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Skills Volume 2: Skills Research Concepts & Skills Volume 2: Skills Text with self-test questions D G Rossiter Version 3.5 April 29, 2014 Copyright © 2009–2014 University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-information Science & Earth Observation (ITC) All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of the work as a whole (not parts) freely permitted if this original copyright notice is included. Sale or placement on a web site where payment must be made to access this document is strictly prohibited. To adapt or translate please contact the author (http://www.itc.nl/personal/rossiter). Contents 1 Literature review, Citations, and List of references2 1.1 Information..............................2 1.1.1 Information literacy.....................3 1.1.2 Personal information infrastructure...........5 1.1.3 Answers to self-test questions..............5 1.2 Literature review...........................6 1.2.1 Purpose of a literature review...............6 1.2.2 Answers to self-test questions..............8 1.3 Types of sources...........................9 1.3.1 Journal Articles.......................9 ISI journals.......................... 10 Non-ISI journals....................... 12 Open Access journals.................... 13 History of OA..................... 13 Implementing OA.................. 14 Using OA sources.................. 16 1.3.2 Conference Papers...................... 16 1.3.3 Book chapters........................ 18 1.3.4 Textbooks........................... 19 1.3.5 Technical Reports...................... 20 1.3.6 Peer-reviewed non-printed sources........... 20 1.3.7 Web access to printed sources.............. 21 1.3.8 Web pages........................... 22 1.3.9 Answers to self-test questions.............. 23 1.4 Quality of information sources.................. 24 1.4.1 Peer review for quality control.............. 24 1.4.2 Choosing among sources................. 26 1.4.3 Judging the reliability of web pages........... 27 1.4.4 When to use a web page as a source........... 29 1.4.5 Answers to self-test questions.............. 30 1.5 How to Search............................ 31 1.5.1 Starting points........................ 31 1.5.2 Selecting databases..................... 32 1.5.3 Search strategy for databases............... 32 1.5.4 An example search strategy................ 33 1.5.5 Evaluating search results................. 36 1.5.6 Search tools.......................... 37 1.5.7 The “spider” approach................... 39 ii 1.5.8 Effective use of on-line search.............. 40 1.5.9 Using Journal Citation Reports to evaluate journals. 42 1.5.10 Using citation counts to evaluate papers........ 44 1.5.11 Answers to self-test questions.............. 45 1.6 Citations................................ 47 1.6.1 Purpose of citations..................... 47 1.6.2 Non-English language references............. 50 1.6.3 When not to use a reference................ 51 1.6.4 Placing citations in the text................ 52 1.6.5 In-text citation style..................... 53 1.6.6 Citations must have been read by the author..... 53 1.6.7 Citing material you can’t read............... 54 Example 1: You can’t obtain the original source, but you have an abstract............... 54 Example 2: You can’t obtain the original source or its abstract....................... 55 Example 3: You can’t read the language........ 56 Example 4: You can read the language, but the reader may not be able to................ 56 1.6.8 Non-Latin scripts...................... 56 Extended Latin scripts................... 57 Completely non-Latin scripts............... 58 1.6.9 Corporate vs. Individual Authorship.......... 59 1.6.10 Multiple sources for the same fact............ 59 1.6.11 Answers to self-test questions.............. 60 1.7 List of references........................... 61 1.7.1 Purpose of the list of references............. 61 1.7.2 What items must appear in the reference list?.... 61 1.7.3 What must appear in the reference list entry?..... 62 1.7.4 Personal communications................. 62 1.7.5 Reference list and citation style............. 63 1.7.6 Bibliographic database manager............. 65 Corporate authors...................... 66 Non-European author names............... 67 1.7.7 Answers to self-test questions.............. 68 1.8 References............................... 69 2 Critical Reading and Abstracting 74 2.1 Critically reading a research paper................ 74 2.1.1 What is a research paper?................. 74 2.1.2 Why read research papers?................ 74 2.1.3 Difficulties reading research papers........... 76 2.1.4 How to approach a research paper............ 77 2.1.5 What can you get out of a research paper?....... 78 iii Comprehension....................... 78 Evaluation........................... 