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Notes towards a Definition Romantic of Romantic Nationalism [

a Abstr While the concept ‘’ is becoming widespread, its current usage tends to compound the vagueness inherent in its two constituent terms, and na- tionalism. In order to come to a more focused understanding of the concept, this article surveys a wide sample of Romantically inflected nationalist activities and practices, and ct nationalistically inflected cultural productions and reflections of Romantic vintage, drawn

] from various media (literature, music, the arts, critical and historical writing) and from dif- ferent countries. On that basis, it is argued that something which can legitimately be called

‘Romantic nationalism’ indeed took shape -wide between 1800 and 1850. A dense and intricately connected node of concerns and exchanges, it affected different countries, cultural fields, and media, and as such it takes up a distinct position alongside political and post-Enlightenment nationalism on the one hand, and the less politically-charged mani- festations of Romanticism on the other. A possible definition is suggested by way of the conclusion: Romantic nationalism is the celebration of the (defined by its language, history, and cultural character) as an inspiring ideal for artistic expression; and the instru- mentalization of that expression in ways of raising the political consciousness...... Keywords European Romanticism, Nationalism, Volksgeist, Friedrich Carl von Savigny, Organicism.

Introduction

The conceptual splicing of Romanticism and nationalism, either as ‘Romantic nationalism’ or as ‘national Romanticism’, is becoming increasingly widespread.1 ‘Romantic nationalism’ now has a sizeable Wikipedia entry, and established us- age of these terms is found in the fields of nineteenth- history-writing, music, the arts, and architecture. To some extent this is wholly unsurprising: the two movements arose jointly in the decades around 1800, shared the turbulent political and social circumstances of that period, and have many important ac- tors in common. Composers like Liszt and Rimsky-Korsakov, poets like Petőfi and Wergeland, novelists like and Felix Dahn, historians like

Joep Leerssen, Academy Professor and Chair of Modern European Literature, University of Amsterdam Aarhus University Press, Romantik, 02, 2013, pages 9-35 9

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3 2 - - - - 980s 1 4 without much meta-theoretical reflection, let alone with due let reflection, without meta-theoretical much 5 990s, the ‘Romantic-nationalist-nexus’ lens or concep- became an analytical 1 By now, we may have reached the stage where the - where ‘Romantic-nationalist-nex the stage reached have may we now, By What is more, in this scheme of things the causal relationship between cul- this in of things is more, What scheme the between relationship causal The activities of intellectuals in both spheres was noted, but without much noted, was spheres in both The activities of intellectuals us’ deserves typological specification, for it is not entirely as unproblematic as its as unproblematic us’ entirely for it is not deserves specification, typological In the sci- various individual cultural believe. lead us to might usage widespread painting, architecture, ences, the as literature, term fields as diverse is applied to music, or , tual framework for research, mainly on Central European intellectuals of theintellectuals ear European Central on mainly research, for framework tual beyond move Since then, has begun to the concept century. ly-to-mid-nineteenth container term,the of a mere status indicating a loosely-observed synchronicity, Michelet and Palacký, folklorists like Grimm, folklorists like Asbjørnsen impor Moe, are and and Palacký, Michelet tant names in thetant names history of the both of the and Romantic movements national theaddress to began Kohn and Hans Isaiah Berlin like Since scholars of Europe. with - Romanti overlap and history intellectual thenationalism, of interaction thein course, of , of case especially, noted, habitually been has cism son, profess an awareness of cultural processes, are prone to such socio-economic socio-economic such to prone are processes, of cultural an awareness son, profess ‘literature’ and ‘theatre’ reduce tend to They thereductionism. to sociology of or ‘print the address public involvement capitalism’ and ‘public playhouses’; to writersof thanrather theirof theimpact writings;substance actual when and or artists,they it is as ‘celebrity cite writers, composers witnesses’ of historical participants than a cor rather as active in their shaping. In elaborating events - interdisciplin for need the imposes This fields. adjacent in usage its to attention Furthermore,ary cross-calibration. thestudies has tended field of nationalism the of mid-century intellectual history from approach scholars away move to thepolitological on being, more whole, now the emphasis Kohn; and Berlin like and which poetics, Romantic for the finesse of study and sociological – fields of of that spread of the the European intermedial complexities and transnational importance. is of subordinate movement, - one-direc is regrettably and the infrastructure ture sociopolitical or institutional seen as a by-product is usually Romanticism) implication, (and, by tional: culture as the sort in need of expla- of thing stands which as an agency, or context, never studies Even parameters. its sociopolitical or institutional it to relating nation by of nineteenth-century of Benedict Ander in the nation-formation which, wake and towards that of a specific nodal point in historythe of ideas. towards where the interactions between the intellectuals of the Romantic generation and theof the intellectuals generation Romantic between thewhere interactions be ignored obvious to – too obvious too Befreiungskriege were the anti-Napoleonic self- be scrutinized and unproblematically than to other wholly as anything even seen usually nationalism was and Romanticism between The connection evident. in one specific concurrently, simultaneously, arose theas a situational one: two particular at one part unavoidably historical of the moment, and therefore world and cross-currents. interactions, common features, shared could of Romanticism the poetics precisely of how theattention to question with the ideological doctrine of nationalism. In the intellectually, chime,

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6 792– 1 ) in what has been called pre-Romanticism, sentimentalism, has been called pre-Romanticism, ) in what Werther

Ossian,

Nationalism and Romanticism are both notoriously complex, protean terms, protean complex, notoriously both are Romanticism and Nationalism In what follows, I want to align some features of Romanticism, as a paradigm paradigm a as Romanticism, of align to features some want I follows, what In (the the be sure, Sattelzeit historical with time-frame and continuities its To So, too, nationalism has its run-upSo, too, , in Enlightenment 848 revolutionaries tended to get carried away by pathos by and enthusiasm carried (yes, get tended to 848 away revolutionaries each carrying each terms bandwidth.semantic - con so two of splicing The huge a it is that what on precisely than rather confuse, focus and fuzzy might tested mean little than more might that the the notion worst, At discussing. are we 1 very those or that Romantic, they artists nationalists), Romantic were abandoned they of the were vernacular (yes, or in favour elite classicism those were and Romanticism nationalism both Since Romantics). nationalists, be people might attitudes in theseall-pervasive that the decades, many notion truism.toothless what is become a Hence might of both mixture by a affected elements in nationalism identifying which improvement, needed is a conceptual elements and which of Romanticism, the to poetics congenial particularly were nationalism. to congenial particularly were in Romanticism and, with in political thought, and nationalism, as a paradigm refer in poetics, outline elements that some some of theence to artists/intellectuals involved, Dis- and discrete. concrete nationalism’ of ‘Romantic both therender notion in that it specifies Romantic-nationalism-nexusthe in termscrete, of a specific we in that own; concrete, its recognizablythat is intellectual profile and uniquely constructverbal of ‘the sort as a of attitudes theoretical not can see this profile, real but on the of facts: basis formed part know of that we type of -ism’, which people at specific moments real undertaken and made by actions and utterances, and in specific places. social, political, and institutional are meaningful. There discontinuities) is highly both affected which nature, revolutionary themof some drastically a of events, and to as much owe movements and nationalism. Both Romanticism Without Rousseau. and the Herder theyas to do innovation technological to of the period upheavals and constitutional wars rective to that infrastructural reductionism, and in seeing culture as something something as culture seeing in and reductionism, that to infrastructural rective take , one must habitus thancollective ambience or ingrained social more a mere error: culture reify to anachronistic the slip into but equally opposite, to not care identity). In- ethnic underlying category an anthropological into (as a putative, and situated as a historically be understood should its agency, in culture, stead, of communicated ideas. variablehistorically praxis democratic, anti-aristocratic set of political virtues that motivated Pascale Paoli Paoli of political virtues Pascale set that motivated anti-aristocratic democratic, of cheap wood-pulp paper and of new high-speed, mass-volume printing- mass-volume tech high-speed, paper and of new wood-pulp of cheap museums, libraries, archives, without the of state-controlled niques; institution neither nor nationalism could Romanticism systems, education, and university arisen that starts mean, of course, the as they did. That does not time-frame have has its pre- Romanticism ‘Big Bang’. incisive with an instantaneously (think and/or the Counter-Enlightenment. 96473_romantik 2_.indd 11 19/12/13 09.29 - ] 1 800 had 1 In literature, this In literature, 8

urn - a triumph of scientific system tree, family linguistic The Indo-European 9 and and The Linguistic Revolution the Vernacular T the Vernacular That enumeration may create the impression that discontinui- the the incisive create impression may That enumeration In intellectual life the implications of this the ‘vernacular turn’ implications In intellectual life rippled and far were now defined as groups of people identified by a common, sepa- a common, by as defined identified people of groups now were Nations in , and George Washington and Simon Bolívar Bolívar and Simon Washington and George thein Corsica, in France, Marseillaise in the Americas. of eighteenth- of the as the Sublime, themselves Much aesthetics at the century still heart are the of pa- so too vintage, of Romanticism, ethics political virtue, at the still hearttriotism, are a Ciceronian-Enlightenment itself disruptions revolutionary and from emerge movements Both of nationalism. carry both yet within the world; trydiscontinuities and and innovate change to inheritancetheir bosom the This moral and Rousseau. older ancestry of Herder as the primitivism, sentimental includes as well and anti-classicism, anti-elitism, by enduring and social improvement ideals of anti-absolutism Enlightenment civic-mindedness. and responsible means of reasonable cultural all the while were continuities institutional, and political all were ties true. some wholly reflection, is not and intellectual. This In the cultural of realm century nineteenth off the the early from set place which take transformations point good a period, preceding ruptures provide theseand cultural/intellectual and national- Romanticism between resemblance discuss theof access to family [ I shall address: but with some interweaving, or less in thisism. More order, the linguistic revolution, [2] the[3] the of idealism, and spread risethe revolution, of historicist linguistic case, I shall trydialectics. In each the and indicate both intermedial- and transna of thesetional spread principles Romantic various nationalities and me- (across in the nationalism. and emerging dia), and their field of political impact thought begin with, model of language of the there is the Indo-European elaboration To Sir William Jones’s from one, moving discovery The storyrelations. is a familiar of Sanskrit broadcasting consolidation and Europe-wide Friedrich to Schlegel’s of thatmodel in his Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Inder. reinforces an already emerging taste for Oriental tales and provides Romantic Oriental Romantic for taste tales and provides emerging an already reinforces the alternative to over-used imaginative withauthors painters and a powerful imagery. reservoir of cultural classicist wide. ers formed ‘a nation’; and that realization either transformed or formed many formed ers ‘a nation’; and that either or formed realization many transformed until which Groups in the century. nineteenth national movements atization, lent interest to languages and dialects which until then and dialects which had been dis- languages to atization, lent interest rustics;uneducated by thatand uncouthas missed turnin spoken vernaculars of those idioms, often speakers in the had an emancipatory on the many effect atten- serious gaining peripheries scholarly now were which of the great empires, furnish to criterion was this a new process of nationality. tion. Ultimately, one’s as ‘a language’ idiom classified meant have that the speak To language. rate primarily (currentby means of or their legal identified themselves

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 12 1 journal for the study of romanticisms 3 19/12/13 09.29 1 - 830, a 1 After 10 The demarcations between these between The demarcations 11 848 Slavic Congress in Prague, masterminded Congress 848 in Prague, Slavic 1 824) fused his yearning for an unattainable beloved 824) an unattainable beloved fused his yearning for 1

840. O’Connell (who had a native knowledge of the language) attached attached of the language) knowledge 840. had a native O’Connell (who 1

