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Staff Memo 5/2014 (Pdf) STAFF MEMO Inflasjonsstyring - et dokumentasjonsnotat NR 5 | 2014 om enkelte metodeendringer som har FORFATTERE: funnet sted i Norges Bank i perioden THOMAS NORDBØ BERG OG 2001–2013 CHRISTOFFER KLEIVSET NORGES BANKS 200-ÅRS JUBILEUMS- PROSJEKT Staff Memos present reports and documentation written by staff members and NORGES BANK affiliates of Norges Bank, the central bank of Norway. Views and conclusions STAFF MEMO expressed in Staff Memos should not be taken to represent the views of Norges Bank. NR X | 2014 © 2014 Norges Bank RAPPORTNAVN The text may be quoted or referred to, provided that due acknowledgement is given to source. Staff Memo inneholder utredninger og dokumentasjon skrevet av Norges Banks ansatte og andre forfattere tilknyttet Norges Bank. Synspunkter og konklusjoner i arbeidene er ikke nødvendigvis representative for Norges Banks. © 2014 Norges Bank Det kan siteres fra eller henvises til dette arbeid, gitt at forfatter og Norges Bank oppgis som kilde. ISSN 1504-2596 (online only) ISBN 978-82-7553-799-5 (online only) Normal 1816-2016 NORGES BANK 200 ÅR 2 FORORD Fra 2001 og frem til i dag har Norges Bank kontinuerlig utviklet og justert metodebruken i inflasjonsstyringen. I dette notatet dokumenteres de viktigste av disse endringene. Innenfor Norges Banks 2016-prosjekt blir det utarbeidet flere dokumentasjonsnotater for utvalgte områder og endringsprosesser knyttet til bankens virksomhet. Hovedhensikten med dokumentasjonsnotatene er at de skal fungere som en veiledning for historikere i møte med bankens nyere arkivmateriale. All bakgrunnsinformasjon som benyttes i notatene – foredrag, korrespondanse, interne artikler, offentlig dokumenter, referat fra samtaler og lignende – er kopiert og samlet i egne ringpermer i Norges Banks arkiv. Oslo, mars 2014 Thomas Nordbø Berg og Christoffer Kleivset 3 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE 1. INTRODUKSJON ................................................................................................................. 6 2. UTREDNINGSARBEID, FORSKNING OG MODELLUTVIKLING I NORGES BANK FØR 2001 ................................................................................................................................... 8 Innledning ............................................................................................................................... 8 Mellomkrigstiden .................................................................................................................... 8 Etterkrigstiden frem til 1970 ................................................................................................... 9 Større ambisjoner .................................................................................................................. 10 Fra utredning til forskning .................................................................................................... 14 Utviklingen av RIMINI ........................................................................................................ 17 Samspill mellom modellutviklere og -brukere ..................................................................... 20 3. VEIEN TIL ET NYTT MODELLGRUNNLAG ................................................................. 25 RIMINI tilpasset det nye regimet ......................................................................................... 25 RIMINI i tandem med KTM ................................................................................................ 26 Modellkommisjonen ............................................................................................................. 26 Modellgruppen ...................................................................................................................... 28 Modell 1A ............................................................................................................................. 28 NEMO .................................................................................................................................. 29 4. HVORDAN SETTE RENTEN I DET NYE REGIMET? ................................................... 32 Rentebanen ........................................................................................................................... 32 Tidshorisont .......................................................................................................................... 34 Endringer i rentebanen .......................................................................................................... 36 Kriterier for god rentebane ................................................................................................... 37 Fra renteregel til tapsfunksjon .............................................................................................. 