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The Social Construction of Psychological Resilience in the Light of the Bhagavad Gita

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The Social Construction of Psychological Resilience in the Light of the Bhagavad Gita The Social Construction of Psychological Resilience in the Light of the Bhagavad Gita A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Psychology by Amit Prakash (Reg. No. 1530065) Under the Guidance of Satheesh Varma M Assistant Professor Department of Psychology CHRIST UNIVERSITY BENGALURU, INDIA February 2017 Approval of Dissertation Dissertation entitled ‘The Social Construction of Psychological Resilience in the Light of the Bhagavad Gita’ by Amit Prakash, Reg. No. 1530065 is approved for the award of Master of Philosophy in Psychology. Examiners: 1. ___________________________ _____________________________ 2. ___________________________ _____________________________ Supervisor: ___________________________ _____________________________ Chairperson: ___________________________ ____________________________ Place: Bengaluru Date: __________ ii DECLARATION I, Amit Prakash, hereby declare that the dissertation, titled ‘The Social Construction of Psychological Resilience in the Light of the Bhagavad Gita’ is a record of original research work undertaken by me for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Psychology. I have completed this study under the supervision of Dr Satheesh Varma M, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology. I also declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation. Place: Bengaluru Date: _________ Date: Amit Prakash Reg. No: 1530065 Department of Psychology Christ University, Bengaluru iii CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Amit Prakash (Reg. No. 1530065) titled ‘The Social Construction of Psychological Resilience in the Light of the Bhagavad Gita’ is a record of research work done by his during the academic year 2015-2016 under my supervision in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Philosophy in Psychology. This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. It has not been sent for any publication or presentation purpose. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation. Place: Bengaluru Date: _________ Dr Satheesh Varma M Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Christ University, Bengaluru Signature of the Head of the Department Department of Psychology Christ University, Bengaluru iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would love to thank God who is the source of wisdom and knowledge for his grace, blessing and inspiration while working on my research. I thank Christ University, its most honorable office bearers and patrons for providing the infrastructure and resources to facilitate my work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor and guide, Dr Satheesh Varma M, for his support and patience in completing this research. I am also thankful to Dr Chetan Sinha, Department of psychology for his valuable sharing of knowledge and contribution towards the theoretical work in this research. Both have played a role of a great motivator and have helped me with their expert knowledge and valuable suggestions. Without their guidance and persistent help this dissertation would have not been possible. I am grateful to Dr Vijayalaya Srinivas T, my examiner, for his support and encouragement to my research. I am thankful to Dr Tony Sam George, the HOD Psychology Department, and Dr Tissy Mariam Thomas, the M.Phil coordinator, for their support and concern. I appreciate the faculties of Department of Psychology for their support too. I would like to express my special gratitude to all the respondents of the various religious organizations including Ramakrishna Ashram (New Delhi), Sri Aurobindo Ashram (New Delhi), World Buddhist Centre (New Delhi), and the students and teachers of Dev Sanskriti University (Haridwar), who have participated in this research. I also thank Dr Santosh K Vishwakarma, Mr Shubham K Suryawanshi for their co-operation and support. