MAHARASHTRAVOL. 1 | ISSUE NO.AHEAD 10 | FEBRUARY 2012 | `50 | PAGES 60

Expanding Horizons Down The Memory Lane

PIGEON POST SPEED POST GEARING UP FOR THE FUTURE

History of , the seven island city dates back to AD 150. In the due course of time it has witnessed regimes of Satvahans, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Mauryas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Shilahars and Mughals. In 1534 the seven islands came under the Portuguese rule. In 1662 these islands were gifted as dowry to the British King Charles II when he got married to Portuguese princess . Mumbai got its glorious status when British East Company shifted its base from to Mumbai. Since then the city has grown socially, politically and culturally carving out its own niche in the history of modern India. Mumbai, the capital of , is a multi-faceted, multi-layered, multi-lingual DQGPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOFLW\,WLVWKH¿QDQFLDOFRPPHUFLDOLQGXVWULDODQGFHOOXORLG capital of India. Foreign investors tend to look at India through the prism of Mumbai. Some come here for livelihood, some for better opportunities and some others for better life-style. The elite, the rich, the middle class and the poor all coexist here and contribute in their might that lends it yet another phenomenon, a metropolis of extremes. The city provides shelter to all and relentlessly absorbs the exodus of population making it an amazing conglomerate of ideas and strengths. The ever-increasing population with unexpected speed has taken toll on the physical infrastructure. Timely measures have been taken to improve physical infrastructure. 7KH5DMLY*DQGKL6HD/LQNÀ\RYHUVDQGVHYHUDOVN\ZDONVFRQVWUXFWHGLQODVWFRXSOHRI years bear the testimony to evolution of Mumbai over the decades keeping it in tune with the time. The State Government is doing its best to improve the infrastructure and prepare the city for future. The fast-track corridors of Mumbai-Pune and Mumbai- have linked the metro to the fast-developing neighbouring cities. The mono rail and metro rail are the next to come up in support. Revamp of old-age drainage and GULQNLQJZDWHUSLSHOLQHVLVLQWKHRI¿QJZLWKWKHDLGIURPWKH&HQWUDO*RYHUQPHQW under the BRIMSTOWAD Scheme. The ambitious project of the Golden Quadrilateral connecting Mumbai to Delhi, Chennai and Kolkata will serve as the arterial network across the country. ‘The Show Must Go On’, is the theme of Mumbaikar’s life. Be it a natural calamity or disaster, come what may; the Mumbaikar’s have kept the ball rolling. The zeal and zest, fervour and glamour have kept the spirit of Mumbai alive. In its journey towards a futuristic city, growth of infrastructure should not only be the focal point, human element need to be emphasized. This issue of ‘Maharashtra Ahead’ presents different facets of Mumbai and VHHNV DGYLFHV DQG VXJJHVWLRQV IURP WKH H[SHUWV LQ WKHLU ¿HOGV VR WKDW 0XPEDL FDQ continue in the spirit and the style of its own. We also intend to explore new measures to overcome the problems it is facing presently. We are thankful to Chandrashekhar Prabhu, P.K.Das, Vidhyadhar Date, Mahesh Vijapurkar, Dilip Chaware, Adv. Rajan Jaykar and others for their valuable contribution in the issue. This issue will be incomplete without the feedback of our readers. Therefore we welcome your reactions.

Pramod T. Nalawade Editor-in-Chief, ‘Maharashtra Ahead’, DGIPR

February 2012 3 MAHARASHTRA AHEAD VOL.1 ISSUE NO.10 FEBRUARY 2012 `50 Contents

Editor-in-Chief Pramod T. Nalawade

Managing Editor Pralhad Jadhav

Team Maharashtra Ahead Dr. Sambhaji Kharat <ŝƌƟWĂŶĚĞ <ƌŝƟ>ĂůůĂ ^ĂůĞƐĂŶĚŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ Digamber Palve sŝůĂƐŽĚŬĞ

Produced by EĂǀďŚĂƌĂƚWƌĞƐƐ>ƚĚ͘ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌKƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͗͘͘^ŚĂƌŵĂ Project Management Team 8 '͘D͘KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͗͘^ŚƌŝŶŝǀĂƐ Oh Mumbai! My Mumbai ͘'͘D͘DĂŶĂŐĞƌ͗Dalvinder Singh LJ͘DĂŶĂŐĞƌ͗ƐŚŽŬ^ŚŝƌŬĞ 12 8 ĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌ͗^ƵĚŚŝƌƌĂŚŵĞ The True Friends of Mumbai

Prepress ^ƌ͘WƌĞƉƌĞƐƐDĂŶĂŐĞƌ͗Sachin Phulpagar 15 Truly Cosmopolitan Art ƌƚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͗DĂŚĞƐŚ:ĂĚŚĂǀ ŽǀĞƌĞƐŝŐŶ͗sŝǀĞŬDĞŚĞƚƌĞ 19 Aesthetics of Mumbai DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂŚĞĂĚŝƐƉƌŝŶƚĞĚŽŶďĞŚĂůĨŽĨƚŚĞ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ'ĞŶĞƌĂůŽĨ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚWƵďůŝĐ ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨDĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͕Ăƚ 23 The Way Ahead EĂǀďŚĂƌĂƚWƌĞƐƐ>ƚĚ

EĂǀďŚĂƌĂƚŚĂǀĂŶ͕ 19 WůŽƚŶŽ͘ϭϯ͕^ĞĐƚŽƌϴ͕ 28 For Better Tomorrow ^ĂŶƉĂĚĂ;ĂƐƚͿ͕ 400 706. WƵďůŝƐŚĞĚďLJWƌĂŵŽĚd͘EĂůĂǁĂĚĞĂƚDĂŶƚƌĂůĂLJĂ͕ 31 Retain and Rebuild Mumbai-400032

>ĞƩĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚƚŽ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ'ĞŶĞƌĂůŽĨ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚWƵďůŝĐ 35 Housing for All ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕EĞǁĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ϭϳƚŚ&ůŽŽƌ͕ KƉƉŽƐŝƚĞDĂŶƚƌĂůĂLJĂ͕DƵŵďĂŝͲϰϬϬϬϯϮ͘ ŵĂŝů͗ŵĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂĂŚĞĂĚ͘ĚŐŝƉƌΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ 40 Most Favoured Hub For WůĞĂƐĞǀŝƐŝƚƚŚĞǁĞďƐŝƚĞ 23 ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚŐŝƉƌ͘ŵĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͘ŐŽǀ͘ŝŶ Services Sector

44 New Priorities of City Transport

51 Key to Gen X Mumbai

ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ'ĞŶĞƌĂůŽĨ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚWƵďůŝĐZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ 7 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨDĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ 55 5HGH¿QLQJ0XPEDL¶V Cultural Parameters 35

Pls note: The views expressed by the writers are their own. In articles as a part of history the name Mumbai has been mentioned as Bombay MUM B

Maharashtra Ahead A I My Mumbai Vision I am confident, Mumbai will transform into a World-class City in near future. This City has played instrumental role in shaping personality of millions of people. Our vision, is to transform Mumbai into a world cl ass metro with higher economic growth rate and globally comparable quality of life to its citizens. Economic activity is the lifeline of any world class city and we will try to make Mumbai a hub for high-end services, says the Chief Minister, Prithviraj Chavan

WKH FLW\ EH LW XQSUHFHGHQWHG ÀRRGV to consider giving status of National Tag terrorist attack, bomb blasts and what to 5 major projects namely; Mumbai not. I think the same pace and spirit Trans-harbour Link, will be the backbone of tomorrows’ underground Metro, , Navi Mumbai. Mumbai Airport, -Alibaug Multi- When I was entrusted with Modal Corridor. We are determined to the responsibility of heading the complete all of them one by one. Maharashtra, the most progressive My priority is also for comprehensive State in the country, I realized that development of . We have the time has come to do something recently taken few decisions which concrete, sustainable, and world- allow ideal development of Dharavi FODVV IRU WKLV ¿QDQFLDO FDSLWDO RI region. India. Mumbai, being commercial In order to boost housing industry capital, plays an important role in the and to safeguard the interests of economic development of the country. common buyer we are trying to remove Hence it requires special attention some bottlenecks in the system. I am and conscious efforts to improve its trying to work out a system with new was not born in Mumbai, neither infrastructural facilities in a planned development control rules where the had I educated in any of the manner to transform this city into a discretion of the individual authorities Iinstitution here. On graduating, world class metropolis. will be much less. Builders will have I managed to get into BITS Pilani I have been concentrating on clea- to pay a premium for concessions. and later got a scholarship to study ning up corruption in administration Therefore, the premium they were in Germany and then in the US. The and keeping Maharashtra attractive paying under the table will now come reason behind why I am telling this to investors. There are challenges WRWKH6WDWH7KH6WDWHZLOOEHQH¿WDQG because while building my career, of transportation, housing, public people can get concessions as a right though I never got an opportunity to amenities, water supply etc. The and in a transparent manner. have direct contact with Mumbai, I had Government has decided to give The State Government has recently always attraction to the vibrancy and emphasis on complete transformation taken a major decision to enhance resilience of this fascinating city. of the city, which includes housing, affordable housing stock in the State, This City has played instrumental physical infrastructure, social including urban conglomerates like role in shaping personality of millions LQIUDVWUXFWXUH JRYHUQDQFH ¿QDQFLQJ Mumbai, and Pune. These of people and hence I always have and economic growth. decisions would make affordable special place for this City in my heart. Our vision, as all of you are aware housing a reality and better amenities The unique thing about Mumbai is the of, states that transform Mumbai into a for slum-dwellers across the State, unmatched pace and the spirit of the world class metro with higher economic especially in Mumbai. city which keeps people to go on and on! growth rate and globally comparable We have made it mandatory for all Mumbaikar has faced every challenge quality of life to its citizens. Last year builders and developers to reserve 20 ZLWKWKH¿JKWLQJVSLULWDQGSKHQRPHQDO when Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan percent of any property above 2,000 toughness that he has gathered in Singh visited Mumbai, I requested him square metres for housing the poor. It

February 2012 5 Maharashtra Ahead

is a revolutionary decision which would Mumbai particularly provides inputs Rs.4825-crore budget for the current EHQH¿WWKHSRRU7KHVHSURSHUWLHV for economic growth that will help year presented by MMRDA. The budget would be purchased by MHADA, the Mumbai become a Global City. In this affords Rs.1460-crore boost to road State’s apex housing stock creator, at context, proposed second Airport in network, Rs. 870-crore for the Mono the construction cost and allotted to Navi-Mumbai will be of great help. Rail Project, Rs.338-crore for Metro poor and needy people through its Also the metro and monorail and the 5DLO3URMHFWDQG5VFURUH¿OOLS regular lottery systems for which the Trans-harbour link that will connect to development of water resources in necessary development control rules the hinterland are underway. In my metropolitan region. would be amended. opinion coastal ring road which will :HDUHDOVRFRQ¿GHQWWKDW0XPEDL We have also given relief to slum- connect to Kandivli will get maximum assistance from the dwellers. People living in the slums by reclaiming land can also be the Urban National Renewal Fund. While regularized till 1995 would now be solution. We are serious about doing it giving emphasis to various development eligible for all facilities, including after studying feasibility report abiding activities, our Government will ensure redevelopment, however, this would by all clearances. that it should have human face. EH VXEMHFW WR WKH ¿QDO GHFLVLRQ RQ With the Mono Rail being Economic activity is the lifeline the proposed amendment to the successfully tested and construction of any world class city and we will try development control regulations, which of most of the stations at an advance to make Mumbai a hub for high-end would be necessary for the purpose. VWDJH WKLV ¿QDQFLDO VSXU VKRXOG UDLVH services like Health-Care, Media, We are also developing Mumbai- Mumbaikar’s hope. The Finance, Information Technology and Nashik- Pune as a golden triangle. This Rail and the Mumbai Mono Rail projects IT-Enabled Services, Entertainment belt will attract high-tech industry. have always been on the top priority etc. We will implement IT and ITES Delhi-Mumbai freight corridor will list for the MMRDA. The Authority has policies designed to make Mumbai more also bring big opportunities for setting spared Rs.338 crores of which Rs.100 attractive to companies in the sector. up new units. crores are allocated for the completion With all these efforts and initiatives The Vision of Mumbai, however, of Versova-- Metro taken by our Government, I am QHHGQRWEHFRQ¿QHGWRMXULVGLFWLRQ corridor, Rs.138 crores for the - FRQ¿GHQW0XPEDLZLOOWUDQVIRUPLQWR for Municipal Corporation of Greater Bandra- Metro corridor and a World-class City in near future. Mumbai as it has transcended Rs.100 crores for the Colaba-BKC- In achieving this dream, I appeal municipal boundaries to include SEEPZ Metro corridor. The Detailed for positive support from citizens of areas like Navi Mumbai, Thane, Mira- Project Report for the corridor is Mumbai, social activists and media in Bhayander, -Virar etc. Navi- ready. Recently we have approved transformation of this City.

6 February 2012 MUM B

A I Making Mumbai a World Class City Mumbai, the city of hope, is one of the pre-eminent metropolis in the world Mumbai’s economic change is breathtaking. Financial sector is making this city a hub of financial activities. The natural beauty of this city is a point of attraction for the foreign tourists. It is important to provide them high standard of service, we are delivering that, says the Deputy Chief Minister, Ajit Pawar

became the most-preferred destination help of Central Government. for foreign investors. Several multi- Growth of any city takes place when nationals have set up their corporate the law and order is under control. RI¿FHV LQ 0XPEDL 7KH ¿QDQFLDO After the 26/11, we have given utmost capital of India, now emerging as an importance to the security of the LQWHUQDWLRQDO ¿QDQFLDO FHQWUH 7KH tourists and the residents. We have city of hope, is one of the pre-eminent strengthened our security by adopting metropolis in the world. some high end security measures. To keep Mumbai at par with the other Mumbai’s economic change is world class cities, our Government has breathtaking. Financial sector is taken lots of initiatives. We want this PDNLQJWKLVFLW\DKXERI¿QDQFLDO city to make worldwide impression in activities. The natural beauty of this every aspect. We are trying our best city is a point of attraction for the to improve the infrastructure of this city. Sea Link, Metro Rail project, Mono Rail Project, Dharavi Redevelopment Project, MUTP, uring British era, Mumbai, MUIDP, BRIMSTOWAD, New Airport then Bombay was the centre at Navi Mumbai, various projects under Dof various social, economic, JNNURM, SRA are some of them educational, reform activities. Gothic which I would like to mention. style British buildings were surrounded MCGM, MMRDA, MSRDC, MTSU by densely populated Indian chawls. intend to makeover Mumbai city. Bullock-carts, bicycles were the We are not only trying to change the preferred mode of transport. Broad face of this city, but also trying to DQGHPSW\URDGVKDGUDUHO\VHHQWUDI¿F improve the standard of living of the congestions. Trams and locals were not citizens. Water supply, transportation, overburdened. After the Independence, health, education are some key the city became the centre of attraction areas where there is a chance of foreign tourists. It is important to for may reasons. Every Maharashtrian LPSURYHPHQW %HDXWL¿FDWLRQ RI provide them high standard of service, is proud of this colourful city. Mumbai has already begun. we are delivering that. After the historic strike of textile Now we are looking forward for the , DP FRQ¿GHQW WKDW 0XPEDLNDUV workers in 80`s, paradigm shift total transformation of this metropolis will feel proud of themselves once all took place. Service sector gradually into a world class city very soon. Every these dream projects get completed. increased its share in employment stake holder of this city is witnessing We are committed for the betterment generation. Globalization rapidly this transformation. We are committed of Mumbai, I assure all citizens that we changed the face of this city and it to bring this transformation with the will abide by the commitment.

February 2012 7 Maharashtra Ahead Oh Mumbai! My Mumbai Glitter & Glamour v/s Grace & Glory Mumbai had its own court-of-Arms and also a human figure in the form of statue of Urbs Prima on the pediment of the Municipal Head Office facing Victoria Terminus. By the 18th Century, Bombay had become a cosmopolitan city where people from all parts of British India as well as from native states, had come with a dream of prosperity.

he earliest mention of the town was under the rule of Satavahanas. It of Silahara was defeated in or about and island of Bombay appears appears that thereafter north Konkan 1200 A.D. by Mahadev, King of Devgiri, Tto have been made by Ptolemy was ruled by Kalachuris and by the 6th who invaded Konkan. In 1294 Alla-ud- (A.D.150), who called islands of Century Maurya dynasty. In late 6th din Khilji invaded Devgiri, and Ramdev, Bombay and Salsette under the name century, the King from the King of Devgiri hurriedly collected of "Heptanesia" or the seven islands i.e. invaded north Konkan and defeated the his army to oppose the advance of Alla- Colaba, Old Woman’s Island, Girgaum Mauryas. In the 9th Century, Silaharas ud-din but he and his son Shankar Island, , Mazagon, and took over north Konkan and ruled till were defeated and Ramdev agreed At that time north Konkan about 1200. Someshwar, the last King to pay annual tribute to Emperor of

8 February 2012 MUM B

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Delhi and bought peace. Second son of Ramdev, Bimbadev became the King of North Konkan and came to Mahikavati (Mahim-Bombay) and established his capital. King Bhim also established a Court of Justice called Nyaygaon, presently called . King Bhim died in 1303 and his son Pratapshah ruled Bombay till about 1331 and his brother- in-law Nagardev ruled till 1347, when the islands were ceded to the Moslem rulers of Gujarat. Nothing of any importance happened during the Moslem rule. The Bombay Islands were ceded to the Portuguese in about 1537. They also levied unreasonably high taxes and made Pathare Prabhu Tax Collectors. Neither the Muslim rulers nor the Portuguese rulers realised the importance of Bombay as a Port. foreign powers or local enemies of citizens of Bombay. The had three Gerald Angier, the second governor the British such as , Angres and gates viz. Apollo Gate (near present RI(DVW,QGLD&RPSDQ\LVWKH¿UVWSHUVRQ could set their foot on Bombay day Lion Gate); (near Flora who realized the potential of Bombay Island. Fountain); Bazar Gate (at the Northern Island as a safe harbour. By that time the Taking cue from Gerald Aungier, end of Bazar gate street opposite to Portuguese had handed over Bombay the subsequent Governors of East G.P.O.). to the British as dowry in marriage of India Company developed the Port As the took British King Charles II with Catherine into the best port on the east of Cape control of important Presidencies of Braganza, sister of Portuguese King of Good Hope. Realizing the safety and of India, it became necessary for Alphonso VI. The British Government opportunity to do business, the business TXLFN DQG HI¿FLHQW WUDQVSRUW LQ had given the Bombay Islands to the FRPPXQLW\VWDUWHGÀRFNLQJWR%RPED\ %ULWLVK ,QGLD  ,Q  WKH ¿UVW 7UDLQ East India Company on perpetual lease particularly from Gujarat and with ran between Bombay to Thana. The for yearly rent of £10. the advent of Parsees, Bombay started Boribunder Station from which the In his short span (1669 -1675) becoming a prosperous city. Train started, was located just outside as Governor Angier put into action, The main Fort of Bombay was the Bazar Gate. The local transport improvement schemes such as constructed mainly for the protection which consisted of Animal drawn IRUWL¿FDWLRQ RQ WKH PDLQ %RPED\ RI WKH %ULWLVK SRSXODWLRQ DQG DIÀXHQW vehicles and Palanquins, was Island, reclamation of land from the sea so that the seven islands could become one island, construction of forts at strategic points, to repulse any attack on the Bombay Island such as , , Rewa Fort, Sion Fort and Fort. Apart from that he decided to construct the main Fort of Bombay. He invited artisans as well as business adventurers to come to Bombay and set up their business for the overall development of the island city. The integration of the seven islands by reclamation got completed in 1820’s. The main Fort of Bombay along with the water moat was completed in 1720's. The other minor Forts were also FRPSOHWHG E\   7KH IRUWL¿FDWLRQ resulted in ensuring that none of the

February 2012 9 Maharashtra Ahead

inadequate for the growing metropolis which resulted in introduction of Horse- drawn trams on the streets of Bombay since 1875. The East India Co. was dissolved in 1858 and Bombay came under direct administration of the British Government. Sir Bartle Frere became Governor of Bombay in 1863. The main Fort of Bombay which had become congested, was demolished and on its place Frere decided to construct public buildings such as Old Secretariat, presently City Civil and Session Court, Bombay University's Rajabai Tower named after Bai Rajabai mother of Premchand Roychand who funded construction of the building, University Convocation Hall (constructed out of the donation by Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney), the , the Public Works %XLOGLQJ WKH 3RVW  7HOHJUDSK 2I¿FH , Library, Army & Navy Building, Esplanade Mansion Watson’s Hotel, Cathedral and John Connon High School (presently Oriental Bldg), The Chartered Bank of India, building, the Improvement Trust Building, the Alexandria Girls High School and the whole row of Victorian Gothic buildings on either side of Hornby Road (presently known as D.N.Road) were constructed as part of development of the Victorian Bombay. Even lands which were outside the Fort known as Esplanade were also utilized for constructing buildings such as the Victoria Terminus, the Municipal +HDG2I¿FHWKH7LPHVRI,QGLD%XLOGLQJ the Anjuman High School, J.J. 6FKRRORI$UWV&UDZIRUG0DUNHW2I¿FH of the Police Commissioner, Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital, St.Xavier’s High School, Elphinstone High School, St.Xavier’s College, Cama & Albless Hospital, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate's Court and WKH+HDG2I¿FHRIWKH%RPED\%DURGD and Central Indian Railway (present day :HVWHUQ5DLOZD\2I¿FHDW&KXUFKJDWH  and because of this transformation of Bombay in 19th century, Bombay was given the title of “Urbs Prima in Indis". (which is the slogan of Bombay Municipal Corporation).

