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Design Activism Prelims.Qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page Ii Prelims.Qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page Iii Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page i design activism Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page ii Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page iii design activism beautiful strangeness for a sustainable world Alastair Fuad-Luke publishing for a sustainable future London • Sterling, VA Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page iv First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2009 Copyright © Alastair Fuad-Luke, 2009 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-84407-644-4 hardback 978-1-84407-645-1 paperback Typeset by Domex e-Data, India Cover design and page design by Rob Watts For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Dunstan House 14a St Cross St London, EC1N 8XA, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7841 1930 Fax: +44 (0)20 7242 1474 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fuad-Luke, Alastair. Design activism : beautiful strangeness for a sustainable world / Alastair Fuad-Luke. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84407-644-4 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-84407-645-1 (pbk.) 1. Design-- Social aspects. 2. Sustainable design. I. Title. NK1390.F83 2009 745.4--dc22 2008046521 At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our CO2 emissions, including those created through publication of this book. For more details of our environmental policy, see www.earthscan.co.uk. This book was printed in Malta by Gutenberg Press using soya-based inks. The paper is FSC certified. Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page v To my parents, Eric and Pam Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page vi Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page vii Contents Figures and Tables xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix 1 Scoping the Territory: Design, Activism and Sustainability 1 Defining ‘design’ today 1 Defining ‘activism’ today 5 Activism and the Five Capitals Framework 6 The activism landscape 10 Activism in architecture, design and art 17 Motivation and intention 18 Issue-led design and the sustainability challenge 20 Defining the design activism space 24 Drawing lines between ‘avant-garde’ and ‘activism’ 26 A preliminary definition of ‘design activism’ 27 Notes 27 2 Past Lessons: A Short History of Design in Activist Mode, 1750–2000 33 Design as ‘giving form to culture’ 33 1750–1960: Mass production and (sporadic) modernity 37 Existenzminimum and other socially orientated housing projects by the Deutscher Werkbund 38 Bauhaus myths and realities 39 1960–2000: From Pop and Postmodernism to Postmodern ecology and beyond 41 The Postmodern ecologists 42 The alternative designers 43 The eco-efficiency activists 47 What are the lessons learnt? 48 Notes 50 3 Global–Local Tensions: Key Issues for Design in an Unsustainable World 55 A precarious balance in a changing climate 56 Resource depletion 60 Oil and peak oil 61 Essential minerals 62 Land for food production 62 Water for humans and agriculture 62 Ecological capacity and biodiversity 63 Unsustainable consumption and production 67 vii Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page viii Social inequity, poverty and migration 67 Economic inequity and new visions of enterprise 69 Other significant issues 71 Notes 72 4 Contemporary Expressions: Design Activism, 2000 Onwards 77 Thinking about design activism 78 ‘Socially active design’: some emergent studies 78 An emergent typology of contemporary design activism? 79 Another approach to contextualizing design activism 81 The critical role of artefacts in design activism 85 Activism targeting the over-consumers 86 Raising awareness, changing perceptions, changing behaviour 86 Ways of making and producing 95 Eco-efficiency improvements 107 Contesting meaning and consumption 113 Social cohesion and community building 121 Miscellaneous activism 123 Activism targeting the under-consumers 123 Shelter, water, food 126 Raising awareness by education 129 Tackling health issues 132 Miscellaneous activism 133 Notes 134 5 Designing Together: The Power of ‘We Think’, ‘We Design’, ‘We Make’ 141 Dealing with ‘wicked problems’ 142 The rise of co-creation, co-innovation and co-design 143 The open source and open design movements 144 The intellectual commons 145 Design approaches that encourage participation 146 Co-design 147 Notes 160 6 Activist Frameworks and Tools: Nodes, Networks and Technology 167 People, people, people 167 Toolbox for online world 169 Existing design activism networks 169 Distributed collaboration 169 Ways of sharing visualizations 173 Ways of making 174 Toolbox for real world 175 Selecting the right kind of co-design event 177 Notes 183 viii Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page ix 7 Adaptive Capacity: Design as a Societal Strategy for Designing ‘Now’ and ‘Co-futuring’ 187 Design for a better future 190 The happy sustainable planet? 