Examples could easily be multiplied, from ’s Lydia Koidula to Span- to Koidula Lydia Estonia’s be multiplied, from could easily Examples The floating and informal three-tier distinction between dialect variant, dialect lan- The floating and informal between distinction three-tier levels were, to be sure, floating, impressionistic, and contested; but Slavicism was but Slavicism and contested; impressionistic, floating, be sure, to were, levels at Jena. His student erstwhile Jan Kollár, poet the Slovak for reality a poetical Daughter ( Slava’s cycle sonnet remembered), religion, or historical inheritance, now re-defined their identity, or historical inheritance, religion, re-defined identity, their remembered), now theindeed their the by ‘nationality’ from criterion range (examples of language articulated country Others freshly newly a and ). Basque Hungary to criterion the using identity by national novel Al Latvians, emerging - (Estonians, ).banians, and telling. is especially The case of pre-existing antiquarian, scholarly interest in Irish-Gaelic began to change into into in Irish-Gaelicchange to interest began antiquarian, scholarly pre-existing nationality, of discourse: marker a as of that language the different altogether an un- integrated be fully could never Ireland why and indeed the argument core - genera in rule.the point is exemplified The tipping (‘Anglo-Saxon’) der English movement Ireland Thomas Davis’s Young tional shift Daniel O’Connell to from around by the Czech historian František Palacký. the historian František by Czech a subaltern deploying to vernacular in order poets de Castro: ish-Galician Rosalía out in cultural its literary reach capabilities, and celebrate demonstrate and assert of their the ‘national’ status cul- fully constituency, reading a native to the into both politics of nationalism and the feeds This gesture community. tural it meshes with origins the ethno-linguistic of Politically, of Romanticism. poetics or national emancipa- no cultural almost in Europe: national movements many of the century nineteenth use the of linguistic to argument tion movement fails a place on theidentity as the among their European for main trump claims card little or no symbolical importance to it, and he saw no need to ensure its survival ensure no need to it, and he saw little to importance or no symbolical on the based reasoning wholly the His nationalism was into future. or cultivation carried rights and religious and wholly of constitutional social agitation through around (gathered Irelanders the and parliamentaryand Young Davis activism. on arguments based their calls wholly the periodical called The Nation) tellingly Irishness their celebrating and propagating descent and specificity, of cultural Once Nation as ‘A songs such nativist and verse means of rousing ideology by Again’. tak stances on cultural impact also had a three-tiered family and language guage the man- there were proper, of the national movements the level below en, where, ) while Plattdeutsch (Walloon, among dialect speakers regionalism of ifestations encompassing the pan-movements of aggregation there were level at the higher as Pan-Slavism. such families, language entire into his equally wistful and idealistic aspiration for the solidarity for aspiration - and emanci and idealistic wistful his equally into became the The cycle to . from everywhere, pation of all Europe. over all readers Slavic among like-minded consciousness-raiser a huge activism (for with of cultural Romanticism an agenda his poetic followed Kollár nations) and the on the Slavic interrelations mutual his tract between instance, one of the of was figureheads the 96473_romantik 2_.indd 13 19/12/13 09.29 This tension- 13 , so thatso , potenzieren

807 ‘On the Romantic’. essay 1 14 oetics of Inspiration, oetics of Inspiration, olitics of Idealism 6) or logarithmically bringing it down to its root integer (in German: integer 6) or logarithmically its root bringing to it down 1 Poetically, the gesture meshes with meshes the the the Romantics’ lit- for gesture penchant new Poetically, 12 the P The P The ‘unpremeditated ecstasy’ of Shelley’s skylark (so close to Wordsworth’s Wordsworth’s to (so close skylark of Shelley’s ecstasy’ The ‘unpremeditated ‘Humanity is surrounded by infinity, by the mystery world’ by and of of divinity the the infinity, is surrounded by ‘Humanity Uhland begins his – that is how erary registers of lyricism and balladry as expressions of authentic simplicity. From From of lyricism and balladryerary registers of authentic as expressions simplicity. artless of celebration - spontane the German discovery of the Wordsworth’s to the authenticity to Lyrical in theity and emotional , the Ballads Preface valorisation with its style the of the high rejection established men’, by used really of ‘language one of the shiftsrevolutionary sets constitutes those which artificial conventions, apart of Romanticism the literary preceding poetics from generations. filled juxtaposition of filled juxtaposition one of is down-to-earththe and most the the transcendent of lyricalpo- of the generation Romantic characteristics salient and all-pervasive the the oscillation between Romantic phrased had metaphorically ets. a fig- raising to banal and the analogous sublime as a mathematical operation, squaring German:(in it by power ure’shigher a exponent to 4 becomes The poetics of ‘inspiration’, both in Wordsworth’s Preface to the to Lyrical Ballads Preface in Wordsworth’s both of ‘inspiration’, The poetics - in negotiat Germanand among the contemporary uniquely resides Romantics, - metaphysi forms and complex simple straightforward, ing thetension between the for have (as it would simply song lies not cal meaning. The appeal of simple art touching its in - generation) theof previous Sentimentalists Rousseauesque its humdrum through lessness, but in its capacity of intuiting the transcendent - child Wordsworth’s it in a small formal and expressing compass. manifestations nut-beating his youthful triggers intimations of immortality, piety natural like a sense of spirits to his solitary in the lass sings songs way wood, highland gives echo with their sound, but unwittingly overflow the valley make only that not theand theKeats’s as – much world across was immortal nightingale thou never (‘bird skylark or Shelley’s and clown, emperor by in ancient days heard trans-historical. animal but something wert’) a feathered just is not feeling’) is the type of cantatoryto response of powerful ‘spontaneous overflow Romantisieren ist nichts als eine qualitative Potenzierung. Das niedre Selbst wird mit einem bessern mit Selbst wird Das niedre Potenzierung. als eine qualitative Romantisieren ist nichts sind. Potenzenreihe qualit[ative] identifiziert. wie wir selbst So eine solche Selbst in dieser Operation - dem Gemeinen einen hohen Sinn, dem Gewöhn unbekannt. lndem ich ganz ist noch Diese Operation dem BekanntenAnsehn, Endlichen dem Unbekannten, des Würde die geheimnisvolles ein lichen für das Hohere, ist die Operation es – Umgekehrt ich so romantisiere gebe, Schein einen unendlichen logarithmisiert – Es be- diese Verknüpfung durch dies wird – Unendliche Mystische, Unbekannte, Ausdruck. kommt einen geläufigen map. , so that 25 becomes 5). logarithmisieren

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 14 1 journal for the study of romanticisms 5 19/12/13 09.29 1 - an Aeolian an Aeolian 15 dialogue). Romantic art, dialogue). Romantic as to the to Marseillaise scene in the movie 16 849) 1 to the wind that sets treetops or cornfieldswav the treetops to wind that sets ). 1 95 1

18

17 Poetry (and art in general) can, in this Romantic view, electrify; as it much can, in this view, Romantic (and artPoetry in general) results from rapturous inspiration, so too it, in turn, can inspire and enrapture it, in turn, so too and enrapture can inspire inspiration, rapturous from results in the Plato Ion made by its audience (a point already a result, can become profoundly rhetorical and propagandistic. The inspirational inspirational The propagandistic. and rhetorical profoundly become can result, a celebrated the battle around of Valmy, noted of already was the Marseillaise effect in Jules Michelet’s spell historical descriptionas a quasi-magic of that episode Pils, by Isidore painting the – from Marseillaise spin-offs in numerous and echoed ‘Rouget la Marseillaise’ de Lisle chantant ( or Eichendorff’s Nachtlied als hätt’ ‘Es war (in Goethe’s Wanderers ing at nightfall unknown the both power, the formulader Himmel ...’), invoking is all-pervasive, - responsive of theorigin, the and poet’s non-cerebral inspiration, invisibility and of specific complexities the particular, Whatever ness of the poet’s sensibility. artthese and artist, various they on the all celebrate poets’ between views relation the- artlessnessof combination the to tran intuited, formin responsiveness and The classic scendent meaning of things made in Maurice (a point already Bowra’s Heritage of , harp, humming as the invisibly-fingered agitation of a divine afflatus or breeze or divine afflatus a of agitation harp,the as humming invisibly-fingered - in strings their ‘sympa its finely-tuned them vibrating and sets wafts through imagery The harp-strings breezes, of ‘tuned’and ‘highly- or harmony’. thetic one of the unobtrusive suggested, already is, as Abrams strung’ temperaments thein this‘blessing gentle lyricism. of Romantic From tropes but all-pervasive breeze’) opens The Prelude (which . Michelet’s rhetoric is worthCasablanca. Michelet’s quoting: rhetoric Telle était bien alors l’âme de la France, émue de l’imminent combat, violente contre l’obstacle, mais émue de l’imminent combat, violente contre l’obstacle, était bien alors l’âme de la France, Telle même, au-dessus dans l’accès de la colère toutegrandeur; jeune et magnanime naïve d’une encore, de la colère. And to thatAnd to immortality corresponding (once again those to death-and-time- an adds explana- Michelet Romantics), lyrical of figures the English transcending thetion of this song, in its combination of battle-fury power: magic and magna- of contrivance; manifestation than it is a direct rhetorical is more a mere nimity, the nation. very soul of the French Rougetc’était de Lisle, en précipitalui, se etla salle, de il écrivitIl rentra et paroles. tout,musique le monde de la patrie la strophechantant : « Allons enfants !» Ce fut du ciel. Tout éclair comme un tous le savaient, le Tous fois. entendu première la pour chant, ce tous reconnurent futravi, saisi, à un monde, le chantera y aura Le monde, tant qu’il toute la France. tout Strasbourg, chantèrent, jamais. creation which the Romantic poets themselves emulate. The energies feeding lit- feeding energies The emulate. themselves the poets which Romantic creation control cogitation, intellectual lie outside theerary cerebral of realm production be- to capacity responsive the passively or masteryhas, rather, of form. poet The Coleridge’s Abrams’ poem and M. H. essay) classic invoke come (to 96473_romantik 2_.indd 15 19/12/13 09.29 but precisely in that but precisely 3, sought to convince convince to 3, sought 19 1 8 1 0– 1 8 21 1 842, when the corpse of Napoleon was transported from St St 842, the from when transported was corpse of Napoleon 1 The present king and the erstwhile emperor can coexist and coexist can emperor theand king present The erstwhile 20 Thus, the most abstruse poetical metaphysics of Romantic idealism turns of Romantic out Thus, the metaphysics abstruse most poetical The poetry that Gneisenau referred to was probably the verse of Ernst Moritz the verse probably The poetry was to that Gneisenau referred That translation of the actual into the ideal also fed into political and con- and political into theof the into actual fed also ideal translation That Helena to , a political transsubstantiation was operative. When the funeral the When funeral operative. was Paris, to transsubstantiation political a Helena finally France, cortege, through progress after a triumphant, religiously-fervent Louis- saluted waiting monarch, arrived the , the charge officer in at the Invalides ‘Sire, with a living king to the words a dead emperor Philippe, and presented The confrontation the corpse ordered, of the as you emperor’. brought, I have the country’s- in highlighting consti awkward (potentially regimes two between then was defused and taken regime-changes) and frequent tutional instability by Louis-Philippe’s au Je le reçois conflict reply beyond an uncontentious level to . France la de nom cohabit because both represent, each in his reign, something transhistorical and and reign,in his transhistorical each something represent, because both cohabit terms, potenziert The situation is, in Novalis’s , the selves actual ideal, ‘La France’. defini- also is Napoleon the theIn of figure process, power. their to higher raised canonized as party-political from literally, redeemed and, almost contention tively Romantics few good a which the view – precisely figure a titanic, world-historical him. had of had always recognized been the a very political application. That had already by real, have to duringwho, Gneisenau, Prussian the general his King to make common cause with opinion and turn popular the make his King to he- against and mistrustful pragmatic, of populism The King – dour, of Napoleon. gemony arm a to reluctant for Gneisenau’s his subjects, and dismissed – was schemes that his general by popular insurrection be told poetry’; to as ‘mere only ‘The security of the throne is founded on poetry’. It certainly was founded on It certainly founded was ‘The security on poetry’. of the is founded throne and Gneisenau afterlittle of Jena and Austerlitz, else in those the years defeats correctly. fervour of poetic the mobilizing power had judged - strate state-building at the imitation’Arndt, of French ‘hostile a genius was who Religion, Gebet, Liebe zum Regenten, zum Vaterland, zur Tugend, sind nichts anderes als Poesie, als Poesie, anderes sind nichts zur Tugend, Religion, Gebet, zum Vaterland, Liebe zum Regenten, ein kalter handelt, wird nur nach Berechnung Wer Stimmung. ohne poetische keine Herzenserhebung gegründet. der Throne ist die Sicherheit starrer Auf Poesie Egoist. To be sure, that is just vintage Michelet – his habitual flourishhabitual – his in of seeing Michelet the that vintage be sure, is just To itself; theglories glory of the events France of revolutionary oft-repeated flourish, Michelet proves himself a Romantic of the Wordsworth, Wordsworth, of Romantic a himself the oft-repeated proves flourish, Michelet - to actual the from the metaphysi extrapolating and Eichendorffstamp, Shelley, the to transcendent. the evenemential cal, from and violent of revolutions the behind bloody welter From thought. stitutional an ideal, the spiritual discern to salvage and sought Michelet changes, regime – and with- that eminently pro Romantic France essence of a trans-political since. ever statesmen French of rhetoric he influenced gramme, and the discourse his certaine by inspired idée mystically was Gaulle who De Charles just not It was in – even de la France