10 February 2012 MUM B

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Bombay had its own court-of-Arms DQGDOVRDKXPDQ¿JXUHLQWKHIRUPRI statue of Urbs Prima on the pediment RI WKH 0XQLFLSDO +HDG 2I¿FH IDFLQJ Victoria Terminus. By the 18th Century, Bombay had become a cosmopolitan city where people from all parts of British India as well as from native states, had come with a dream of prosperity. Many Kings and Princess of the Native States had palaces on or around and initially the East India Company and thereafter even the British Government encouraged people from business communities to come and permanently reside in Bombay. Bombay has always been a completely different city on the model of London because Bombay was the ¿UVW FLW\ RZQHG E\ WKH %ULWLVK ZKHUH they could pass laws and develop the city without having to seek permission of any local ruler For faster communication, East India Co. introduced postal services DQG DOVR LVVXHG ¿UVW DGKHVLYH VWDPSV in 1852. This resulted in commercial activity multiplying at an enormous rate. At the turn of 19 century, certain new inventions such as Telephone and Electricity gave a tremendous boost to the development and convenience of %RPED\UHVLGHQWV%\WKH¿UVWGHFDGH of the 21st century, Electricity had already replaced gas and oil appliances. The Horse drawn tamp replaced by dispute resolution was very fast. residential quarters, particularly since Electric trams. Electric appliances The two instances in the 1940 shook number of residential buildings were such as light bulbs, fans, washing the Bombay citizens like never before. erected at after Backbay. Reclamation machine, elevators, radio etc. followed In 1944 there were two explosions and construction of Art Deco buildings immediately. Although Bombay was not in the Bombay Dock because of the along the western sea front, such as a capital of British India, it was already blowing up of S.S. Fortstikine which Marine Drive and across Oval as part of ¿QDQFLDOFDSLWDORI,QGLD%LJLQGXVWULHV was carrying a cargo of cotton, and Churchgate reclamation. mills and shipping gave Bombay unique oil. The explosion resulted in death The World War II ended in position in South-East Asia. RI VXEVWDQWLDO QXPEHU RI ¿UH EULJDGH 1945, two years later India achieved With the increasing population men as well as workers in the dock and Independence. People started coming the crime in Bombay also required initially the Bombay residents thought back to Bombay after the British effective policing particularly during that there was an attack by the Japanese handed over Bombay in pristine the communal riots which used to take planes on Bombay, since World War II condition to Indian Administrator. The place frequently. The Police ensured was in progress and the Japanese army home coming got transformed into the that effective measures were taken and had reached, it was thought that the SRSXODWLRQ LQÀX[ LQ ODVW VL[ GHFDGHV the disturbances were curbed within next target would be Bombay. Today Mumbai, the metropolis has the shortest time so that peaceful During the World War II people, become the most-populated city with atmosphere and normalcy returned who came to Bombay from their native the glitter and glamour but has lost the at the earliest. The Law Courts were states for better prospects, started grace and glory of the most visited city considered to be the best in British going back to their native place. This by the foreign tourists. India with best Judges and Lawyers, the resulted in substantial vacancies of - Adv. Rajan Jayakar

February 2012 11 Maharashtra Ahead The True Friends of Mumbai Philanthropic entrepreneurs have rendered yeomen service to the city. Most of the philanthropic activities and support to arts, education, culture and various social causes came from Mumbai’s traders and richer businessmen. Without knowing the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility.

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12 February 2012 MUM B

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David Sassoon Library

February 2012 13 Maharashtra Ahead

Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum ,

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14 February 2012 MUM B

A I Truly Cosmopolitan Mumbai is identified as the most cosmopolitan city in India. The cosmopolitan nature of the city is seen in the acceptance of all communities, cultures and religions by the people of Mumbai. No person, business house or community is considered alien by an average Mumbaikar.

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February 2012 15 Maharashtra Ahead

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16 February 2012 MUM B

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February 2012 17 Maharashtra Ahead

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18 February 2012 MUM B

A I Aesthetics of Mumbai The neo Gothic monuments in may get World Heritage status. The architectural monuments of the British time such as the iconic , have lent aesthetic values to Mumbai. So are the natural sites like the and the National Park. The new additions to these are the Rajiv Gandhi Worli Sea-link, the etc.

he architectural monuments Minister Prithviraj Chavan. The State helping these projects especially in of the British time such as the Government has also decided to set WKH ¿HOG RI KHULWDJH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG Ticonic Gateway of India, have up a separate heritage cell to conserve its promotion. However coordination lent aesthetic values to Mumbai. So and preserve the heritage structures between the concerned agencies for are the natural sites like the marine- across the State so that restoration and developing infrastructure and services, lines and the national park. The new renovation of heritage structures should removal of encroachment, safety and additions to these are the Bandra-Worli be carried out with proper consultation security, Road Signage's with emphasis Sea-link, the Nehru Science Centre etc. DQG D FRPSUHKHQVLYH DQG VFLHQWL¿F on monuments is the key factor. They have been attracting tourists from study needs to be done. Gateway of India, located on the different states and countries. The National Culture Fund which waterfront in South Mumbai it is a The neo Gothic monuments and art was founded in 1996 to encourage arch 26 metres (85 feet) high. It deco buildings in south Mumbai may public-private participation and to ZDV D FUXGH MHWW\ XVHG E\ ¿VKHU IRONV soon be listed as a World Heritage Site. augment Government efforts can be and was later renovated and used as a Thanks to the initiative taken by Chief a good platform for those keen on landing place for British governors and

February 2012 19 Maharashtra Ahead

other distinguished personages. It was lakhs, a princely sum in those days. This built to commemorate the visit of King entire cost was defrayed by Premchand George V and Queen Mary to Bombay, Roychand, a prosperous broker who prior to the Delhi Durbar, in December founded the 1911. Its design is a combination of and has been named after his mother both Hindu and Muslim architectural Rajabai. style, the arch is in Muslim style while Brihanmumbai Mahanagar the decorations are in Hindu style. The Palika or BMC building houses the last British troops to leave India, the civic body that governs the city of First Battalion of the Somerset Light Mumbai is located opposite the CST. Infantry, passed through the Gateway The Mumbai Municipal Corporation in a ceremony on 28 February 1948. was established in 1872, providing a The Victoria Terminus of the Great modern framework of governance for Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the rapidly-growing city. The Mumbai WKH ¿QHVW VWDWLRQV LQ WKH ZRUOG ZDV Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for FRPSOHWHGLQ0D\7KH¿UVWHOHFWULF the development and administration of locomotives in India were put into the port. service from Victoria Terminus to The building was completed in 1893 in 1925. On 15 October 1932 industrialist using Gothic design. The building is and aviator J.R.D. Tata pioneered civil of the Guptas, Mauryas, Chalukyas and known for its 255 ft tall tower. The DYLDWLRQ LQ %RPED\ E\ À\LQJ D SODQH Rashtrakuta. The museum building chief architectural feature is the central from to Bombay. The climatic is a Grade I Heritage Building of the dome that rises to a height of 71.5 m. Quit India rebellion was promulgated FLW\ DQG ZDV DZDUGHG WKH ¿UVW SUL]H The gable has a huge winged allegorical on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a (Urban Heritage Award) by the Bombay ¿JXUH UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH 8UEV 3ULPD LQ public meeting at . Chapter of Indian Heritage Society for ,QGLV WKH¿UVWFLW\RI,QGLDDVLWZDVWR The Central Library has over heritage building maintenance, in 1990. be known then. a hundred thousand books out of The is a Girgaum Chowpatty is a beach ZKLFKDUHFODVVL¿HGDVUDUHDQG FORFN WRZHU ORFDWHG LQ WKH FRQ¿QHV RI adjoining Marine Drive in the Girgaum valuable. It also has priceless artifacts the Fort campus of the University of and over 3,000 ancient manuscripts in Mumbai. The was Persian, and Prakrit, mostly WKH ¿UVW PRGHUQ LQVWLWXWLRQ RI KLJKHU on paper but some on palm leaf. The education to be established in India in numismatic collection of 11,829 coins 1857. The tower stands at a height of 85 includes a gold coin of Kumaragupta I, m (280 ft). It was designed by Sir George a rare gold mohur of Akbar and coins Gilbert Scott, an English architect issued by Shivaji. Its map collection who modeled it on Big Ben, the clock comprises 1300 maps. Today it is tower of the UK houses of Parliament funded by an annual grant from the in London. The foundation stone was Central . laid on March 1, 1869 and construction Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was completed in November 1878. The Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of total cost of construction came to Rs. 2 area. The beach is famous for Ganesh Wales Museum) is the main museum Chaturthi celebrations when hundreds in Mumbai and located near the Gateway of people from all over Mumbai come of India. It was founded in the early to immerse the idols of Lord Ganapati years of the 20th century by prominent in the . It is also one of citizens of Bombay, with the help of the many places in the city where the the government, to commemorate Ramlila is performed on a stage every the visit of the then Prince of Wales. year. The museum houses approximately The Queen's Necklace as it looks 50,000 exhibits of ancient Indian like in the night when the street light is history as well as objects from foreign on. Streched from the to lands, categorized primarily into three the Babulnath, the skyline of Mumbai, sections: Art, Archaeology and Natural Marine Drive is the popular spot for History. The museum houses Indus watching sunsets and it looks even more Valley Civilization artefacts, and other gorgeous after the sunset. relics from ancient India from the time Mani Bhavan is the house wherein

20 February 2012 MUM B

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Mahatma Gandhi lived during his stay a reliable and redundant power supply, in Mumbai in the tumultuous times of backed up by diesel generators and auto the Indian Freedom Movement. It was mains failure panels for critical loads. a painstaking rendition of Gandhi's life also ZLWK WKH ¿QDO ER[ VKRZLQJ KLV IXQHUDO known as the Baan Ganga Temple, is pyre with all the mourners standing a temple dedicated to god, round. located in Malabar Hill. It is a The Bhau Daji Lad Museum rectangular pool structure surrounded (formerly Victoria and Albert Museum), by steps on all four sides. The tank, as originally established as a treasure well as the main house of the decorative and industrial and the Parshuram Temple belong arts, the museum houses rare miniature to the Goud Saraswat Temple Trust, paintings, antique wood objects, silver which once owned most of the property artifacts and clay models, and is a in the complex. The tank is spring fed treasure trove of the cultural history of and so its water remains sweet, despite different parts of India. The museum being located only a few dozen meters has undergone a painstaking process of away from the sea. Apart from being a restoration over the last couple of years started with the 'Light and Sight' cultural hub, the place over the years under the Indian National Trust for Art exhibition in 1977 and then a Science has provided inspiration to many and Cultural Heritage (INTACH). The Park was built in 1979. It was opened DUWLVWVEHLWRQ¿OPRURQFDQYDV Museum has since won the UNESCO to public on November 11, 1985 by late Mumba Temple is an old award for restoration. Rajiv Gandhi at that time the Prime dedicated to the goddess or Mahatma Minister of India. Nehru Science Centre 0XPEŅ WKH ORFDO LQFDUQDWLRQ RI WKH has a sprawling 8 acres (32,000 m2) of 'HYL 0RWKHU *RGGHVV  7KH ¿UVW Science Park with varieties of plants, Mumbadevi temple was situated at trees and shrubs. More than 50 hands- , and is believed to have on and interactive science exhibits on been destroyed between 1739 and 1770. energy,sound, kinematics, mechanics, After the destruction a new temple was transport, etc. are installed in the erected at . The goddess science park. Mumba was patron of the agri (salt The Bandra-Worli Sea Link FROOHFWRUV  DQG NROLV ¿VKHUIRON  WKH (Rajiv Gandhi) also known as the Rajiv original inhabitants of the seven islands Gandhi Sea Link is a cable-stayed of Bombay. Located in Bhuleshwar area bridge with pre-stressed concrete-steel in South Mumbai, the temple is in the viaducts on either side, that links Bandra heart of the steel and clothing markets. Jotiba Phule Market is one of South and the of Mumbai Mahalaxmi Temple is one of Mumbai's most famous markets. It is with Worli. The 16 billion (US$352 the most famous of Mumbai QDPHGDIWHU$UWKXU&UDZIRUGWKH¿UVW million) bridge was commissioned situated on Bhulabhai Desai Road. It is Municipal Commissioner of the city. by the Maharashtra State Road dedicated to Mahalakshmi the central The market is situated opposite the Development Corporation (MSRDC), it deity of Devi Mahatmyam. There are headquarters, just north reduces travel time between Bandra and three idols of , Mahalakshmi, of CST railway station. The market Worli from 15-25 minutes during peak and Mahasaraswthi. The temple was houses a wholesale fruit, vegetable and hours to seven minutes. The bridge has built in 1831 by Dhakji Dadaji (1760- poultry market. One end of the market 1846), a Hindu merchant. is a pet store. Different varieties of dogs, The , constructed cats, and birds can be found in this area. in 1431 is a mosque and dargah (tomb) The building, completed in 1869, was located in the Worli Bay. An exquisite donated to the city by Cowasji Jehangir. example of Indian Islamic architecture, ,Q  WKH EXLOGLQJ ZDV WKH ¿UVW LQ associated with legends about doomed India to be lit up by electricity. It has lovers, the dargah contains the tomb a 15 m high skylight awning designed of Sayed Peer Haji Ali Shah Bukhari, to allow the sunlight brighten up the who gave up all his worldly possessions marketplace. before making a pilgrimage to . Located in Worli is India's largest The whitewashed structure occupies an interactive science center, Nehru area of 4,500 square meters, and an 85 Science Centre (NSC). The centre foot (26 m) tower is the architectural

February 2012 21 Maharashtra Ahead

KLJKOLJKWRIWKHHGL¿FH The church stands on a hillock, about the fort, it was strengthened by Sir Siddhivinayak Mandir, located in 80 metres above sea level overlooking Thomas Grantham in 1884 and became , is a Hindu temple dedicated the Arabian Sea. It draws lakhs of a strategic watchtower against possible to Lord Ganesha. It was originally built devotees and pilgrims annually. Portuguese attacks, and later from the by Laxman Vithu and Deubai Patil on $OWKRXJK WKH FXUUHQW FKXUFK HGL¿FH LV Marathas. Responsibility of the fort is November 19, 1801 was a small 3.6 m just 100 years old, the history behind VKXIÀHGEHWZHHQWKH6WDWH*RYHUQPHQW x 3.6 m square brick structure. Today the current statue of Our Lady goes and the Brihanmumbai Municipal back to the 16th century when Jesuit Corporation. The fort is currently in priests from Portugal brought the statue disrepair, suffering from administrative to the current location and constructed neglect, encroachment of slums, and a chapel. exposure to tidal erosion Mumbai credits to itself to have the St. Michael's Church, situated largest national park (encompassing in Mahim is one of the oldest Catholic an area of 104 sq.km) existing within a metropolis limit - the Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP), previously National Park. The rich ÀRUD DQG IDXQD RI Sanjay Gandhi National Park attracts more than it is a 2550 sq m temple complex had 2 million visitors every year. Tourists two 3.6 m Deepamalas, a rest house also enjoy visiting the 2400 years old and living quarters for the caretaker. sculpted out of the rocky It had an adjoining lake 30 x 40 sq. cliffs which lie within the park. The park m. in size on the eastern and southern is nestled in the hill ranges around the side of the temple. The temple has a suburb of Borivali and stretches from small mandap (hall) with the shrine for Borivali/ to Aarey Milk Colony Siddhi Vinayak. Shri Swaminarayan Mandir is a churches as well as one of oldest existing Hindu temple located in the Bhuleshwar Portuguese buildings in Mumbai. The area of Mumbai is over a hundred years church, originally built in 1534, was old. The present Mandir has a tri - spire rebuilt number of times, the present structure and the Murtis installed are structure dating to 1973. The church that of Laxminarayan Dev, Ghanshyam also served a refuge to popular icon Maharaj, Hari Krishna Maharaj, of the Virgin Mary from Our Lady of Gaulokvihari and Radha. the Mount Chapel, Bandra from 1739 Mount Mary Church, is a Roman to 1761. Catholic church located in Bandra, In the SGNP there is a famous Jain Mumbai. Every September, the feast temple called Trimurti. This temple RI 6W 0DU\ LV FHOHEUDWHG RQ WKH ¿UVW is widely visited by Digambar sect of and . The Park encompasses Jain community. It has three huge two lakes, and , idols of lord Adinathh and his two which meet part of the city's water sons, lord Bahubali and lord Bharat. requirements. The Kanheri Caves are located in The Mahim Fort is strategically the centre of the SNGP. It was an located in the overlooking important Buddhist learning centre and Worli to the south, Bandra to the north, pilgrimage site sculpted by Buddhist and Mahim to the east. The fort was monks. Considered to be in use during the site of frequent skirmishes the period of 1st century BC to 9th between the Portuguese and the Ali century AD, primarily by Buddhist Shah, a Gujarati ruler, before the monks, the caves were chiseled out of island of Mahim was appropriated a massive basaltic rock outcropping. from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat by Most of the 109 Buddhist caves chiseled Sunday after 8 September, the birthday the Portuguese in 1534. In 1661, the out of the volcanic rock are spartan and of the Virgin Mary. This is a week long Portuguese ceded the island of Mahim unadroned simple small chambers, celebration known as the Bandra Fair as dowry to Charles II of England. known as viharas. and is visited by thousands of people. After the English gained control of - Chandragupta Amritkar

22 February 2012 MUM B

A I The Way Ahead Urbanised Mumbai is a story how migration led to urbanisation. One way to soften the linear aspect of the metropolitan region which would also help Mumbai to eventually breathe little easier to provide a strong and effitient network of transsport links between the various towns and cities in the metropolitan region.