190 Bio-local and bio-regional 191 Emerging enterprise models 193 New ways of making and building 194 Eco-efficient futures (slowing and powering down) 194 Regeneration and renewal 194 Maverick, solo designer or co-designer? 195 Anticipatory democracy and the ‘MootSpace’ 196 Notes 200 Appendices Appendix 1 Key Design Movements and Groups, 1850–2000: Activist, but Where, and for Whom or What? 203 Appendix 2 The Millennium Development Goals, published by the United Nations (2000): Goals, Targets and Indicators 214 Appendix 3 Metadesign Tools Emerging from the Attainable Utopias Project 219 Appendix 4 Slow Design Principles, Philosophy, Process and Outcomes 224 Appendix 5 The DEEDS Core Principles 225 Appendix 6 Nodes of Design Activism 230 Illustration credits 233 Index 235 ix Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page x Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page xi Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 Design descriptors 3 1.2 Design in relation to other disciplinary studies focusing on ‘things and systems’ 4 1.3 Anthropocentric views of ten key ‘capitals’ 9 1.4 Activism around financial capital 11 1.5 Activism around natural capital 12 1.6 Activism around human capital 13 1.7 Activism around manufactured capital 14 1.8 Activism around social capital 15 1.9 Activism around man-made goods capital 16 1.10 A schematic of intention and motivation 19 1.11 Eco-design, sustainable design, designing for sustainability 25 2.1 How has the role of design changed over time with successive economies and space–time models? 35 2.2 Furniture for the ‘People’s Apartment’, Bauhaus touring exhibition 1929 40 2.3 Design themes from Postmodern ecology and a model of nourishment and well-being in the new Postmodern eco-economic landscape 44 3.1 IPCC impacts associated with global average temperature rise 58 3.2 Peak oil and gas liquids, 2004 scenario 62 3.3 The condition of many global ecosystems has been declining 63 3.4 Countries in ecological deficit or credit 65 3.5 The UK’s global ecological footprint 66 3.6 The Ecological Footprint of the ‘over-consumers’ 68 3.7 The future of ‘sustainable business value’ 70 4.1 Sustainable Everyday – ‘quick’, ‘slow’ and ‘co-operative’ solutions 78 4.2 Fallman’s triangle of design practice, studies and explorations 82 4.3 Changing Habbits, Giraffe Innovation/Royal Society of Arts 88 4.4 Worldmapper cartograms: Standard projection and ‘absolute poverty’ 89 4.5 Virtual Water poster by Timm Kerkeritz 90 4.6 Project 192021 world population clock 92 4.7 Clean tap water by Mads Hagstroem, FLOWmarket 92 4.8 Lunchbox Laboratory by Futurefarmers and National Renewable Energy Laboratory 93 4.9 No Shop by Thomas Matthews 94 4.10 UK government’s future transport scenarios 96 4.11 Future Currents project, RED, the Design Council, UK 97 4.12 Grow Fur by Cay Green 98 4.13 Ways of designing and making 99 4.14 Tache Naturelle by Martin Ruiz de Azu´a 100 xi Prelims.qxd 5/11/2009 6:56 PM Page xii 4.15 An Affair with a Chair by Natalie Schaap 101 4.16 do Hit chair for Droog by Marijn van der Poll 102 4.17 Three White Canvas Clocks by Stuart Walker 103 4.18 RepRap by Adrian Bowyer and Vik Oliver 104 4.19 Connecting Lines, a project with factory workers in Jingdezhen, China, by Judith van den Boom 105 4.20 Proto Gardening Bench by Jurgen Bey for the Oranienbaum project for Droog 105 4.21 Plantware, living functional plant structures, by Yael Stav of Innivo Design 106 4.22 Codha chair by Richard Liddle, Codha Design 107 4.23 REEE chair by Sprout Design for Pli Design 107 4.24 MP3 eco-player by Trevor Baylis 108 4.25 Flamp by Martí Guixé 109 4.26 Fab Tree Hab by Terreform 1 110 4.27 CityCar by MIT Smart Cities 111 4.28 c,mm,n open source car, the Netherlands 111 4.29 Boase housing development, Copenhagen, by Force4 and KHRAS 112 4.30 One-Night Wonder, The Lifetimes Project and No Wash Top, 5 Ways Project 114 4.31 Tyranny of the Plug by Dick van Hoff 116 4.32 Broken White by Simon Heijdens 117 4.33 Living with Things by Monika Hoinkis 117 4.34 Tensta Konsthall by Front 118 4.35 Clock by Thorunn Arnadottir 118 4.36 The Hug Shirt™ bu CuteCircuit 119 4.37 The Placebo project by Antony Dunne and Fiona Raby 120 4.38 The Urban Farming project by Dott 07 122 4.39 Eco-cathedral by Louis Le Roy 124 4.40 Siyathemba by Swee Hong Ng, Architecture for Humanity 127 4.41 The US$20,000 house by Rural Studio graduates 128 4.42 ParaSITE by Michael Rakowitz 128 4.43 Kenya Ceramic Jiko portable charcoal stove, Design for the Other 90% 129 4.44 Ceramic water filter, Cambodia 130 4.45 Q Drum water transporter 130 4.46
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