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 16 1 journal for the study of romanticisms 7 19/12/13 09.29 1 - 2), France 2), France 1 8 1 3. His posthumous 1 8 1 22 to Christo Botev in , and Patrick Pearse in (again) in (again) in Bulgaria, Christo and Patrick Botev Pearse to 23 Was ist ? Vaterland des Deutschen ist Was So nenne mir das große Land ! klingt Zunge die deutsche So weit im Himmel Lieder singt, Gott Und Das soll es sein ! ! nenne Dein Deutscher, Das, wackrer Vaterland, das Deutsche Das ist Tand, Zorn vertilgt den welschen Wo Feind, heißet jeder Franzmann Wo – Freund heisset jeder Deutsche Wo Das soll es sein ! soll es sein ! Deutschland Das ganze

Des Deutschen Des Deutschen importantly the most evergreen wars, 4 anti-Napoleonic 1 8

1 2– 1 8 collection of poems alternatingly addressing tender feelings and the of the joys tender feelings addressing collection of poems alternatingly out of the has fallen and the (‘The Sword’), Lyre soldier’s und Schwert Leyer life, as has the poetrycanon of German patriotic of other poetry Romantic nowadays, remem- is (who Uhland even or Geibel, and Rückert, Massmann, like versifiers things other but Körner’s than for bered his patriotic verse); in the first impact half of the of century nineteenth enormous. became the was very He prototype one and the doing battle same inspiring writing from and the verse poet-martyr, in Ireland and Davis Mangan from of Körner reverberates passion. The impact Hungary in Petőfi to The link between language as the informing language identity and its essence of a nation’s The link between – of ethno-linguistic tenets – one of the footprint central return in influential expression this battle and most song. I shall its first found the it at the passion-building of thisto nationalist conclusion article.As regards one name beside Arndt’s of poetry, be pointed out: needs to role that of Theodor of Friedrich in Vienna, joined a volunteer Schlegel had sat at the feet He Körner. in battle in and fell wars, militia in the anti-Napoleonic , Arndt composed battle verse for the militias of the for the , Arndt Marseillaise battlegies. Against verse composed 1 . This song put together in a nutshell Arndt’s nutshell a in together song put . This concerns, main ideological Vaterland German the for need in his pamphlets: der Zeit before spread he had which - and a common moral the language of a common derivedtwin pillars from unity, but than German’s The region, is more so the mere a song goes, fatherland, ity. of the footprint German area: the language moral-geographical entire Ireland. The underlying role model of the poet capable of articulating model of the poet role and mar The underlying Ireland. in Carlyle’s semi-divine heights to very raised shalling his nation’s identity was and Dante as in- Shakespeare like figures saw , which and Hero-Worship Of Heroes the ambition developed poets Romantic Many dispensable national demigods. epic: its foundational creating by protagonist become their poetic to nation’s (‘The Nation’, Dutch Natie with De Hollandsche Jan Fredrik Helmers 96473_romantik 2_.indd 17 19/12/13 09.29 - 836), Edu- 836), 1 877) can be con- 1 4, marked the start marked 4, 1 8 1 . He is still proved right, right, year proved is still . He as a ‘national German’ work. as a ‘national German’ work. 25 832) and of course Adam Mick Adam course 832) and of 1 (‘Baptism on the Savica’, on the Savica’, (‘Baptism 880s the nationalistic fervour that music could 880s the fervour nationalistic 1 Krstpri Savici . The termThe . originated thein arguments legal Volksgeist topic, ), with folk-vernacular its 1 ( Catalan L’Atlàntida Verdaguer’s 859) and Jacint 82 1 ( 1 24 805: it was called was it 805: 1 Mireio Mireio Volksgeist, , Volksgeist, Here, too, what started out as an artistic programme became an accepted na- started what became an accepted out as an artistic too, programme Here, This idea that verse tapped the soul of the nation and brought its transcendent, its transcendent, tapped the soul of theThis idea that nation and brought verse of that composer’s ‘national’ prestige and helped to mark out his debut out his debut opera mark of that and helped to composer’s prestige ‘national’ ( Der Freischütz inspire was invoked as a matter of received wisdom – Albert, Prince of Wales (the wisdom – Albert, of received as a matter Prince of Wales invoked was inspire of patriotism ‘those which VII), mentioned in a speech emotions Edward future evoke’ to national music is calculated so powerfully , (‘Children of the Sun’, unfinished), Runeberg unfinished), Runeberg with in Galicia the of , (‘Children Os Eoas Sun’, Pondal ardo with Elgskyttarne in (‘The hunters’, Elk tion-building instrument. By the Thenceforth, has such close interconnections with nationalism Thenceforth, interconnections close music has such Romantic Cho- and his Russian successors, Glinka that be laboured; the point need hardly Romantic poets, the suffice as indices. Like may and Wagner pin, Liszt, Smetana, of inspiration an artistic stance cultivated increasingly the composers Romantic exploring harmonies new formal and conventions, established for and disregard the poets, poem. Like musical forms as the or the such new rhapsody symphonic features modes and stylistic musical genres, adopting they turn the to vernacular, or hornpipe, csardas , repertoire: outside the classical established from withmusic Gypsy augmentedits withmelodies jota; their folk seconds, Doric or fifths. parallel bass lines and And as in modes, drone case of the the Mixolydian turn the inspiration sublime and vernacularof combination expressions poets, of virtuosi and champions mere the mouthpieces from into inspired composers their nation. sidered a poet’s attempt to forge (as James Joyce ironically phrased it) ‘in the phrased ironically (as James Joyce forge to a poet’ssidered attempt also expressed That urge of his soul the race’. conscience of his uncreated smithy and the ‘in- itself in the modern and novel, of the more historical drama genres will be said later. some more which of strumentalized text edition’, soul-stirring carried was the society into glorywhich of music, field to closer over lyrics, und Schwert ‘inspiring’ The Leyer potential. a uniquely have to considered in Maria Weber Carl von the young by music choral to set Prešeren in with his Slovenia in Prešeren of scholars like Hegel and, especially, Friedrich Carl von Savigny, who resisted resisted who Savigny, Friedrich von Carl and, especially, Hegel like of scholars it was view, code on German In Savigny’s of a Napoleonic states. the imposition after year, at the Last Night of the Proms, with its flag-waving performances with of the its flag-waving Proms, at the Night of Last after year, and ‘Jerusalem’ – all of Country’, Thee, my to ‘I Vow and Glory’, ‘Land of Hope the to Marseillaise. belated) answers them (slightly and historians from tried poets extrapolate which essence to The transcendental a of materialincidents thecontext,national in a had, been given transient reality by name iewicz with his various Polish-themed epic poems. Even later, Frédéric Mistral’s Frédéric Mistral’s later, withiewicz his variousEven epic poems. Polish-themed Occitan

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 18 1 journal for the study of romanticisms 9 19/12/13 09.29 1 - 27 3 Marburg, part3 Marburg, of the new- 1 8 1 ) was to become one of the to great ) was legal 1 86 1 779 until 1 26

Interestingly, this reliance on a national psyche to identify cultural traditions traditions identify cultural to this on a national psyche reliance Interestingly, In formulating this link between national essentialism, organicism, and his- national essentialism, organicism, In formulating this link between 808. Germany cannot be reformed on a French model because that would break break model because that would be reformed on a French cannot 808. Germany - a re ruled minor Bonaparte, a as yet by was he of Westphalia Kingdom fangled thein servedteeth privacy mutteringacademic, study. his of clenched through specific nation’s of a theexpression was direct system thatclaiming In a law currency in to the the Germanto give the was first language Savigny mentality, . of Volksgeist notion and specificities also meant that Savigny was a trueveryfact, the – in also meant and specificities historicist that Savigny an evolv was Savigny, to of the in jurisprudence. ‘historicalfounder school’ Law, ing moral corpus as much as it was an organically collective one – it developed as one – it developed collective corpus an organically as it was ing moral as much the centuries, across be seen as an the and it should therefore developed nation of rules thanhistorical set rather accumulation as a mere and guidelines. summarizedideas theof toricism,refusal the Savigny’s European fundamental rejected had similarly of the view state. technocratic Napoleonic, (the obligations of interactive as a set on society reliance Revolution’s the French had pointed out that nations Savigny, ‘social contract’), and, like Rousseauesque terms, necessitating also a synchronic defined in purely be adequately cannot had writ- , Burke France in In his Reflections on the Revolution perspective. diachronic ten, famously: statesmen of post-Napoleonic . But in pre- of post-Napoleonic statesmen 1 A trans-generational contract, ‘not only between those living, but be- are who between only ‘not contract, A trans-generational be born’: those living, those dead, and those to are who are who are who tween of Nation his Reden an die deutsche in unfolded this very Fichte is what argument Society is indeed a contract. Subordinate contracts for objects of mere occasional interest occasional interest of mere objects for contracts Subordinate is indeed a contract. Society better as nothing considered be to not but the ought at pleasure; state be dissolved may tobacco, or some calico or than a partnership of pepper and coffee, agreement in a trade be dissolved to and a little interest, temporary up for concern, taken be low to such other because it is . . . a of the the on with parties.by reverence; fancy other be looked It is to partnershipin every virtue in all perfection.the and As a partnershipsuch end of cannot those who between only it becomes a partnership not generations, in many be obtained be thosethose living, thoseand to dead, are are are who who who between but living, are particular in theeach of is but a clause greatborn. state primeval contract contract Each theconnecting with natures and visible the higher thelinking lower eternalof society, holds oathwhich by invisible the sanctioned compact fixed a to according world, invisible in their each place. appointed natures and all moral all physical a travesty to have a millennial heritage replaced by a merely instrumental set instrumental a merely set heritage millennial a by replaced have to a travesty Savigny politicians. of bickering an ad-hoc assembly by devised of regulations also took (which of law notion of an organicist proponent became the foremost that nation engendered each ) by in the forward as put older views due course, In language. as it had its own – as much system legal proper its own from lived (who Savigny 96473_romantik 2_.indd 19 19/12/13 09.29

29 807. Ed- 807. 1 806– 1 . Brentano’s other sister sister . Brentano’s other 11 8 1

