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EVOLUTION OF ARIZONA CHAMAEMYIIDAE (DIPTERA) Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sluss, Thomas Paul, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 23:26:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289639 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR I I 77-29,351 SLUSS, Thomas Paul, 1941- EVOLUTION OF ARIZONA CHAMAEMYIIDAE (DIPTERA) The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1977 Entomology Xerox University Microfilms c Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 EVOLUTION OF ARIZONA CHAMAEMYIIDAE (DIPTERA) by Thomas Paul Sluss A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Thomas P. Sluss entitled Evolution of Arizona Chamaemvlldae fDipteral be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Director Date As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. -7-/Y-77 f 4. /S'/l ? " S 7-^-77 FinaJ approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allow able without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this man uscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: / ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study would not have been possible without the constant advice, encouragement, and help of my wife, Susan, and our daughter, Margaret, who began collecting insects and other things at an early age. iii TABLE OP CONTENTS page LIST OP TABLES vi LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS ix ABSTRACT xi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. METHODS 5 Morphometries 6 Electrophoresis 8 3. SPECIES COMPARISONS 14 Chamaemyia 15 Pseudodlnia 18 Leucopis 21 BetweenGenera 24 4. GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OP C. HERBARUM POPULATIONS 45 Enzyme Variation 47 Morphometric Variation 6l 5. ENZYME VARIATION OP P. VARIPES AND £. NITENS POPULATIONS 66 6. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATIOfIS 80 Migration Rate and Population Size 80 Mating Patterns 84 Selection 87 The First Step 92 7. COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES 95 iv V TABLE OP CONTENTS--CONTINUED page APPENDIX A: COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTINGS 99 APPENDIX B: MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS OP MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS .... 114 APPENDIX C: ISOZYME GENOTYPES OF C. HERBARUM POPULATIONS 119 APPENDIX D: ISOZYME GENOTYPES OP P. VARIPES AND P. NITENS POPULATIONS 126 REFERENCES CITED 137 LIST OF TABLES Table page 1. Number of Individuals Classified into Chamae- myia Species based upon Morphological Data . l6 O 2. Mahalanobis D Distance between Species of Chamaemyia 16 3. Number of Individuals Classified into Pseudo- dinia Species based upon Morphological Data. 19 4. Mahalanobis D2 Distance between Species of Pseudodinia . 19 5. Number of Individuals Classified into Leucopis Species based upon Morphological Data I T . 22 p 6. Mahalanobis D Distance between Species of Leucopis ............ 22 7. Alpha-glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase Iso zyme Frequencies of Chamaemyiidae Used for Species Comparisons 25 8. Adenylate Kinase Isozyme Frequencies of Chamae myiidae Used for Species Comparisons 26 9. Acid Phosphatase Isozyme Frequencies of Chamae myiidae Used for Species Comparisons 27 10. Hexokinase Isozyme Frequencies of Chamaemyiidae Used for Species Comparisons 28 11. Malic Acid Dehydrogenase Isozyme Frequencies of Chamaemyiidae Used for Species Comparisons . 29 12. Phosphoglucomutase Isozyme Frequencies of Chamae myiidae Used for Species Comparisons 30 13. Nei's Genetic Distance Estimates between Species of Leucopis 31 14. Number of Individuals Classified into Species of Chamaemyiidae based upon Morphological Data. 33 vi vii LIST OF TABLES—Continued Table page p 15. Mahalanobis D Distance between Species of Chamaemyiidae 36 16. A Comparison of the Order of Use of Morpho logical Characters in Discriminating Chamaemyiid Populations and Species 38 17. Cavalli-Sforza E^ Estimate of Genetic Dis tance between Species of Chamaemyiidae ... 42 18. Isozyme Frequencies of C. herbarum Populations Collected in Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado 48 19. Nei's Standard Genetic Distance between Populations of CI. herbarum 53 20. Chi-square Analysis of the Goodness of Fit of the Observed Phenotypic ratios to those Ex pected from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium ... 56 21. Isozyme Frequencies of C. herbarum Populations Collected at Different Elevations in the Pinaleno Mountains in 1976 57 22. Fumarase Isozyme Genotypes of C. herbarum Popu lations Collected at Different Elevations in the Pinaleno Mts. in 1976 58 23. Malic Acid Dehydrogenase Isozyme Genotypes of C. herbarum Populations Collected at Different Elevations in the Pinaleno Mts. in 1976 ... 58 24. Adenylate Kinase Isozyme Genotypes of C. herbarum Populations Collected at Different Elevations in the Pinaleno Mts. in 1976 59 25. Phosphoglucomutase Isozyme Genotypes of C. herbarum Populations Collected at DiTferent Elevations in the Pinaleno Mts. in 1976 ... 59 26. Acid Phosphatase Isozyme Genotypes of C. herbarum Populations Collected at Different Elevations in the Pinaleno Mts. in 1976 60 viii LIST OF TABLES —Continued Table page 27. Number of Individuals Classified into C. herbarum Populations based upon Morpho logical-Data 62 28. Mahalanobis D2 Distance between Populations of herbarum 65 29. Isozyme Frequencies of P. varipes Populations in Arizona . 67 30. Nei's Genetic Distance Estimates between P. varipes Populations 70 31. P. varipes Isozyme Frequencies from Seasonal Collections in the Chiricahua Mts 72 32. Weather Station Data, Portal, Arizona 74 33. Isozyme Frequencies of P. nitens Populations in Arizona and New Mexico T 76 34. Nei's Genetic Distance Estimates between P. varipes and P. nitens Populations 78 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Figure page 1. Starch Gel Electrophoresis Apparatus 9 2. Mahalanobis D2 Distance Estimates between Species of Chamaemyia 17 P 3. Mahalanobis D Distance Estimates between Species of Pseudodinia 20 4. Mahalanobis D2 Distance Estimates b.etween Species of Leucopis 23 5. Nei's Genetic Distance Estimates between Species of Leucopis 32 6. Mahalanobis D2 Distance Estimates between Species of Chamaemyiidae 35 7. Mobility Positions of Acid Phosphatase and Malic Acid Dehydrogenase Isozymes for Each Genus 39 8. Mobility Positions of Alpha-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase and Phosphoglucomutase Isozymes for Each Genus 40 9. Mobility Positions of Adenylate