DOCSLIB.ORG

Irrigation and Malaria in Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Irrigation and Malaria in Africa Durham E-Theses The impact of bund construction on the transmission of malaria in The Gambia Kandeh, Balla How to cite: Kandeh, Balla (2007) The impact of bund construction on the transmission of malaria in The Gambia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2380/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The impact of bund construction on the transmission of malaria in The Gambia Balla Kandeh School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Durham University The copyright of this thesis rests with the author or the university to which it was submitted. No quotation from it, or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or university, and any information derived from it should be acknowledged. A thesis submitted for the award of the Degree of Masters of Science (by Research) September 2007 1 5 MAY 2008 Executive Summary Water impoundments are known to affect the risk of many vector-borne diseases. Here I examine the impact of bund (smal'l embankments) construction on the transmission of malaria in The Gambia. I hwothesised that bund construction, designed to collect rainwater for irrigation and keeping saltwater out, would provide ideal breeding sites for Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, the major vectors of malaria in Afiti.ca, and thereby increase malaria transmission. Mosquito larvae were sampled along transects in three different areas~ Each transect lay perpendicular to a bund, including an area 1OOm either side of the bund. These were sampled for larvae using area samplers every three weeks from May to December 2005, including the period of annual rainfall from June to October. Adult mosquitoes were caught using three emergence traps which were positioned at each side of the bund in different water bodies (i.e. six at each transect, three either side of the hunds), within 50m left and right of each transect. During a Countrywide survey, 20 transects were sampled in different parts of The Gambia in September 2005, when mosquito numbers were relatively high. 10 were situated in parts of the river where it was salt and 10 were situated in parts of the river where the water was fresh. Mosquitoes were roughly twice as common in water on the landward side of the bunds, 68% of Anopheles larvae and 84% of all mosquito larvae, (OR)= 9.37, 95% confidence intervals (95% Cis = 2.26-38.79, P <0.002), compared with the riverside. Similarly 82% of Anopheline adults and 89% of all adult mosquitoes (OR = 2.59, 95% Cis = 1.23-5.48, P = 0.013) were collected on the landward side. There is also an indication that this is also true for the countrywide survey in which more mosquitoes were collected from the landside of the bund (63% Anophelines, 65% Culicines), although this did not reach statistical significance. One possible explanation for these fmdings is that larvae on the riverside of the bunds are washed away with the tide and predated by the larger number of fish found there. These fmdings indicate that the construction of bunds for agricultural purposes increases mosquito larval density on the landward side by increasing the breeding ground for malaria vectors of the An. gambiae complex. These constructions increase the number of vector mosquitoes emerging from 2 the floodplains of the River Gambia, and thus are likely to increase the intensity of malaria transmission. 3 Declaration The material contained within this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree at Durham University of or any other Institution. The research reported in this thesis has been conducted entirely by the author unless indicated otherwise. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published nor any methodology implemented without the prior consent of the author. Any information derived from this thesis should be appropriately acknowledged. Contributions of Other Authors Prof. S. W. Lindsay (Supervisor) conceived the design of the study, identified the study sites, helped in the field work, assisted in the data analysis, critiqued and reviewed the manuscript. Dr Urike Fillinger, helped develop the Standard Operational Procedures (SOPs). Silas Majambereh, helped identify study sites, and also assisted in the field work. Dr Clare Green helped with the molecular analysis of specimens. Vasilis Louca, PhD student and fish ecologist, helped with the fish sampling, identification and measurement of fish samples. 4 Dedication This piece of work is dedicated entirely to my late mother Mts Jainabou Baldeh Kandeh who died in 1968 shortly after I was born. I miss you dearly. May your soul rest in perfect peace. Amen. 