28 30 Savigny introduced Jacob Grimm, and also Jacob’s shy brother Wilhelm, to a Wilhelm, to Jacob Grimm, brother introduced and also Jacob’s shy Savigny Himself the son of a lawyer (who had died early, leaving him an impoverished him an impoverished leaving had died early, (who Himself the son of a lawyer - pro these thatassociations through the was It Savigny’s as Grimm brothers, - the being disrupted by Napo its very was to foundations As the here-and-now The impact of Savigny’s particular brand of national-organicist historicism, particular of national-organicist brand of Savigny’s The impact set of literary amateurs whose social gatherings he frequented. This was the social gatherings of literary whose This was so- amateurs set frequented. he after so named the country family seat of thecalled ‘Bökendorf baronial Circle’, lit- had cultural, and Werner, August Haxthausens, The young Haxthausen. Von as their people (such cous- like-minded and received erary and national interests Droste-Hülshoff) von The central in Annette regular network. what became a in since the who , begin- occupied by was node in this network had struck friendship up a close days with student Achim nings of his Göttingen Arnim, marriedvon who in Bettina Brentano’s sister semi-orphan), Grimm had enrolled at Marburg in order to prepare for a career as a career for prepare semi-orphan), to in order Grimm at Marburg had enrolled law degree. was Later on he traditional means of a the a public official through among old documents the discovered, meanwhile having differently, choose to the him to, literary riches introduced of the and ReinhartSavigny Minnesänger and ap - of his life the rest for Savigny to close remain to he was so, . Even Fuchs material that that organicism historicist of cultural precisely his study plied to the of jurisprudential craft and from he had learned mentor his legal from source criticism. ited by Arnim and Brentano, this prototype of all Romantic folksong collections folksong of all Romantic Arnimited by this and Brentano, prototype Indeed effort thethe Grimms’ of Bökendorf Circle. collective the entire really was , which collection of fairy und Hausmärchen (the tales Kinder- own epoch-making Kunigunde became the wife of, again, Savigny. of, again, became the wife Kunigunde in the gatherings attend also involved came to tégés, were at Bökendorf. They that formedcollection of folksongs the Bökendorf literary Circle’s chief pleasure in in the culminate that to Wunderhorn collection Des Knaben was - consti essence of what and indeed the continuity the transcendent diachronic tutes the nation. intellectu - and abolitions, innovations changes, of revolutionary leonic avalanche historicism, the traditions: and continuities the in diachronic stability sought als anchoring of the in the present past. which sees all things as the end-products of a growth process, is best illustrated illustrated is best sees all things process, of a growth which as the end-products Savigny Marburg, in professor pupil. As law famous his most to with reference in he trained whom student, law a bright to young mentor as a while, served, for the jurisprudential – the and of ancient documents study of paleography craft old types of handwriting of forms of the and of obsolete lan- their provenance, al- this documents was At time, the and source-criticismguage. study of medieval literature medieval as Savigny; historians preserve such of legal themost exclusive antiquaries This young an entertaining and amateurs. for merely fancy as yet was his followed and even inclined bookishly was Savigny by thusscholar trained in the Paris Pari consult sources to to - went Savigny when as an assistant, master than none other Jacob Grimm. man was The young sian libraries and archives.

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33 Deutsche Deutsche 32 820. Again, we we 820. Again, 1 875 (overshadowed by the by (overshadowed 875 1 - senti from 835) a progress 1 2), and thenceand 2), the to Grimms’ 1 8 1 To understand the nation’s cultural and literary the cultural nation’s understand To 34 ): 1 87 1 ( the to 806) Märchen stands for: culture, in the philological view, was an act was thein for: culture, view, philological stands philology 870– 1 1 ( 2 and included material2 and included contributed the by Arnims, Brentanos, 1 8 1 what is in terms histori of how- a methodological it came towhat be – was

6) and Jacob Grimm’s Mythologie ( Deutsche in logos 1 But there was a difference. Whereas the folk materialfolk Whereas the in collected the a difference. But there was carry, as an epigraph, the epigraph, an as carry, of theline opening Gospel Wörterbuch Deutsches 8 31 1 (

Wunderhorn Wunderhorn At the same time, Grimm developed his linguistic skills, coming to the the skills, coming to for At his linguistic time, Grimm same developed For Grimm of GermanistenFor all the the and he inspired, whom var generations The nationalistic applicability of this applicability enormousThe nationalistic type of philology was – and, can see this as the application of Savigny’s legal historicism to cultural topics: topics: cultural historicism to legal can see this as the application of Savigny’s in a but as a process closed system, as a fixed, not Grimm at language, looked understood be to phenomenon was each where of development, continual state begreifen – to Das Sein aus dem Werden dynamics. of an evolutionary as the product understand of Savigny. the mentorship acknowledged Grimm which cism for always around around Grammatik mulation of ‘Grimm’sDeutsche in his Laws’ mentalism to philological historicism, and from a dilettante literary interest to to literary interest dilettante a philological historicism, and from mentalism to academic scholarship. hard-nosed ious specialisms they deployed (folklore studies, linguistics, history, literature, literature, history, linguistics, studies, (folklore ious specialisms they deployed and jurisprudence) the in the understand overriding to came together agenda - theof nature German astro as Much originsits nation, psyche. national and their taking by observations the universe understand seek to nowadays physicists thethe to too so possible as Bang, Big historicism close as conditions to back epic-collective the ancient, heroic, of the most Grimms led them towards back in the There, tribal cults, dialects, and beliefs, moments in the history. nation’s Christian, Roman, authenticity in- by addled and foreign was native before lays, when the moment a pristinefluences, lay the German cultural nation enjoyed serving essentially one and were priests, and judges when bards, authenticity, the German. same purpose: That is articulate to be properly it meant to what the what of national self-creation by self-articulation. Not for nothing does the nothing Grimms’ for self-articulation. by of national self-creation Not massive – in the the was beginning Word. das Wort war John: Im Anfang to according in the German case, notorious. track record was a national enterprise,national a was record thiswitness theof appeal track great French in the year Paris a text society for Gaston medievalist appeared in appeared Haxthausens and Droste-Hülshoffs) may be seen as a prose spin-off of spin-off the Wun seen as a prose be may Droste-Hülshoffs) and Haxthausens derhorn. Sagen Sagen recent defeat of defeat recent was meant to appeal to sentimentally inclined readers, who wanted wanted who readers, inclined sentimentally appeal to meant to was Wunderhorn country of simple of the folk, charmingbut interest the verses into dip naïve, to Grimms The sensed fairy tales and different. such that was tales Grimm’sfolk- of supernatural system now-vanished of an older, remains theconstituted oral the of the sagas and Germanbeliefs the Grimms, nation. For pupils of Savigny, on theprim a window and anthropological, of these historicist tales was - interest from trace, can And so we mentality of the Germanitive in its infancy. nation the 96473_romantik 2_.indd 21 19/12/13 09.29 35 808, the 1 800), the800), 1 0, published 1 8 1 807 that Wilhelm 1 36 Lay of Princeof ( Lay Igor 5) and the tale of Deirdre ( 5) and the tale of Deirdre 1 8 1 context that the text became a symbolic 1 87 1 . It also alertsalso It . that the to us fact France douce la Beowulf ( 832), ast and theontemporary C State 1 806. It was in a review of this in edition in a review 806. It was 1 , there were the RolandChanson de Russian there, were 836, and it was in the in 836, and it was post- ( ende Elegast Caerle 1 3. What Schlegel delivers is in fact an application of Savigny’s organicism organicism of Savigny’s an application is in fact delivers 3. What Schlegel 1 P The National 8 historicism, such literary re-launchings in- literary historicism, such re-launchings as in the case of Volksgeist Here, Indeed, most of these national classics which are now habitually placed in the habitually now are of these which Indeed, most national classics 1 Dutch Dutch volve at the same time a sense of a reconnection with ancient roots and (the at the with same time a sense of a reconnection ancient roots volve as an enduring sense and informingnational literature continuity), and a new The latter as- process). as a continual growth (literature of historical dynamics by in held series influentially the lecture most explored on literature pect was Friedrich’s especially of Vienna lectures brothers, the Schlegel classic for a revanchist France. A similar nation-building function in times of France. a revanchist for classic given first the of the in Germany, canonicity had propelled defeat a modern edition in to literature: literature is defined as the collective imagination and memory is defined as the collective of literature literature: to of states it articulates which higher itself into through a national community, from it As such, self-reflection. grows of cultural and powers historical awareness And two years later, he came back to the to historicism idea of a philological he came back as a later, years And two on the calling support that of those felt who national imperative, sont jaloux du rang nation, de tous[L]a piété les aïeux est le plus fort qui ceux envers ciment d’une entre les autres dans qui aiment peuples, de tous les tous ceux pays de notre intellectuel et scientifique déjà si bien mourir à Roncevaux. savait on douce” pour laquelle son histoire de cette“France siècles We appeal to all those who love the eternal France, to all those who feel that all those a people to feel who the eternal France, all those appeal to love who We thatall those a to and know who its future, for is ill prepared its past repudiates which solidarity, profound in a together, it links when alive fully is only national consciousness generations. the and the present bygone The reference to Roncesvalles at the than a phi- end of Paris’s is more Roncesvalles just to quote The reference of the- Chanson de Roland,with lologist’s celebra heroic-chivalric its invocation of behalf on defeat noble a of tion historicismRomantic had, in the century after modern and the first edi- theof tion with that furnished Edda, something Europe of nations self-styled all and that this the constituted philologists’ main called a ‘’, now was edition of social recognition.the Chanson de Roland to The first claim had come out in Táin Bó Cuailgne). of published fragment the Gaelic Táin first Grimm called it a ‘National-Epos’, probably the first time thethat term first was used. probably Grimm called it a ‘National-Epos’, - transna texts in the to classically exclusively referred epic the genre (Previously, the or thetional canon, like ). Aeneid of literary histories, as the originaryopening chapters starting point of literary in the published Besides the decades: Romantic Nibelungenlied were traditions, theand in

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- - 38 798 1 37

um die epische poesie aber steht es weit anders, in der vergangenheit geboren reicht sie aus dieser reicht geboren anders, in der vergangenheit poesie aber steht es weit um die epische That philological recycling reached out into adjacent fields. Where ancient ancient fields. Where adjacent out into reached That philological recycling The sense that literature also forms a mental continuum between the nation’s also forms a mental continuum between The sense that literature By the same token, ancient texts were points of ancestral reconnection, living reconnection, points of ancestral ancient texts were By thesame token, in the view, which, historicist contract of that trans-generational manifestations the reprinting of ancient This is why the enduringconstitutes nation’s identity. and bringing archives the them limbos of neglected unread from texts, salvaging means of printedthem of the the by into public sphere light publication, was concern a core philologists. Romantic such for in- epic works transmitted turned orally scholars to unavailable, manuscript were - the – Hasanagi in the Balkans epic from of the edition oral famously, – most stead – but also in the Grimm-inspired Karadžić collec- nica and the collections of Vuk the In and in the . Baltic, in Scandinavia, tions of tales and verse Unter den drei dichtungsarten fällt zu beurtheilen keine schwerer als das epos, denn die lyrische poesie das epos, denn die lyrische als zu beurtheilen dichtungsarten den drei fällt keine schwerer Unter und wird unmittelbar gemüt an unser sich herzen selbst aufsteigend wendet aus dem menschlichen findungsweise, in die emp das vergangne strebt aus allen zeiten die dramatische zu allen verstanden; wirkung unfehlbar. in ihrer ihr das gelingt, umzusetzen und ist, wo der gegenwart sprache gleichsam primitive along with origins thehistori nation’s development, in a continuous - Grimm, for as, Much the the nation is record. cal experiences track and moral the nation with Schlegel its own so for and culture, categorical language unit of – a sharp the becomes departure literature categoricalnational language unit for or of expression language whom for literary-historical earlier approaches, from the than nationality of the rather categori author- qualities had been incidental of the overtones have ‘development’ whom cal determinants, did not and for is a that The idea that it had after growth-processes literature Schlegel. organic than rather a condition or a corpus that process perhaps, first dynamic echoes earlier, famous gnomic ‘progressive’ the of in Schlegel’s usage qualification definition of Romantic poetrydefinition of as ‘progressive-universal’. Grimm, For epic works important. ancient is no less reading and its past present himself transport the to had reader which in forma time-travel, mental of was conditions’; vanished the ‘wholly into very of literaryback definition, perhaps, historicism. . . . cases, the ‘epic’ (that say: materials heroic is to given In many thus collected were ‘instrumentalized cases such edi- and in many status, and national-foundational) of this The prototype authenticitytions’ and forgery. a thin tread line between a notorious case in point, and Ossian, is already Macpherson’s type of endeavour, surrounded as Lönnrots similar editions such have authenticity doubts severe edition of a medieval Hanka’s Barzaz or La Villemarqué’s . Vaclav Breiz the the Ger extolling against Czechs’Bohemian manuscript resistance heroically fabricated;himself had he sur debates and which a forgery on based was mans bis zu uns herüber, ohne ihre eigne natur fahren zu lassen, wir haben, wenn wir sie genieszen wollen, wollen, genieszen sie wir wenn haben, wir lassen, zu eigne ihre ohne fahren natur herüber, uns zu bis umstände (Missing capitalization sic.) zu versetzen. geschwundene uns in ganz 96473_romantik 2_.indd 23 19/12/13 09.29

