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University of California Santa Cruz Opacity and Sound UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ OPACITY AND SOUND CHANGE IN THE POLISH LEXICON A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Robert Nathaniel Sanders June 2003 The dissertation of Robert Nathaniel Sanders is approved: ____________________________________ Professor Jaye Padgett, Chair ____________________________________ Professor Junko Ito ____________________________________ Professor Armin Mester ____________________________________ Caro Struijke, PhD _____________________________________ Frank Talamantes Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Robert Nathaniel Sanders 2003 Table of Contents OPACITY AND SOUND CHANGE IN THE POLISH LEXICON Abstract .................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements................................................................................................. xi Transcriptions, Abbreviations, and Symbols...................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Essentials.............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Optimality Theory ........................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Summary .............................................................................................3 1.1.2 Constraints versus rewrite rules............................................................6 1.1.3 Conspiracies, universality, and violability ............................................9 1.1.4 Richness of the base........................................................................... 11 1.1.5 Lexicon optimization ......................................................................... 11 1.1.6 Monostratality.................................................................................... 16 1.2 Opacity....................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Formalization of FDM-OT ......................................................................... 18 1.3.1 Faithfulness constraints...................................................................... 18 1.3.2 Dispersion constraints ........................................................................ 21 1.3.3 Markedness constraints ...................................................................... 30 1.4 Sound change in FDM-OT.......................................................................... 32 1.4.1 The early grammar............................................................................. 32 1.4.2 Sound change..................................................................................... 33 1.4.3 Strong lexicon optimization and opacity............................................. 34 iii 1.5 The history of the Polish language.............................................................. 36 1.5.1 Polish’s genetic relationship to other languages.................................. 36 1.5.2 Proto-Slavic ....................................................................................... 38 1.5.3 The period of disintegration: pre-West Slavic..................................... 40 1.5.4 After the period of disintegration ....................................................... 41 1.5.5 Modern Polish.................................................................................... 42 Chapter 2: The Story of ·óÒ .................................................................................. 46 2.1 Opacity in Modern Polish........................................................................... 47 2.1.1 Voicing in word-final codas ............................................................... 47 2.1.2 The back vowel alternation ................................................................ 49 2.1.3 Opaque interaction............................................................................. 50 2.2 Lexical exceptions...................................................................................... 52 2.3 Experimental evidence against synchronic opacity...................................... 53 2.4 The relevance of historical change.............................................................. 57 2.4.1 Step 1: Lechitic vowel lengthening .................................................... 58 2.4.2 Step 2a: Old Polish word-final obstruent devoicing............................ 63 2.4.3 Step 2b: Old Polish long mid vowel raising........................................ 63 2.4.4 Step 3: Middle Polish vowel shortening ............................................. 64 2.4.5 Step 4: Modern Polish higher mid vowel raising ................................ 65 2.5 FDM-OT analysis of the back vowel alternation......................................... 66 2.5.1 Step 1: Lechitic vowel lengthening .................................................... 66 2.5.2 Step 2a: Old Polish word-final obstruent devoicing............................ 70 2.5.3 Step 2b: Old Polish mid vowel raising................................................ 75 2.5.4 Step 3: Middle Polish vowel shortening ............................................. 80 iv 2.5.5 Step 4: Modern Polish higher mid vowel raising ................................ 83 2.6 Comparison with Contrast Preservation Theory .......................................... 85 2.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 3: The Evolution of the Nasal Vowels ................................................... 92 3.1 Opacity in Modern Polish ........................................................................... 93 3.2 Lexical exceptions...................................................................................... 96 3.2.1 Non-alternating orthographic ·VNÒ sequences.................................... 96 3.2.2 Non-alternating ·∏Ò and ·àÒ ................................................................. 97 3.3 The relevance of historical change.............................................................. 98 3.3.1 Step 1a: Lechitic vowel lengthening................................................... 98 3.3.2 Step 1b: Lechitic loss of nasal vowel color....................................... 100 3.3.3 Step 2: Old Polish word-final obstruent devoicing............................ 101 3.3.4 Step 3: Middle Polish colorization of nasal vowels........................... 101 3.3.5 Later developments of the nasal vowels ........................................... 103 3.4 FDM-OT analysis of the nasal vowel alternation ...................................... 105 3.4.1 Step 1a: Lechitic vowel lengthening................................................. 105 3.4.2 Step 1b: Lechitic loss of nasal vowel color....................................... 107 3.4.3 Step 2: Old Polish word-final obstruent devoicing............................ 115 3.4.4 Step 3: Middle Polish colorization of nasal vowels........................... 118 3.5 Comparison with standard OT .................................................................. 126 3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 129 Chapter 4: Palatal Mutation as Allomorph Selection ....................................... 130 4.1 Palatal mutations in modern Polish ........................................................... 132 v 4.1.1 Palatal mutation of labials................................................................ 133 4.1.2 Palatal mutation of coronals ............................................................. 134 4.1.3 Palatal mutation of velars................................................................. 135 4.1.4 Summary ......................................................................................... 136 4.2 Morphology in FDM-OT .......................................................................... 139 4.3 FDM-OT analysis of the palatal mutations of labials ................................ 142 4.3.1 The general grammar ....................................................................... 143 4.3.2 The lexicon ...................................................................................... 145 4.3.3 Palatal mutation in the locative singular ........................................... 146 4.4 FDM-OT analysis of the palatal mutations of coronals.............................. 151 4.4.1 The general grammar ....................................................................... 151 4.4.2 The lexicon ...................................................................................... 153 4.4.3 Palatal mutation in the locative singular ........................................... 158 4.4.4 Asymmetry in coalescence............................................................... 164 4.5 FDM-OT analysis of the palatal mutation of velars................................... 165 4.5.1 The general grammar ....................................................................... 166 4.5.2 The lexicon ...................................................................................... 166 4.5.3 Palatal mutation in the locative singular ........................................... 168 4.6 Comparison across the three groups.......................................................... 171 4.6.1 Comparison of labials and coronals.................................................. 171 4.6.2 Comparison of labials and velars.....................................................
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