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Steve Lindsay, Mr Silas Majambereh, Dr Ulrike Fillinger, Dr Clare Green and Dr Matthew Kirby, who gave me excellent theoretical and practical support during the entire process. Without their support, it would not have been possible to achieve the diversity of studies that have been conducted during this project. I also wish to sincerely thank the Nlli, USA, for providing me with the funding through the Larval Control Project (LCP) in The Gambia. I also wish to thank the Medical Research Council Laboratories in The Gambia for providing excellent laboratory facilities throughout the study period. In addition, I thank the Department of State for Health and the Government of The Gambia for according me w:ith this training opportunity without which, I would not have successfully completed. Thank you so much Mr Malang Fofana and Mrs Adam Jagne Sonko Manager and Deputy manager of the NMCP and the entire staff of the NMCP for all your moral, material and technical support and encouragement during the course of my study, for without your support it would have been difficult for me to complete successfully. I would particularly like to thank all the personnel of the MRC Farafenni in The Gambia who made this project possible. Special thanks to Mr Musa Jawara, Batch Cham, Wandifa Fofana, Lamin Sanneh, Essa Touray, Tomaring Jadama, Ebriama Manneh, Ousman :Bah, Lamin Sanyang, Abdoulie Bojang, Alagie, Nyamo, Mr Nyassi and Pierre Gomez. I would also like to thank Dr Jassey and Mr Batch Cham for their immense help during the conduct of the study. Last but not in anyway the least, special thanks to my dear wife Mrs Binta Sallah Kandeh most especially for a.ll your support and encouragement during the course of my study. 'Fhank you so much Binta Sallah for taking good care of my famHy while I was away. Thanks to my son Abdourahman Kandeh for your understanding and patience during my absence. 6 Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................2 DECLARA:riON ........................................................................................................................................4 DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................ S ACKNOWbEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................................... 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................10 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................11 LIST OF·TABLES .................................................................................................................................... l:l CHAPTER 1: IRRIGATION AND MALARIA IN AFRICA .................................................... 12 POPULA7JlON GROWTH AND 'FOOD PRODUCTION IN AFRICA ............................................................... 12 RICE PRODtiCTION AND CONSUMPTION ................................................................................................ 14 IRRIGATION AND HEALTH ....................................................................................................................... 15 RICE CULTIVATION AND MALARIA ......................................................................................................... 15 IN AFRICA, RICE ...................................................................................................................................... 15 THE GAMBIA ...........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gambia: Issues and Options in the Energy Sector Public Disclosure Authorized
    Report No. 4743-GM The Gambia: Issues and Options in the Energy Sector Public Disclosure Authorized November1983 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Report of the JointUNDP/%brld Bank Energy Sector AssessmentProgram Thisdocument has a restricteddistribution. Its contentsmay not be disclosed without authorizationfrom the Govemment,the UNDPor the World Bank. JOPIIUTNDP/ T ORL BAN\K ENrYV C,ECICR ASSESSMIENT MTISSION REPOPTS .- READY ISSULED Country 'Dace No Indcnesi`.a Novenmber 1981 3543-LND U-'-uI-.itius Decen.P'er 1981 3510-HAS Kcn,va May 1982 3800-KE Sri Lanka lay 1982 3794-CE Z IT ,7 e J,une 1982 3765-ZIM Ma,t:i June 1982 3672-HA Papua New Guinea June 1982 3882-PNG Buri.undi June 1982 3778-BU Rwanda June 1982 3779-RW Malawi August 1982 3903-MAL Bangladesh October 1982 3873-BD Zambia January 1983 4110-ZA Turkey February 1983 3877-TU Bolivia April 1983 4213-BO J L June 1983 4462-FIJ Solomon Islands June 1983 4404-SOL Senegal July 1983 4182-SE Uganda July 1983 4453-UG Sudan July 1983 4511-SU Nig,eria Au,gust 1983 4440-UNI Nepal Au,gust 1983 4474-NEP FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 4743-GM THE GAMBIA ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR November 1983 This is one of a series of reports of the Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Assessment Program. Finance for this work has been provided, in part, by the UNDP Energy Account, and the work has been carried out by the World Bank. This report has a restricted distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Academic Distinctions, 1956 First-Class Honours in the Various Triposes Were Obtained by : Economics Part I J