- - 40 820s we can see see can we 820s 1 However, after the However, 43 44 42 that envy is, in fact, what marks these historians marks ‘Romantic as out what fact, in is, that envy 41 Doubtful as the underlying methodology may have been, the nationalist have may methodology as the underlying Doubtful 39 Bringing the past back to life also spread from Scott to other fields besides other to Scott from also spread Bringing life to the back past As is widely attested, Scott’s powers of evoking the past through the literary the through past of evoking Scott’s attested, powers As is widely A hugely important genre that may to some extent be considered a spin-off a spin-off some extent be considered to that may genre important A hugely historians’ – that, and their transcendental idealism noted earlier on, as well as historians’ on, as well earlier – that, idealism noted and their transcendental of their historical as the theprotagonist their cast nation-at-large to tendency narratives. among Romantic history painters for topics from the nation’s from topics history among Romantic for painters a definite penchant remain history the antiquity (although biblical and classical themesown from present). strongly history-writing: most importantly, the visual arts.history-writing: History- estab painting, an importantly, most since the of the establishment classical ever pictorial genre lished and prestigious art a vernacularunderwent academies, turnin thesenational’ decades. and ‘went the restricted the to can- academic history themes paintings were for Originally, thein second antiquity; this and change classical and biblical of on to begun had in artthe of first glorified roots theof half that century, eighteenth dynastic the chi- and then in themonarchs art of medieval figures the that hero celebrated the non-classical Initially, as Joan of Arc. valric such and early-modern Europe, nationalized – the particularly history not painting was of romantic repertoire Ital- English, themes from take could as easily ‘troubadour’ paintings of France French. from as medievalism Spanish or ian round, to this very day, the actual provenance and authenticity and Prince of the of Lay theprovenance actual this to veryround, day, . Igor Scott was himself, of course, a textual editor of note (e.g. his Minstrelsy (e.g. - of the of note Scot a textual editor himself, of course, was Scott of and in some Thomas the by Rhymer) romance and thetish Border Sir Tristram the) presents as a fictional tale itself Quentin Durward example, (for his novels conceit an attic. That frame-narrative in of a manuscript found quasi-edition and, of the of the romance Gothic genre a favourite manuscript’, of the ‘found of the Rose, Eco’s The Name Umberto to down the of historical novel subsequently, of manuscripts were a lot rises in these in fact when decades, prominence to Cer Europe. and in secularized in attics being found libraries all over monastic the Scott’s was success historicist for huge reason thetainly one overwhelming wholly ‘into they back their could transport thereaders way appeal of his novels: the past they brought conditions’ theGrimm’s vanished recall way (to phrase), among envious least not readers, with was many (as the telling phrase life to back private a reading merely that not historians). was Bringing life: to the back past to aiming were sensation, but the romantic historicists verywhat definition of do. (Macaulay, among the historiansimagination caused great of his generation envy and Eastern in Central and all their nation-building followers Michelet, Thierry, Europe); cultural impact of these texts has been none the smaller, either in La Villemar of these texts been none the has impact smaller, cultural qué’s Brittany, in Lönnrots’s Finland, or in the Russia that saw Prince or in the turned that Russia Finland, Igor in Lönnrots’s saw qué’s Brittany, national opera. Borodin’s into mode. Scott in the the Walter of philological historicism was historical novel

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45

Its prime point of overlap, Wagner’s notion of the operatic Gesamtkunst of the- operatic notion Wagner’s Its prime point of overlap, , indicates that it is anything but mere escapism or consumerism,or escapism mere but - thatindicates , pro but anything it is 46 What is equally striking is how these national motivations were applied in were these striking national motivations is how What is equally The aim to ‘transport the ‘transport the theThe aim to audience into past’ for be responsible may We see how Romantic historicism can freely move between media and cul- between move historicism Romantic can freely see how We foundly informed by the politics of celebrating the the informed The ‘monumental’ nation. by politics of celebrating foundly size of history locations also indicates their paintings and their public display point of refer ‘monumental’ function in rendering a collective the past nation’s werk art the Academic modern-dayence for flourished state. egregiously in most the among the scattered public thickly monuments that were commemorative many has been variously de- what city-spaces,places of the amounting to European scribed as statuomanie or Denkmalwut. highly transnational fashions and vogues. Scott’s novels had an incalculable in- Scott’s novels and vogues. fashions transnational highly readership, For the Scottish everywhere. spiring on national movements effect periphery a subjugated they affirmednot merely was that of the British – derived a legiti- of its own a past having – from which but something state, mate identity of its own. tendency for history painting to use increasingly large canvases and to cover en- cover and to canvases large history use increasingly to painting for tendency can immerse onlookers which scenes into shock-and-awe with walls huge tire themselves. Europe was to galvanize historicist nationalism among all subaltern historicist nationali- galvanize to was Europe In the of the course century, Baltic, etcetera. Hungarian, ties – Flemish, Polish, Düsseldorf Art Academy and was used to render a more complete illusion of complete a more render used to Düsseldorf and was Art Academy building in the cen- nineteenth restored, newly or and authenticity new, to age mu- in historicist of those covered interiors whose buildings, were Many tury. a in built themselves Wislicenus), were Schwind, Rethel,von artists like (by rals Rijksmuseum, the Amsterdam style: or historicist style neo-gothic Puginesque the- castle in , hall of ; city among the resto the Neuschwanstein the Hohenschwangau, were decoration mural extensive involved which rations the of Aachen, city hall and Goslar Imperial in Prussia-annexed Manor Hanover, itself) Romanticism (like persisted The fashion the Wartburg. until the turn of the century:, the on themes witness Akseli Kalevala from murals, Gallen-Kallela’s for ‘Midvinterblod’ fresco Larsson’s Museum, and Carl National the for ‘bringing places dedicated to again, Museum – both, National the Stockholm series The huge of his- life’the to and ‘encapsulating the identity’. past nation’s the flourish Epos, is perhaps last torical Alphonse The Slavic paintings by Mucha, the ‘epic’ mode between the of example merger and also a good of the genre, - philolo romantic the from historicism which visual artsof romantic borrowed thein new century, survived, thein tradition (The twentieth novelists. and gists adaptations screen often which of the involved movie, historical spectacle genre historical novels.) Scott of nineteenth-century post-Walter and the visual philological antiquarianismto fictional narrative fields: from tural arts. Scottish-accommodated Great Scottish-accommodated (as the of George notorious management visit shows), Edinburgh IV’s 96473_romantik 2_.indd 25 19/12/13 09.29 - Uni progressive Aufhebenexactly is ), the (in Waverley 745 1 but Scott himself rarely opted for that type for opted rarely himself but Scott 51 , exhort the reader to follow the Krzyzaciinspiring exhort, follow the to reader , were in fact used Beowulf and the in fact Chanson de Roland , were Old Mortality(Old wars laid theare or ), ), Covenanting (Ivanhoe i.e. ongoing, unceasingly proliferating), then its impulse lies in this then its impulse proliferating), unceasingly i.e. ongoing, (Conversely, the idea of regionalism was predicated on the predicated very the was absence idea of regionalism (Conversely, 50 , salvaged from oblivion, and at theat and oblivion, perpetuamad time same from memoriam rei salvaged , estoration, and estoration, andCultural Geopolitics Dialectics, R What Scott and Hegel share is a new sense of historical development: a dialec- sense of historical development: is a new share and Hegel What Scott Both Romanticism and nationalism are characterized by a combination of combination a by characterized are nationalism and Romanticism Both The resolution that Scott holds out in his novels is remarkably close to the to close is remarkably holds out in his novels thatThe resolution Scott of historicity, on the idea of timelessness, static traditionalism and rusticidyll.) on the traditionalism static idea of timelessness, of historicity, the of an very in fact are message of epic. The opposite Scott’s novels Ironically, epic endings, in the Such victory or heroism-in-defeat. glorifyepic is to hard-won , mode of the Nibelungenlied Hendrik Conscience in like in Europe, elsewhere Scott’sby followers in Poland; and Henryk Sienkiewicz ‘having a history of one’s own’ came to rank alongside ‘having a language of one’s a language ‘having alongside a history rank of one’s came to ‘having own’ regional) (as opposed to national as the entitlement main a properly own’ to identity. down down without a matter of history, become been surmounted, have to have to shown but nei- respected, be to in the– something present partisan-antagonizingpower be revived. nor to ther be repressed to the alternationthrough resolution. history of conflict and tical one, where moves - com repeatedly who Goethe, by grasped also instinctively was That movement and expansion, the of contraction it to opposing, alternatingpared movement them form a heartbeat. between based which Goethe and systolics, diastolics by is generated impulse on it: forward the play’s the dialectics of his Faust entire If nay’. ‘everlasting and Mephistopheles’s knowledge for insatiable thirst Faust’s theof term usage poetry Romantic ‘progressive’is Schlegel’s (in Norman-Saxon divide Norman-Saxon versalpoesie the in applying than acquiesce rather to the explore unaccustomed to desire classicism, of poetics the from norm.different fundamentally is course of This, and as causal, linear, and of the Enlightenment’s of historical development view progressive. permanence. for The dialectic idea that and nostalgia progressivism dynamic re- of constantly conflict-drivenbut a linear process historicalis never progress of narrative resolution. His plotline typically places powerless protagonists in a protagonists places powerless typically His plotline resolution. of narrative the letting by the narrative resolves and forces, opposing crisisnational between rest. will be laid to ancient hatreds in which survive a future into protagonists , Vlaanderen van and De Kerels Vlaanderen De leeuw van Conscience’sWhereas novels or Trilogy’ ‘ Sieniewcz’s and suggest Scott’s novels the foreigner, and defeating of resisting example ancestral be bygones. bygones that let wiser to it is of Aufhebung notion Hegelian , with meaning of abolishing the threefold its past, place. safe in a storingand away it level higher a to it raising does with the Scott what past: the Jacobite Rebellion of

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 26 26 journal for the study of romanticisms 19/12/13 09.29 27 - , which celebrates celebrates alles’, which Deutschland über Deutschland

