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Dillthomase1992 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Thomas E. Dill for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on June 10, 1988 Title: Stratigraphy of the Neogene Volcanic Rocks along the Lower Netolius River, Jefferson County, Central Oregon Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy DrEdward H. aylor The canyons along the lower Metolius River in Jefferson County, central Oregon expose volcanic rocks which record volcanism in the Neogene Cascades to the west. The oldest units are hornblende andesite agglomerates and lavas in the western part of the study area, and altered basaltic andesite lavas to the east. These units are unconformably overlain, upon a surface of great relief, by the Deschutes Formation. The Deschutes Formation in the thesis area consists of lava flows (nine basalts, six basaltic andesites, seven porphyritic basaltic andesites, one andesite, and one porphyritic andesite), thirty-two tuffs, and interbedded epi- clastic and pyroclastic sedimentary rocks. The source of these materials was to the west, in the area now occupied by the High Cascades volcano-tectonic depression. The Deschutes Formation shows a gradual facies change across the study area. The western, more proximal facies consists of narrow lava flows which filled east- to northeast- trending valleys. These lavas progressively terminate eastward in the sequence of porphyritic ande- site, andesite, porphyritic basaltic andesite, to basaltic andesite. This is due to decreasing lava viscosities and to decreasing gradi- ent and relief eastward. Tuffs in the more proximal facies are of ash-flow origin, and some are welded. Tuffs are composed of silicic and intermediate pumice, and a few contain a mafic pumice component. These tuffs form broad sheets as well as narrow valley fills. The lava flows and tuffs are interbedded with volumetrically minor clast-supported cobble conglomerates deposited by braided streams. Also present are lithic breccias interpreted as the deposits of lahars. The eastern, more distal facies consists of broad sheets of diktytaxitic basalt, with one narrow flow of porphyritic basaltic andesite. Tuffs, mostly deposited by ash flows but some by flows transitional to pumiceous lahars, also form broad sheets. The tuffs are unwelded, and contain mostly silicic pumice with only minor amounts of intermediate pumice. The lava flows and tuffs are interbedded with abundant sedimentary rocks of braided stream origin. Also abundant are lithic breccias deposited by lahars and air-fall tuffs and paleosols deposited on interfluves. In the extreme east, minor fine-grained sedimentary rocks of floodplain origin are present. The Deschutes Formation exhibits a subtle vertical facies change from more proximal to more distal facies. This is probably due either to subsidence of the source volcanoes into the High Cascades volcano-tectonic depression or to waning volcanism, or both. Continuing subsidence of the source volcanoes and relative uplift of the study area caused incision of major canyons into the Deschutes Formation. Unconforinably overlying the Deschutes Formation are three basalt lavas which partially filled these canyons, and hornblende pumice tephra which mantles slopes. The Deschutes Formation contains two structures indicative of syndepositional tectonism. In the east, a subtle unconformity that dies out southward was caused by uplift of the Mutton Mountains anticline to the north of the depositional basin. In the west, a subtle north-trending dip reversal of a sheet-like basalt flow indicates subsidence of the proximal area by warping. Small faults in the Deschutes Formation indicate north to northwest compression, although no significant displacement could be documented across a northwest-trending lineament along the lower Metolius River. Paleomagnetic polarity stratigraphy of the study area, combined with two previous K-Ar dates, suggests that the Deschutes Formation was deposited from chron 4 (about 7.4 Ma) to chron 3-2r-1 (4.5 Ma). The Deschutes Formation petrologic suite is distinct from older and younger volcanism in the Cascades. The Deschutes Formation suite is subalkaline and calcalkaline, which is typical of arc-derived volcanics. It also has strong tholeiitic affinities, however, and is unusually rich in Ti02. This may indicate eruption during a period of extension, perhaps precursory to the subsidence of the arc into the High Cascades volcano-tectonic depression. Stratigraphy of the Neogene Volcanic Rocks Along the Lower Netolius River, Jefferson County, Central Oregon by Thomas E. Dill A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Naster of Science Completed June 10, 1988 Commencement June 1992 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Redacted for privacy Redacted for privacy Dean of Gradu School Date thesis is presented June 10, 1988 Typed by Tern Evans for Thomas E. Dill ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Edward M. Taylor, for suggesting the thesis topic and for obtaining funds to sup- port this research. His enthusiasm and guidance were greatly appreciated. George Priest of the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries arranged a grant to partially fund this project. The cooperation of the U.S. Forest Service and private landowners was also welcome. This work has benefitted from discus- sions with my fellow graduate students, particularly Rich Conrey and Gary Smith. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Alan Niem, Anita Grunder, and Fred Obermiller, for reading this thesis under severe time constraints and for their helpful comments. This thesis has also benefitted from the early guidance of Dr. Keith Oles and the late Dr. Harold Enlows. Also, I will always be in debt to Dr. William Taubeneck for encouraging me to attend Oregon State University. Above all, I would like to thank Barbara L. Dill, my wife, for her encouragement and patience. Not only did she support my graduate work emotionally and financially, she assisted in many facets of the chemical analyses, cut over 100 thin sections, and drafted most of the figures. For these reasons and many more, this thesis is dedicated to her. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Location and Access 1 Topography, Vegetation, and Exposure 3 Previous Studies and Geologic Setting 4 Purpose and Procedure 10 DESCRIPTION OF MAPPED UNITS 14 Pre-Deschutes Formation Units 14 Hornblende Andesite 14 Altered Basaltic Andesite 16 Deschutes Formation Units 21 Basalts 22 Basaltic Andesites 48 Porphyritic Basaltic Andesites 74 Gunsight Andesite 92 Porphyritic Andesite 93 Tuffs 95 Post-Deschutes Formation Units 145 Metolius Basalt 145 Street Creek Lagoon Basalt 151 Crooked River Basalt 153 Hornblende Pumice 155 Slumps and Talus Slopes 168 Alluvium 169 SEDIMENTATION 171 Sedimentary Rocks 171 Occurrence 171 Paleotopography and Sediment Dispersal Pattern 172 Sediment Composition and Provenance 176 Diagenesis 181 Facies Associations and Depositional Environments 184 Fluvial Association 186 Lahar Association 199 Vegetated Interfluve Association 214 Floodplain Association 230 STRATIGRAPHY 235 Relative Age of the Units 235 Boundaries of the Deschutes Formation 240 Lower Boundary 240 Western Boundary 241 Upper Boundary 242 Complications 243 Absolute Age of the Deschutes Formation 246 Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy 246 Radiometric Dates 247 Biostratigraphy 251 Facies of the Deschutes Formation 252 Proximal/Distal Facies Changes 252 Vertical Facies Changes 258 STRUCTURE 262 Syndepositional Tectonism 262 Metolius Lineament 264 Minor Faults 267 PETROLOGY 269 Chemical Variation 269 Variation Within Single Units 269 Differences Between Units 279 Deschutes Formation 280 Deschutes Formation Suite 280 Classification of the Deschutes Formation Suite 286 Low-Ti02 Basalt Magma Type 293 Pre-Deschutes Formation Units 299 Post-Deschutes Formation Units 299 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 301 Rock Materials 301 Ground Water 302 Geothermal Energy 304 BIBLIOGRAPHY 307 APPENDIX ONE Water Well Logs 317 APPENDIX TWO Analytical Procedures and Accuracies 320 APPENDIX THREE Chemical Analyses with Norms 324 APPENDIX FOUR Sample Locations 337 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Location of thesis area. 2 Geologic setting of thesis area. 6 Location of areas of Madras Basin mapped 11 by Oregon State University students. Photomicrograph of olivine phenocrysts in 18 altered basaltic andesite. Photomicrograph of interstitial minerals in 20 altered basaltic andesite. Photomicrograph of Deschutes Arm basalt. 26 Outcrop relations on east side of lower 28 Juniper Canyon. Outcrop relations in Metolius Canyon east 29 of Big Canyon. Photomicrograph of Big Canyon basalt. 33 Outcrop relations in Deschutes Canyon. 35 Photomicrograph of Tdb5. 38 Canadian Bench basalt and Lower Canadian 40 Bench Basalt in Deschutes Canyon. Outcrop relations in Deschutes Canyon. 43 Photomicrograph of skeletal olivine phenocrysts 45 in Canadian Bench basalt. Photomicrograph of xenolith in Drift Campground 52 basaltic andesite. Photomicrograph of Tdba2. 55 Outcrop relations in Spring Creek Canyon. 57 Photomicrograph of Street Creek basaltic andesite. 59 Photomicrograph of hornblende andesite xenolith 65 from Monty Campground basaltic andesite. Lava flows in Warm Springs Indian Reservation. 69 Inverted topography and joint system of Fly Creek 72 Ranch basaltic andesite. Photomicrograph of Tdpba1. 76 Photomicrograph of Tdpba2. 79 Photomicrograph of orthopyroxene phenocryst in Tdpba4. 84 Photomicrograph of curved augite phenocryst in Tdpba5. 87 Figure Page Tdt1 overlain by lithic breccia. 97 Mixed
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