    CONTENTS PAGE Frontispiece: At the Reunion (1) .. .. .. .. 4 Editorial .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5-7 Officers of the Society 8 News of the Society: Notices and Reports 9-15 The Society's Finances .. .. .. .. .. 16 The General Meeting of the Society 17-19 The Quincentenary Appeal Fund .. .. .. 19-21 The Annual Dinner .. .. .. .. .. 22-26 Engagements .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Marriages .. .. 28-30 Births 31-33 Deaths 33-34 Obituaries .. 35-40 Ecclesiastical Appointments .. .. .. .. 40-41 Miscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. 41-52 Gifts and Bequests .. .. .. .. .. 53 Publications 54-59 Correspondence .. .. .. .. .. .. 59-63 News of the College: College News Letter, 1955-56 .. 64-68 Marlow and Henley, 1956 69 The College Societies .. .. 70-76 Academic Distinctions .. .. .. .. .. 76-78 Articles: Transatlantic Journey .. .. .. .. .. 78-79 The College Silver 80-86 Paws for Laughter 86-89 Illustrations: At the Reunion (2) .. .. .. .. .. facing 26 At the Reunion (3) .. facing 52 SEPTEMBER 1956 Editorial It is not generally known outside the Universities concerned that there are closer ties between certain colleges than those which arise from purely academic affinity. ' Informal alliance ' is the description applied, and the existence of such a relationship explains, for example, the note in the 1954 edition of this magazine which stated that Donald Portway, Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge University, had been appointed an Associate Fellow of Trumbull College, Yale Univer- sity, and also the announcement in the Reporter of last January that Dr John Spangler Nicholas, Sterling Professor of Biology and Master of Trumbull College, Yale, had been elected an Honorary Fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. But that is no more than formal recognition of the informal, appreciated though it undoubtedly is on both sides of the Atlantic.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography LO (Learning Objective): Climate Change Lesson 1 Look at the Photo Below
    th Tuesday 17 November 2020 Subject: Geography LO (learning objective): Climate change lesson 1 Look at the photo below. Most of it is blank. What might be happening in the rest of it? Why is the man sitting like this? Could there be there anyone else in the photo? Try drawing what you think could be happening. Then, write your explanation for what you have drawn. In tomorrow’s Teams lesson, we can share different examples of what people have drawn and you can explain your decisions to the class if you want to. Next, look at the full photo on the Geography lesson photo file on the class page. The boy is 9 years old and is called Elhaji, and he works cleaning shoes on the streets of Banjul, the capital city of The Gambia, which is a tiny country in West Africa. He also works as a ‘barrow boy’, which is when he pushes a trolley full of goods that people have bought from a market, and delivers them to those people’s homes. Look at the photo file to find pictures of the markets. After this, think about and write an answer this question: why is Elhaji not at school or at home with his family? Elhaji’s family live in Njar, which is on the north bank of the River Gambia, close to the border with Sengal, over 150km away from Banjul. Look at the photo file to find a map of The Gambia, and see if you can find Banjul and Njar on it. Then look at the photos of his mum and sister.
    [Show full text]
  • Gambia Is Good Project, the Gambia
    | BEST FOR POVERTY REDUCTION | WINNER Gambia is Good project, The Gambia 84 | r:travel | BEST FOR POVERTY REDUCTION | How Gambia eased its growing pains Poor rural farmers in The Gambia have been able to grab a sizeable share of the lucrative tourism market thanks to a project that has helped them meet the exacting demands of local hoteliers glimpse of hippos and crocodile surfacing, and baboons playing on its banks. THE GAMBIA is a well-established ‘winter dividing residents into north or south bank Though winter tourism is a major source sun’ tourism destination. One of West Africa’s inhabitants. Steamers can navigate the river of business in The Gambia, attracting around most peaceful nations, it’s a narrow lick of a for 140 miles inland. For the first 80 miles, it’s 100,000 visitors a year, mostly from the UK country, surrounded by Senegal on all sides fringed with mangrove-covered banks, later and Europe, it is virtually all package-tour except for its 50 miles of Atlantic coastline. giving way to red cliffs topped with green trade, controlled by Western-owned big tour The Gambia River is a dominating feature vegetation. Dotted with ferries, fishermen operators, airlines and hotels. Thus, most of of life in The Gambia, stretching from the in dugout canoes and cutters loaded with the tourist money that should find its way Atlantic Coast 186 miles into its interior, groundnuts, the river offers the occasional into the local economy instead leaks out of the country. The big operators even get FARMERS WHO’VE COME GOOD a sizeable chunk of the tourists’ spending money because they arrange the excursions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Development of Somaliland and Its Conflict with Puntland
