Italian &Palazzo Gardens & Landscapes Renaissance Humanism:

“A system of thought that centers of humans and their values, capacities, and worth.”

Natural Science” v. “Analytical” Art; Purpose: reveal the harmony concealed in Nature; Classical proportions and orders; Uomo Universale [Universal Man] Man as the image of God; Anthropometry

Diagrams by Palladio…after Leonardo da Vinci, after Alberti…. after Vitruvius, after…..? Renaissance

"My only motive was to see what so great an elevation had to offer" Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374))

Uomo Universale [Universal Man] Medici Gardens The Union of Landscape and Vision through Perspective

Utens’ lunettes at Villa Artimino Plan of for Pope Julius II by Bramante, 1503-1513 Medici Villa Gardens, Fiesole by Michelozzo, 1458-62 Belvedere Court (Vatican), for Pope Julius II, begun by Bramante (1503—); (1550—); and Pirro Ligorio (c. 1561—)

Belvedere Court (Vatican), for Pope Julius II, begun by Bramante (1503—); Michelangelo (1550—); and Pirro Ligorio (c. 1561—) Campidgolio As remodeled by Michelangelo Beginning 1536 Campidgolio before renovations

Villa Giulia, Rome, for Pope Julius III, designed by Michelangelo, Vasari, Vignola, et al. after 1550 , Rome, for Pope Julius III, designed by Michelangelo, Vasari, Vignola, et al. after 1550 Gardens as Theatre of Nature Garden tropes: references to classical myths and topoi; The ; encrusted with stone, shells and mineral deposits

Grotto at Villa Borghese Grotto at

Villa Giulia, Rome, for Pope Julius II, designed by Michelangelo, Vasari, Vignola, et al. after 1550

Nymphaeum with grotto

Villa d’Este, by Pirro Ligorio et al. for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, Tivoli, 1550-1572

Technology

Neptune and fish pools The Fontana di Tivoli or dell'Ovato ("Oval Fountain") and rustic nymphaeum. The Fontana di Tivoli or dell'Ovato ("Oval Fountain") and rustic nymphaeum. Le Cento Fontane (The Hundred ) Fountain of the Dragons Rometta (little Rome)

Villa d’Este, by Pirro Ligorio et al. for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, Tivoli, 1550-1572 , Bagnaia, , 1568-1579 , by Giacomo da Vignola, for Cardinal Gambara of Fountain of Pegaus

Bosco / Grove Fountain of the Dolphins

Loggias of the Muses catena d’acqua

Villa Lante, Bagnaia, Italy, 1568-1579 , by Giacomo da Vignola, for Cardinal Gambara of Viterbo Villa Borghese, for Cardinal Scipione, designers included Flaminio Ponzio (1560– 1613) and Giovanni Vasanzio (1550–1665) for the gardens: Domenico Savini from Montepulciano, 1606-1621

Garden of the Villa Borghese, for Cardinal Scipione, designers included Flaminio Ponzio (1560–1613) and Giovanni Vasanzio (1550–1665) for the gardens: Domenico Savini from Montepulciano, 1606-33

Andrea Palladio (1508-1580)

Four Books of Architecture.

Book II, Chapter XIV, plate XXXVII: Plan and elevation of a country house in Fanzolo

Book II, Chapter XIV, plate XXXIV: Plan and elevation of a country house in Maser (plan and elevation)

Maser, Italy. Andrea Palladio. 1555-59. Villa Capra (La Rotunda), Vicenza, by Andrea Palladio, 1566 to 1571