Nationalism is, of all theall of is, great doctrinespolitical Nationalism theof century, nineteenth dif- cultural rationalize to isolated attempts there had been earlier, be sure, To in connections of skein a weave to attempted have I theIn pages, preceding negotiating one’s be with, to relationship negotiating continuation of, the and appears past, artists, historians, philosophers, writers. and by evinced denominator, a common theWhat is more, ‘past’ in theserear-view becomes a decades which Romantic a as, specifically, seen invariably the is almost mirror progress of dynamism for national one. from that one in not the idealistic derives it its political agenda, perhaps most the but from or wealth, power, interest, of state considerations social or practical . or Volksgeist of the ‘nation’ and its essential character ideal-typical abstraction in the its expressions or intuited from can be understood This national essence as a remnant seen (always the vernacular culture subsisting history, collective verya those abstractions, from And the language. or its primordial from past), derived is of concerning agenda ‘nation’the specific, concrete the empowerment outlines the of geographical in the importantly, state’s and, more constitution trywill typically align thewith to of thatNationalism the state the state. borders of the footprint nation. cultural the to compared divisions; but this negligible is almost in administrative ferences to and and history, define by its language all-dominant tendency to the nation fact that in the Given nationality. by its constituent define state’sthe geography this necessarily , multi-ethnic were the states decades most Romantic The principles geopolitics. an enormous were of cultural engendered discourse Arndt, like intellectuals ‘What song whose by is the German’slaid down Father from frontiers political beyond stretching Germany yet-to-be-realized ideal, an wars The conflicts and the the the the to Meuse Belt to Niemen and from Adige. that triggered (indeed, from in all German this geopolitics linguistic borderlands notorious, as is the are the the the the to Meuse Belt to Niemen and from Adige!) of Europe, areas mixed culturally in other geopolitics application of linguistic the country to the Baltic. Carried Ulster Basque from the and from to Balkans al- nationalism Romantic at large, of Romanticism spread theby transnational recognition to in one form claims raise to in Europe all vernacular cultures lowed raised in the aca- instance in the first these – and while were or another claims soon they were of power, of learning centres demic centres and the metropolitan des became an enfer accordingly which borderlands, themapped onto provincial - of the Enlighten theautres. elite universalism nationalism challenged Romantic - estab instead and relativism Herder’s cultural forgot ment, but in the process mutually self-celebrating, gallery introspectively lished a shooting of essentialist, vernaculars. intolerant the- of Roman politics of nationalism and the poetics three dimensions: between artisticmedia of and fields and intermediallycultural related between ticism; land’ answers the question raised in its opening line with recourse to the to line with in its opening spread recourse raised the question land’ answers in also proclaimed of the implicitly German was That line of reasoning language. , ‘Deutschland Fallersleben’s von Hoffmann 96473_romantik 2_.indd 27 19/12/13 09.29 - and this in early-nineteenth-century entangle Europe; Wahlverwandschaft ment constitutes a specific historical singularity. We can give this singularitycan give We a historical a specific singularity. ment constitutes that mean something to understand may nationalism. And we name: Romantic and cultural history, of the thelanguage, nation (defined in its celebration like: as an inspiring artistic and the expression; ideal for instrumentalizacharacter) - tion of that in political consciousness-raising. expression intellectual expression; and between different countries communi- societies and different between and expression; intellectual also shuttled I have the In process transfers. cultural manifold by linked catively and essentialism linguistic three thematic strands: my and forthback between the and vernacular turn; transcendence of historicism; the and romantic poetics thejust plurality, not demonstrated, have to In doing so, I hope inspiration. nationalist and Romantic thealso but between theof density interconnections a thing If there is such in early-nineteenth-century thought as Romantic Europe. of seman- or a cloud of facts as a lump it, not of conceive must nationalism, we of intellectual and a node in the mycelium tangle, a tight tics, but as a knot, with and nationalism, each Romanticism their separate, developments. cultural mutual entanglement a tight in ramifications, engage and root-systems far-flung and

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 28 28 journal for the study of romanticisms 19/12/13 09.29 29 928), 1 950): 1 , vol. 2, 850), vol. 1 2 ( 5- 1 1 8 1 979). 1 , 2nd ed. (Nijmegen: Vantilt, Vantilt, 890, 2nd ed. (Nijmegen: 959), or Jean Plumyène, Histoire du 959), or Jean Plumyène, 1 1 806- 1 Romantic Nationalism Romantic Nationalism Bilenky, 982); Serhiy 1 - Philosophyand Romantic Na Walicki, ); Andrzej 1 2), 23–35. 1 ; ‘The Rise of Philology: The Comparative Method, Method, ; ‘The Rise of Philology: The Comparative 98 1 1 790s Germany and Britain Eu- 790s Germany media and to other to 1 999). ): 257–7 1 11 Nationalismus Nationalismus eds., Schuh, and Franz Müller-Funk ) and Wolfgang 1 98 1 7, no. 2 (20 7, 1 National Romanticism in and Modern Miller Lane, National Architecture 968); Barbara 1 (Paris: Fayard, (Paris: Fayard, Siècle Romantiques: Le XIXe , Les Nations 1 2, no. 4 (2006): 559–78; ‘From Bökendorf to Berlin: Or, How the Past Changed Changed the Past How Or, Berlin: Bökendorf to 2, no. 4 (2006): 559–78; ‘From 1 (New York: Colum- York: (New Romanticism in National 993): 3–37; Oscar Julius Falnes, 1 Urban Jarnik: Romantik, Nationalismus und Panslawismus in Kärnten Jarnik: Romantik, und Panslawismus 2); Wilhelm Baum, Urban Nationalismus 1

06 ( 1 (München: Fink, Fink, 830 (München: 1 in Nineteenth-Century Intellectuals on the Romantic Europe’, Move ); ‘Viral Nationalism:

11 770- Notes Review of Politics and the ‘Romanticism Rise of German Kohn, Nationalism’, Hans Le Mouvement Romantique en Belgique ( Romantique en Belgique Le Mouvement Charlier, as Gustave Thus in surveys such 20 Ritterlicher Patriotismus und Romantischer Nationalismus in der Deutschen Literatur Literatur in der Deutschen Nationalismus und Romantischer Patriotismus Ritterlicher Klaus Siblewski, Romantic Nationalism and : Joachim Lelewel and the Polish National National and the Polish Lelewel Joachim and Liberalism: Romantic Skurnowicz, Nationalism Joan S. Press, Columbia University York: (New Idea (Bruxelles: Palais des Académies, national (Bruxelles: des Académies, un romantisme Palais Vers In what follows, I want to steer clear of the vexed finesses of periodization of the typology and clear vexed that steer to I want follows, In what Ro- of In selecting and of nationalism. Romanticism of examples both the discussions affect canon, accepted the broadly I follow mantic writers, products, artists, cultural intellectuals or literary in activities out from fanning 443–70. To be sure, the case of Germany stands out (and will be referred to in this to article will be referred out (and as the stands be sure, case of Germany 443–70. To and the concurrent the anti- Movement Romantic between since the interconnections well), ‘Die cf. Andries Verschoor, a matter of record; David always Befreiungskriege were Napoleonic H.J. thesis (Amsterdam: doctoral Paris, und die Nationalidee’, Romantik deutsche ältere 1 and Nationalism Nations bia University Press, Press, bia University Discourses of Collective (eds.), Discourses of Collective Kopeček & Michal 2009); Balázs Trencsényi Kitab, (Klagenfurt-Wien: - Move Romanticism: of National The Formation 2, National , vol. and Southeast Europe in Central Identity contains some ideas and in Europe Thought ments (Budapest: CEU 2007). National Press, My own up in the article. present will be picked in this which examples direction Journal of American in Folkloristics’, Nationalism of Romantic ‘Phantoms D. Abrahams, Roger folklore - Heritage and the Na Romanticism, Cultural to Access the Past: in Free in Jacob Grimm’s lifetime’, het (Leiden: Brill, and M. Mathijsen van tion, ed. L. Jensen, J. Leerssen 2008), 55–80; De Bronnen en de Afbakening Literatuur Nederland van Taal, Vaderland: (Vienna: Turia + Kant, und Romantik (Vienna: Turia ropean areas over the next decades; in selecting examples of nationalism, I follow the same the of nationalism, I follow next decades; in selecting examples over areas ropean History (Amsterdam: A Cultural in Europe: Thought National out in my as set frame, spatiotemporal - ‘sound Romantic further I cite classic prolegomena: 2008). Two Press, University Amsterdam and point of recognition requiring no specific source-reference; as illustrative bytes’ merely on cases made instance, in each without specific source-referencing the text I rely, throughout Nations of Culture’, and the articles: Cultivation earlier ‘Nationalism in a few in greater detail and Nationalism (Oxford University Press, Press, University (Oxford tionalism: The Case of Poland uence of ’, in The Making of the and the Vico’, Surreptitious Influence of Giambattista the Turn Historicist Modern to Early Modern 2, From Disciplines vol. Weststeijn, , ed. R. Bod, J. Maat & T. Humanities 20 Press, University Amsterdam (Amsterdam: - Universi Stanford Imaginations (Stanford: Political in Eastern Russian, and Ukrainian Europe: Polish, 20 ty Press, , vol. , vol. Nationalisme

2 3 4 1 5 96473_romantik 2_.indd 29 19/12/13 09.29 - –33. 1 ); Mary Anne Perkins, ); Mary Anne Perkins, 2 1 1 34 (2006): 986). 1 1 996). 57–208. 1 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University University NJ: Princeton 860 (Princeton, 1 780- 1 992), which admirably manages to analyse culture both as an as both culture analyse to manages admirably 992), which 1 62. 1 06; Pierre Swiggers and Piet Desmet, ‘Histoire et Épistémologie du Épistémologie et ‘Histoire Desmet, and Piet 06; Pierre Swiggers 992), 1 1 997). 1 960) is still unsurpassed960) is still as a conspectus of the intellectuals, writings events. and 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Princeton NJ: (Princeton, the and BritishRomanticThe Empire Novel Nationalism: Bardic 967). 1 967); Sylvain Auroux, E. F. K. Koerner, Hans-Josef Niederehe, and Kees Versteegh, eds., eds., Versteegh, and Kees Niederehe, Hans-Josef K. Koerner, E. F. Auroux, 967); Sylvain 1 995). (Paris: en Europe Linguistiques et les Revendications des Nationalités L’Éveil Alén Garabato, - Mothertongue: Ethnolinguistic The Beloved National eds., al., et Broomans 2000); Petra L’Harmattan, Dann, ‘The Otto 2008); Invention Inventories Peeters, and Reflections (Leuven: ism in Small Nations; of the BritishProceedings Academy Languages’, of National For a high-definition photograph of the work, go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pils_-_ go work, of the photograph a high-definition For Rouget_de_Lisle_chantant_la_Marseillaise.jpg He music and words. it all down, wrote the into room, burst he it was, de Lisle, for ‘Rouget from of light a burst like It was of the fatherland!’ singing the ‘Come, children returned stanza the first for as they all recognized heard the excited, song even moved, was Everyone the sky. as long as for The world, all of France. it, they all sang it, all of Strasbourg, all knew time. They M. H. Abrams, ‘The Correspondent Breeze: A Romantic Metaphor’, in Id., The Correspondent in Id., ‘The Abrams, M. H. Correspondent Metaphor’, A Romantic Breeze: Norton, York: Romanticism on English (New Breeze: Die Vorkämpfer der Nationalen Bewegung bei den Kleinen Völkern Eine Europas. Bewegung der Nationalen Die Vorkämpfer Hroch, Miroslav Universita Gruppen (Praha: der Patriotischen zur Gesellschaftlichen Schichtung Analyse Vergleichende Karlova, und Welt’. der Gottheit das Geheimnis den Menschen, In the umgibt original: ‘Das Unendliche self becomes The lower power. a higher its exponent to raise is to something ‘Romanticizing the banal an exponential . . . If I give succession. such are ourselves as we self, much its higher with the the familiar dignity aspect, vest of a mysterious the well-known sense, give a higher I logarithmically so, when bring the down it; then I romanticize and conversely the unfamiliar, Frühromantik Ernst Behler, a common expression’. and infinite into mystical unknown, higher, de Gruyter, Walter (Berlin: Remembrance and Imagination: Patterns in the Literary and Historical in the Representation Literary of Ireland and Imagination: Patterns Remembrance Cf. my Press, in the Nineteenth University Cork Century (Cork: Despite Kohn’s now-notorious tendency to schematize ‘good’ western-democratic nationalism western-democratic ‘good’ schematize tendency to now-notorious Despite Kohn’s , 2nd. ed. (New its History and Ideology nationalism, his Pan-Slavism, bad eastern-despotic versus Vintage, York: ‘Romantic Theories of National Literature and Language in Germany, , and France’, and France’, England, in Germany, Language and Theories‘Romantic Literature of National (Amster Nemoianu Sondrup and V. P. , ed. S. Borders Expanding Romantic Prose: in Nonfictional 97–dam: Benjamins, 2004), 1 in England, of Language Aarsleff, The Study Hans Germany Countries 2002); Katie and the Press, Scandinavian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Trumpener, Press, University History of the Language Sciences. An International Handbook on the Evolution of the Study of Language of Language of the Study History on the Evolution Sciences. An International of the Language Handbook 2000-200 Gruyter, De (Berlin: the to Beginnings from , 2 vols. the Present In , an inspiring Anne-Marie is that studies, In nationalism to effect example Thiesse’s La Creation (Paris: Seuil, Nationales des Identités , ed. G. Jucquois and , ed. G. Jucquois dans les Sciences de l’Homme in Le Comparatisme Linguistique’, Comparatisme De Boeck, 2000), C. Vielle (Paris / Louvain-la-Neuve: agency and as a historical dynamics. agency Clarendon, (Oxford: Nationalism and on Patriotism of Country: An Essay Love Maurizio For Viroli, Press, Press,