39 Pengepolitikk og finansiell stabilitet .................................................................................... 42 Fra «Forord» til «Hovedstyrets vurdering» .......................................................................... 44 4 5. ETABLERINGEN AV NORGES BANKS REGIONALE NETTVERK ........................... 46 6. SAM OG NOWCASTING ................................................................................................... 50 7. INTEGRERINGEN AV MOA I POLICYOMRÅDET ....................................................... 54 8. OPPSUMMERING .............................................................................................................. 59 KILDER OG LITTERATUR ................................................................................................... 60 Arkivmateriale ...................................................................................................................... 60 Stortingsmeldinger og offentlige utredninger ....................................................................... 60 Diverse kilder og publikasjoner ............................................................................................ 60 Erindringsnotater .................................................................................................................. 60 Muntlige opplysninger .......................................................................................................... 60 Epostkorrespondanse ............................................................................................................ 61 Litteraturliste ........................................................................................................................ 62 VEDLEGG 1 – Organiseringen av Pengepolitisk Område (PPO) 2001-2012 ......................... 76 VEDLEGG 2 – Eksterne evalueringer av pengepolitikken ..................................................... 88 VEDLEGG 3 – Internasjonale konferanser om pengepolitikk ................................................ 92 VEDLEGG 4 – Spesialtema for Norges Banks regionale nettverk 2003-2013 ....................... 95 5 1. INTRODUKSJON I mars 2001 besluttet norske myndigheter å skifte styringsmål for pengepolitikken.1 Frem til da hadde målet for norsk pengepolitikk vært en fast eller stabil kronekurs. Heretter gikk man i stedet over til et direkte mål om prisstabilisering, forstått som lav og stabil inflasjon, definert som nær 2,5 prosent vekst i konsumprisene over tid. Til forskjell fra et valutakursmål, hvor man kan observere måloppnåelsen fra dag til dag, gir inflasjonsstyring ikke noen presis styringsanvisning. Man kan ikke sette renten etter løpende inflasjonstall, ettersom renteendringer ikke antas å påvirke inflasjonsutviklingen på kort sikt. Dessuten er det mye «støy» i de enkelte inflasjonstallene. I stedet er det prognoser for prisutviklingen de nærmeste årene som er avgjørende for pengepolitikken under inflasjonsstyring. Politikken blir derfor utøvd på en mer skjønnsmessig måte enn under valutakursstyring. I internasjonal sentralbanksammenheng var Norges Bank en «late adapter» når det kom til å skifte fra valutakursmål til inflasjonsstyring som mål for pengepolitikken. Fra 2001 og frem til i dag har banken kontinuerlig utviklet og justert metodebruken i beslutningsvirksomheten. Bankens arbeid med å utvikle metodebruken har funnet sted i tett samarbeid med akademia og andre lands sentralbanker. I dag er Norges Bank antakelig i fronten internasjonalt når det gjelder policyutvikling under inflasjonsstyring.2 I dette notatet dokumenterer vi enkelte av metodeendringene som har funnet sted i Norges Bank mellom 2001 og 2013. For å skissere et bakteppe gir vi først – i kapittel to – en kortfattet omtale av noen hovedtrekk ved Norges Banks arbeid med forskning og modellutvikling før 2001. I tredje kapittel er fokus på byttet av makromodell som var en prosess med flere etapper på 00-tallet. Fjerde kapittel omhandler bankens arbeid med å systematisere og kommunisere hvordan man skulle sette renten i inflasjonsstyringsregimet. I femte kapittel dokumenterer vi etableringen av Norges Banks regionale nettverk. Sjette kapittel tar for seg arbeidet med å utvikle nye metoder for korttidsanslag etter overgangen til inflasjonsstyring. I sjuende kapittel beskriver vi hvordan Markedsoperasjonsavdelingen, som 1 Takk til alle som har stilt opp til samtale med forfatterne. En fullstendig liste finnes under rubrikken «Kilder og litteratur». Takk også til de som har gitt merknader til tidligere utkast: Sigbjørn Atle Berg, Jarle Bergo, Harald Bøhn, Øyvind Eitrheim, Karsten Gerdrup, Gunnvald Grønvik, Harald Haare, Arne Kloster, Thea Birkeland Kloster, Jan F. Qvigstad, Jon A. Solheim og Bent Vale. Til slutt en takk til Bjørn Bakke, Mats Bay Fevolden,
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