February 2012 23 Maharashtra Ahead

umbai is not what it is made swamp, is a story of how migration Human Development Measure (HDM) out to be. The reality runs led that urbanisation. Urbanisation using various proxies, instead of the Mcounter to the popular belief without migration being a major factor internationally employed Human WKDWVN\SLHUFLQJJODVVIURQWHGRI¿FHDQG is impossible. Migration implies a Development Index (HDI). It inferred residential blocks, the legacy of British destination not merely an origin of the that the HDM for the Mumbai was 0.58 time public buildings are an index of its migrant. On arrival, he or she needs at and was considered poor as compared true worth. The city actually has more least a modest housing. That is denied to the best bench mark is 1.00 which hidden from view than acceptable. Its in Mumbai forcing the majority of is seldom achieved by even the most high per capita masks the huge income population to take to a life in the slums. developed cities and countries. Among disparities and poverty. The skyscrapers At this point, at least six in ten are slum the best achievers is Norway with about hide the slums. The requirement of its residents and that has a bearing on 0.94 HDM. mass of citizens to survive anyhow is the Human Development component of Implications of Mumbai's poor HDM misunderstood to be its resilience. the city. are negative for a city thought to be the By shifting focus from the city’s It is not just the poor but even the country’s best, the Urbs Prima in Indis. physical attributes to the status of its middle and the educated professional The HDM quotient is the true measure population on various parameters classes are forced into a crisis on the of advancement of any community like education and health apart from housing front and together with slums, and it indicates that Mumbai has a lot mere per capita income gives a better they face serious constraints in living. to catch up on before the pretence of measure of a city that is assessing the Human Development, when achieved, wanting to become another Shanghai city on its Human Development (HD) is meant to enable the people to make for a city cannot evolve higher without attributes. But Mumbai does not collect their individual life-choices but in the attention to the human aspects. The and keep such relevant datasets making absence of progress of HD, they drift 'Mumbai Human Development Report' DVVLGXRXV PRQLWRULQJ DQG GLI¿FXOW into opportunistic and even choices exposed the city to be what it really. It Experts are forced to look for proxies. as lottery. That behoves ill for a city, a disaggregated the city into civic wards This lack of data is a serious concern. A collective of individuals, all aspiring but DQGFODVVL¿HGWKHPRQNH\DWWDLQPHQWV city is not merely buildings and roads, thwarted. Its main messages are: Poor infant but people. A city is as good as the way The 'Mumbai Human Development survival rate in some areas; huge share people live. Report' prepared for the civic of the of slum population; sizeable Mumbai, which urbanised from a authority in 2009 had evolved a number of population far off the

24 February 2012 MUM B

A I education mainstream; there are some not even been planned. It is a serious That meant the city government ward which are lower and towards 0 SODQQLQJ GH¿FLHQF\ WKDW LV QR ZD\ WR had earlier focused correctly on two HDM. Wards D, C, R Central, T, B, R enhance Human Development. vital aspects that are used now to North, H West, F South, K East, K West, There are issues of discrimination measure Human Development, health G South, P South and P South and A, are among the slum-dwellers. Those which and education, besides employment above the mean HDM while Wards E, R are not declared slums do not have and revenue generation. Admittedly, South, N, S, G North, P North, H East, F entitlement to water supply. Those livelihoods are not civic body’s North, M West, L and M East are above which are not protected under the last responsibility. Apparently, however, the mark. datum line, commonly called the cut-off it lost its way somewhere before it was The wards on the city’s eastern line, do not even have the hope of being overwhelmed with the task of managing side are below the average for provided the opportunity of slipping out the brick and mortar of city building. Mumbai due to the low and insecure the life in shanties. There are areas where The more crucial softer aspects, so vital levels of livelihoods, large scale slums that pre-date 1995, the datum, to the well-being of its citizens, has been unauthorised housing, that is, slums, and the later ones in a mix confounding obscured from its agenda. and consequently poor education and HYHQWKHRI¿FLDOLQWHQWRIUHSODFLQJRQO\ When dispassionate experts peg health facilities. Despite the high rises, eligible slum dwellers. It is in a socio- Mumbai’s status that low, it is time the visibly rich living Ward A in the economically tiered Mumbai, there are to start worrying. This is where the South was at the 13th place and just different classes of slum dwellers. interests of the skyscrapers’ residents above the Mumbai’s average. The rich The city has just grown willy- have to give way to the interests of the in swanky apartments living cheek-by- nilly without any effort to shape and slum dweller, for these communities, jowl with huge concentrations of slum execute policies to promote Human scattered across the city in their several habitations is the cause, much like all of Development. Apparently, in its hurry settlements has neutralised the city’s Mumbai. to grow, the city forgot its basics. And other gains not only with the low incomes Slums have been treated at the policy if one were to see this in the context but poor health status, low attainments level as merely a physical characteristic of the distance travelled in time on the knowledge aspect, the three without understanding the implications since the establishment of the city’s together being the basic elements on of life within them. The precariousness civic government – now the largest which the Human Development status and powerlessness of being residents and richest in terms of resources is estimated. It is easy to point out where of the poor parts of a prosperous city, commanded, the achievements are not the drag comes from. not being absorbed and integrated, has commensurate. Ironically, Mumbai was Unfortunately, the immediate, even escaped the attention of most of us. The a pioneer in setting up the country’s UHÀH[UHVSRQVHZRXOGEHWKDWWKHVOXPV city, with such a majority in deprivation ¿UVWIDPLO\SODQQLQJFOLQLFLQDQG are the bane of the city which, of course, is a non-inclusive city. They are, in also putting free education under its is far from the reality. The slum dwellers, Mumbai’s political context, the faceless superintendence and with its resources no doubt are behind the others, and only worth a vote once in a while. The as a statutory obligation. being a huge mass, also constitute the slums are an indictment of the city. Hitherto the presumption was that evicting and demolishing slums was an easy way to correct this imbalance which is like trying to cure a headache by beheading. The second is replacing slums with brick and mortar towers as if by changing the mere physical nature of the dwellings would solve slum-centric issues. Approximately two lakh apartments have been claimed to have been built as replacement housing for the slum- dwellers, however nothing has been done to improve the all-important facilities that have to go to accord facilities they missed. Improved access to schools and hospitals to enable quality education and quality medical care which would also entails lower out-of-pocket expenses to the poor have

February 2012 25 Maharashtra Ahead

survey of Mumbai revealed only barely ¿YH SHU FHQW SRSXODWLRQ LQ WKH VOXPV Interestingly, they were, by and large, not jhopadpatties of today but decrepit and congested housing of the mill employees. Now, slums have grown, the slum population has overtaken the non-slum population. It is not the slum dwellers’ but the city’s fault. It just did not enable affordable housing. The slums, the general congestion and overcrowding across the city including in the non-slum parts, and their consequences only tells us that the Urbs Prima in Indis is only imperfect city. More responsible policy makers have fortunately started talking now of making Mumbai a ‘liveable city’ implying that at this point, despite its dreams of becoming another Hong Kong, it has a lot to catch up with the basics. Perhaps any dillydallying at this point would only slide the city further into irretrievable chaos. bulwark of the city’s economy, a major included – which is true, of course, of all The slide has been deliberate because contributor to the informal service cities with slums and there are no Indian of refusal to arrest the decline over the sector, which makes it possible for the cities devoid of them - despite being decades which split Mumbai into two rest of the city to run. My contention a part of the city. They seem to attract different Mumbais – the slum and the always has been that without them, some attention because the real estate QRQVOXP7KHPDOH¿UVWPLJUDWLRQWKH Mumbai would swiftly collapse; they they would yield in the replacement single male resident who has stronger enable the well-off to live easier lives. housing and generate more formal links with the native place, it was If there is some attention to slums, it KRXVLQJ IRU SUR¿W 7KH VOXP GZHOOHUV argued, rendered even the gender ratios is less towards its inhabitants and more are viewed merely as statistic. undesirable. These, however, do not towards generating real estate for the Mumbai could have been slum-free mean that the slums have to be removed formal sector. The slum dwellers happen had steps been initiated when they and the slum dweller banished. to have an incidental purpose. In no were incipient about half a century ago. What it does mean, however, is planning have the slum dwellers been Economist DT Lakdawala’s poverty that drawing lessons from the missed opportunities, the city has to review its own approach to its management, especially the slums which are falsely accused of over-congesting it. These, despite their enormous numbers, are FRQ¿QHG WR VPDOO SDWFKHV UHODWLYH WR the huge size of the city, of perhaps less than 8-10 per cent of the city’s total geographical spread. They have packed themselves into these pockets to live in inhuman conditions, possibly worse than was their lot before migrating to Mumbai. If the State Government, through the aegis of the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority is planning to opt for provision widely of WLQ\ UHQWDO ÀDWV LQ WKH GLVWDQW VXEXUEV as an alternative to life in the slums of

26 February 2012 MUM B

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Mumbai, then it is missing the plot. A slum dweller has not many choices in the city and where he decides drop anchor depends on the proximity to the place of work is. He is unlikely to commute for a lowly and even backbreaking job in Mumbai, say, from . What it would most probably do is provide haven for migrants who may opt for the satellite cities north of Mumbai instead of a Mumbai slum. 7KHUHDOUHDG\LVVXI¿FLHQWDQHFGRWDO evidence suggesting such a developing trend. The several cities and towns contained more or less within the East to West arc from to Vasai-Virar appear to be preferred choices of the new arrivals. The slums in Mumbai are congested already to deter them though the dissuasion is not yet absolute. So seems to be the case with the new white- collar arrivals elsewhere but the tragic aspect is these cities are also slumming. About a third of their populations are linear dimension of the metropolitan be intra-MMR linkages but excluding already in them. region, all facing Mumbai in the Mumbai from it. The investments should However, the middle class as well as mornings to which a train has to be move towards economic stimuli outside the professional in the white-collared caught. Experts of yore had advised the of Mumbai but within the MMR to segment as well as the poor do travel State Government against emphasising PDNHWKHPHFRQRPLFDOO\VHOIVXI¿FLHQW WR 0XPEDL IRU ZDQW RI VXI¿FLHQW DQG the linear nature that persisted within to generate jobs there. There should worthwhile economic opportunities in Mumbai to its future cities to its be no need for the population there to these bigger million-plus cities of Navi north. If they asked for new cities like rush to the station in an autorickshaw, Mumbai, Thane, Mira-Bhayander, Navi Mumbai, they asked for counter often shared with strangers, to make a -, -Nizampur, magnets, not dormitories. They wanted beeline for Mumbai. Any investment and . They are forced to Mumbai to be islanded by ensuring in transportation to and from Mumbai ¿QGSHUFKHVIRUWKHLUWRHVRQH[WUHPHO\ counter points in new nodes but that is should be limited to neutralise only the overcrowded trains to expend nearly a thought that apparently evaporated. backlongs. four hours per day of their waking lives One way to soften the linear aspect To ensure such an off-setting in precarious commute. The social and of the metropolitan region which prospect to relieve Mumbai of its woes, ¿OLDO ORVVHV RQ WKLV DFFRXQW KDV QHYHU would also help Mumbai to eventually the city has to opt for some burden- been computed. breathe a little easier to provide a sharing mechanism with the rest of Had only these cities provided VWURQJDQGHI¿FLHQWQHWZRUNRIWUDQVSRUW the metropolitan region’s major urban VXI¿FLHQW VWLPXOL IRU HFRQRPLF links between the various towns and centres so that their skills and resources activities, by recognising that the cities in metropolitan region without are appropriately replenished and population they host are their own further strengthening what connects used for invigorating them into vibrant productive social assets, then their them and Mumbai. The idea should economic centres. It is a responsibility dependence on Mumbai would have be to shift the focus away from that Mumbai owes to itself. But to arrive been totally different. These cities Mumbai itself to provide it some relief at that mechanism is not going to be failed to ensure that, save perhaps Navi since even the shifting of wholesale an easy task; making them workable Mumbai which has about 60 per cent markets to Navi Mumbai from it has not LV JRLQJ WR EH DQRWKHU NHWWOH RI ¿VK of its population working within it and eased the pressure. Failure to evolve a model, whatever it to some extent, Bhiwandi engaging The passion for longer commuter is, would imply a larger metropolitan itself in powerlooms. The others have trains from nine to 12 and now up to region whose heart would be Mumbai, not even considered this possibility. 15 coaches and newer trains to which would be a weak heart. No doubt They are content to be dormitory cities, etc. is only a striving to add to the linear the consequences would be more warehousing Mumbai’s workforce. nature of the metropolitan region. dreadful. What also need not have been is the Instead, the immediate task should - Mahesh Vijapurkar

February 2012 27 Maharashtra Ahead For Better Tomorow The second largest monorail system in the world is in the offing The State Government is looking to develop a comprehensive network of urban freeways and highways connecting the financial capital of the country to major satellite townships.

ince the British East India However to boost its activities as the Development Authority (MMRDA) Company made Mumbai its economic engine the State Government unveiled the 146-km integrated Metro Sheadquarters till the date the has created the 4,355 km Mumbai Rail project in 2004. Phase I will be city has been changing with times. Metropolitan Region that consists of the implemented on a Build-Operate- In the recent past till the historic and Mumbai Metropolis and its hinterland Transfer basis for the period of 35 years. unfortunate strike of mill-workers that encompasses 17 municipal The cost of the project will be shared by that resulted in closing down the mills corporations from neighbouring Thane the Central and State Governments. The one after the other and eventually and Raigad districts; and a thousand Master Plan consists of three phases. the closure of the golden era of the villages. &RQVWUXFWLRQRIWRWDONP¿UVW textile industry this capital city of The region links Mumbai through phase has already started. It includes Maharashtra had remained the cotton- railway and roads, contributes nearly 2 Versova - Andheri – Ghatkopar; trading hub. Today the 600-acres land per cent of the national Gross Domestic Charkop - Bandra - Mankhurd and of closed textile mills is being utilized Product. It also aims at upgrading city’s Bandra - Colaba. Second Phase for redevelopment by constructing crumbling infrastructure. Moreover it includes Charkop - Dahisar (E) and residential and commercial complexes, stresses on housing, roads, water supply Ghatkopar – Mulund. While third ODUJHO\FDWHULQJWR¿QDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV and power transmission and transport. phase includes BKC - Kanjur Marg PDNLQJ 0XPEDL WKH ¿QDQFLDO FDSLWDO The British-laid railways will get a good via Airport; Andheri(E) - Dahisar(E); and entertainment hub of India. support from the metro and mono-rail – Ghatkopar and Sewri Over the centuries the island city has the public transportation system of the – Prabhadevi. spread its tentacles like the Octopus and futurist Mumbai. Mumbai’s Monorail recently had its has come to almost saturation point. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region second test run from its yard in

28 February 2012 MUM B

A I to a station at Bhakti Park, a distance of The cost of setting up the monorail The Dahisar Rail Over Bridge has around a kilometre. Scomi Engineering, service is roughly Rs. 85 crore per km. already been commissioned. the Malaysian company that supplied The complete network of about 135 km 6DKDU (OHYDWHG 5RDG The six- the rakes for the project, was in charge is recommended for development from lane elevated approach will have four of the trial. The system will traverse year 2011 to 2031 in phases at the total entry and two exit points. The length of through Jacob Circle, Wadala, Mahul cost of Rs. 20,000 crore. the proposed road is 2 km, and the cost and . The monorail will have a top speed of the project is Rs.287.37 crore. This The entire monorail system once of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), road is funded under the Jawaharlal completed will be the second largest in an average speed of 65 kilometres per Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission the world. There are 8 lines proposed at hour (40 mph) and the overall speed and is being constructed to ease out a cost of 20,296 crore. The Chembur- including dwell time at stations would WUDI¿F FRQJHVWLRQ DW %DKDU -XQFWLRQ Jacob Circle line is the only one presently be around 31 kilometres per hour (19 XQGHU WKH $QGKHUL À\RYHU DQG DORQJ XQGHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ7KH¿UVWSRUWLRQRI mph). The capacity of the monorail will Sahar Road, for a smoother journey to this line between Chembur and Wadala be more than 500 with a four coach the Chhatrapati Shivaji International is expected to be operational end of this consist, and more than 700 with six Airport. year. The second portion, from Jacob coaches. The ratio of sitting to standing (DVWHUQ )UHHZD\ The 22-km Circle to Wadala, is expected to be ready passengers is expected to be 4:1. , from the Chhatrapati by June 2013. 0LODQVXEZD\À\RYHU The Milan Shivaji Maharaj Museum (formerly Phase 1 includes Chembur - subway is originally a culvert over Prince of Wales) to the Eastern Express Wadala - Jacob Circle (Ghadge Maharaj ZKLFK D URDG ZDV EXLOW WR DOORZ WUDI¿F Higway at Anik-Wadala, will be a Chowk) Rs. 19.542,716 crore; Mulund– to move from the east to the west and high-speed corridor that will enable -Borivali Rs. 304,170 crore; vice-versa. However, every monsoon motorists to traverse the entire distance Virar-Chikhaldongri Rs.4.60639.9 when the high tides coincide with heavy in 20 minutes. Motorists now travelling crore; Lokhandwala-SEEPZ- UDLQVWUDI¿FLVGLVUXSWHGDVWKHVXEZD\ northeastward from Fort take the D N Rs.13.141,826.5 crore and JHWV ÀRRGHG ,Q WKH *RYHUQPHQW Road-J J Flyover-Dr B R Ambedkar Thane - Mira- - Dahisar through the Mumbai Metropolitan Road route to reach Sion, which takes Rs.24.253,370.8 crore. It is expected to Region Development Authority took almost an hour. So the Eastern Freeway be completed by 2015. XSWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDÀ\RYHURUDUDLO will save nearly 40 minutes and also Phase 2 is expected to be completed over bridge. take the pressure off the existing roads. by 2021 and includes Kalyan- The two-lane 800 meter long bridge The road will be an elevated structure Ulhasnagar- Dombivli Rs. 26.403,669.6 will help motorist move from west to from CST to Anik-Wadala Link Road (a crore; Chembur-Ghatkopar-Kopar- HDVWZLWKRXWDQ\WUDI¿FMDPDVLWLVSDVV distance of nearly 8.9 kilometres). The Khairane Rs. 16.723,686.3 crore; over the subway and railway line and existing road will be Mahape - – Kalyan would join the service road near the improved but will not be open to civilian Rs.21.102,932.9 crore and Thane - . MMRDA WUDI¿F 7KLV ZLOO PRYH RQ WKH HOHYDWHG Bhiwandi - Kalyan Rs.303,750 crore . will spend Rs 41 crore for this project. road. The freeway is estimated to cost Rs 847 crore. It is being funded under the National Urban Renewal Mission; the Centre will bear 35 per cent of the cost, the State 15 per cent and the MMRDA the remaining 50 per cent. It is expected to be completed this year. &RDVWDO5RDG A committee headed by Municipal Commissioner Subodh Kumar submitted its plan to the State Government for a 35.6 km coastal road starting from Nariman Point to Madh- Marve in West. The coastal project will be a network of tunnels, bridges, roads built on reclaimed land and on stilts, elevated roads and existing roads from Nariman Point to Madh Marve. Speaking at an event, ‘Environmental Concerns of Mumbai Metropolitan Region’,

