabal of officers with General Ludendorff and Colonel Bauer at its core. Mistakenly citing a lack of breadth as one of the reason for the failure of their amateurishly executed Hohenzollern restoration and Kapp Putsch schemes, Bauer and co-conspirator Ignatius Trebitsch-Lincoln devised the highly ambitious White International plot. It sought to form a transnational league of Bavaria, Austria and Hungary to force the annulment of the Paris Treaties by the coordinated use of paramilitary units from the war vanquished nations. It set as its goals the destruction of Bolshevism in all its guises throughout Europe, the restoration of the monarchy in Russia, the systematic elimination of all Entente-sponsored Successor States and the declaration of war on the Entente. -
Das Kabinett Scheidemann, Die Oberste Heeresleitung Und Der Vertrag Von Versail Les Im Juni 1919
Dokumentation HORST MÜHLEISEN ANNEHMEN ODER ABLEHNEN? Das Kabinett Scheidemann, die Oberste Heeresleitung und der Vertrag von Versail les im Juni 1919 Fünf Dokumente aus dem Nachlaß des Hauptmanns Günther von Poseck* Für Walter Heinemeyer zum 75. Geburtstag am 5. August 1987 1. Die Bedeutung der Dokumente Die Ereignisse in Weimar, nach Rückkehr der deutschen Friedensdelegation aus Versailles am 18. Juni 1919, können „immer noch nicht bis in die letzten Einzelhei ten"1 rekonstruiert werden. Eine von Wilhelm Ziegler bereits 1932 geäußerte Ansicht, ein wirklich exaktes Bild von der genauen Reihenfolge der einzelnen Aktionen sei kaum zu gewinnen2, wurde durch die Forschungen von Hagen Schulze bestätigt3. Schulze konnte eine „Aufzeichnung des Ersten Generalquartiermeisters [General leutnant Groener] über die Tage in Weimar vom 18. bis zum 20. Juni 1919" vorle gen4, die im Nachlaß Schleicher vorhanden ist5. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Niederschrift stehen die drei Sitzungen vom 19. Juni 1919 und die beiden Besprechungen Groeners am 18. Juni mit dem preußischen Kriegsmi nister, Oberst Reinhardt, bzw. am 20. Juni 1919 mit Reichswehrminister Noske. * Dem Präsidenten des Bundesarchivs Koblenz, Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Booms, danke ich sehr für sein förderndes Interesse, mit dem er diese Dokumentation unterstützt hat. Herrn Archivdirektor Dr. Gerhard Granier, Bundesarchiv - Militärarchiv in Freiburg i.Br., bin ich für seine ergänzenden und wertvollen Mitteilungen zu Dank verpflichtet. 1 Udo Wengst, Graf Brockdorff-Rantzau und die außenpolitischen Anfänge der Weimarer Republik (Moderne Geschichte und Politik, Bd. 2), Frankfurt/M. 1973, S. 88. 2 Wilhelm Ziegler, Die deutsche Nationalversammlung 1919/20 und ihr Verfassungswerk, Berlin 1932, S. 76. 3 Akten der Reichskanzlei. Weimarer Republik. -
1 Through Rosa-Colored Glasses: Rosa Luxemburg As
THROUGH ROSA-COLORED GLASSES: ROSA LUXEMBURG AS A FEMINIST ICON By JANET MELISSA ROBY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Janet Melissa Roby 2 To My Parents 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis would have been unimaginable without the support of the following people. First and foremost, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my extraordinary committee members, Dr. Peter Bergmann, Dr. Alice Freifeld, and Dr. Sheryl Kroen, for the countless ways in which they have assisted me throughout my graduate studies and for never once doubting my capabilities, when facing both the normal setbacks of graduate study as well as the personal challenges of chronic illness. Dr. Bergmann and Dr. Freifeld have always encouraged me to pursue my interdisciplinary interests, on which this project is based. I am also particularly grateful for the unwavering support of Dr. Kroen, who originally suggested that I look into the work of Rosa Luxemburg. I am also grateful for the guidance and support of Dr. Stuart Finkel. Although his influence cannot be clearly felt in this particular research project, he has played an important role in my intellectual development. Last but not least, I would like to extend my thanks to my family and friends. I remain grateful to my wonderful parents for their support of all my efforts, scholarly and otherwise. I also wish to thank Toby Shorey for friendship beyond measure. Our conversations have guided my thinking and therefore this thesis in many interesting ways. -
