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Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page iii Using Technology in the Classroom SEVENTH EDITION Gary G. Bitter Arizona State University Jane M. Legacy Southern New Hampshire University Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid Munich Paris Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town Sydney Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page iv Senior Editor: Arnis E. Burvikovs Editorial Assistant: Erin Reilly Marketing Manager: Erica DeLuca Editorial Production Service: Omegatype Typography, Inc. Composition Buyer: Linda Cox Manufacturing Manager: Megan Cochran Electronic Composition: Omegatype Typography, Inc. Cover Administrator: Kristina Mose-Libon For related titles and support materials, visit our online catalog at www.ablongman.com. Copyright © 2008, 2005, 1999, 1993, 1988, 1984 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Allyn and Bacon, Permissions Department, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617–848–7320. Between the time Website information is gathered and then published, it is not unusual for some sites to have closed. Also, the transcription of URLs can result in typographical errors. The publisher would appreciate notification where these errors occur so that they may be corrected in subsequent editions. ISBN-10: 0-205-50894-4 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-50894-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bitter, Gary G. Using technology in the classroom / Gary G. Bitter, Jane M. Legacy. — 7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-50894-5 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-205-50894-4 (pbk.) 1. Computer-assisted instruction. 2. Microcomputers. 3. Educational technology. I. Legacy, Jane M. II. Title. LB1028.5.B47 2008 371.33'4—dc22 2007009943 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 1110090807 Photo credits appear on page 406, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page. Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page v Dedication We dedicate this book to Jane’s parents, Lois F. Chapin and Robert L. LeGacy; Jane’s children, Bryan L. Satero and Andria L. (Satero) Marshall; Jane’s sisters and brothers, Robin B. (LeGacy) Labbe, Allyson C. LeGacy, Robert L. LeGacy, Wayne A. LeGacy, Gary S. LeGacy, and James D. LeGacy; Jane’s nieces and nephews, Tracy Snowden, Carla Robinette, Erik Linstad, Nathan Linstad, Tallie Service, Kyle Widness, Cullan Baker, Lauryn LeGacy, Chelsea LeGacy, Landon Pallian, Amanda (Mandy) LeGacy, Tyler LeGacy, Brenna LeGacy; Gary’s mother, Alvera Bitter; Gary’s sons, Steve, Mike, and Matt; and Gary’s grandchildren, Blake, Avery, Emery, Lauren, Kristin, Brett, James T., Kasey, and Kendall. Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page vi Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page vii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. Gary Bitter is a professor of Educational Technology at Arizona State University and Executive Director of Technology Based Learning & Research (TBLR). He has received lifetime achievement awards from the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) as well as outstanding alumnus awards from Kansas State University and Emporia State Uni- versity. His groundbreaking research and development of digital curric- ula and professional development materials is poised to transform PreK–16 and adult learning environments. At Arizona State University, his research focus is on such areas as the impact of integration of technology into curricula on student achievement and attitude, the impact of information technology fundamentals on the digital divide, and the future of technology. Gary’s accomplishments are exemplified in his numerous journal articles, books, book chapters, conference presentations, invited talks, funded projects, and innova- tive courses. Gary also has an enviable record for leading successful research and de- velopment grant projects. Over the past decade, Gary has received grants in excess of ten million dollars to support his research and development efforts. Grant sources include the U.S. Department of Education, National Science Foundation, Intel, Cisco, Texas Instruments, Apple, IBM, and others. Through these grants, he has developed several interactive multimedia programs for the professional development of teach- ers, including Understanding Teaching, Math•ed•ologyTM, and the ASU-NETS Digital Video Library (DVL), as well as the e-Learning Network, a series of interac- tive modules designed to help underprivileged adults learn Internet skills, and the Hispanic Math Project (HMP), an interactive English-Spanish mathematics program for elementary–middle