    The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland 5 INTRODUCTION a total population of about three million people in 1997. Pastoralists make up some 55 per cent of the population, The Horn of Africa is the most militarised and conflict- whereas the rest is composed of urban and rural dwell- ridden region on the African continent, with armed ers. Territorially Somaliland is divided into six regions, conflicts raging frequently within and between states. namely Northwest, Awdal, Sahil, Togdheer, Sanaag and In 1991, Somaliland emerged as an autonomous entity Sool, which are subdivided into 30 districts. The largest in this turbulent region after unilaterally declaring its city and capital of Somaliland is Hargeisa to which independence from the rest of Somalia. Over the past Britain relocated its colonial administration in 1941, eighteen years Somaliland has managed to display an en- while Boroma, Berbera, Burao, Erigavo and Las-Canood viable measure of peace and stability. Through successive are Somaliland’s major cities. Somaliland’s principal port clan conferences, Somaliland established relatively viable is the strategic port of Berbera.6 institutions which paved the path for reconstruction of an There are three major clan families, namely the entity mainly employing local resources. Somaliland has Isaaq, the Darod/Harti (including the Warsangeli thus been depicted as ‘an oasis of stability in an otherwise and Dhulbahante) and the Dir (including the Iise and chaotic Somali regional environment’.1 The accomplish- Gadabursi), representing 66 per cent, 19 per cent and 15 ments of Somaliland, however, have been overshadowed per cent respectively of the total population.7 Pertaining by the lack of international recognition of its statehood to regional distribution, the west is inhabited by the Iise and also its territorial dispute with neighbouring and Gadabursi clans.8 The Isaaq live predominantly in Puntland.
    [Show full text]
  • Gambia River
    584 Gambia River Preservation As part of the broader Senegambia Catchment Because of their isolation and relatively recent dis- area, the Gambia River is an important ecosystem covery, the Galápagos have escaped the destruc- for biological diversity, though it has few endemic tion so often wreaked on oceanic islands. Cur- species (those found nowhere else on Earth) in rently, the biggest threats to the archipelago include its own waters. The river supports a range of eco- introduced species, loss of native biodiversity, and nomic activities from agriculture to fishing, hunt- human visitors. For this reason, the Ecuadorean ing, and transportation. It also shows promise for government has declared all the islands, except potential hydroelectric power. Like many of the areas already colonized, to be a national park, man- world’s aquatic and coastal systems, it is under aged in conjunction with the not-for-profit Charles direct threat from these anthropogenic factors. Darwin Foundation and Research Station. Mangroves, Salt Marsh, Wetlands Melanie L. Truan The estuarine and freshwater zones, which are largely a function of the reach of the tide and salt Further Reading water from the sea, create different communities Fitter, Julian, Daniel Fitter, and David Hosking. of flora and fauna. At its mouth, the Gambia is Wildlife of the Galápagos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton an 8-mile-wide (14-kilometer-wide) permanently University Press, 2000. flooded ria, or funnel-shaped, estuary formed Jackson, Michael H. Galápagos: A Natural History. from the submergence of the lower portion of the Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Press, 1993. river valley. This estuary is a matrix of mangrove Kricher, John.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Implications of Climate Change for the Achievement
    POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 5, IN THE GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA By Amanda Bartel A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) April, 2013, Halifax, Nova Scotia © A. Bartel, March 2013 Approved: Dr. Cathy Conrad Supervisor Approved: Dr. Jason Grek-Martin Examiner Date: March 28, 2013 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FACULTY OF ARTS SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITY This research project title The Implications of Climate Change on the Achievement of the Millennium Development Goal 5 in The Gambia, West Africa has been examined and approved for the Department of Geography, and it completes the requirements for Geography 4526.0: Honours Research Project. March 28, 2013 Examining Committee: Dr. Cathy Conrad, Supervisor Department of Geography, Saint Mary’s University Dr. Jason Grek-Martin Department of Geography, Saint Mary’s University i ABSTRACT POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL 5, IN THE GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA by Amanda Bartel The purpose of this thesis was to explore the relationship between climate change and the achievement of the MDG 5; to reduce maternal mortality by three-quarters and provide universal reproductive health care by 2015. Data was obtained through on-site interviews with Gambians and analyzed for patterns and trends between interviewees. This study includes a detailed discussion of the current information regarding climate change and human health, a description of The Gambia as the study area, and a thorough examination of comments made by Gambians.