The Soviet-German Tank Academy at Kama
The Secret School of War: The Soviet-German Tank Academy at Kama THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ian Johnson Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Jennifer Siegel, Advisor Peter Mansoor David Hoffmann Copyright by Ian Ona Johnson 2012 Abstract This paper explores the period of military cooperation between the Weimar Period German Army (the Reichswehr), and the Soviet Union. Between 1922 and 1933, four facilities were built in Russia by the two governments, where a variety of training and technological exercises were conducted. These facilities were particularly focused on advances in chemical and biological weapons, airplanes and tanks. The most influential of the four facilities was the tank testing and training grounds (Panzertruppenschule in the German) built along the Kama River, near Kazan in North- Central Russia. Led by German instructors, the school’s curriculum was based around lectures, war games, and technological testing. Soviet and German students studied and worked side by side; German officers in fact often wore the Soviet uniform while at the school, to show solidarity with their fellow officers. Among the German alumni of the school were many of the most famous practitioners of mobile warfare during the Second World War, such as Guderian, Manstein, Kleist and Model. This system of education proved highly innovative. During seven years of operation, the school produced a number of extremely important technological and tactical innovations. Among the new technologies were a new tank chassis system, superior guns, and - perhaps most importantly- a radio that could function within a tank. -
Subject Listing of Numbered Documents in M1934, OSS WASHINGTON SECRET INTELLIGENCE/SPECIAL FUNDS RECORDS, 1942-46
Subject Listing of Numbered Documents in M1934, OSS WASHINGTON SECRET INTELLIGENCE/SPECIAL FUNDS RECORDS, 1942-46 Roll # Doc # Subject Date To From 1 0000001 German Cable Company, D.A.T. 4/12/1945 State Dept.; London, American Maritime Delegation, Horta American Embassy, OSS; (Azores), (McNiece) Washington, OSS 1 0000002 Walter Husman & Fabrica de Produtos Alimonticios, "Cabega 5/29/1945 State Dept.; OSS Rio de Janeiro, American Embassy Branca of Sao Paolo 1 0000003 Contraband Currency & Smuggling of Wrist Watches at 5/17/1945 Washington, OSS Tangier, American Mission Tangier 1 0000004 Shipment & Movement of order for watches & Chronographs 3/5/1945 Pierce S.A., Switzerland Buenos Aires, American Embassy from Switzerland to Argentine & collateral sales extended to (Manufactures) & OSS (Vogt) other venues/regions (Washington) 1 0000005 Brueghel artwork painting in Stockholm 5/12/1945 Stockholm, British Legation; London, American Embassy London, American Embassy & OSS 1 0000006 Investigation of Matisse painting in possession of Andre Martin 5/17/1945 State Dept.; Paris, British London, American Embassy of Zurich Embassy, London, OSS, Washington, Treasury 1 0000007 Rubens painting, "St. Rochus," located in Stockholm 5/16/1945 State Dept.; Stockholm, British London, American Embassy Legation; London, Roberts Commission 1 0000007a Matisse painting held in Zurich by Andre Martin 5/3/1945 State Dept.; Paris, British London, American Embassy Embassy 1 0000007b Interview with Andre Martiro on Matisse painting obtained by 5/3/1945 Paris, British Embassy London, American Embassy Max Stocklin in Paris (vice Germans allegedly) 1 0000008 Account at Banco Lisboa & Acores in name of Max & 4/5/1945 State Dept.; Treasury; Lisbon, London, American Embassy (Peterson) Marguerite British Embassy 1 0000008a Funds transfer to Regerts in Oporto 3/21/1945 Neutral Trade Dept. -