February 2012 29 Maharashtra Ahead

extending Western Coastal Freeway in the south and north up to Virar. :DWHU 6XSSO\ Mumbai currently receives 3450 million litres per day (mld) water supply, a large quantum of which comes from nearly 100 kms away. The system has been designed VXFKWRXVHJUDYLW\WRDOORZZDWHUWRÀRZ to Mumbai through the various water mains. Thus Mumbaikars pay only Rs 3.50 paise for 1,000 litres of water. However, while the supply is VXI¿FLHQWWRPHHWWKHFLW\¶VGDLO\ZDWHU requirement, residents in several parts complain of water shortage and there LV D WKULYLQJ WDQNHU PD¿D 7KH UHDVRQ being nearly 30 per cent or 1000 mld is lost through leaking pipes and theft. In order to prevent loss due to leakage, the BMC since 2003 has begun the repair and rehabilitation of water mains in phased manner. The Malad-Charkop to water tunnel has already been commissioned and construction of water tunnels from Versova in further merging with the Eastern Andheri West to Veravali in Andheri Express Highway at Ghatkopar. The East, the -Maroshi to Matunga proposed Sewri-Nhava Trans Harbour water tunnel and the to Link will secure connectivity between Malabar Hill reservoir water tunnel in Sewri and Nhava. The MTHL and the planned. Virar-Alibag corridor will complete the +RXVLQJ Over 50% of the city’s 12.4 ring road around Mumbai. million population (census 2012) lives Of the total network of Highway in the slums. The State Government Corridor, nearly 539 kms will be newly has adopted the Centre’s mission of developed, another 782 kms of existing transforming Maharashtra into a slum- arterial road will be upgraded or free State. extended, arterial corridors and links to In Mumbai, which has the largest the length of 420 km will be constructed. number of people living in the slums, organised by NGO Bombay First about The proposed Highway Corridor will the State has declared 3.00 FSI for why coastal roads are good for a land- include Eastern Freeway, Sewri-Worli slums. Same FSI has been granted starved city like Mumbai, Kumar said Sea Link, Mumbai Trans Harbour Link for redeveloping chawls and old and the reclamation will not have any (from Sewree to Kharkopar, Rave), GLODSLGDWHG EXLOGLQJV (DFK ERQD¿GH ecological impact. The director of the inner ring roads connecting Kaman, resident is entitled for 300 sq feet free National Institute of Oceanography Bhiwandi, Panvel and Dronagiri, Middle home. (NIO) is also in the committee. Ring Road connecting Bhiwandi, In order to create more housing +LJKZD\ &RUULGRU The State Nandivali, Narthengaon, Panvel and stock, it has offered an additional FSI Government is looking to develop Kharkopar). of 0.33 for residents of buildings in a comprehensive network of urban An Outer Ring Road connecting the suburbs. This has also brought the freeways and highways connecting , Jite and Rewas Port will FSI in the suburbs on par with that of WKH ¿QDQFLDO FDSLWDO RI WKH FRXQWU\ WR complete the ring. This apart, there will buildings in the city. In the oldest part major satellite townships. The 1,740- be eight radials connecting NH-8, parts of the city, the Government has already km highway corridor will be developed of NH-3, Bhiwandi Bypass, , announced the cluster redevelopment by 2030. , Nilaje, , Chembur, SROLF\,WKDVVRIDUFOHDUHG¿YHSURMHFWV Similarly, an Eastern Freeway will Mankhurd, , Taloja, Belapur, under this policy. This is likely to change run along the Eastern Coast of the Kalamboli, , Pen and New Airport. the Mumbai as we now know. Island City and connect to Chembur, The corridor will be completed by - Clara Lewis

30 February 2012 MUM B

Maharashtra Ahead A I

estructuring, rebuilding, renovating and Reviving Mumbai conserving Mumbai is our focus today. RIn the plans for now and for the future Is It necessary to uproot the old to build a we have remember that we are not building a new? Must displacement be corollary to new city like Singapore, but essentially dealing development? Can a city chart a future by with deep-rooted social, economic and political values of the existing historic city. Mumbai annihilating the existing efficiencies? A case today stands at the crossroads of change where for rebuilding Mumbai through it’s internal the existing conditions, including the needs and demands of it’s people would form an integral resources . part of the plans for the future. The city has a ¿UPO\HVWDEOLVKHGLGHQWLW\LW¶VRZQDQGGLVWLQFW position, nationally as well as internationally. It has a dynamic social, cultural, political and economic ethos. If all this has to be altered, it can only be done by carrying out major social reforms brought about by radical social Retain movements. These changes can not take place by merely imposing new development models without social acceptability. The social changes and can only be effected by public discussions and participation relating to all matters that affect people’s life in the city The tragedy always has been that the new development plans replacing the exiting economic and social orders are announced Rebuild arbitrarily and then thrust upon the people. These new models are a part of international trend of globalization promoted primarily by developed nations for their own reason and often with little considerations of the needs and demands of the local population. The situation then is one of confrontation, but the more frightening offshoot of this process of change is the mass displacement. Displacement of people, of skills, inherent ides and strengths, cultures, languages and capabilities and more important, the displacement of fundamental rights and democratic principles is alarming today. The city is truly rocked by this phenomenon of mass displacement. How do we confront this, particularly at a time when many of the existing old models have already collapsed and to revive and or re-energised many of the old institutions that made Mumbai a ‘City of Gold’ may seem like an out dated question. What are the avenues for rebuilding the city while not only minimising displacement but also socializing and humanizing the city’s environment? Mumbai in a sense is a microcosm of the diversity that India represents. The city is an amazing conglomerate of many ideas and strengths but all surviving simultaneously and supporting one another to the building of this city. This has been possible, due to the social opportunity that the city has always provided,

February 2012 31 Maharashtra Ahead

where free and fair exchange of ideas questioned too. important to know the reasons so that and opinions have been possible A Mumbai has all along been a major when we take the next step for change successful democratic environment manufacturing centre, due to which we are not once again threatened by to a great extent enabled the toling trading has also been an important the same danger that has crippled us masses to build large institutions of activity. Textiles, Pharmaceuticals and today. The mill owners have borrowed social movements and to assert its engineering industries have been the heavily from the Government and own position in the making of the backbone of the city’s economy. Along IURP YDULRXV ¿QDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV city. Today, however, this has been with these activities there has been a for modernizing the mills, but in the greatly threatened and the movements rapid growth of small scale industries past 40 years or so they have never of the working class and the poor are having a diverse manufacturing LQYHVWHG VXI¿FLHQWO\ WR PRGHUHQLVLQJ being attacked and dealt with might. activity. These various activities the mills. Instead they have diverted Communities have been shattered into provided large scale employment of the loans to other businesses. As a being defensive rather than equally and not just professionals but of skilled and result the mills today cannot keep with freely contributing to the ideas that unskilled labour as well. So Mumbai the time. The closure of these mills would help re-establish Mumbai as an became an interesting city with a mix is leading to employment loss. More HI¿FLHQWDQGKXPDQHFLW\ of various people and interestingly thant two hundred thousand workers The degeneration and deterioration WKH FLW\ UHÀHFWHG SURIHVVLRQDOLVP DQG have lost their jobs. Simultaneously, the of the quality of life in the city is truly HI¿FLHQF\ DW DOO OHYHOV 7KH FLW\ ZDV borrowings from the nationalized banks alarming. It is a shame to those who successful and prosperous mainly DQGRWKHU¿QDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHQRW dominate and govern for lowering because the people here were in proud being returned. The Government is the living conditions to miserable and possession of their city. not making any effort at acquiring the inhuman limits. This degeneration What are then the new models for mills properties to help compensate LV UHÀHFWHG LQ KRXVLQJ SXEOLF VSDFHV Mumbai's sustenance and development WKH ¿QDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV ,QVWHDG LW LV infrastructure, amenities etc. It is also and how do we decide for them? It is allowing the mill owners to develop their realised more blatantly in the attitude necessary to carry out public scrutiny properties and exploit them in the real and apathy of various institutions such of the various failures that have stuck estate market. This nexus between the as the civic administration, the police Mumbai and understand why the same mill owners and the Government has led and other government and private happened. Let us make a single case of to serious economic and employment agencies in-charge off the city’s service. unsuccessful continuation of the textile losses. The need to learn from these More frightening, of course, is the loss mills. Today the mills are closed. As a failures is to ensure that future plans of jobs and unemployment due to the result the mill owners have decided and development programme don’t face shutting down of major industries in to exploit their land and premises for the same danger and threat-legitimising the city. The deterioration of the quality other commercial purposes including 6WDWHORVHVIRUSULYDWHSUR¿WHHULQJDQG of life is best seen in the rise of state real estate development. It is important the mass displacement of jobs and oppression and discrimination wherein to understand the process that leads to leading to unemployment and social fundamental rights stand threatened; the strangulation of what once provided unrest. Can we, therefore , employ living and working in the city is the economic strength to the city. It is our energies in re-building all that we posses? And use our inherent strength and capabilities and restore the internal HI¿FLHQF\RIWKHFLW\" Simultaneously, we have to confront the present transition in broadly two ways: while we launch plans and programmes to revive and strengthen the existing situations that are being threatened, we need to introduce new development models and economic activities that can revitalize and sustain the sagging economy, ultimately ensuring a better quality of life in city, both in terms of environmental and social standards. Quality of life is not merely an issue of open spaces, parks and shopping malls etc. I do not believe that the internal HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH FLW\ KDV FROODSVHG

32 February 2012 MUM B

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going to be contributing to superior products manufacturing to compete in the international market. It will only kill and subject a host of talent and entrepreneurship. It’s a vicious circle. You get into knots with international ERUURZLQJV QRW MXVW ¿QDQFLDOO\ EXW also in terms of skills and technology, to which again the supplies, the maintenance, has to come from outside. An entire community can thus get subjected to these external forces and make it incapable of confronting the new situation. This would lead to frustration, anger and physical displacement. As it has happened in the case of cotton textile mill workers. A large number of them left the city while many others have moved to other jobs. For instance, a highly skilled and highly experienced worker doing a lift operator’s job. This completely. If it had collapsed then trends, cultures, educational systems… is the displacement and social tragedy Mumbai would have completely all of these, because that’s the whole we are concerned about. If a high skilled GLVLQWHJUDWHG 7RGD\ ZH DUH ¿JKWLQJ SDFNDJH WKDW ÀLHV DFURVV WHUULWRULHV worker would get down to unskilled decay and degeneration. This is the and borders these days through employment, then I don’t think it’s any inherent strength of its people. They multinational corporations. So we have indicator of development. KDYH OHDUQW WR ¿JKW IRU WKH FRPPRQ WREHDZDUHRIWKHVHLQÀXHQFHVDQGKRZ We can’t go into every sector and good. The problem is that we get greatly they displace or accept the local discuss whether every displaced channalised into one idea and often communities. employee can be absorbed into the new leading one against the other. We have I strongly suggest that Mumbai unit, but with a majority will have to be to understand that both are essential must continue to be a manufacturing accommodated otherwise they would and how the two can be brought centre while simultaneously venturing be displaced, and displacement is together. And this is important. While out on to capital markets, computers, threatening. It has threatened Mumbai we are modernizing, making major software technology etc. What do we as well. Displacement of people from shifts, how do we protect the existing manufacture? When I say we need to villages throughout the country have resources and strengths and rebuild continue as a manufacturing centre it led too massive migrations into the city WKHLQWHUQDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHFLW\"%RWK does not mean that we manufacture and that has threatened the city in many have to be done simultaneously and steel or we continue to manufacture ways. The villages too are breaking both have to be harmonized. How textiles. We could manufacture down. We know about the problems. do we prioritise, our developments apparels, electronics, computers, We have seen the problems of mass then? If the new economic order and spares, pharmaceuticals and all other LQÀX[ the new ventures are the priorities, it products and spares that the small scale In city planning, for instance, why stands to greatly threaten the existing industries produce. So, manufacturing was Navi Mumbai necessary at all? HI¿FLHQF\DQGWKHUHVRXUFHV7KLVOHDGV could be of wide range of goods. And How has Navi Mumbai helped us? to apathy, detachments, anger, stresses, the manufacturing thrust must take Instead of launching a single mega-city, frustration, etc. On the other hand, if into account the small scale industries if Alibaug, Pen, Panvel and all other revitalizing and reinforcing the internal as an important economic activity. For existing potential centres were actually HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH FLW\ WDNHV SUHFHGHQFH that’s a great strength this city has. The developed, people from these areas then we need to discover and engineer entrepreneurship that the city posses wouldn’t have migrated to Mumbai models of the economic activity and must not be forgotten, which cannot be in large scale and the big investment employment which can absorb the replaced by corporate takeovers, mega could have been dispersed to many existing strengths and capabilities and plans and giant investments. We must other areas. We can not colonolise our can be socially acceptable to the existing understand that corporate takeover neighbouring districts for our city’s community. Of course there are many of manufacturing is necessarily not expanding needs and without the DVSHFWV DQG LQÀXHQFHV WKDW QHHG WR EH good. Corporate takeovers of small consent of people in those areas. We considered here. International market entrepreneurs is not necessarily have to urbanise, we can’t say no to

February 2012 33 Maharashtra Ahead

urbanisation. Urbanisation does not society, it leads to fascist trends in a In the case of Mumbai, as the city mean the physical manifestations that society for a mega company would expands its open spaces are shrinking. we see in Mumbai, of big buildings dedicate not only our life in the city, The democratic ‘space that ensures etc. Urbanisation is essentially to it would control its malls, its roads, accountability and enables dissent is address the quality of life and a greater schools and hospitals etc. In this also shrinking, very subtly but surely. democratic politics and socio-economic process, we will loose out completely The city’s shrinking physical open order. Even freeing the bonded the democratic opportunities. How can spaces are of course the most visible labourers in the villages from the new economic ventures provide a great manifestation as they adversely affect landlords is a part of the urbanization social opportunities to its people? To our quality of life. Open spaces must process. So we have neglected Pen, establish this we need to strengthen the clearly be the foundation of city Panvel and Alibaug and have diverted democratic institutions. In Mumbai we planning. An ‘Open Mumbai Plan’ major resources to creating Navi have come to realize that public action being prepared will hopefully ensure Mumbai and what has Navi Mumbai has become a vital aspect through which our physical and democratic well-being. become? It has just become a dormitory people can regain control over the city’s Instead, over the years, open spaces of the main city. It has not contributed resources and decisions. have become ‘leftovers’ or residual in any way to the improvement of the The question before us is how to spaces after construction potential has quality of the main city. Instead it has achieve it. Every community or people been exploited. made the relationship with Mumbai movement requires a single motivation Through ‘Open Mumbai’ plan, we hope to generate dialogue between people, government, professionals and within movements working for social, cultural and environmental change. ,W LV D SODQ WKDW UHGH¿QHV ODQG XVH and development, placing people and community life at the centre of planning- not real estate and construction potential. $SODQWKDWUHGH¿QHVWKHµQRWLRQ¶RI open spaces to go beyond gardens and recreational grounds – to include the vast, diverse natural assets of the city, including rivers, creeks, lakes, ponds, mangroves, wetlands, beaches and the incredible seafronts. A plan that aims to create non- barricaded, non-exclusive, non-elitist spaces that provides access to all our citizens. A plan that ensures open much more complex. The proponents factor. The classical Left movement of spaces is not only available but is of Navi Mumbai would stress upon the 50’s and the 60’s were primarily geographically and culturally integral decentralization of Mumbai i.e. to based on economic questions like to neighbourhoods and a participatory VKLIW PDMRU RI¿FHV DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ wages, bonus and work condition. community life. WKHUH%XWWKLVZLOOVWLOOQRWGHFHQWUDOL]H %XW WR RUJDQL]H D FLW\ ZH KDYH DOVR A plan that we hope will be the development nor would it help the look beyond caste, class and economic beginning of a dialogue to create a truly development of Alibaug etc. Instead questions. The unifying concern could representative ‘Peoples Plan’ for the city. of conceiving such mega projects, can be the quality of life. After all, poor air These plans and proposals are we talk about new ventures which are quality affects the lungs of all people essentially rooted in ideas of conserv– many more in numbers and dispersed equally. ation, restoration, recycling, re-planning to many places? One of the ways by which the quality and re-structuring existing realities and So many new models we need to of life in cities can be greatly enhanced their spatial transformation. launch must aim at dispersal and is by preparing a comprehensive Rather than mega projects with large- not at further concentration. Further public spaces plan. It is clearly evident scale displacements and enormous concentration leads to mega models. in cities across the world that the revenue burdens, this approach is based And mega models lead to mega GLJQLW\RISXEOLFOLIHLVFOHDUO\UHÀHFWHG on more pragmatic and people oriented corporations taking charge. And in the quality of public open spaces the alternatives. that leads to mega oppression over a city offers. - P.K. Das

34 February 2012 MUM B

A I Housing for All The policies should create a corpus funds to augment the infrastructure of the city, thus making it 'livable' The State's primary responsibility is to devise schemes to ensure that every citizen gets a house that would suite his pocket and therefore devise schemes to provide adequate shelter to all.

aharashtra proudly calls itself one of the most progressive Mand most advanced States in the country, and tries to invite investments from other States and especially from abroad. While we have had our fair share of growth and investments, we are aware that our quest to make Mumbai the international ¿QDQFLDO KXE IDFHV VHULRXV FKDOOHQJHV due to the inadequate infrastructure. Maharashtra is going through the process of urbanization at a rapid pace and it poses various challenges. When the growth of population, coupled with the migration to urban areas, makes it virtually impossible for the authorities to manage cities from the infrastructure we must realise that the State cannot KDYHWRWU\DQG¿QGRXWWKHSHUFHQWDJH point of view, housing is bound to bear abdicate its role as a policy maker, as its of population which has an access the brunt. Our urban areas grow in prime duty is to create policies that give to adequate shelter that has been the most haphazard manner, and the various alternatives of development to FRPPRQO\ GH¿QHG DV DGHTXDWH VSDFH quality of life suffers greatly. There those who are in need. The Government coupled with enough infrastructure and used to be a time when the State was DOVRKDVWRVHHWRLWWKDWWKHEHQH¿FLDULHV access to means of livelihood. There are the prime provider of housing. We have get wide range of options as they belong several other requirements which can come a long way since then, and in our to different strata. The State’s primary be added to these main three qualities endeavour to encourage private players responsibility is to devise schemes DQG JLYH WKH GH¿QLWLRQ D ZLGHU EDVH in the housing sector, we have left our to ensure that every citizen gets a However for the sake of convenience population at the mercy of unscrupulous house that would suite his pocket and OHWXVVWDUWZLWKWKHSULPDU\GH¿QLWLRQ developers. therefore devise schemes to provide and attempt to analyze the existing We have always maintained that adequate shelter to all. Making urban housing scenario and try to categorize the State should restrict itself to the areas ‘livable’ is also one of the State’s the sections of population on the basis role of a facilitator and not undertake prime responsibilities. of those who have an access to adequate development on its own unless faced If one was to assess the 'livability' shelter and others who do not. with exceptional challenges. However, of an urban agglomeration, one will To start off, let us take Mumbai for