79 Synthesis........................... 81 2.1.6 Critical reading examples................. 82 Read the title......................... 83 Read the abstract...................... 84 Skim the paper for its structure............. 87 Read the introduction................... 89 Identify the research objectives and questions.... 92 Read the methods...................... 92 Read the results and discussion............. 95 Read the conclusions.................... 97 2.1.7 Answers to self-test questions.............. 100 2.2 Abstracting a research paper or thesis............. 104 2.2.1 Purpose of abstracting................... 104 2.2.2 Where are abstracts found?................ 105 2.2.3 The “Paper in miniature” abstract............ 106 Balance............................. 107 Some style points for the abstract............ 107 2.2.4 An example.......................... 108 Balance............................. 109 Final form of the example abstract........... 109 2.2.5 Keywords........................... 110 2.3 References............................... 111 3 Technical Writing 112 3.1 Structured technical writing.................... 113 3.1.1 Structuring a document by outlining.......... 113 3.1.2 Paragraphs.......................... 115 Coherency........................... 115 Linking words and phrases................ 116 Length............................. 118 3.1.3 Writing paragraphs by topic sentences......... 119 Example of writing with topic sentences........ 119 3.1.4 Resources........................... 120 3.1.5 Answers to self-test questions.............. 121 3.2 Technical English.......................... 124 3.2.1 Writing clearly........................ 124 3.2.2 Revising and re-writing................... 126 3.2.3 Verbs: tense and voice................... 127 Tense.............................. 127 Future......................... 127 Past........................... 127 Present......................... 128 iv Past perfect...................... 128 Future perfect.................... 128 Voice.............................. 128 3.2.4 Punctuation.......................... 131 3.2.5 Some matters of style.................... 133 3.2.6 For non-native speakers.................. 135 3.2.7 Answers to self-test questions.............. 136 3.3 References............................... 138 4 Graphic presentation 140 4.1 General graphical issues...................... 141 4.1.1 Floating elements in a document............. 142 4.1.2 Scalable and non-scalable graphics........... 143 Scalable graphics...................... 143 Non-scalable graphics................... 146 4.1.3 Scanning for publication.................. 147 4.1.4 Resolution of printed output............... 149 4.1.5 Computer display output................. 150 4.1.6 Use of colour......................... 151 Colour space......................... 152 False-colour composites.................. 155 Colour ramps......................... 156 Use of contrasting colours................. 157 Colour connotations.................... 158 4.1.7 Typography.......................... 159 Screen versus printed output............... 160 Use of fonts.......................... 161 Good typography in illustrations............. 162 4.1.8 Answers............................ 162 4.2 Graphical elements in a document................ 163 4.2.1 Tables............................. 163 Purpose............................ 163 Appearance and types................... 164 Examples........................... 166 Construction......................... 167 4.2.2 Graphs............................. 169 Composition and labelling................. 169 Information content of graphs.......... 170 Graph types.......................... 173 Histograms.......................... 173 Boxplots............................ 174 Scatterplots.......................... 176 Scatterplots with multiple series............. 176 Postplots........................... 178 v Related graphs........................ 178 Choosing the correct graph type............. 179 4.2.3 Illustrations.......................... 183 Flow diagrams........................ 183 Schematic diagrams..................... 183 Sequences (animation in stills).............. 184 4.2.4 Maps.............................. 185 Map types........................... 185 Scale and orientation.................... 187 Georeferencing........................ 188 Map contents......................... 188 Use of colour in map design................ 189 Contrasting vs. similar colours.......... 189 Connotative colours................. 191 4.2.5 Images............................. 192 Screen dumps........................ 192 Photographs......................... 193 Scans of paper maps or aerial photographs...... 196 Remote sensing imagery.................. 196 4.2.6 Formats............................ 196
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