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my family, friends and well wishers for their love, support, understanding and encouragement all the time. v Abstract Psychological resilience is a universal experience for people living across the world. However, the methods through which it is understood are all influenced by the cultural aspects through which the person sees the living. Cross-cultural studies strongly assert the meaning that standard for the self-management and regulation of composite of behaviors vary cross-culturally; hence it holds the statement that resilience as a psychological construct is socially created reality. This research focuses on conceptualization of psychological resilience in terms of Sthitaprajna of the Bhagavad Gita. Our study, using qualitative methodology comprised with snowball sampling, focused interview and inductive content analysis of Hindu Sanyasis, Buddhist monks and those who studied this treatise and following its teachings, found the following processes to be associated with karma yoga of the Bhagavad Gita: absence of expectation, efficiency, egolessness, equanimity, duty or dharma, gunas or qualities, Middle Way, renunciation of limited desires, and total surrender. Careful analysis reveals a dynamic interchange of these processes into certain behavioral qualities in individual, such as emotional maturity, self-control, self- emptiness, tranquility, self-righteousness, self-awareness, situational stability, desirelessness, and oneness of self and environment respectively. Apparent process-result orientation of this phenomenon shows that psychological resilience is an inferential product of karma yoga, which manifests its experience through the expression of stress resilience, bouncing back and normalization. Furthermore, selfless action, social education, and knowledge based behavior are found significant in Gandhi, Tilak and Ambedkar’s view respectively to fulfill its utility in social behavior. Keywords: psychological resilience, cross-culture, Bhagavad Gita, karma yoga vi Table of Contents Page No. Approval of Dissertation……………………………………………………… ii Declaration……………………………………………………………………. iii Certificate…………………………………………………………………….. iv Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………… v Abstract………………………………………………………………………. vi Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………. xii List of Figures………………………………………………………………... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 1 Cultural Diversity and Resilience……………………………………. 3 Individualism and Collectivism……………………………………… 4 Religion and Spirituality…………………………………………….. 5 Sthitaprajna in the Bhagavad Gita…………………………………... 6 Sthitaprajna: Social Constructionist Orientation……………………. 8 Significance of the Study…………………………………………… 10 Chapter 2 Review of Literature……………………………………………. 12 Defining of Psychological Resilience………………………………. 13 Resilience Research: History and Growth…………………………. 13 Analytic Approaches to Studying Resilience………………… 17 Religion, Spirituality and Psychological Resilience. 20 Positive Psychology in the Bhagavad Gita………… 29 vii Following Drive for the Current Research……………………………. 34 Chapter 3 Method…………………………………………………………… 35 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………….. 36 Research Design……………………………………………………… 36 Operational Definition of Theories…………………………………... 37 Social Constructionism………………………………………… 37 Social Identity………………………………………………….. 38 Sample……………………………………………………………….. 39 Inclusion Criteria………………………………………………. 40 Exclusion Criteria……………………………………………… 40 Demographic Detail of Samples………………………………. 41 Data Collection……………………………………………………… 44 Focused Interview…………………………………………….. 45 Interview Schedule……………………………………………. 46 Selection of Participants………………………………………. 47 Process of Interview…………………………………………... 48 Ethical Considerations………………………………………………. 49 Data Analysis……………………………………………………….. 49 Inductive Content Analysis and Hermeneutics…………….… 50 Trustworthiness……………………………………………….. 52 Chapter 4 Results and Discussion…………………………………………. 53 Transferability………………………………………………………. 55 Credibility…………………………………………………………... 58 viii Sthitaprajna: Light from Different Viewpoints……………………… 58 Sthitaprajna in Gandhi’s Opinion……………………………… 58 Sthitaprajna in Tilak’s Opinion………………………………... 59 Sthitaprajna in Ambedkar’s Opinion…………………………... 60 Question 1: Identification of Mental Attitude while Performing Karma Yoga…………………………………………………………. 61 Mental Attitude towards Action…………………………………….. 63 Belief in Impermanence………………………………………. 64 Faith in the Law of Karma……………………………………. 65 Faith in the Sacred Teachings………………………………… 66 Karma as a Transformational Force………………………….. 67 Excellence in Work as Karma Yoga………………………….. 68 Playing a Universal Social Role……………………………… 69 Question 2: Identifying Subjective Approach towards Mental Calmness…………………………………………………………… 71 Reason behind Mental Suffering…………………………………... 72 Dissatisfaction……………………………………………….. 73 Worldly Craving……………………………………………... 73 Attachment…………………………………………………… 74 The Obstacles of Mental Growth………………………………….. 74 Greed………………………………………………………... 75 Hate…………………………………………………………. 75 Delusion…………………………………………………….. 76 ix Question 3: Identifying Process of Karma Yoga………………….. 77 Process of Karma Yoga……………………………………………. 80 Efficiency…………………………………………………… 81 Equanimity………………………………………………….. 81 Absence of Expectation…………………………………….
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