February 2012 35 Maharashtra Ahead

3K of the law. The present regime has suspended the misuse of 3K, but the danger of it being taken advantage of continues to cause nightmares to the slum dwellers and the social scientists as well. We also have more than two million people living in old and dilapidated cessed buildings. Most buildings have outlived their effective life span and more than 80 per cent of the residents have just one room to live in. Those who are not all that unfortunate may have couple of rooms for their individual use, but common toilets which have to be shared by several families. The need to make use of clean toilet facilities every morning is of primary importance to every citizen not just from the convenience point of view, but also from our case study. More than 50 per cent of a day-to-day basis. This section is the the point of view of health and hygiene. the population (6 million) lives in slums worst off as they cannot even afford a Those who have common toilets and hence this section can immediately totally inadequate shelter. are forced to use them, not when they be put in to the category of inadequate The present solution to the slum have the natural urge, but only when shelter. Half a million people can not problem is the SRA scheme, conceived the toilet is available. This, along with afford the luxury of living in a slum and ostensibly to provide adequate shelter the gross inadequacy of livable space have to manage by squatting on the to those living in slums, and also to and the dangerously unstable condition streets, the pavements and other public provide good quality housing in the in which the buildings stand is enough spaces. Needless to say this section saleable portions to meet the demands to categorise the population living in would automatically be categorized as of the upper middle class as well as the such buildings under the category of those with inadequate shelter. relatively well off who are looking to ‘inadequate shelter’. One should not be surprised to buy residential accommodation. In over Here too, the Government discover that more than two lakh people 15 years we have built only around one attempted couple of solutions. The can not afford the luxury of living on the lakh dwelling units. Not only is their ¿UVW ZDV WR DFTXLUH VXFK SURSHUWLHV streets or on pavement and other public quality of planning and construction is which are beyond repairs and get spaces on a semi-permanent basis. They pathetic in most cases, but they have them reconstructed by Government make that portion of land required to not accommodated more than 60 per agencies such as MHADA. However, park themselves in the night as their cent of the population residing in the the acquisition process is long and shelter for that night and migrate on slums taken up for redevelopment. cumbersome, as the landlords challenge Some of those who were allotted the acquisition. Lot of time and energy the rehab tenements were forced by and public money is spent to make the socio-economic circumstances to sell land available. Then after the quality of the newly-available accommodation. construction is yet another hassle. It is The free sale portion was sold at such not up to the mark. exorbitant rates, that those for whom the When the State agencies are free sale portion was conceived found it FULWLFL]HG IRU WKHLU LQHI¿FLHQF\ DQG totally unaffordable. Thus it is clear that for corruption, they react by handing we failed to achieve the very objectives over prime properties acquired after which were set out when the scheme was much hard work, to the builders formulated, and at best created 'vertical despite knowing that it was illegal and slums' in place of horizontal slums. against public interest. The failure of Instead of rectifying its mistakes, the government agencies led to the scheme Government made blunders by denying under the D.C. Regulation 33[7] which some slum dwellers their legitimate gave unlimited FSI to the builders. right the accord consent to the scheme This scheme was introduced with the by invoking the provisions of section objective to provide adequate shelter

36 February 2012 MUM B

A I to the original residents and create a intention of retaining the staff quarters the occupants into the clutches of the housing stock for the upper middle class once occupied by ancestors. developers. The occupants of these to meet the demand for housing. As has Citing paucity of funds as an excuse, colonies are not at all happy with been the regular habit in all such cases, an attempt was made to pawn off one the role of the Government, as some it was announced that the real estate of the prime locations to builders in developers have hit the jackpot while prices will come down and housing will return for government quarters to be others are now facing tighter scrutiny become affordable. built by them. Prime public property and the share of the residents stands It has been over 20 years since the was sought to be given to the developers to be reduced drastically. Residents of scheme was introduced, and out of giving them a windfall. The Municipal buildings built by MHADA, baring a the 19000 plus old and dilapidated Corporation was not far behind. They few recent exceptions can broadly be cessed buildings; only about 2000 have devised a similar scheme to sell prime categorized as those who have an access been reconstructed or approved for lands presently used for staff quarters to inadequate shelter. reconstruction. A quick research has to chosen builders. There was uproar Over 35,000 tenements are living shown that in most cases, more than as the citizen objected strongly to these in the Bombay Improvement Trust 75 per cent of those who were shown as schemes, and they were withheld. (BIT) chawls and 40,000 tenements ‘rehabilitated’ do not exist on site. They We then have more than one million in the Bombay Development have sold their tenements or have been people living in accommodation built by Department (BDD) Chawls. The forced to vacate with the help of the government agencies such as MHADA. BIT chawls were maintained by the underworld. The prices of the free sale In the 50s, 60s and 70s MHADA took Municipal Corporation and the BDD portions were so high, that the persons upon itself to build accommodation Chawls are maintained by the State who contributed to the housing demand which was allotted to persons from the Government. The rents are so low that could never afford them. This scheme economically weaker sections, industrial the maintenance expenses are many too failed on all fronts. workers, lower income groups, middle times the rent collected. It is commonly Then we come to the one million income groups, etc. These houses had known that the amount of rent collected population which lives in staff to be priced reasonably and hence the is not enough to pay for the salaries of accommodation provided by the size was relatively small. the staff involved in the collection of employers. The railway employees, Generally newly married couples the rent. We have more than a quarter the Central Government employees, and freshly employed persons opted to million people living in these chawls the State Government employees, the go for such accommodation. Over the and it is obvious that they have an Municipal Corporation employees and years the families grew and the need access to inadequate shelter. also employees of private companies for larger space was more pronounced. The Municipal Corporation came who live in accommodation provided by This accommodation also became with a scheme for the reconstruction the employers are in constant search of inadequate in most cases and grossly of the BIT chawls and a few buildings some sort of permanent accommodation inadequate. The new D.C. Regulations were demolished and the scheme has for themselves, or their relatives. The 33[5] deals with the redevelopment failed essentially because it pushes the sense of insecurity is so strong due to of these colonies and virtually pushes residents to go to the builders and an the jobs being transferable and the imminent eviction, if one was to lose the job or was looking for an alternate source of employment. Thus those who occupy staff quarters could also be categorized as those who have access to inadequate shelter. Moreover, the size of their staff quarters is never commensurate to their requirement, and sometimes, due to bad maintenance, the condition in which they live is pathetic. Despite this they cling to their jobs due to the availability of staff quarters. We have the example of the BMC Employees working in the Conservancy Department living in single room tenements for generations and graduates from the present generation being forced to take up a job of a conservancy staff with the sole

February 2012 37 Maharashtra Ahead

and other public agencies. Despite being responsible for accommodating over a million people, agencies such as MHADA churns out just a few thousand houses every year and the demand is more than 100 times the supply. With the public bodies giving up their primary duties towards the housing starved population of the city, those seeking accommodation were left with little choice but to go to the GHYHORSHUVWRIXO¿OOWKHLUEDVLFQHHGVRI adequate shelter. The builders did not work for charity. They were interested LQJRRGPDUJLQVRISUR¿WDQGKHQFHWKH accommodation built by them became unaffordable to those who chose to buy from them. The compromise then had alternative scheme was discouraged. In Municipal Corporation is the owner of WR EH UHDFKHG DQG WKH VL]H RI WKH ÀDWV the BDD chawls, the Government was huge chunks of land and such land was reduced to a considerable extent with keen to get the redevelopment done by allotted to agencies and tenancies were a view to take care of the budget of the MHADA but has been facing resistance created. There are more than 3,000 buyers. from the residents as the builders have municipal properties. Some of them 0RVW ÀDWV SXUFKDVHG IURP WKH promised them lots of goodies, and the have been leased out, and the tenants builders couple of decades ago were MHADA cannot match the promises have been living in poor conditions. one bedroom, hall, and kitchen with made by the builders. MHADA’s past These residents are sure candidates the sizes in the range of 400 to 500 sq record of churning out inferior quality for the title of inadequate shelter. The ft. The purchaser had limited members construction has also resulted in lack Corporation has its own policy for in the family when they purchased the RI FRQ¿GHQFH IRU SXEOLF DJHQF\ GULYHQ redevelopment, and it is entirely builder ÀDW 7KH VL]H RI WKH IDPLO\ LQFUHDVHG schemes. driven and needs thorough overhaul. and the need to have an additional The Municipal Corporation, over the In the 70s, the State Government bedroom or two was felt strongly. As the years acquired properties belonging to and other agencies started to reduce its builder driven accommodations were private individuals, where according to role as a provider of accommodation. useless when it came to the concept of the Municipal Corporation; the tenants Some experts called it a total abdication incremental housing, the need for an living in such properties were not taken of responsibility on the part of the State H[WUD EHGURRP FRXOG QRW EH IXO¿OOHG care of adequately by the landlords. The Government, the Municipal Corporation What was considered to be a scheme providing a satisfactory solution converted itself into a major contributor IRULQFUHDVLQJWKHGHPDQGRIÀDWV There are over 40000 buildings controlled by co-operative housing societies in the suburbs of Mumbai, and the D.C. regulation 32 permits up to 2.00 FSI plus the fungible FSI of 35%. Builders have grabbed prime locations and this scheme has failed to address the demand for affordable housing. Today, we have brought ourselves to a situation where we need at least WZR PLOOLRQ ÀDWV DQG DOO DJHQFLHV SXW WRJHWKHU SURGXFH  ÀDWV HYHU\ year. Nowhere in the world do we see such a disparity in the demand and supply. If one were to make and objective analysis of the housing situation in a city like Mumbai one

38 February 2012 MUM B

A I would be compelled to conclude that more than 90 per cent of the population lives in inadequate shelters. This means that 9 out of every 10 persons contribute to the demand for housing. No wonder that when public agencies such as MHADA advertise for sale of 3,500 houses, the number of applications purchased by the perspective buyers go beyond eight lakh. Why would there be so much demand for buying houses built by the public sector? Everyone knows the inadequacies in public sector housing and ideally any buyer would prefer to buy from the private sector. However, the rates at which the builders sell their ÀDWVDUHVRKLJKWKDWLWEHFRPHVYLUWXDOO\ impossible for any person making a fair amount of earning to afford such oriented and have been specially earned over Rs.5000 crore from a accommodation. GHVLJQHG WR EHQH¿W WKH GHYHORSHU DQG single project and the Government A quick look at the current market deprive the State and the citizen of their got nothing. If one were to closely rates would tell us that that the highest legitimate due. If we continue with the examine 2000 slum projects and 2000 paid bureaucrats would have to live existing schemes housing can never be redevelopment projects which have in a 500 sq. ft. accommodation in the affordable and the Government shall been completed by the builders in the remotest suburb of Dahisar if they be blamed for being insensitive to the SDVW  \HDUV DQG ¿QG RXW KRZ PXFK had to buy a house which is affordable needs of an overwhelming majority of the Government has lost in the process, to them. If the best paid people in the the population. one would easily realize that if there State cannot afford the houses, what The solution is simple. Those who were schemes which would consider would be the condition of those who contribute to the demand for adequate public interest as the prime motivation earn lesser? Affordable housing has shelter and have the resources to buy then these 4000 projects would have therefore become a dream which can houses, but can not afford the exorbitant fetched enough revenue to the State to never come true for over 90 per cent of rates quoted by the builders have to be ZLSHRXWWKHGH¿FLWIDFHGE\LW the population. enrolled into a master list of resource It is not as if this is not known to those On one hand we have more than persons. Those societies looking for who understand urban development. one million people who apply to redevelopment opportunities should The need to think laterally and in public Government agencies such as MHADA also be enlisted as the recipients in a interest has never been considered to be as they can not afford to buy the houses separate list. If the buyers can form so important. If the Government does built by the builders. On the other co-operative societies of "donors" and have the gumption to work out detailed hand we have 90 per cent of the city's the residents seeking redevelopment schemes such as the one mentioned population living in inadequate shelter, become the recipients, a unique scheme herein above, the city such as Mumbai and most of them do not have the can be formulated wherein every single will indeed be the better place to live in. ¿QDQFLDO FDSDFLW\ WR UHFRQVWUXFW WKHLU person who can afford to buy a house Not only will we have enough houses buildings and avail of better quality of can get a house and every single person to accommodate existing residents accommodation to upgrade themselves who has been occupying land but can EXW DOVR KDYH HQRXJK ÀDWV ZKLFK FDQ to adequate shelter. The slum dwellers, not afford adequate shelter can make EHERXJKWE\WKRVHZKRFDQ¿QGWKHP the residents of old dilapidated cessed his dreams come true. affordable. buildings, the tenants on municipal A comprehensive scheme bringing If and when this happens, the properties, the residents of MHADA the two sections together and also target of providing housing for all can colonies, the residents of BDD and ensuring that technical help and be achieved. Moreover if all existing BIT chawls and the residents of over expertise will be made available to redevelopment schemes are overhauled, 40,000 co-operative housing societies both the sections can bring about we can create a corpus fund from are occupying prime lands but do transformation of the entire city. the surplus generated from the new QRW KDYH WKH ¿QDQFLDO FDSDFLW\ QRU There are examples where schemes, to augment the infrastructure the technical capability to redevelop Government land was allotted for Slum of the city, thus making it ‘livable’. them. The present schemes are builder Improvement Project and the developer - Chandrashekhar Prabhu

February 2012 39 Maharashtra Ahead Most Favoured Hub For Services Sector For achieving the economic growth the focus should be on services sector

The Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, proposed to be built with technical and financial help from Japan, has plans for brand new pollution-free industrial townships with emphasis on ecology.

umbai continues to hog HPSKDVLV RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 7KH 5V  FURUH 0XPEDL 7UDQV the limelight globally. The 0XPEDL 0HWURSROLWDQ 5HJLRQ 005  +DUERXU /LQN FRQQHFWLQJ 6HZUHH  Mmetropolis, which is the also has opened multiple opportunities 1KDYD 6KHYD WKH 5V  FURUH FRPPHUFLDODQG¿QDQFLDOFDSLWDORIWKH IRU LQYHVWRUV LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ 1DYL 0XPEDL $LUSRUW DQG WKH KLJK country, has every potential to become HQJLQHHULQJ,7 ,7H6ELRWHFKQRORJ\ speed connectivity between Delhi and WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO¿QDQFHFHQWUHODUJHO\ and services sector in general. 0XPEDL RIIHU LPPHQVH RSSRUWXQLWLHV due to its geographic and strategic The Island city contributes almost IRU GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ LQGXVWULDO ORFDWLRQ YLEUDQW EDQNLQJ ¿QDQFLDO  SHU FHQW FXVWRPV GXW\ FROOHFWLRQV FRUULGRU DORQJ WKH DOLJQPHQW RI WKH insurance and services centre. The  SHU FHQW LQFRPH WD[ FROOHFWLRQV FRQQHFWLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUH FDSLWDO RI 0DKDUDVKWUD SOD\V WKH GXDO DQG  SHU FHQW FHQWUDO H[FLVH WD[ 7KH 0XPEDL 0HWURSROLWDQ 5HJLRQ UROHWKH¿QDQFLDODQGWKHFLQHPDWLFKXE FROOHFWLRQVRI,QGLD0XPEDLDOVRSOD\V 005  HQFRPSDVVHV D WRWDO DUHD RI RIWKHFRXQWU\ KRVW WR RYHU  LQGXVWULHV WKDW DUH VTNPDQGFRQVLVWVRIWKH0XPEDL 0XPEDLLVWKHHFRQRPLFKXERIPRVW LQYROYHG LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVVLQJ city district; Mumbai suburban district; RI WKH ¿QDQFLDO DQG EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV RU VWRUDJH RI KD]DUGRXV JRRGV 7KH 3DUWRI7KDQHGLVWULFWFRPSULVLQJ7KDQH RIWKHFRXQWU\7KH6WDWH*RYHUQPHQW¶V PDMRUFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIVXFKLQGXVWULHV Kalyan, Bhiwandi and Ulhanagar ambitious project to upgrade and LV LQ WKH &KHPEXU7URPED\ EHOW 7KH WHKVLOVDQG3DUWRI9DVDLWHKVLO3DUWRI VWUHQJWKHQWKH0XPEDL¶VLQIUDVWUXFWXUH DUHD KDV PDMRU FKHPLFDO FRPSOH[HV 5DLJDGGLVWULFWFRPSULVLQJ8UDQWHKVLO ZLWKDQLQYHVWPHQWRI5VFURUH UH¿QHULHV IHUWLOL]HU SODQWV DWRPLF DQG 3DUW RI 3DQYHO .DUMDW .KDODSXU LVDWWUDFWLQJWKHDWWHQWLRQRIWKHJOREDO energy establishment and thermal Pen and Alibag tehsils. LQYHVWRUV 7KH  6WDWH *RYHUQPHQW¶V power plant. 7KH UHJLRQ FRQVLVWV RI VHYHQ

