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Northumbria Research Link Northumbria Research Link Citation: Uriel, Able-Thomas (1994) Photovoltaics for the Gambia : implementation strategies for renewable energy technology transfer. Doctoral thesis, University of Northumbria at Newcastle. This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/15747/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/pol i cies.html Some theses deposited to NRL up to and including 2006 were digitised by the British Library and made available online through the EThOS e-thesis online service. These records were added to NRL to maintain a central record of the University’s research theses, as well as still appearing through the British Library’s service. For more information about Northumbria University research theses, please visit University Library Online. 3PI-IC: )WC: )"Fk.rC: )r-, rM2%AOC ("--a'S 3[PC)IZ UDI-In- 43 Alm 113X 2%, :P'C: )XZ 31Z31EM3T.WAA33r., l: ': 31EM31EXZC7rW U713C-""I-IMC)T-, C:)C7wW U?I12%, MSUPIEn A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilmant of the requirements of the University of Northumbria at Newcastle for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. By URIEL ABLE-THOMAS,, BSc(lions), MSC# CEng, MIEE. Department Electrical# Electronic Engineering and Physics, of Faculty of Engineering# Science and Technology, in University of Northumbria at Newcastle collaboration with the Gambia Civil Aviation Authority,, Banjul Xnternational Airport, Yundum, The Gambia. JULY 1994. I ABSTRACT. This research project has assessed the social and techno-economic aspects of photovoltaic (pv) manufacture and dissemination in the Gambia as an appropriate alternative source of energy for development. The research has also considered the relationship between energy and development, the need to conserve and use fuelwood and to utilise the other conventional energy sources more efficiently. The Gambia, 's energy balance has been presented for 1988/89 to 1991/92 indicating its energy demand pattern. The importance of an integrated energy plan has been indicated with the need to conserve and use energy more efficiently. The project has considered some of the renewable energy technologies that might be appropriate sources of energy for development with emphasis on PV. The techno-economic benefits of PV lighting, PV water pumping and PV vaccine refrigeration compared to the conventional systems have been assessed. The technical performance, reliability, efficiency and costings have been presented for PV systems compared to existing or potential conventional systems in order to assess their technical feasibilities and economic viabilities. A specific case study has been investigated into the techno-economic feasibility of installing PV stand alone, diesel or PV/diesel hybrid systems at Banjul International Airport. Different models of technology transfer to developing countries have been discussed. An assessment has been made of the needs and associated problems for developing countries and the Gambia in particular. The appropriate models and strategy for PV manufacture and dissemination in the Gambia have been identified. Means of transferring these technologies into the Gambia have been suggested. An assessment of the relevant criteria for the Gambia to acquire the PV technology was carried out. Several levels of acquiring PV technology through technology transfer have been identified. A strategy for acquiring PV technology and the dissemination procedure in the Gambia has been suggested. COLIAWRATING ESTABLISHMENT: - The Gambia Civil Aviation Authority Banjul International Airport Yundum The Gambia West Africa. ii For the Lord giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and understanding. Proverbs 2: 6 This Work Is Dedicated To My Loving Wife And Children. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I wish to thank my wife, Jean, and my children Samuel, Susannah and Shola-Bola, for their support, encouragement and patience during the research programme. I would like to thank all those who helped and encouraged me during my work. I would especially like to thank my Director of Studies, Professor R. Hill for his support, invaluable guidance and highly informative discussions. I would also like to thank my other supervisors, Professor P. 0, 'Keefe and Dr. N. Pearsall, for their guidance, support and valuable discussions. I am grateful to my adviser,, Mr. Anthony Derrick of IT Power, for providing me with useful