6 7 5 2 3 4 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 8 6 7

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 30 30 journal for the study of romanticisms 1 19/12/13 09.29 3 8 1 9. 9 1 1 - 806- 1 990); Marina Frolova- 4, no. 4 (2008): 684–99; 996); Rutger Helmers, Helmers, 996); Rutger 1 1 1 . 1 07–52. 1 994), 3 1 997), 1 990). Bedřich Smetana: Život a Bedřich Smetana: Holzknecht, Život 2); Václav 1 1 999). I Ethniki Scholi I Ethniki Scholi Frangou-Psychopedis, Olympia 74–92.; 974), 1 1 ); Jim Samson, ‘Nations and Nationalism’, in The Cambridge and Nationalism’, ); Jim Samson, ‘Nations 1 99 1 (Paris: Gallimard, 1 8. 11 979); Krisztina Lajosi, ‘National Opera and Nineteenth-Century979); Opera Nation- Krisztina ‘National Lajosi, 1 729–56. 1 –70; Joseph J. Ryan, ‘Nationalism and Music in Ireland’, doctoral thesis (Maynooth: thesis (Maynooth: doctoral and Music in Ireland’, ‘Nationalism –70; Joseph J. Ryan,

1 997), 1

(2005): 5 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 848er (Baden-Baden: Nomos, Epoche ‘What is the German’s fatherland? / At last do tell me where it lies! / As far as the‘What German far it lies! / As do tell me where is the last German’s / At fatherland? / That, bold German, be! / That it must of God on high, / singing the praises is heard, tongue - fop French all // That is the German scorn / Where can name yours! fatherland: destroys you / And every German is called foe pery is called friend, every Frenchman / Where / That it must the German be!’ For it must original, entire be! / Germany see Gilbert- and Bernard Krebs Polo Wirtschaft in Staat, zur Einheit Deutschlands und Gesellschaft Texte und Nation: Reich ni, , (: Univer (Chicago: Identity eds. Music and German National Potter, and Pamela Celia Applegate The Music of European Nationalism: Cultural : 2002); Philip Vilas Bohlmann, The Music of European Press, sity of Chicago ‘The Role and Modern CA: Benedikte Brincker, History 2004); ABC-Clio, Identity (Santa Barbara, - Na of Danish Consensus of Classical Music in the An Analysis Construction of Nationalism: and Nationalism Nations Nielsen’, tionalism and the of Carl Reception émoire, ed. Pierre Nora, 3 vols. (Paris: Gal- 3 vols. (Paris: ed. Pierre in Les Lieux de Mémoire, Nora, des Cendres’, ‘Le Retour Jean Tulard, limard, Europäische Romantik und Nationale Identität: Sándor Petőfi im Spiegel der im Spiegel Identität: Sándor Petőfi Romantik und Nationale Europäische ed., Csilla Erdödy-Csorba, Music Makes the Nation: Nationalist Composers and Nation-Building in Nineteenth- and Nation-Building Composers Nationalist Benjamin Curtis, Music Makes the Nation: in des Nationalismus MA: Cambria, Dahlhaus, ‘Die Idee Century (Amherst, Europe 2008); Carl des späteren Romantik zur Musikgeschichte und Moderne. Zwischen Vier Studien in Id., der Musik’, (New Haven, CT: Yale University University Yale CT: Haven, Glinka Russian from to (New Stalin Music and Nationalism Walker, (Chicago: of Finland and the Awakening Life Goss, Sibelius: A Composer’s 2007);Press, Glenda Dawn zu Leben und Werk Studien Rossini e la Patria. 2009); Martina Press, Grempler, University Chicago dem Hintergrund Rossinis vor Gioacchino des Risorgimento (Kassel: Bosse, - Histories Revo The Rhetoric of the French of HistoricalCf. Ann Rigney, Representation: Narrative Three Press, lution (Cambridge: Cambridge University ‘Such indeed was the soul of France, moved by imminent combat, violent against its obstacle, obstacle, its combat, violent against imminent by moved the was indeed soul of France, ‘Such of anger, at the magnanimous, grandeur; height wholly with naive and even a youthful yet anger’. above ‘Religion, prayer, love of the ruler, of the fatherland, or virtue: all that is nothing but poetry. or virtue: of the of the ruler, fatherland, all that but poetry. love is nothing ‘Religion, prayer, cold calculation, we from act only is no enthusiasm disposition. If we There without a poetic in Leerssen, Quoted become rigid The security on poetry.’ egoists. of the is founded throne in Europe, Thought National ‘Not Russian enough: The Negotiation of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Opera’, in Nineteenth-Century of Nationalism Russian Opera’, The Negotiation Russian enough: ‘Not 20 University, thesis (Utrecht: Utrecht doctoral (München: Katzbichler, Jahrhunderts Katzbichler, (München: (Asnières: Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle et CID, et Nouvelle de la Sorbonne Presses (Asnières: 1 1 Les Lieux de in Les Lieux ‘ “La Marseillaise” ’, Vovelle, Cf. Michel sing it’. will forever there will be a world, vol. , ed. PierreMémoire Nora, National University of Ireland, of Ireland, University National 32, no. Universarum Litterarum Acta Comparationis Neohelicon: Europe’, Building in East-Central History 2002), 568–600; of Nineteenth-Century Press, Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Journal of Der Freischütz’, Weber’s Opera: ‘Cosmopolitanism and National C. Tusa, Michael (: Idryma Mesogeiakon Meleton, Meleton, (Athens: Idryma Mesogeiakon Ideoloyias Mousikis: Provlimata (Praha: Panton, Panton, Dílo (Praha:

1 9 8 22 24 20 23 1 1 2 96473_romantik 2_.indd 31 19/12/13 09.29 - - 945 1 996). 1 800- 1 953); for the 953); for 1 (Heidelberg: Winter, Winter, (Heidelberg: 847 1 967), 334–46; Johannes 1 980); Katinka Netzer, Wis- Netzer, 980); Katinka 1 846 und (Manchester: Manchester 953 (Manchester: Manchester 1 1 0), while Arndt0), while in his Geist Zeit der 09–25 and ‘Literary Historicism: 1 1 8 1 876- 998). 1 1 (Tübingen: Niemeyer, Niemeyer, 870 (Tübingen: 1 0- 1 8 1 ). 1 0). 2. 1 1 ), 1 –24. Also, my ‘From Bökendorf to Berlin: Private Careers, Public Sphere, and Public Sphere, Private Careers, Berlin: Bökendorf to –24. ‘From Also, my 1 975), 28–42. 975), 1 993), 96–7. –43. 1 1 987), 1 Wilhelm Schoof, ed., Briefe ed., Wilhelm Brüder Grimm der Schoof, an Savigny Erich (Berlin: Schmidt, Volksgeist und Recht: Hegels Philosophie der Einheit und ihre Bedeu- Philosophie der Einheit und ihre Hegels und Recht: Volksgeist Christoph Mährlein, Cf. generally the semantics of 2000). How & Neumann, Königshausen tung in der Rchtswissenschaft (Würzburg: is an intriguing challenge older Nationalcharakter the to slightly relates the neologism Volksgeist - no means interchange by historians; are of thesethe in conceptual the decades, usage to two of the so does notion emerges, that as theable. It should also be noted term Volksgeist Friedrich(coined by that Jahn in his book of Ludwig title, and Music: Britain, Imperialism Richards, Jeffrey in Quoted The idea that the language is not a general-human capacity but the cultural and intellectual capacity but the cultural a general-human The idea that is not the language Cf. Humboldt. Wilhelm von by forcefully formulated most was nation separate of each DNA Messian- de la Nation: La Langue Source Pierre eds., Caussat, Dariusz Crépon, and Marc Adamski, (Sprimont: et Orientale siècle) au XXe Centrale Mardaga, ismes Séculiers en Europe (du XVIIIe senschaft aus Nationaler Sehnsucht: Verhandlungen der Germanisten Verhandlungen Sehnsucht: senschaft aus Nationaler Janota, Eine WissenschaftJanota, Etabliert sich, continuing indebtedness, see Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand, ‘Das Sinnliche Element des Rechts. Ja- ‘Das Sinnliche see Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand, continuing indebtedness, in Vorträge in Kasseler cob Grimms Rechtsaltertümer’, Deutscher Sammlung und Beschreibung Erinnerung an den 200. Geburtstag der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm (Marburg: Grimm, ed. L. Denecke Elwert, 2006). of those of a nation; are who bonding agent is the one’s strongest ancestors towards ‘Piety of our country standing peoples, of all other mindful of the amidst intellectual and scholarly Heinz Rölleke, ‘Die Beiträge der Brüder Grimm zu “” ’, Brüder Grimm der Brüder Grimm ’, zu “Des Knaben Wunderhorn” ‘Die Beiträge Rölleke, Heinz Gedenken 2 ( From the huge body of literature on the topic I mention only Max Behland, ‘Nationale und Max Behland, ‘Nationale on the I mention only topic body of literature the huge From in Ger in Nationalismus zu wissenschaftlichen Werken’, in Vorreden Tendenzen nationalistische , ed. B. von Wiese and R. Henß (Berlin: Schmidt, Schmidt, (Berlin: Wiese and R. Henß , ed. B. von manistik und Dichtung (Cork: Cork University Press, 200 Press, University Cork (Cork: 36, no. 3 (2006): 483–506; Harry White and Michael Murphy, eds., Musical eds., Interdisciplinary History 483–506; Harry 36, no. 3 (2006): Murphy, White and Michael Culture, Musical of European on the History Ideology and Essays Constructions of Nationalism. The best recent introduction is the biography by Steffen Martus,- Die Brüder Grimm: Steffen Eine Biogra by is the biography introduction recent The best 20 Rowohlt, phie (Berlin: The Reception of in The Reception ‘Ossian and the Rise of Literary Historicism’, my generally follows, what For Gaskill (London: Continuum, 2004), , ed. H. Ossian in Europe Organismuskonzept und Sprachgeschichtsschreibung. Die ‘Geschichte der deutschen der deutschen Die ‘Geschichte und Sprachgeschichtsschreibung. Maria Organismuskonzept Herrlich, Jacob Grimm von (Hildesheim: Olms-Weidmann, Sprache’ Free Access to the Past: to Access the Past: Free eds., al., in L. Jensen et in Jacob Grimm’s Changed the lifetime’, Past how , 55–70. Heritage and the Nation Romanticism, Cultural pamphlets prepared the coinage of the parallel term of the the. parallel coinage Zeitgeist prepared pamphlets Univer Oxford (Oxford: , ed. L. G. Mitchell France in Reflections on the Revolution Edmund Burke, sity Press, sity Press, University Press, 200 Press, University Romanticism, Philologists, and the Presence of the Past’, Modern Quarterly 65, no. 2 Language and the of the Philologists, Presence Romanticism, Past’, 22 (2004):