40 February 2012 MUM B

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PXQLFLSDO FRUSRUDWLRQV *UHDWHU DQGWKHIRFXVVKRXOGEHWRDFKLHYH UHVWULFWV WKH VFRSH RI H[SDQVLRQ RI 0XPEDL7KDQH.DO\DQ'RPELYOL1DYL HPSOR\PHQWRIWRPLOOLRQE\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ DFWLYLWLHV ZLWKLQ FLW\ 0XPEDL 0LUD %KD\DQGHU %KLZDQGL +RZHYHU WKH PDMRU FKDOOHQJHV EHIRUH limits and given the skills available in 1L]DPSXU DQG 8OKDVQDJDU  DQG  005LVWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQDGHTXDF\ the city all service sectors can thrive and PXQLFLSDOFRXQFLOV VL[LQ7KDQHGLVWULFW ODQG DYDLODELOLW\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURVSHFW7KH\FDQEHJHQHUDWRUVRIMREV DQG VHYHQ LQ 5DLJDG GLVWULFW  2XW RI FRPSHWLWLYHQHVVDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ´ and growth. WKHVH *UHDWHU 0XPEDL FRQVWLWXWHV 0('& KDG FDWHJRULFDOO\ VXJJHVWHG “However, this can be brought about DERXWSHUFHQWRIWKHWRWDOJHRJUDSKLF WKDW LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKH YLVLRQ RI only by sustained and rapid coordination DUHD DFFRXQWLQJ IRU  SHU FHQW RI WKH HFRQRPLF JURZWK WKH IRFXV VKRXOG EH EHWZHHQ 6WDWH *RYHUQPHQW DQG FLYLF SRSXODWLRQRI005UHJLRQ on the services sector like banking, IT authorities especially with a view to 0DKDUDVKWUD FRQWULEXWHV    SHU DQGPDQXIDFWXULQJVHFWRU7KHSROLFLHV IDFLOLWDWLQJWKHHQDEOLQJJURZWKHQJLQHV FHQW WR WKH *'3 DQG QHDUO\  SHU QHHG WR IRFXV RQ WKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH such as transport, housing and water FHQW RI WKH IRUHLJQ GLUHFW LQYHVWPHQW IDFLOLWLHV TXDOLW\ RI OLIH JRYHUQDQFH VXSSO\  ,W LV H[SHFWHG WKDW WKH QHZ )',  ÀRZV WR LQGXVWULHV LQ WKH DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO UHIRUPV HWF 005 industrial policy pays attention to bridge 6WDWH 0DKDUDVKWUD¶V LQGXVWULDO DQG KDV WKH DWWUDFWLYH GHVWLQDWLRQ IRU WKH WKHJDSEHWZHHQVXSSO\RIVNLOOHGIRUFH FRPPHUFLDO KXE 0XPEDLQHYHU VOHHSV LQYHVWPHQW DQG WRXULVP ZDWHU IURQW DQG GHPDQG IRU ODERXU IURP PRGHUQ DQG WKLV SURLQGXVWU\ FXOWXUH LV IDVW GHYHORSPHQWZKLFKQHHGVWREHIRFXVHG HFRQRPLFVHFWRU´'HVKSDQGHRSLQHV spreading to other industrial centres DQG EXLOGLQJ RI WZR QHZ GRPHVWLF within Maharashtra. DLUSRUWV FDQ GHFRQJHVW WKH DLU WUDI¿F MANUFACTURING SECTOR 'U . 6KLYDML 3ULQFLSDO 6HFUHWDU\ +RZHYHU0('&KDGVDLGIRUHFRQRPLF 0DQXIDFWXULQJ LQGXVWU\ KDV SOD\HG ,QGXVWULHV DQG &KLHI ([HFXWLYH 2I¿FHU growth the government needs to adopt a dominant role in Mumbai's growth Maharashtra Industrial Development UHOD[DWLRQ LQ WKH H[LVWLQJ LQGXVWULDO and prosperity. Although the early &RUSRUDWLRQ 0,'&  QRWHV ZKHWKHU ORFDWLRQ SROLF\ FUHDWLRQ RI LQGXVWULDO GHYHORSPHQW RI PDQXIDFWXULQJ ZDV LW LV IUHHWUDGH ]RQHV H[SRUWRULHQWHG WRZQVKLSDXWKRULW\DEROLWLRQRI2FWURL ODUJHO\ FRQ¿QHG WR WH[WLOH LQGXVWU\ units or special industrial parks DQGFUHDWLRQRI(GXFDWLRQDOKXE RYHUWLPHWKHH[SDQVLRQRIEDVLFPHWDO the Maharashtra has always held a & 6 'HVKSDQGH ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU and engineering industry, chemical leading position. What it does in 0DKDUDVKWUD (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW industry, paper, printing and publishing LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ LV FRSLHG E\ RWKHU &RXQFLO VD\V WKH IXWXUH HFRQRPLF LQGXVWU\ IRRG PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG 6WDWHV 0DKDUDVKWUD KDV EHHQ D OHDGHU GHYHORSPHQW RI 005 KLQJHV FUXFLDOO\ YDULHW\ RI RWKHU LQGXVWULHV KHOSHG DQGLWKDVDOZD\VVWD\HGVRDVLWIDUDKHDG RQWZRVHFWRUV±PDQXIDFWXULQJRXWVLGH 0XPEDLGLYHUVLI\LWVLQGXVWULDOEDVH RI VLQJOHSRLQW FOHDUDQFH WKDQNV WR LWV Mumbai and services sector within However, considering the present KRXUVHYHQGD\ZRUNLQJIDXOWIUHH Mumbai and Navi Mumbai. In services FRQVWUDLQWVLQWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIODQGLQ FRPSXWHUL]DWLRQRIOLFHQVLQJSURFHVVLQJ VHFWRU WKH EULJKW SURVSHFWV H[LVW IRU SDUWLFXODUH[SHUWVEHOLHYHWKDWWKHUHDUH 6KLYDML IXUWKHU DGGV WKDW WKH 'HOKL ¿QDQFH EDQNLQJ DQG LQVXUDQFH UHWDLO OHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHVWKDW0XPEDLFDQRIIHU 0XPEDL ,QGXVWULDO &RUULGRU '0,&  trade and transport, tourism and in this sector. However, the sector can proposed to be built with technical and hospitality, entertainment and media DWWUDFWLQYHVWPHQWLQ005LQJHQHUDO ¿QDQFLDO KHOS IURP -DSDQ KDV SODQV and IT. Industrial location policy $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH )HGHUDWLRQ RI ,QGLDQ IRUEUDQGQHZSROOXWLRQIUHHLQGXVWULDO townships with emphasis on ecology. IXUWKHUDGGHGWKDWWKH6WDWH,QGXVWULDO 3ROLF\ DUH FRQGXFLYH  WR EHQH¿W  WKH VPDOO VFDOH VHFWRU DQG UHGXFH FRVW RI production as small scale sector is the EDFNERQHRIWKHLQGXVWULDOJURZWK7KH QHZLQGXVWULDOSROLF\LVH[SHFWHGWREH unveiled soon. 7KH 0DKDUDVKWUD (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW &RXQFLO 0('&  LQ  LWV UHSRUW  ³(FRQRPLF *URZWK 6WUDWHJ\ IRU 005 SUHSDUHG LQ  KDG VDLG WKH005YLVLRQIRULVWRDFKLHYH JURZWKDQGWKHYDOXHRILQGXVWULDO RXWSXW WR H[SDQG E\ RYHU VL[ WLPHV E\  ³,I HFRQRP\ JURZV DW  SD DQG 0DKDUDVKWUD DW  SD WKHQ 005 PXVW H[SDQG DW D IDVWHU SDFH RI

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TOURISM 0XPEDL UHFHQWO\ ZDV MXGJHG DV RQH RI the attractive tourist destinations in the &KDPEHUV RI &RPPHUFH DQG ,QGXVWU\ large. An attractive business centric survey carried out by an international ),&&,  0DKDUDVKWUD LQ SDUWLFXODU LV WD[DWLRQ DQG EHQH¿WV UHJLPH KDV VHHQ UHVHDUFKERG\7KHÀRZRILQWHUQDWLRQDO well positioned to usher in a new wave a greater interest amongst the IT/ tourists in particular and domestic RIJURZWKWKURXJKPDQXIDFWXULQJ7KH ,7H6 SURYLGHU FRPPXQLW\ DV ZHOO DV tourists in general is increasing. GUDIW QHZ PDQXIDFWXULQJ SROLF\ KDV D PRUH ZLGHVSUHDG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI +RZHYHU WKH H[SHUWV EHOLHYH WKDW WKH SURSRVHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 1DWLRQDO wealth across the country. This trend tourism sector can complement the ,QYHVWPHQW DQG 0DQXIDFWXULQJ =RQHV LV H[SHFWHG WR FRQWLQXH LQ WKH QHDU VRFLR HFRQRPLF REMHFWLYHV RI HPSOR\ along the DMIC which has been IXWXUH GHVSLWH FRPSHWLWLRQ DPRQJ ment creation together with more discussed earlier. YDULRXV6WDWHV HTXLWDEOHJURZWK$FFRUGLQJWRH[SHUWV Mumbai is the attractive destination DJURWRXULVPGUDZVWKHV\QHUJLHVRIERWK IRU ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ,QIRUP BANKING, FINANCE & agriculture and tourism sectors thereby DWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\HQDEOHG 6HUYLFHV INSURANCE VXVWDLQDELOLW\RILQFRPHVIURPIDUPLQJ ,7(6  PRVW FRPPRQO\ NQRZQ 0XPEDL KRXVHV WKH KHDGTXDUWHUV 0XPEDL DQG 005 KDYH VLJQL¿FDQW DV RXWVRXUFLQJ XQLWV WKH %32V D RI PDQ\ PDMRU EDQNV ¿QDQFLDO untapped potential in this segment. VXEVWDQWLDO H[SRUW WDNHV SODFH IURP institutions, insurance companies and KHUH³,QDGGLWLRQWREDQNLQJ¿QDQFLDO VWRFNH[FKDQJHV7KHFLW\KDVYDOLDQWO\ EDUCATION & SKILL VHUYLFHV DQG LQVXUDQFH %)6,  VHFWRUV IDFHG PDQ\ VHWEDFNV DQG NHSW XS LWV DEVELOPMENT GHPDQG IRU RI¿FH VSDFH LQ 0XPEDL YLEUDQF\ 7KH 5HVHUYH %DQN RI ,QGLD¶V 0DKDUDVKWUD LV D OHDGLQJ 6WDWH ZKLFK FDPH IURP WKH FRQVXOWLQJ DYLDWLRQ SODQV WR FRQVLGHU JUDQWLQJ RI QHZ has witnessed an increase in the number ,7,7(6 DQG RWKHU LQGXVWULHV 7KH ,7 banking licenses is a major positive as RI SULPDU\ VHFRQGDU\ DQG KLJKHU VHFWRU¶V UHFRYHU\ IURP WKH ¿QDQFLDO several leading non banking companies VHFRQGDU\ VFKRRO DQG LW FDQ IXUWKHU PHOWGRZQ KDV VKLIWHG DFWLYLW\ WRZDUGV have already shown interest to enter lead in demonstrating new initiatives WKH VXEXUEDQ SUHFLQFWV RI WKH FLW\ LQWR WKH VHFWRU 6LPLODUO\ LQVXUDQFH LQ WKLV VHFWRU DV WKH ZD\ IRUZDUG ZKHUH VLJQL¿FDQW ,7 VXSSO\ LV LQ WKH companies are consolidating their Investors would consider Mumbai SLSHOLQH´ VDLG -RQHV /DQJ /D6DOOH SUHVHQFH LQ 0XPEDL DQG 005 LQ DQG 005 WR WDS RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ India, a premier organisation in the real JHQHUDOFRQVLGHULQJWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKH industry oriented skill development estate sector. market. Mumbai also has an advantage WKURXJK *RYHUQPHQW¶V HPSKDVLV ([SHUWV VD\ WKH LQFUHDVLQJ DV LW DOVR KRXVHV %RPED\ 6WRFN RQ XQLYHUVLW\LQGXVWU\ HQJDJHPHQW SDUWLFLSDWLRQRIYDULRXV6WDWHVLQFOXGLQJ ([FKDQJHDQG1DWLRQDO6WRFN([FKDQJH and partnership. Mumbai and 0DKDUDVKWUD WR WDS LQWR ,QGLD¶V ,7 DVZHOODVFRPPRGLW\H[FKDQJHV 005 KDYH DQ DGYDQWDJH RI KDYLQJ ,7H6 JURZWK VWRU\ KDV RSHQHG XS $FFRUGLQJ WR ),&&, WKHUHIRUH UREXVW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH RI XQLYHUVLWLHV HQWLUHO\ QHZ SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU ERWK Mumbai has all the potential institutions that can be leveraged companies as well as the people at characterstics to emerge as an through public private partnership

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February 2012 43 Maharashtra Ahead New Priorities of City Transport Mumbai has much better public transport network than several other cities in India The National Urban Transport Policy of the Central Government offers some excellent low cost solutions like priority for use of public transport, equitable allocation of road space, priority for pedestrians and cyclists.

es, Mumbai’s crisis-ridden These fast rides are important but for railway station or the bus stop. Riding transport system can be millions of people the basic need is to in buses and trains is humiliating to Yimproved considerably and safely cross the road in front of their say the least. Life is particularly unsafe that too through low cost, commuter- homes, walk to and from the railway for little children and there is growing friendly measures. These need to be station. The giant projects are not anxiety over their safety on roads as given priority over mega projects. What going to address these issues. To solve numerous accidents are taking place. is important is to change the mindset in these, we need simple, down to earth While there is increased mobility for our city, in the country. solutions. the rich, the poor are getting stranded, There is more to transport than The biggest change over the years is being rendered immobile. Many dare riding fast between Mantralaya and LWKDVEHFRPHVRGLI¿FXOWWRSHUIRUPVR not stir out of the house, the roads are other parts in South Mumbai to the simple and basic a function as to walk unsafe, you can’t get transport for a airport and to Pune and on highways. for your day to day activities and to the long time, neither a bus, nor an auto

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A I rickshaw or a taxi. One is stranded if on city form and architecture. They But there is so much discussion on the one does not have a car. said the infrastructure created by new airport terminal due to come up at The system needs to shed its Americans was clearly unsustainable Panvel. Even the prestigious prejudice against taxis and auto HQYLURQPHQWDOO\DQG¿QDQFLDOO\7KHUH air conditioned buses to Pune operate rickshaws. They are very important is not a single city in the world which has IURP XQGHU WKH 'DGDU À\RYHU  ZKLFK part of public transport. They save so got better with highway construction. is only a little less embarrassing than much public space on roads, they carry We are trying to remove freeways while operating on the street and the footpath so many more people than cars. It is Mumbai wants to add them. till last year. Plenty of land could have now recognized by experts all over the  $DURQ VDLG   FLWLHV FDQ GH¿QLWHO\ become available in Mumbai for public world that cars are a hazard in every improve things with determination and purposes had there been adequate way, a health hazard because of their against odds. Five years ago nobody provision to retain a portion of the pollution, they occupy so much space would have believed that New York hundreds of acres of industrial land free and the society pays a heavy cost for would have such a strong network of captured by real estate developes after the privilege enjoyed by a few. bicycle lanes and would pedestrianise the closure of industrial units. Many blame slum dwellers for central areas like Time Sqauare. But Mumbai has a much better public unauthorized occupation of public land this was possible because of a sustained transport network than several other but come to think of it, cars in Mumbai campaign which included his advocacy cities in India but it is still inadequate. proportionately occupy huge land. But on the internet blog. And some other cities are taking better the symbols of luxury and glamour are Taking such measures in India will initiatives. The success of the Bus pampered, while slum dwellers, who not please the automobile manufactures Rapid Transport (BRT) in Ahmedabad are seeking livelihood, are looked down and motorists who have a huge lobby. should be a wake up call for Mumbai upon. We are still obsessed with motor But the Government will be able to which has made little headway with FDUVDQGKLJKZD\VDQGJORUL¿FDWLRQRI provide relief to a vast section of the BRT which is still in its conceptual speed. The plain fact is that Western population and considerably improve stage. But BRT has its limits. It takes countries have realized the futility of the quality of living. a long time to operate even on small KLJKZD\VDQGÀ\RYHVDVDVROXWLRQDQG Instead of following the discredited stretches as the example of Delhi shows. are trying to tame the motor car. But car-dominated model of the United The only real alternative is to unclog we want to ape the wrong models of the States, we can also choose low cost the streets by reducing the number of West. models from nearer home. Hong Kong cars. It is politically not easy to take on Besides, our own National Urban has much narrower roads than Mumbai the car lobby . that is the experience Transport Policy (NUTP) of 2006, but it has a far superior public transport world wide. But this is a challenge that approved by the Central Government system with many more buses and ought to be taken up if we are to make cabinet offers some excellent low much fewer cars, as shown by a recent a headway and not get bogged down in cost solutions like priority for use of study by Ashok Datar, transport expert, WUDI¿FMDPV public transport, equitable allocation and Trupti Amritwar, who teaches The Bombay Suburban Electric of road space, priority for pedestrians urban planning in Rachana Sansad. and Transport Undertaking (BEST) has and cyclists and levy of high fees for car Even Thailand has a much better begun to desperately fall short of its parking. It should be widely popularized public transport system than ours, I reputation as the best in the country. but few people know about it. found during a visit in January this It is being closely challenged by the Unfortunately, we are repeating the year. The Mo Chit bus terminal for Bangalore bus system which boasts of a mistakes made by Western countries outstation buses in Bangkok is better very decent and clean bus stand in the and which they are now regretting. We than some of our airports, is fully air heart of the city. need to learn from their mistakes. This conditioned and has excellent facilities is obvious but I would like to quote for passengers. There is also a huge two American experts since they were area for parking of buses. Even in small in Mumbai as recently as February 15 towns like Lampong in the far north of for a seminar organized by the Urban Thailand I found highly artistic bus Design Research Institute (UDRI) on stops and footpaths. the development plan for Mumbai . Mumbai has sadly neglected the Aaron Naparstek and Ian Lockwood, infrastructure for long distance bus both strong enthusiasts for public travel. The proposal for an inter State transport and priority for pedestrians, bus terminal is pending for decades and are from the Graduate School of Design there is virtually no public discussion at Harvard University where they are RQ LW WKRXJK WKHUH LV KXJH WUDI¿F colleagues of Rahul Mehrotra, reputed between Mumbai and all parts of the Mumbai architect and author of books State and far off cities in the country.

February 2012 45 Maharashtra Ahead

Donald Shoup, transport expert and author of the acclaimed book High Cost of Free Parking. We need to seriously change the land use policy so that the work place and residential areas are not far away. This will substantially reduce the need for travel. Travel should not be an end in itself. What is the point in creating D VXSHU HI¿FLHQW  WUDQVSRUW V\VWHP  LI people are forced to travel for several hours every day ? The textile mill workers of Mumbai created a strong culture of their own because they could live in close proximity to the mills. Now, several of the rich too live away from the work place but there is a qualitative difference. They travel in air conditioned comfort even when they DUH  FDXJKW LQ WUDI¿F  ZKLOH WKH  SRRU travel in the most inhuman conditions for hours. The big change over the Sadly, the once excellent BEST construct good bus stops or provide a years is that ordinary people are being bus system is being neglected and is proper street signage system. So much ÀXQJIDUWKHUDQGIDUWKHUDZD\EHFDXVH in fact losing passengers and there is of the transport system needs to be of the skewed real estate market. little increase in the number of buses made far more user friendly than it is The most appalling neglect of over the years. Mr P.G. Patankar, a now. footpaths in Mumbai is starkly visible leading champion of public transport Mumbai airport lags far behind in the serene surroundings of Kala for many years and former general Bangalore and Delhi in connectivity Nagar in Bandra (east). In fact, there manager of BEST, noted in 1993 that to the city. Bangalore particularly is no footpath at all between two there were some 3000 buses then daily has an excellent bus service between important railway stations in the FDUU\LQJRYHU¿YHPLOOLRQSDVVHQJHUV the airport and the city. Mumbai’s vicinity, Bandra suburban and Bandra Today buses carry fewer passenges, international airport not only lacks Terminus for long distance trains. many buses are out of order and many rail link to the city even the nominal The approach road to the Terminus is drivers and conductors are hired on a BEST bus service for passengers was DV ¿OWK\ DV WKH RQH WR  DQRWKHU  PDMRU daily basis which is very unbecoming discontinued some time ago. For railway terminus, Kurla. Here too there of a city aspiring to a global status. The thousands of other visitors to the is no footpath. BEST refuses to accept that the number airport, there are two small pathetic The torturous walk between the of passengers has dwindled but does bus stops with uncomfortable seats. In two stations in Bandra can easily be not cite statistics. Its website is silent contrast there is a huge multi storey turned into pleasant exercise with on such basic information as the total car park for thousands of vehicles. This a little maintenance and a proper number of buses on roads and in depots in way shows the utterly distorted footpath on which passengers can and the number of miles covered and transport pattern which favours the conveniently wheel their luggage. This time duration. rich and powerful and which seriously will also help avoid travelling in auto The BEST also drastically needs to needs a correction in the interest of the rickshaws notorious in this area for think of a better design for its new city and social justice. overcharging and packing more than stainless steel bus stops which are Mumbai also needs to seriously three passengers. Simple, inexpensive narrow and extremely uncomfortable rethink the car parking policy which measures can work wonders and yet are to sit or stand and seem to have been subsidises motorists and gives huge not even thought of. Apart from the built mainly to suit the interests of incentives to builders. The multi storey inconvenience this causes, it completely advertisers.. They desperately need a car parks built at huge expense, as the GLV¿JXUHV WKH VWUHHWVFDSH  7KH  FLYLF better signage and information system. one bang opposite the Council Hall administration, not the people, are Unfortunately, the civic body, which have proved to be white elephants as mainly to blame for the mess. And for LV ÀXVK ZLWK IXQGV ZDVWHV  PRQH\ in Delhi and Kolkata. Everywhere in too long the bureaucracy has taken on digging perfectly good roads and the world people want free parking and the rap, deservedly so in many cases, resurfacing them, but has no money to do not like to pay for parking, argues but the political machinery too needs