school students. Gary was co-director of the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) project. The NETS project developed National Standards for Students and Teachers. More than forty states use some form of these technology standards. As the founding board member and first-elected president of ISTE, he helped to redefine the boundaries of the PreK–12 classrooms by forming a network of dedicated professionals sharing classroom-proven solutions to address the challenge of infusing technologies across the curriculum. Gary earned his Ph.D. in mathematics and computer education at the University of Denver. vii Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page viii viii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. Jane M. Legacy is an associate professor of organizational lead- ership at Southern New Hampshire University. She has more than fifteen years of teaching, management, training, and consulting experience and has also served as associate dean. She was part of the design team at Southern New Hampshire University that designed, developed, and in- tegrated the state’s first Computer Teacher Technology Certification pro- gram that aligned with state requirements for teachers. Her areas of research interest include technology, change process, motivation strate- gies, leadership, and human relations. Jane also provides consulting ser- vices to both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, focusing on technology integration, change, leadership, and employee motivation in the workplace. She has taught in Dubai, Greece, Puerto Rico, and Turkey and has presented numerous motivational speeches within the United States and Canada. Her passion, enthusiasm, and energetic delivery make everyone attending her sessions leave with positive thoughts about themselves, personal accountability, and fun in the learning process. Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page ix CONTENTS Preface xxiii CHAPTER 1 Getting Started with Technology 1 Focus Questions 1 Information Age Trends 2 Racing toward the Biotechnology Age: The Third Millennium 3 What Is of Such Intrinsic Value? 3 How Is This Affecting Education and Educators? 4 Technology Standards: ISTE National Education Technology Standards (NETS) 4 ISTE National Education Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS-T) 5 NETS Profiles of Technology-Literate Teachers 7 ISTE National Educational Technology Standards for Students (NETS-S) 12 NETS Profiles of Technology-Literate PreK–12 Students 13 Technology Standards for School Administrators 16 Leadership and Vision 17 Learning and Teaching 17 Productivity and Professional Practice 17 Support, Management, and Operations 18 Assessment and Evaluation 18 Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues 18 No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Related Legislation 19 National Education Technology Plan 19 Additional Resources 22 Related Technology Efforts 23 Twenty-First-Century Workplace Skills 23 The Computing Revolution 25 The First Generation of Computers 25 The Second Generation of Computers 26 The Third Generation of Computers 26 The Fourth Generation of Computers 27 Future Generations of Computers 28 ix Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page x x Contents Finding Your Way around a Computer 29 Software 29 Hardware 29 CPU 29 The Microphone and Keyboard 30 Computer Memory 30 Memory Storage Devices 32 Display Devices 33 Printing Devices 34 DVD/Video Vignette—Commutative Properties of Multiplication Using Graphing Calculators 35 Summary 35 Let’s See What You Can Do! 36 MyLabSchool 37 CHAPTER 2 Productivity Tools and Application Software 38 Focus Questions 38 Word Processing 40 Word Processing in Education 40 How Does This Look in the Classroom? 42 Spreadsheets 42 How Does This Look in the Classroom? 43 Spreadsheets in Education 43 Databases 46 Databases in Education 47 How Does This Look in the Classroom? 48 Online Databases 48 Concept-Mapping Tools 49 How Does This Look in the Classroom? 51 Summary 51 Let’s See What You Can Do! 52 MyLabSchool 53 Bitter_FM_i-xxvi.qxd 5/4/2007 5:28 PM Page xi Contents xi CHAPTER 3 Getting to Know the World Wide Web 54 Focus Questions 54 The World Wide Web 56 Hypertext 56 The Purpose of Web Browsers 56 How to Use a Web Browser 57 Searching the World Wide Web 58 Search Strategies 60 Email 63 Sending a Message 63 Responding to a Message 67 Advanced Features of Email Software Applications 67 Listservs 69 Joining a Listserv 69 Conversations for Everyone 71 Webblogs or Weblogs or Blogs or Blogging and Video-Log or V-Log and Wikis 72 Weblogs 72 Video-Log or V-Log 74 Wikipedia 75 School Episode: Using a Wiki in
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