information. My sincere thanks also goes to Mr. Derek Cox of Racal Training services Limited for supplying me with valuable information pertaining to the navigational aids and communications system at Banjul International Airport. I would also like to thank my colleagues who encouraged and assisted me in many different ways during the research programme. These include among many others: Dr. R. Miles, Dr. B. Ghosh, Dr. M. Carter, Dr. J. Winckler, Dr. N. Robson, Dr. T. Bhatti, Dr. J. Bates,, Dr. F. Adurodija, Mrs. K Kynes, Ms. A. Baumann, Mr. & Mrs. Boa Cuamba, Ms. T. Blewett, Mr. A. Musa, Mr. H. Cui, Mr. S. Duke,, Mr. S. Bocking, Mr. M. Hyland, Mr. E. Groake, Ms. A. Wilshaw, Mr. E. Lanceley and Mr. V. Hinksman. I would like to express my appreciation to all the members of staff at the Research Degrees Section, IV especially Mrs. P. Wigmore, Ms. A. Fenwick and Ms. M. Davidson for their patience and assistance. I would also like to thank my brothers, the rest of the Able-Thomas family and all friends and relatives for their immense support and encouragement during the research period in the UK. I wish to express my gratitude to the Association of Commonwealth Universities for their sponsorship and the British Council for administering the award. I would finally like to express my gratitude to the Board of Directors, the Director General and co-workers of the Gambia Civil Aviation Authority for their support during my study leave period. V CONTENTS PAGES CHAKER1- INTRODUCTION 1 ................................... 1.1 GEOGUPHYOF THEGAABIA 5 ............................... 1.2 AGRICULTURE 7 ........................................... 1.3 GOVERMENT 7 ............................................ 1.4 THEECDNM 8 ........................................... 1.5 STRUCTUREOFTHE THESIS 11 ............................... CHAPTER2- ENERGYAND DEVELOPMENT 14 .......................... 2.1 INTRODUCTION 14 .......................................... 2.2 BIOMASSFUELS 18 ......................................... 2.3 FUELWOODCONSUPTION AND DEFORESTATION 19 ................ 2.4 RUM TOURBAN MGY SHIFT 22 ........................... 2.5 NEEDFOR ENERGY POLICIES 24 .............................. 2.6 ERM ANDECOMONIC GROWTH 26 ............................ 2.7 SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT 29 ............................... 2.8 CONCLUSION 31 ............................................ MPTER 3- MGY BMMCEOF THEGAMBIA 33 .................... 3.1 INM DUCTION .......................................... 33 3.2 END-USEENERGY APPROACH ............................... 35 SECTOR 3.2.1 RESIDENTUL ................................... 36 SECTOR 3.2.2 AGRICULTURU .................................. 44 INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIALSECTOR 44 3.2.3 ......................... 3.2.4 TRANSPORTATION 45 ....................................... PetroleuE Supplies 47 3.2.4.1 ................................. 3.2.5 GOVERMENTSECTOR 47 .................................... GRMTION 48 3.3 KLWMCITY ................................ OF INDIGMS KKERGYRESOURCES 55 3.4 DEVELOPKENT ............ vi 3.4.1 FUELWOOD 55 ............................................. 3.4.2 OIL ANDGAS 55 .......................................... 3.4.3 HYDROPOWER 55 ........................................... 3.4.4 PUT 56 ................................................. 3.4.5 ODGENERATION 56 ......................................... 3.4.6 FUELWOODSUBSTITUTION 56 ................................ 3.4.7 SOLARENERGY 57 ......................................... 3.4.8 WINDENERGY 58 .......................................... 3.5 FUELSWITCHING 59 ........................................ 3.6 CONSERVATIONPOLICY ISSUES 61 ............................ 3.7 END-USEENERGY SERVICES 61 ............................... 3.7.1 RESIDENTIALSEMR 62 ................................... 3.7.2 AGRICULTURJUSECTOR 63 .................................. 3.7.3 INMSTRIAL/COMMERCIALSECTOR 63 ......................... 3.7.4 TRANSPORTATION 65 ....................................... 3.8 CONCLUSION 65 ............................................ CHAPTER4- ROLEOF REMABLE SOURCES OF EKUGY 67 ............. 4.1 If M DUCTION 67 ........................................ 4.2 FUELWOOD:FORESTRY AND AGROPORESTRY 68 ................. 4.2.1 FIROWD ANDCHARCOAL 70 ............................... 4.2.1.1 Reducing 71 consumption............................... better 71 4.2.1.2 Making use of available
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