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A I to do a lot. Things can’t be left to the these vital pubic spaces ? Even the construction material on the footpath bureaucracy alone. refurbished footpath on Marine Drive forcing pedestrians to walk on the Much of the road between Raj Bhavan is unfriendly to climb up or down.. road. But in many places there is no and the chief minister’s residence on Even an athlete will have to be doubly footpath at all, in utter contravention of Malabar Hill also is without a footpath. careful to avoid a sprain or a fracture. all rules. We talk of world standards So the reforms could begin from this Try negotiating a walk for example but our elite does not want to observe elite area itself. This distance is shorter from the footpath on the side of Talk the basic courtesy of giving precedence than the one covered by former U.S. of the Town restaurant to the footpath to pedestrians crossing the road which President Carter as he walked between on the seaside. That is if one survives they know is always given in many Capitol Hill and the White House for the obstacles in the middle of the road countries. his swearing in ceremony in 1977. DQGWKHPHQDFLQJFDUWUDI¿FWKDWGRHV All trends the world over indicate Formerly, top bureaucrats wanted to QRWFDUHDKRRWIRUWKHVLJQDORUWUDI¿F that the future should belong to do away with footpaths saying hawkers constables posted there. I have been pedestrians and cyclists and public will occupy them anyway. This mindset observing this for decades and things transport given the growing problems has to change completely. This coupled are getting worse. So there are a long of urban congestion and pollution. ZLWK UDQN FRUUXSWLRQ DQG LQHI¿FLHQF\ of things that need improving and the There are as many cyclists in Mumbai as in construction of footpaths makes it a correction would cost very little money. motorists and yet they are not cared for depressing scenario. Mr J.B. D’souza, Enforcement has become a big as they are not so visible, they are not a former municipal commissioner, one problem as deviance or law breaking rich, do not have a lobby. To start with of the few who understood common has become the norm and even large immediate steps should be taken to people’s woes, was right when he said scale arrests for drunken driving are not provide adequate cycle stands at railway there seemed to be a conspiracy against \LHOGLQJ UHVXOWV FRPSODLQV  WKH WUDI¿F stations so that people are encouraged pedestrians. His wife, Neela, a writer, is police commissioner Vivek Phansalkar. to ride. Many people want to ride cycles an avid early morning walker on roads Clearly, the police need to be stricter but do not because of lack of facilities. in Bandra and shares her late husband’s and to involve dedicated citizens in And for heaven’s sake give up the talk concerns. Unless the upper class takes catching the guilty and creating public of allowing car parking at bus depots. to walking on a large scale as in Europe, awareness. A city with growing needs for public things will not improve. The least the police must do transport needs to acquire more land, While hawkers and slum dwellers are is to ensure that vehicles respect not to sell what it has. Public transport often blamed by the vocal classes for the pedestrian crossing at signals, needs and deserves high subsidy encroaching on footpaths, the far bigger do not surge forward, do not harm especially in a poor country and for the encroachment by upper class residential pedestrians and do not block other sake of environment. Even the richest buildings is seldom noticed or talked vehicles. It is unfair to target and countries do subsidise public transport about. From every luxury building, built condemn pedestrians as jaywalkers because it makes so much more sense. at a much higher level than the road, a when the basic amenities are denied to Wall Street protest slogan goes and stretch invariably descends sharply on them. The civic body often dumps its it is for the vast majority that planning to the footpath and the road hindering pedestrian movement. This is done to facilitate movement of cars, never mind the civic nuisance. Things can be easily improved with a little engineering. The authorities constantly talk of widening roads to cope with the increasing number of motor vehicles but they never think about providing wider, decent footpaths to serve the basic needs of pedestrians whose numbers increase in far larger numbers. Most footpaths are too high to be used by even able bodied people, not to speak of the physically challenged. The usual explanation given by the civic administration is that this will prevent two wheelers riding them. But why penalise footpath users for the abysmal failure of authorities to maintain

February 2012 47 Maharashtra Ahead

they can walk with dignity and safety. That apart, good, usable, well designed footpaths will make Mumbai not only more walkable, but also more friendly and livable. Citizens’ initiative can also help improve street life. Intervention by members of the Oval Cooperage residents’ association has made the design of the footpath in the upper class area more friendly to pedestrians in general and the disabled in particular.. A wheel chair can be pushed all along the footpath between the Cooperage area and . In most parts of Mumbai the footpaths designed by the civic body appear to be aimed at turning able bodied people into disabled citizens. must take precedence. It is not simply solutions. Simple measures are needed. Almost every other citizen is a victim of a matter of numbers. It is necessary Reduce the height of compounds of the appallingly constructed footpaths in the interest of democracy. A society buildings. This will create a much more at one time or another. The New York that denies space to citizens with social streetscape and help provide civic body pays compensation even dignity is no democracy. In the land security to women from eve teasing etc. for minor injuries caused by faulty of Gandhi and such a grand tradition people inside the building will be able pavements. If the BMC does that its of walking, padayatras walking to see and curb eve easing and other entire budget will not be enough to pay should automatically take precedence. untoward practices. Street signs should compensation. Pedestrians are the real automobiles be in various languages in our multi Legislation pertaining to the disabled - those who are mobile on their own ! lingual society. Learn, for example, requires all street design to suitably We need serious, dedicated from Oakland in the U.S. where there oriented but the civic body does not transport planners and architects are signs in English as well as Chinese care even for the needs of ordinary who design roads in a more humane in areas with a large population of citizens, not to speak of the need to way which promotes social mingling, people of Chinese origin. implement even the guidelines of the harmony instead of the hostility and We are enamoured of New York Indian Roads Congress on pavements. alienation that marks the automobile and Manhattan but forget that car The former British rulers did a much dominates streets. Delhi has three usage is very low there. Most people better job regarding street design and prominent women transport experts depend on public transport. If our rich footpath. One can see the remnants in and activists, Anvita Arora of IIT, start using public transport, things will the very wide footpaths in several areas Delhi, Anumita Roychowdhury of the certainly improve. The train service of the old city like Ballard Pier, Centre for Science and Environment there also has an interesting cultural and Wadala. These were built even DQG   5RPL 5R\ RI WKH  8QLWHG 7UDI¿F DVSHFWPXVLFLDQVDUHRI¿FLDOO\DOORZHG when the number of pedestrians as and Transort Infrastructure Planning there. We need to make our public well as cars was extremely small. Then and Environment Centre (UTTIPEC), transport more humane, more usable if after independence despite the big a wing of the Delhi Development not more artistic. it is not just a matter increase in the number of pedestrians, Authority. of a corridor. We should learn also footpath space has been deliberately UTTIPEC has developed some from Moscow’s underground which and cynically cut down to make way excellent guidelines and parameters for is the envy of the world because of for cars. various aspects including street design, LWV PDJQL¿FHQW PDUEOH DUW ZRUN :H It is only in the last few years height of building compound walls, can certainly do better if only we try, that the civic body has shown some street lighting, planting of trees, hawker there can be no scope for cynicism. All awareness of the needs of pedestrians zones, public toilets. A lot can be learnt improvements have taken place with and this is entirely due to increased from these and a manual is desperately determination in the teeth of opposition public consciousness and media needed for Mumbai. We have enough from cynics. reports. Decent footpaths can be built socially committed architects who will If Mumbai is to be made more all over Mumbai at a fraction of the cost be glad to cooperate. If we start caring inclusive the least that can be done is to required for constructing motorable for people we can come up with the right provide decent footpaths to citizens so roads and highways and this will give

48 February 2012 MUM B

A I a character to the city, make it more past Raj Bhavan and Kamala Nehru is so powerful while pedestrians are impressive visually and livable, it will Park and get down on the other side treated with contempt. empower common people, will make at Kemp’s Corner. I have walked this Even the approach road to the them feel they are as equal citizens as stretch as also the whole of Pali Hill Mount Mary Church is without a the motorists. People need to be spared in Bandra which is entirely without any footpath though tens of thousands of the constant humiliation they face in footpath though it is home to so many people visit it as during the recent WKHLQWHUIDFHZLWKFDUWUDI¿F WRSSROLWLFLDQVDQG¿OPVWDUV,QDZD\ annual fair. After all pilgrimage is a Many streets in Europe are friendly this absence of footpaths leads to an good deal about walking. Citizens’ mainly because of the huge space undeclared apartheid, keeping ordinary intitiatives have helped create some given to pedestrians. The footpath’s people out of elite areas. excellent promenades as at Carter role in promoting social interaction, With proper footpaths we can Road and Band Stand in Bandra. In intermingling is best expressed in the generate such a pleasant walk starting a way these have come up despite the classic book Death and Life of Great for example from Pali village, the %0&,WLVDOZD\VGLI¿FXOWWRFRQYLQFH American Cities written in 1961, heritage precinct with its old, neat the government and the civic body exactly 50 years ago , by Jane Jacobs, houses, then climb zig zag street, go WR LPSOHPHQW  VFKHPHV WKDW EHQH¿W who is hailed as the most important around Pali Hill and get down to the people. However, these well developed urban thinker of recent times. It is as seaside on Carter Road and there can footpaths cater mainly to recreational much of a landmark as the book The be a continuous long walk further on needs. It is far more important to Silent Spring by another redoubtable right upto Band Stand. provide proper footpaths that connect woman, Rachel Carson, published in Most of the inner, smaller roads in residential areas to railway stations. 1962 , and which triggered widespread Mumbai are without footpaths and Unfortunately some good walking environmental consciousness. much of the space is taken up by cars spaces are being sadly neglected. Life can be improved with just a few parked there. It is clear that the BMC Recently, I was shocked to see that innovations. If a footpath is built all is depriving people of the basic right to the whole open space in front of Rang along Malabar Hill it would be such fun safe walking only to give free parking Sharada auditorium has become to climb from the Chowpatty side, go to cars because the automobile lobby squalid and the approach road to the Bandra Reclamation promenade is dirty and dark. The Bandra Reclamation promenade itself has been wrecked in WKHQDPHRIEHDXWL¿FDWLRQDQGWKHZRUN is hampered for the last several months as the developer is facing serious FKDUJHVRI¿QDQFLDOLUUHJXODULWLHV Providing benches for citizens on footpaths will greatly make streets more friendly and promote social mingling. Benches are central to street design. Hawkers’ right to work on pavements is clearly accepted by the carefully thought out national policy on urban VWUHHW YHQGRUV 7KH FRQÀLFW EHWZHHQ pedestrians and hawkers can be easily resolved by broadening the footpaths. Hawkers and pedestrians can and do co exist happily, for example, on the broad footpath on Lady Jamshedji Road in Mahim . It has a colourful atmosphere with a friendly interaction between middle class citizens and hawkers selling green vegetables, fruits DQGÀRZHUV Vithal Ganpat Pawar, a young man, lost one eye while traveling by the Central railway suburban train in 2011 when he was hit by a stone near

February 2012 49 Maharashtra Ahead

less reliance on the motor car in those days. And an AC car always used to be a talking point. When Dr Datta Samant, the trade union leader, acquired an AC car, it was thought to be a luxury and something inappropriate for a union leader. Dr V Subramanian, former housing minister in 80s and before that an ,$6 RI¿FHU XVHG WR IUHTXHQWO\ WUDYHO by Harbour branch train after his retirement . He used to go for years from his house near Mantralaya to CST and then take the train to King’s Circle to look after the work of reconstruction station in one of those I have been traveling by suburban of the Shanmukhananda hall . numerous incidents that make train trains in Mumbai for the last 43 The huge demand for travel by commuting in Mumbai so hazardous. years. The only improvement I have people engaged in boosting the nation’s The Mumbai suburban rail network noticed is that now they s are newer, economy puts the scale of economy is the most crowded in the world and there are announcements in the rakes entirely in favour of better facilities for many foreigners are impressed that it about the next station and there is the railways. In western countries many does such a spectacular job of carrying better ventilation. But otherwise the more trains are run even when the over six million people daily . .. But what conditions are intolerable. number of commuters is far lower. In is not realized is that ordinary people Travelling by suburban trains was the era of climate change, fuel shortage pay a heavy price and travel in the most much easier in the past. As a journalist and in the interest of economy, railway humiliating conditions. LQ WKH 7LPHV RI ,QGLD ZKRVH RI¿FH LV and other forms of mass transport A day may come when people will right opposite CST station, the train must get top priority. But the system take to burning and violence in rage service was like a godsend. There was pampers private cars and air travel. at the intolerable conditions. This also much less fascination for the car. I am sure things can become better observation comes not from some left My senior colleague, resident editor with a shift of policies in favour of wing radical but a very conservative Darryl D’mone, came from a family of ordinary people. I say this on the basis expert and was voiced some years ago big land owners in Bandra,. But always of extensive interaction with various by Mr M . Q. Dalvi, a former consultant PDGH LW D SRLQW WR  WUDYHO  WR RI¿FH E\ sections in the last several years. We to the World Bank and , the British train. Occasionally, he would even do need a strong political will as was government Since then things have hop from one train to another at VT pointed out by Mr Jaipal Reddy, the only got worse. .He and P.G. Patankar, over the dividing fence in days when then urban development minister, in another champion of public transport, platforms were not aligned the way they his address at the international urban had in a report for Tata Consultancy are now. mobility conference in New Delhi in in the 1990s recommended an I remember that in 1968 there were 2011 which I attended. Unfortunately, underground Metro for Mumbai. turnstile gates at the Harbour branch there is a wide gulf between what is This would have been far preferable section at the then VT station so that done and what needs to be done. This to the overground Metro under only one person could get out of the conference was held in the opulent construction which is encountering platform at a time and a ticket checker Grand Hotel, far away from any strong opposition from citizens as it will used to stand on the other side. Sounds centre of public transport. So was the disrupt life in many areas in Mumbai unbelievable today. So there was clearly conference of 2011 which was held in as is happening in Bangalore. The none of the crushing congestion and the even more inaccessible and opulent public private partnership concept dehumanisation of the present times. and exclusived Manekshaw Centre of embedded in Mumbai Metro project, In the sixties when there was a the Indian army in New Delhi. Even has not worked anywhere, argues Mr crash of the Garuda Airlines plane the keynote speaker for the conference, R Sreedharan, the architect of Delhi near , I as a cub reporter, Mr. K.C. Sivaramakrishnan, former Metro and the best known expert on the accompanied the famous journalist urban development secretary, had to go subject in India. The project will also Behram Contractor, Busybee, and we round and round and could not locate it. be a big drain on the state exchequer, travelled by the Virar train. It was So what we need is a gigantic attitudinal argue architects Nitin Killawala and considered a very long distance in shift to create a more just future for Hemoo Upadhyaya. The project ought those days, Nala Sopara was far , far Mumbai’s transport scenario. to be funded by the government. away from Mumbai. There was much - Vidyadhar Date

50 February 2012 MUM B

A I Key to Gen X Mumbai Integrated,Timely, Suitable Planning Mumbai, a cosmopolitan agglomeration has become a metropolis of extremes The fact that Mumbai must rise as a futuristic city should not be ignored while undertaking its planning. Just infrastructure development will not solve its problems. The human element must be at the centre of all planning. Mumbai has survived and developed on the strength of its human resources.

reater Mumbai occupies 438 sq km of area of which almost Ga hundred sq km is occupied by the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, leaving very limited space for human habitation. Resultantly, Mumbai has always remained a crowded, to be corrected overcrowded. Yet another VLJQL¿FDQW IDFWRU LV WKH FRQWLQXRXV LQÀX[ RI SHRSOH IURP YDULRXV SDUWV RI the Indian sub-continent into Mumbai for trade and business ever since WKH FLW\ ZDV LGHQWL¿HG DV WKH SHUIHFW business centre by the British. Mumbai is called a cosmopolitan agglomeration by urban planners. It is more varied than any other metropolitan city of India. Mumbai is

February 2012 51 Maharashtra Ahead

found to be home to many sub-cultures impact the urban social fabric. Due to real Mumbai phenomenon. There has and languages, though Marathi has the inadequate civic infrastructure, the been increase in the number of festivals remained mother-tongue of the sons SUREOHPV NHHS RQ PDNLQJ OLIH GLI¿FXOW in the city like the and of the soil, the aboriginals. Besides for the vulnerable sections like senior other regional festivals. These festivals 0DUDWKLWKH6WDWHRI¿FLDOODQJXDJH citizens, the physically challenged, the generate revenue through different major Indian languages are also spoken working women, nothing to say of the avenues, develop sources of bread and in Mumbai, most common being the elderly living alone. butter for downtrodden, create business colloquial blend of Hindi, Gujarati No wonder, Mumbai has the largest RSSRUWXQLWLHV HQKDQFLQJ SUR¿WV IRU Konkani, Urdu and of course English. slum population, estimated to be over several business houses. Mumbai has always remained a ODNK7KHSUHVVXUHWDNHVWROORQRSHQ One of the magnets that attract hub of commercial activity even after spaces, which are encroached upon people of all hues to Mumbai is the undergoing several transformations. mindlessly. Mumbai has less than an Indian cinema industry, popularly Still, its principal handicap remains acre of open spaces for every thousand known as the Bollywood. Mumbai the overcrowding, at all times and at people which ideally should be four has already established itself as the all places. Therefore, the quality of life DFUHV$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFHQVXVWKH home for the entertainment business VXIIHUV GHVSLWH LWV RYHUDOO DIÀXHQFH SRSXODWLRQ RI 0XPEDL LV  in the East. Mumbai’s urban heritage Mumbai is called ‘The City of Gold’ by DQG LWV GHQVLW\ DERXW  SHUVRQV is comparable to any world standards. some but the description applies only per sq km. The Development Control Regulations to the older areas in the city proper. :KHUHDV WKH DYHUDJH GHQVLW\ RI (DCR) for Mumbai deserves a The British rulers conceived and SRSXODWLRQ H[FHHGV  SHRSOH SHU major credit for the preservation of developed this cluster of seven islands VT NP GHQVLWLHV RI  SHRSOH SHU this heritage. as ‘the London of the East.’ So, while sq km are the norm now. To top it all, The Mumbai architecture manifests walking around Central London, one certain slum pockets are found to be several shades, from Gothic Revival to always feels a sense of déjà vu since KRXVLQJ DV PDQ\ DV  SHUVRQV Indo-Saracenic, Art Deco, and many there are uncanny similarities in the per sq km. Dharavi, the largest slum in styles. Among the architectural marvels Gothic architecture in the central Asia in north-central Mumbai, houses are Victoria Terminus (now CST), business district of both cities. But the RYHU  SHRSOH 7KH VLWXDWLRQ Gateway of India, the Taj Hotel, the resemblance ends there only. has remained unchanged over last four Rajabai Tower of Mumbai University, Today, Mumbai is a metropolis of GHFDGHVVLQFHWKH¿UVWVOXPXSJUDGDWLRQ the Central Library and the churches H[WUHPHV:KLOHQHDUO\SHUFHQWRILWV VFKHPH LQ ,QGLD EHJDQ LQ  ZLWK that are on the verge to complete the population resides in informal housing, D VSHFLDO ¿QDQFLDO SDFNDJH IURP WKH century and some which have crossed also called slums, at the other end of the Central Government. the hundred mark, besides the temples spectrum are skyscrapers and towers The census also reveals that the of other religions like the Bangnga that dot the newly developing areas in *UHDWHU 0XPEDL OLWHUDF\ UDWH LV  temple the Parsy Agyaries (Fire south-central and suburban Mumbai. percent, much above the national Temple) and Jewish synagogues etc. Such glaring contrasts hurt the eye and DYHUDJHRISHUFHQW+RZHYHUWKH Trade, commerce and industry were VH[UDWLRLVIHPDOHVSHUPDOHV Mumbai’s forte till about a couple of LQ WKH LVODQG FLW\  LQ WKH VXEXUEV GHFDGHV DJR :LWK WKH FORVXUH RI PRVW and 848 overall for Greater Mumbai, WH[WLOHPLOOVDQGWKHGHFUHDVLQJDFWLYLW\ all numbers lower than the national of the Mumbai port, it has lost some of DYHUDJH7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHORZVH[UDWLR its sheen as manufacturing has ceased is obvious: male migrants who come to to be a major activity; but Mumbai is Mumbai in search of the livelihood. fast emerging to be one of the world's Mumbai’s population represents top service centres with huge malls and all the major religions like , BPOs mushrooming all over the city Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Christians, WKDWEULQJLQJOREDO¿QDQFLDOÀRZ Sikhs, and even Jews the One of the other major contributors community that has diminished in last to India's GDP is maritime trade couple of decades. The ten-day Ganesh through Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru festival has now turned out almost to be 3RUW 7UXVW WKDW DPRXQWV WR RYHU  the national festival with people from all SHUFHQW $OPRVW  SHUFHQW RI FDSLWDO over the country visiting the city during transactions to India's economy are the period. Navratri is yet another longer IURP WKH %RPED\ 6WRFN ([FKDQJH WKH festive season celebrated in Mumbai 1DWLRQDO6WRFN([FKDQJHWKH6(%,WKH with zeal and zest simultaneously with and the corporate Gujarat and Bengal. Govinda is the headquarters of all major Indian