    [Show full text]
  • C**NI E "L a ITU)I0
    FAML HAL- A ITH:P PUAJN C**NI E "L A ITU)i0 1. ;k 4 -*r*d aip~ue d00SI Pr6par6par: Pr6sent6 : FamilyHealth Care, Inc. Saiel Development Program 1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Agency for International Development Was.ington, DC.20036 Washington, D.C. 20523 et The Population Council July 30, 19 79 1Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, New York 10017 Contract No.: AID/afr-C- 1413 INVENTAIRE DES CAPACITES ET ACTIVITES DEMOGRAPHIQUES DANS LE SAHEL Pr~sent9 a : Sahel Development Program Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. par : Family Health Care, Inc. 1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. et The Population Council 1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, N.Y. en collaboration avec L'Institut du Sahel Bamako, Mali 30 juin 1979 Contrat No : AID/afr-C-1413 TABLE DES MATIERES Page REIMERCIEMENTS I. INTRODUCTION . 1 II. DEFINITION DES TERMES UTILISES . 4 III. TOUR D'HORIZON DE LA REGION : SITUATION ACTUELLE ET BESOINS . .. .. 5 A. Capacit:is d~mographiques . .. 5 B. Activit:gs dmographiques . .. 14 IV. RAPPORTS PAR PAYS A. CAP VERT . 28 B. GAMBIE . 38 C. HAUTE-VOLTA . * . ... 48 D. MALI . 58 E. MAURITANIE . 66 F. NIGER . *. .. 76 G. SENEGAL . a........ 85 V. RESUME : EVOLUTION D'UNE STRATEGIE . 100 ANNEXES 1. SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY VISITS BY SAHEL INSTITUTE/ FAMILY HEALTH CARE, INC./POPULATION COUNCIL . i-i 2. LISTE DES ORGANISMES VISITES ET DES PERSONNES INTERVIEWEES ..... ................... ... 2-1 3. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ... .............. .3-1 4. SELECTED TRAINING INSTITUTIONS WITH PROGRAMS IN DEMOGRAPHY AND RELATED SOCIAL SCIENCES OPEN TO SAHELIANS ...... .................... ... 4-1 5. REPORT OF AN INVENTORY OF COMPUTER HARDWARE AND RELATED COMPUTER SKILLS DUALABS - April 3, 1979 5-1 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Framework for Basic Education
    REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA MINISTRY OF BASIC AND SECONDARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK FOR BASIC EDUCATION [2011] CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................3 FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................................4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................................6 CURRICULUM .........................................................................................................................................................................7 CHAPT E R 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................8 1.1 CONTEXTUAL SCAN ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS ..........................................................................................10 1.2.1 Government’s vis ion .............................................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Land, Property, and Housing
    LAND, PROPERTY, AND HOUSING IN SOMALIA 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part A: Executive Summary 10 Part B: Introduction 14 Purpose and intended audience 14 Limitations and qualifications 16 Acknowledgments 17 Part C: Contexts 18 Section 1: Historical background 18 Chronology of key events in Somali history 18 The problem of knowledge 21 Section 2: Political background and analysis 22 Conflict dynamics and analysis 22 The political economy of war 24 Formal governance structures and their capabilities 27 “Radical localization” and decentralization 28 South central Somalia 29 Puntland 31 Somaliland 32 Traditional governance structures 33 South central Somalia 33 Puntland 34 Somaliland 34 Developing traditional structures 34 Section 3: Geographical and environmental factors 36 Suitability and use of land for various forms of agriculture 36 Environmental issues 36 Agricultural production and food security 38 Agriculture and food 38 Vulnerability to natural disasters 40 5 Section 4: Socio-economic background 40 Key statistics and indicators 40 Clans, class, and other divisions 44 Introduction and historical background 44 The civil wars and the clan system 46 Other divisions 48 Vulnerable groups 49 Introduction 49 General background 50 The major “minority” groups 51 Women 54 Introduction 54 The pre-civil war situation 55 The post-civil war situation 57 General analysis 57 Government revenues and the macroeconomic picture 59 The situation before the civil wars 59 The situation since 1991 60 Key sectors of private economy 62 Introduction 62 The effects of