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 32 32 journal for the study of romanticisms 19/12/13 09.29 33 860 à 1 –26. 11 2), 1 999). Stefan Berger and Berger 999). Stefan 1 The Image ). Sam Smiles, The Image 1 97 4. Gaela Keryell, ‘The “Kalevala” 1 1 962). 1 997), 3479–5 1 L’historiographie Romantique L’historiographie 990). Boris Réizov, 1 (London: Routledge, 800 (London: Routledge, 1 865), 75. The Truth against the against ). Also: Mary-Ann The Truth Constantine, 1 1 0); Stefan Berger, M. Donovan and K. Passmore, eds., eds., and K. Passmore, M. Donovan Berger, 0); Stefan 1 0 and 425. 1 - Uni (Oxford Scott: Memory on the Move The Afterlives of Walter ). Id., 1 ), 4 1 (Cam- and the Origins Tale Josef Dobrovský L. Keenan, of the Igor Edward 04. 1 2). 1 988). (Moscou: Editions en Langues Étrangères, 830 (Moscou: Editions en Langues Étrangères, 1 1 5- 1 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2008). Rodopi, 9th-Century (Amsterdam: Europe 1 8

996), 57– 1 1

(Paris: Champion, 200 4 (Paris: Champion, 1 994). 9 Editing the Nation’s Memory: Textual Scholarship and Nation- Scholarship Textual Memory: Editing the Nation’s eds., and Joep Leerssen. Hulle van Dirk Building in Folklore and Nationalism and Nationalism in Folklore a Voice’, Finds epic: The Nation ‘Oral on this see my topic, Generally (Leiden: Brill, & D. Hopkin 20 Baycroft during the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. T. (Bourg-en-Bresse: Brou, Brou, (Bourg-en-Bresse: Troubadour Baudson, Le Style Françoise Nationalizing the Past: Historians Builders in Modern (Basing- Europe as Nation the Past: Chris Nationalizing eds., Lorenz, and Harry Historians eds., Macmillan, 2008). Dennis Deletant Hanak, as Nation- Palgrave stoke: - Euro and East of Slavonic (London: Macmillan / School and South-East Europe Builders. Central pean Studies, Europe Historians in the Nineteenth The Case of East-Central Century: and the Nation Baár, Monika 20 Press, University Oxford (Oxford: Jean-Yves Guiomar, ‘Le Barzaz-Breiz de Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué”, in Les Lieux de de la Villemarqué”, Hersart de Théodore ‘Le Barzaz-Breiz Guiomar, Jean-Yves 3 (Paris: Gallimard, vol. ed. PierreMémoire, Nora, 1 1 - al one was which for France’ cherish thethose that centuries across who, ‘sweet of its history, death.’ die a good to Roncesvalles at prepared ready qui ceux . . . à tous appel faisons ‘Nous The original passage: the also contained following son passé répudie peuple qui qu’un croient ceux qui à tous temps, les de tous aiment la France vi- pleine et nationale n’est la conscience que savent ceux qui tous à et mal son avenir, prépare à celles présentes de solidarité les générations dans un sentiment profond si elle relie que vante de en France des Études médiévales Ridoux, Évolution in Charles Quoted se sont éteintes.’ qui The Rhetoric of Historical Representation: Three Narrative Histories of the Histories Revolution The Rhetoric of the French of HistoricalAnn Rigney, Representation: Narrative Three Press, (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University cult to judge than the epic. For lyrical poetry, than lyrical judge the poetry, difficult to epic. For none is more genres, ‘Of the three poetic arising out of the as it does heart human and is understood itself, turns our feelings to directly the the into past translate all periods to from in all periods, poetry attempts dramatic and us when impress to fail the and cannot present, as it were—of language, of reference—the frame to over Born reaches in it withthe past, . different it succeeds. But the case is far must it, we savor to want and if we nature, this without past, proper abandoning its us from in conditions.’ Jacob Grimm, vanished wholly Epos’, into ‘Über das finnische ourselves project SchriftenKleinere Dümmler, 2 (Berlin: , vol. bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 200 Press, University bridge, Harvard MA: Writing National Histories. since Europe Histories. National Western Writing versity Press, 20 Press, versity (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007).Wales Press, of University (Cardiff: and Romantic Forgery Morganwg Iolo World: of Romantic Historicism and the Legacy (Ithaca, NY: Histories: Imperfect Past The Elusive Ann Rigney, 200 Press, Cornell University Française, Française, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, Press, University Yale CT: Ancient Britainof Antiquity: Haven, and the Romantic Imagination (New and the “Barzaz-Breiz”: The Relativity of the Concept of “Forgery” ’, in A. Ahlqvuist et al., eds., eds., in A. al., Ahlqvuist et The Relativity ’, of “Forgery” of theand the Concept “Barzaz-Breiz”: Scientiarium Societas (Helsinki: on Celtic Studies a Symposium from Proceedings Celtica Helsingiensia: Fennica,

1 4 36 38 43 39 42 37 40 96473_romantik 2_.indd 33 19/12/13 09.29 ) ). 11 1 9 9. 1 860- 1 1 ). Peter ). Peter 832- 11 789- 1 1 La Peinture La Peinture Id., 63–74. 1 986). Gabriella Szvoboda 995), 1 1 (Brussel: Académie royale de 4) (Brussel: royale Académie 1 9 1 973). Ursula Ziem, ‘Die Spanische ‘Die Spanische Ziem, 973). Ursula 1 830– 1 927). Doris Lehmann, Historienmalerei in 1 Bildersaal Deutscher Geschichte: Zwei Zwei Geschichte: 890 Bildersaal Deutscher 1 ­ Schwei und Heldentot: Heldenstreit Zelger, 985). Franz 968): 529–85. Also, Maurice ‘La “Statuomanie” Agulhon, 1 1 (Cork: Crawford Art Gallery and Gan- Crawford (Cork: 870): Romancing the Past 1 806- 1 9. Jahrhundert (Zürich: Atlantis, 1 9. Jahrhunderts’, doctoral thesis (Stuttgart: Stuttgart University, 2007). thesis (Stuttgart: doctoral Stuttgart University, 9. Jahrhunderts’, 1 976). Further: Alice Laura Arnold, ‘Poetische Momente der Weltgeschichte: 976). Further: Momente der Weltgeschichte: Arnold, Alice Laura ‘Poetische 37–85. 1 1 996). Marie Schäfer, ‘Historienmalerei und Nationalbewusstsein in Russland und Nationalbewusstsein ‘Historienmalerei 996). Marie Schäfer, 988), 1 1 999). The case of Germany emerges from the in-depth study of the Goslar murals of the the study Goslar murals in-depth from emerges 999). The case of Germany 1 987). 890’, doctoral thesis (Köln: U zu Köln, U zu Köln, thesis (Köln: doctoral 890’, 848’, doctoral thesis, 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2005). David Jackson and Jackson 2005). David Amsterdam, van Universiteit (Amsterdam: thesis, vols. 2 doctoral 848’, Régi Dicsőségünk: Magyar Históriai a XIX. Században (Budapest: Corvina, Képek Dománszky Régi Dicsőségünk: Magyar 200 Jahrhundert’, Historische ZeitschriftJahrhundert’, 206 ( Belgique, Belgique, Historienmalerei des Historienmalerei difices Civils de Belgique ( dans les Édifices Civils de Belgique Monumentale d’Histoire A similar trajectory from classicist to nationalist we can notice in the that- literary pre can notice genre we nationalist to classicist from A similar trajectory and runscedes the historical that alongside novels of the history painting: the historical drama. - the trag non-classical of a national-historical tragedy, example While Home’s is an early Douglas period, be nationally they while may their Weimar for choose that and Schiller Goethe ic heroes can as easily and Wilhelm Tell), Wallenstein pinch, and, at a Berlichingen German von (Götz like playwrights post-Schiller Egmont. However, parts other Jeanne d’Arc, be from of Europe: the nation’s Ibsen use the bring, the theatreto early specifically, and even Oehlenschläger Adam life’. to ‘back past own Monumentale, Judith by ‘La Peinture Ogonovsky: been covered The case of has Mythes de l’Histoire- de Bel in Les Grands d’Enseigner Parlante “Manière l’Historie Nationale” ’, , ed. A. (Bruxelles: Morelli Vie ouvrière, et de Wallonie de Flandre gique, und die Stuttgarter Historienmaler seiner Zeit (Sigmaringen:und die Stuttgarter Thorbecke, Daniel Maclise ( Daniel Maclise ed., Murray, Michael Huig, ‘Tot eer van Bohemen: De verbeelding van nationale geschiedenis, circa circa nationale geschiedenis, van Bohemen: De verbeelding eer van ‘Tot Huig, Michael 1 Thomas On the follow public monuments in these national function of analyses decades, most im in Deutschland und Nationaldenkmal path-breaking article ‘Nationalidee Nipperdey’s 1 1 2006). Publishers, NAi Akseli eds., The Spirit Gallen-Kallela: (Rotterdam: of Finland Wageman, Patty dem Hintergrund vor Rethels Alfred Kunst der Historienmalerei Koetschau, seiner Zeit (Düssel- Karl für die Rheinlande und Westfalen, dorf: Kunstverein Untersuchung Eine ikonographische als Nationaldenkmal: Arndt, Monika Kaiserpfalz by Die Goslarer (Hildesheim: Lax, I mention in passing the vogue of engravings and book illustrations as intermedial visualiza- and book illustrations of engravings I mention in passing the vogue Quensel’s tions of the Bär and Paul past; cf. Adolf Die Wandbilder im Schloss Hohenschwangau’, doctoral thesis Ludwig-Maximilians- (München: doctoral Hohenschwangau’, im Schloss Die Wandbilder Auftritt: Großer eds., Büttner, und die and Frank 2006); Reinhold Piloty Baumstark Universität, ( Häberlin von Carl n.d.). Julius Fekete, Historienmalerei Pinakothek-Dumont, (München: (Ostfildern- und Wandbilder – Fresken Moritz Rommé, Schwind von don Editions, 2008). Barbara Ruit: Hatje, Wien: Anselm Feuerbach und Hans Makart im Spiegel Zeitgenössischer Kritik Makart Böhlau, 20 (Köln: Zeitgenössischer und Hans im Spiegel Wien:Feuerbach Anselm zerische Historienmalerei im (Paris: Contemporaine dans la France I: Ethnologie et Politique Histoire Vagabonde in Id., l’Histoire’, et Gallimard, Jahrtausende Deutschen Lebens in Wort und Bild, mit 483 Abbildungen und 48 Kunstbeilagen nach Origi nach - und 48 Kunstbeilagen Abbildungen und Bild, mit 483 Jahrtausende Lebens in Wort Deutschen Beeld en Verschaffel, (reprint Künstler Wiesbaden: Marix, and Tom 2004), nalen Hervorragender Brepols, (Turnhout: Boekillustraties in de Romantische en Vlaamse Verleden Belgische Het Geschiedenis: 44 45 47 46

romantik · 02

96473_romantik 2_.indd 34 34 journal for the study of romanticisms 19/12/13 09.29 35 - - 990), 45–69. 1 822. ‘One and twenty daft (Edin- and twenty 822. ‘One days’ 1 996). 1

burgh: Birlinn, Birlinn, burgh: yer himself, is continually at pains to stress the fact that Scotland maintained, even after the that the even maintained, Scotland fact stress at pains to himself, is continually yer undercurrent The constant system. legal its own and of the Parliaments, of the Crowns Unions or legalistic of Savigny-style in the read when light Novels, in the Waverley references of legal subsidiary firmly that (I submit) an autonomous, claimed Scott and historicism, show ganicism within Scotland subaltern, the for British status but never context. August Jaunt: Scotland, IV in George The King’s John Prebble, Also – and this is a point hitherto perhaps insufficiently noted in Scott studies – Scott, a law a – Scott, studies Also – and thisnoted in Scott hitherto is a point insufficiently perhaps als Historische Roman en Nationaal Epos: en Nationaal Roman als Historische Vlaenderen ‘Consciences Leeuw van Gobbers, Walter Vlaamse Literatuur eds., Gobbers, Perspectief’, in A. in Europees and W. Een Genrestudie Deprez (Utrecht: HES, Dertien Verkenningen Eeuw. de Negentiende van (London: Continuum, 2007). (London: Continuum, in Europe Scott of Sir Walter The Reception ed., Pittock, Murray

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