52 February 2012 MUM B

A I banks, companies and multinational corporations. Mumbai suffers from the same major ills found in most fast growing cities in developing countries: widespread income disparity and lack of formal unemployment, poor public health and deplorable civic and educational infrastructure for a large section of the population. Still, it is surmised that the literacy rate of Mumbai slums is an DYHUDJHSHUFHQWWKHKLJKHVWLQ,QGLD :LWK WKH VSUHDG RI WKH PHWURSROLV the housing stock is becoming more and PRUH H[SHQVLYH PDNLQJ WKH DYDLODEOH space at every nook and corner a premium. Thus, people reside generally far from work places, require long commutes on crowded mass transit and RYHUÀRZLQJ URDGZD\V 7KLV FRPSHOV ORZ LQFRPH JURXS VHJPHQWV WR ¿QG D SODFHLQFORVHSUR[LPLW\WR%(67EXVRU suburban train stations, not minding corporations and the gram panchayats the nascent phase of the project and the sub-human living conditions. under MMRDA operate more or less tackled in time, enormous amounts of Alternatively, they choose a place where autonomously. The State and Union money and valuable time could have employment is available, either in Governments rarely are found going been saved. formal or informal sector. hand in hand. A positive timely approach with Mumbai to live up to its reputation 7KH H[DPSOH RI WKLV GLVFUHSDQF\ LV strong policy framework is the only as a global metropolis, civic and the seen along the - way to discipline the state planners should give top priority Link Road (JVLR). The Forest Ministry into a futuristic city. Many solutions to integrated, timely and suitable took its own time to clear a tiny portion have been suggested for this but few planning. The fact that Mumbai must of land belonging to the IIT which was KDYHEHHQDFWHGXSRQ7KHH[LVWHQFHRI rise as a futuristic city should not be required for JVLR widening. The rail Mumbai as a dream destination should ignored while undertaking its planning. overbridge at Kanjur Marg took several apply to everyone and not only to the Just infrastructure development will years to complete. In the intervening top bracket earners. not solve its problems. The human SHULRG WUDI¿F FRQWLQXHG WR VXIIHU A step in this direction is the rethink element must be at the centre of all All this has happened in absence of RQWKH)6,UHJXODWLRQ7KHQH[WORJLFDO planning. Mumbai has survived and perspective planning. Had all the measure in this direction should be a developed on the strength of its human SRVVLEOH GLI¿FXOWLHV EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG LQ uniform FSI in Mumbai and in MMR. resource. It is the duty of the rulers and the planners to promote and nurture this valuable asset by opening up more and more opportunities. One serious handicap from which Mumbai suffers is the multiplicity of authorities. Besides the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), there are authorities like the Mumbai Port Trust, the Central Government, the Railways, the Airport Authority, the Defence Ministry, CIDCO and above all, MMRDA. Although it has been decreed that MMRDA will be the planning authority for all of Mumbai and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), the reality is different. The municipal

February 2012 53 Maharashtra Ahead

This will boost the development of the embrace what is good for us. Pointing to catering to the needs of only current outlying areas with a renewed pace. ¿QJHUVDWRWKHUVZLOOQRWWDNHXVIRUZDUG inhabitants but look at developing This will also strengthen the planning Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan has cities and townships keeping in mind SURFHVV VLQFH YH[LQJ )6, UHJLPHV ZLOO repeatedly declared that the government D PLQLPXP WLPHIUDPH RI  \HDUV vanish. is pledged to make Mumbai a world- She urged the need to develop effective :H KDYH D VKLQLQJ H[DPSOH LQ class metropolis and also augment public transportation systems to the emergence of the Bandra-Kurla urban infrastructure in Tier II cities in solve the problems of congestion and &RPSOH[ %.& $QDOPRVWDEDQGRQHG Maharashtra. In Mumbai, he has plans vehicular pollution and asked planners piece of land once upon a time, BKC to introduce a bus rapid transit system to adopt environmentally-friendly is now a hub of activity. Another two (BRTS) along with speeding work on options like bio-gas, solar and wind such hubs – one at in western the trans-harbour link. energy in their designs. suburbs and another at Kanjur Marg A small but crucial step in this The President said that works in – are being talked journey was the inauguration of an like roads, drainage construction or about for a long time but no decisive air-conditioned ST bus stand at repairs should be undertaken in a action has been taken. The rulers and LQ 0XPEDL IRU 9ROYR DQG VHPLOX[XU\ coordinated manner by adopting an planners should now pay attention to buses travelling between Mumbai and integrated development framework them so that the dispersal of growth is 3XQH 7KH VWDQG LV WKH ¿UVW RI LWV NLQG for an entire area. ‘The construction of more balanced. in the country. It will have AC resting green buildings, designed for energy If we look around us, it will be room for bus drivers, too. conservation and water harvesting, irrefutably clear that we lag behind by On the BRTS proposal, Shri Chavan should be encouraged as also making at least half a century in comparison has plans for trial runs in Mumbai earthquake resistant buildings,’ she said. ZLWK RXU QHLJKERXUV 7KH H[DPSOH RI soon. The 22-km trans-harbour link ([SUHVVLQJFRQFHUQRYHUWKHJURZLQJ China is not acceptable to many since between Sewree and Nhava Sheva will number of slum-dwellers in the country, it has a different type of governance. take off in the near future. "I wish to the President said that the population Nonetheless, it must be accepted ensure that work on the Navi Mumbai of people living in urban slums has that the swift implementation of airport and the sea link is carried JURZQ IURP  PLOOLRQ LQ  WR  development projects has put China out simultaneously. The link should PLOOLRQ LQ  ³%HLQJ DW WKH ORZHU on the world map in a very short time hopefully be ready by the time the rung of the ladder, they constitute and its imminent rise as the premier airport comes up." the vulnerable section that is likely to world power, owes mainly due to its A word from President Pratibha suffer from hunger, malnutrition and planning process. If not China, there are Patil, at a function held in Mumbai, disease,” this word of caution by the PDQ\RWKHUH[DPSOHVOLNH6LQJDSRUHRU should guide all planners and rulers President should always be kept in Malaysia. By avoiding the undesirable in India. She emphatically stated that mind while planning. in other systems, we can and must urban planning should not be limited - Dilip Chaware

54 February 2012 MUM B

A I Redefining Cultural Parameters The future of the arts lies in the hands of coming generations ‘With imagination and thinking out of the box , a school curriculum can be devised in such a way that the arts get integreted into the learning process. Theatre particularly can be a valuable tool in teaching. The doors to the arts must be opened to children at school itself to give them the value they deserve in our social life.

rbs Prima in Indus' reads the is seen as non-productive. It is seen as a mini theatre, cafeteria, parking lot, plaque outside the Gateway ¿HOGRIDFWLYLW\IURPZKLFKWKHLQYHVWRU dance halls for traditional dance forms Uof India. Once upon a time, cannot hope for material returns. This like Bharatanatyam, Mohiniyattam and 0XPEDLZDVLQGHHGWKH¿UVWFLW\LQWKH is not quite true. Entire economies have Kuchipudi, and mini halls for sculpture, country, arguably the only real city. It is been built from marketing culture. But handicrafts and photography. However, a good thing for the country as a whole to do so requires vision, target-oriented several small rooms in the building for to have more cities competing for the planning and supportive infrastructure. the outside world are just empty spaces. ¿UVWVORWEXWLWLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\JRRG Let us take the case of the P. L. What the public does see, for Mumbai to slip from that position, Deshpande Maharashtra Kala Academy, however, is that the Academy has which unfortunately it has done in which could so easily become one of the a bank prominently located on its WKH¿HOGRIWKHDUWV1RWWKDWWKHUHLVD city's premier attractions for tourists premises, and hires out spaces for paucity of art happening in the city, but from within and outside the country if cultural activities. Of these, the main it no longer occupies the centre of the it puts a well-planned programme in auditorium is extremely expensive to city's activities as it once did. place. It is touted as "one of the most hire, but obviously the income from One of the most vital parameters of a popular cultural centers in Mumbai", that subsidises a smaller performance city's health is its culture--the vibrancy whose main aim is to "promote arts and space which is hired out at more of the arts in the city. Culture requires to encourage upcoming artists." The affordable rates to non mainstream or investment, whether from the State or academy's two lakh square feet area is experimental work. However, the space the private sector. But culture doesn't supposed to be dedicated to facilities cannot be used effectively for dance and get the investment it requires because it such as an art gallery, exhibition hall, WKHDWULFDO SHUIRUPDQFHV ,W LV ¿QH IRU

February 2012 55 Maharashtra Ahead

cultured place. However, the whole land was made over to commercial interests to build malls, fancy restaurants and posh towers and the vibrant culture of the area that had been so integral a part of the city's culture was left to die. Let us not imagine, however, that music, dance and theatre will die without the active support of the State and the Private sector which now includes the media, for they too have become a business. I do not include the visual arts in this argument because they have their own established network of galleries that link art production with exhibition and sale. The visual arts are also part of a global market with its own sponsorships and patronage. A painting or a piece of sculpture is exhibited primarily for sale. The performing arts cannot be sold in the same way because they do not produce material objects that can be acquired. They produce ephemeral, transient experiences that are impossible to monetise. One of the basic requirements for the performing arts to survive is training. Mumbai is rich in teachers, partly at least because only a tiny percentage of young people who learn music or dance can become self-sustaining performers. To survive on their art, they must teach. The music department of Mumbai University was extremely lively when it was headed by the late Dr Ashok Da Ranade. It still has illustriuos musicians as gurus on its faculty and provides training in the different gharanas music and lectures. In brief, the Kala State to think about its potential more RI PXVLF 7KH 61'7 8QLYHUVLW\ WRR Academy is in the business of hiring out imaginatively. provides training to students desirous space. And since that is its business, it Another opportunity that the State of earning a degree in music. In hires out space for exhibitions that have lost for conserving the city's culture was addition to these institutions there little to do with the arts. when it did not feel the need to reserve are scores of smaller institutions and Where is the vision here? Where is even a small plot of land in the mill lands private teachers, who take students and the target-oriented planning that will to erect a theatre where the old Giragaon produce good performers. allow the citizens of Mumbai to feel culture could be preserved. The theatre 7KH1DODQGD'DQFH5HVHDUFK&HQWUH this is their cultural space, buzzing with could have hosted the rousing songs of LQ-XKXDI¿OLDWHGWR0XPEDL8QLYHUVLW\ creative activity? One cannot but recall the old shahirs, and it could have hosted since 1973, offers undergraduate the privately owned Bhulabhai Desai dashavatari shows and tamashas. If the and post-graduate degrees in dance. Institute on Warden Road which, in theatre had been well-equipped and the Across the road from it is the Sangit the sixties, became just such a place. performers had been helped to polish Mahabharati, established by the late It was like a warren where every form up their performances, the theatre WDEOD PDHVWUR 3DQGLW 1LNKLO *KRVK of art was practised, attracting even would have been a big draw for the local which offers training in music and ordinary citizens to walk in and watch. population as well as for others in the dance. Odissi is taught at Jhelum The Kala Academy could become such city. More importantly, preserving its Paranjape's Smitalaya and Bharata a cultural hub, but it would require the history would have marked the city as a 1DW\DP RI WKH 7KDQMDYXU VW\OH DW WKH

56 February 2012 MUM B

A I

6KUL 5DMDUDMHVKZDUL %KDUDWKD 1DW\D Kala Mandir. As with music, there are many smaller institutions and private teachers who impart training in dance. The Academy of Theatre Arts, Mumbai University offers theatre training under the able directorship of Shri Waman Kendre. Outside the formal academic frame, Theatre Professionals, a private initiative by Jehan Manekshaw and Tasneem Fatehi, has been offering theatre training since 2008. Again, there are dozens of other schools, classes and regular workshops that train young people in theatre in Mumbai. Thus, training is well taken care of, but what about performance opportunities? A couple of years ago, a dancer whom I met in Kolkata wondered at the absence in Mumbai of impressarios that are scattered all over the city. But both the State and the Private Sector, for dance. If dance happens in this city WKH¿HOGRISHUIRUPHUVLVVRODUJHWKDW ¿QGLWGLI¿FXOWWRSD\SHUIRUPHUVZKDW at all, it happens despite this woeful invitations are few and far between. would be considered their due in any absence of impressarios. Under these However, All India Radio continues other modern city. The other result of circumstances, dancers have taken to broadcast regular programmes of DQRYHUIXO¿HOGLVWKDWDXGLHQFHVGRQRW to presenting themselves through classical music, which helps. wish to risk taking the time to listen to a one another's organisations. The The problem is musicians' fees. performer about whom they have heard comparative unpopularity of classical There are music circles in existence little or nothing. dance in the city means that audiences like the Khayal Trust which have to Here we come to the role of the at dance programmes mostly comprise knock on a dozen corporate doors media in promoting the arts. Do they students of dance and relatives and before one of them opens an inch to play a role? Do they even think they friends of the performers. hand out a few thousand rupees for have a role to play? The short answer to The low degree of popularity of dance their annual festivals which, over the both questions is, no. One of the signs of in Mumbai, as opposed to the popularity years, have become important events the media abdicating its role of covering of classical music and theatre, may be on the music lover's calendar. Music the arts, was the withdrawal of space attributed to the fact that, apart from circles, unsupported as they are by for reviews of music, dance and theatre the Lavani, Maharashtra does not boast of a dance that is unique to it. The south KDVLWV%KDUDWD1DW\DP.DWKDNDOLDQG Kuchipudi. The north has its Kathak. The east has its Manipuri, Odissi and Sattriya. The west does not have a classical dance tradition. The modern dance has not been given as much support as the classical dances have received. The State looks upon it as a foreign import and the private sector ¿QGVLWVODFNRISRSXODULW\DQLQKLELWLQJ factor in supporting it. Opportunities for performance are as important as training facilities in the performing arts. We have dealt with why dance does not get support. But music is in the life blood of Maharashtra. Musicians look forward to invitations to perform from the several music circles

February 2012 57 Maharashtra Ahead

often are, however, children will fail to respond. Language is the very root of culture. Children who grow up reading stodgy text books, come out at the other end without the means of individual expression. The arts are all about forms of individual expression. At a recent workshop for aspiring playwrights, when a young girl was asked why her characters spoke in VXFK ¿OP\ ODQJXDJH VKH UHSOLHG "because that is the language I and my friends speak". Bollywood provides young people with ways of expressing themselves dramatically because education fails to give them a rich and expressive language. Spic Macay (Society for Promotion of Indian Classical Music and Culture Amongst Youth) has done wonderful work in demystifying music for youngsters through its lecture- demonstrations. But this has been possible only when schools have been performances soon after liberalisation. Human infrastructure is based squarely VXSSRUWLYH WR WKH LGHD 1RW DOO VFKRROV As if this was not enough, there was a on education and its priorities. At this are, because schools do not think of the commensurate increase in the space moment, the priorities of education arts as values to be prioritized. devoted to Bollywood and its stars. It are all about completing 'portions' set )LQDOO\ , PXVW SRLQW WKH ¿QJHU DW is not surprising therefore, that writer in the syllabus at the training end, and the political and business leaders of after writer has come to this city to write passing examinations with unheard the city and of course Bollywood stars about it and gone away having written of percentages by cramming at the who are icons for the youth. Do we about the underworld, the slums and learning end. Some schools do include ever see them at programmes of music, Bollywood. music and dance as extra-curricular dance and theatre? If they made such Bollywood is now known activities, but such inclusion is public appearances, our celebrity- internationally as the single most vital marginal. It marks the arts as irrelevant driven press and television channels expression of Indian culture. Our young to the business of living which they are ZRXOG ÀDVK SLFWXUHV RI WKHP DQG LW boys and girls are beginning to live up to not. With imagination and thinking out would sink in with readers and viewers this imagined reality. For the only dance of the box, a school curriculum can be that there is something called classical they are exposed to is Bollywood dance. devised in such a way that the arts get music, dance and serious theatre Its over-abundant physical energy and integrated into the learning process. which might be worth their while to glamour make it instantly attractive to Theatre particularly can be a valuable spare time for. them. If material infrastructure and tool in teaching. In conclusion I must say, if culture ¿QDQFLDO VXSSRUW DUH LPSRUWDQW IRU I am not suggesting that schools is to be preserved in the city in any way the sustenance of the performing arts attempt to produce performers. What other than in the unplanned, ad hoc way in the city now and in the future, need I mean is the doors to the arts must be in which it has existed so far, the people to consciously develop a receptive opened to children at school itself to who hold the economic, educational FRPPXQLW\WKDWHQMR\VWKHUH¿QHPHQWV give them the value they deserve in our and political reins in the city must give of music, dance and theatre in a lively, social life. Making children understand serious thought to what place music, intelligent, sensitive way, which would that there is more to life than mugging dance and theatre should have in the encourage the arts to grow and never for exams and escaping the realities of life of the city. Do we present ourselves stagnate. OLIHWKURXJK+LQGL¿OPVZLOODGGDULFK to the world as a cultured community The future of the arts lies in the dimension to their lives. or merely as crass consumers of easy hands of coming generations. If they The lives of artists would make pleasures? How the arts survive in are taught to value the arts, they will fascinating reading if written in a lively the future will depend entirely on the once again turn Mumbai into a cultural way for inclusion in text books. If they answer we give to this question. hub of the country, which once it was. are written in pious prose, as they - Shanta Gokhale

58 February 2012 High Medium Low

The Future? Given this demographic trend, what would be Mumbai’s population size in the future, say, 2031? Three scenarios are possible: low, medium and high, all relative to the present population, and depending on the pace of additions by natural accretion- that is by births and balance of births over deaths – and migration (Chart) 1.Should the population grow at about 3 lakh people annually, that is, additionally more than were added in the period 1991-2001, it could be on higher side at 2.1 crore. That is the ‘high’ projection. 2. Should the addition be just of 2 lakh people per annum to the existing population, 1.5 crore in 2016 and 1.6 crore in 2021, and then increase further to 1.8 crore in 2031. That level of popula- tion increment would be akin to what was witnessed during 1991-2001 and be categorized ‘medium’. 3. Were it to be an annual growth of just 1 lakh per annum, the population could reach 1.5 crore by 2031 and be categorized as ‘low’ estimate.

Source- Mumbai Human Development Report 2009 | PAGES 52 | `50 NUARY 2012 EMBER 2011-JA | DEC | ISSUE NO.9 VOL.1 MAHARASHTRA AHEAD

O.I.G.S. Presented by The Government of India MAHARASHTRA AHEAD

Digamber W. Palve Senior Assistant Director, Directorate General of Information and Public Relations, Maharashtra Government, Barrack No. 19, Free Press Journal Marg, Mumbai 400 021.

Printed at Navbharat Press Ltd., Navbharat Bhavan, Plot no. 13, Sector 8, Sanpada (East), Navi Mumbai 400 706. Published by Directorate General of Infromation & Public Relations Mantralaya Mumbai 400 032 on behalf of Government of Maharashtra. Editor-in-Chief Pramod T. Nalawade, Director General of Information and Public Relations.