    [Show full text]
  • Gambia Corridor Phase I : Construction of the Trans-Gambia Bridge and Cross Border Improvement Countries : the Gambia and Senegal
    Language : English Original : English PROJECT : TRANS-GAMBIA CORRIDOR PHASE I : CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANS-GAMBIA BRIDGE AND CROSS BORDER IMPROVEMENT COUNTRIES : THE GAMBIA AND SENEGAL Date: November 2011 Team Leader: A. A. Mwila, Transport Engineer, OITC.1 Team Members: M. Souare , Transport Engineer, OITC.1 M. Bernard, Transport Economist, OITC.1 L. Ehouman, Socio-Economist, OITC.1 M. Kinane, Environmentalist, ONEC.3 A Diallo, Procurement Specialist, SNFO A. Mohamed, Transport Economist, SNFO Appraisal Team N. Ebono, Financial Management Specialist, SNFO J. Nyamukapa, Financial Management Specialist, GHFO B. Aluoch, Principal Legal Counsel, GECL1 J. Lowe, Trade and Transport Facilitation Consultant Sector Director : G. Mbesherubusa Regional Director (ORWB): N. Matondo-Fundani Sector Manager : J. Kabanguka Country Manager : L. Mokadem P. Codo, Principal Transport Engineer, ONRI.1 L. Weidner, Principal Transport Economist, OITC.2 N. Kulemeka, Chief Social Economist, ONEC.3 Peer Reviewers M. Melchior , Senior Transport Engineer, OITC.1 T. Harada, Principal Transport Engineer, OITC.2 M. Moctar, Consultant Transport Economist, E. Yonazi, Principal Telecommunications Engineer, ICT4D Contents 1. STRATEGIC THRUST & RATIONALE ...................................................................... 1 1.1. Project linkages with country strategy and objectives ................................................ 1 1.2. Rationale for Bank’s involvement............................................................................... 1 1.3. Donor coordination
    [Show full text]
  • Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Sustainability of Dikes & Spillways
    Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Sustainability of Dikes & Spillways Constructed in the Rice Growing Ecologies of West Coast Region of The Gambia MSc THESIS BY: FAMARA TRAWALLY JUNE, 2015 i A Thesis on Sustainable Land Management submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science in International Land and Water Management at Wageningen University, the Netherlands Study program: MSc International Land and Water Management (MIL) Student Registration Number: 700710841090 Supervisors: Dr. Ir Aad Kessler Dr Sidat Yaffa June, 2015 Wageningen University, Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Group ii DEDICATION This work is profoundly dedicated to my mother, Binta Kinteh, whose motherly love I very much cherish and adore. Also to my dear wife, Nyima Jarra Trawally and my daughters for firmly standing by me while undergoing my studies. iii ABSTRACT The Gambia has a land area of 11,000 km2 and it is located on the Atlantic Coast in West Africa (between latitudes 13o and 14o N and between longitudes 13o and 17o W), with an estimated population of 1.8 million inhabitants. Rice is the staple food of The Gambia and is grown mainly in lowland ecologies of the country but consumption exceeds production by about 50%. Because crop production in the country is primarily rain-fed subsistence farming, principal limiting factors in rice production are water supply and salt-water intrusion into swamp fields. Owing to its drive to narrow the import substitution gap and attain national food self- sufficiency through improved production and productivity of the staple rice crop, the Government of The Gambia has implemented series of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) projects.
    [Show full text]