Profnet Plagiatservice -Prüfbericht
PlagiatService Prüfbericht 38442 14.12.2014 1 ProfNet PlagiatService -Prüfbericht- für Dr. Ruth Möller Münster, den 14.12.2014 ProfNet Institut für Internet-Marketing ProfNet PlagiatService - Zusammenfassung PlagiatService Prüfbericht Autor Prof. Dr. Uwe Kamenz Analysetyp Indizien 38442 Titel Jander, Claus/Möller, Ruth: Ju ... Bauernopfer-Absatz 92 14.12.2014 Typ Sachbuch Bauernopfer-Halbsatz 2 2 Abgabetermin 31.12.2013 Bauernopfer-Satz 75 Hochschule Bauernopfer-Wort 200 Fachbereich Bauernopfer-Zitat 18 Studiengang Eigenplagiat 1239 Fachrichtung Geschichte Mischplagiat-eine Quelle 1 1. Gutachter Mischplagiat-mehrere Quellen 4 2. Gutachter Teilplagiat 19 Prüfdatum 14.12.2014 Zitat-Veränderung 184 Zitierungsfehler 14 Anteil Fremdtexte (netto): 38 % (42.173 von 111.412 Wörtern) Dateigröße 1.006.602 Abbildungsverzeichnis Seiten 520 Abkürzungsverzeichnis X Phrase-allgemein 13 Absätze 2.214 Anhang X Phrase-fachspezifisch 67 Sätze 7.913 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Zitat-Fremdtext-ohne Quelle 516 Wörter 121.182 Inhaltsverzeichnis X Zitat-Fremdtext-vollständig 14 Zeichen 756.052 Literaturverzeichnis X Zitat-im Text-ohne Quelle 485 Abbildungen 0 Quellenverzeichnis Zitat-im Text-vollständig 10 Tabellen 0 Stichwortverzeichnis Anteil Fremdtexte (brutto): 56 % (68.178 von 121.182 Wörtern) Fußnoten 123 Sperrvermerk Literatur 13 Symbolverzeichnis Wörter (netto) 111.412 Tabellenverzeichnis Vorwort X ProfNet Institut für Internet-Marketing Alle Ergebnisse dieses Reports werden von der Gesamtplagiatswahrscheinlichkeit Software automatisch berechnet, so dass -
Clausewitz and the First World War* I
The 2010 George C. Marshall Lecture in Military History Clausewitz and the First World War* I Hew Strachan Abstract English-language authors have blamed Clausewitz twice over for his part in the First World War. Liddell Hart attributed to him a doctrine of “absolute war,” embraced by European general staffs and emulated by the British. More recent scholars have seen the war as lacking a political rationale and so contradicting what is today the best-known of the nostrums of On War. But that was not the case before 1914, when Clausewitz’s text was interpreted in different but equally valid lights. This article analyses how On War was read by the principal belliger- ents both during the war and in its immediate aftermath. he British chief of the imperial general staff between 1941 and 1945, Alan Brooke, said of George C. Marshall that he was “a great gentleman and a great organizer,T but definitely not a strategist.”1 Brooke was not alone among British staff officers in holding that view, nor was it an opinion driven simply by differences over * This article is based on the George C. Marshall Lecture, delivered on 9 April 2010 at the Or- ganization of American Historians annual conference in Washington, D.C. The Marshall Lecture is co-sponsored by the Society for Military History and the George C. Marshall Foundation. 1. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War diaries 1939–1945, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001), 249; see also Andrew Roberts, Masters and commanders: how four titans won the war in the west, 1941–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2008), 33, 137, 427.