Renaissance and Reformation 1350

Introducing

Focus Renaissance and MAKING CONNECTIONS Reformation 1350 –1600 How was architecture Section 1 The Renaissance influenced by the Section 2 Ideas and Art of the Renaissance Renaissance? Section 3 The Protestant Reformation Discuss with students the power Section 4 The Spread of Protestantism of new ideas to bring about significant and lasting changes to society. For example, students may mention ideas about democracy MAKING CONNECTIONS or about technologies such as the How was architecture influenced personal computer, mobile phones, and the Internet. Talk by the Renaissance? Tremendous advances in architecture took place during the Italian about how these new ideas affect Renaissance. Among the great masterpieces was the dome of St. daily life, including politics and Peter’s Basilica shown in the photo. Architect Donato Bramante began economics. Remind students that this project for Pope Julius II; however, Michelangelo completed the design of this structure. In this chapter you will learn about social, in many ways the Renaissance political, economic, and cultural effects of the Renaissance. served as the bridge between the • What are some other accomplishments for which Michelangelo Middle Ages and modern times. is famous? • Compare and contrast the design of the dome of St. Peter’s As students learn about the Basilica to that of more modern domes such as the U.S. Capitol. Renaissance, have them examine the chapter graphics and analyze how the ideas of the Renaissance influenced architecture and changed daily life—then and now. Teach 1350 1434 1517 Italian Cosimo de’ Medici Martin Luther The Big Ideas Renaissance takes control of presents his As students study the chapter, EUROPE begins Florence Ninety-five Theses remind them to consider the 1350 1500 section-based Big Ideas included in each section’s Guide to Reading. THE WORLD 1405 1518 Zheng He of China begins Spanish ship carries first The Essential Questions in the first voyage of exploration enslaved Africans to the Americas activities below tie in to the Big 396 Ideas and help students think Scala/Art Resource, NY, Paul Hardy/CORBIS about and understand important chapter concepts. In addition, the Hands-on Chapter Projects with their culminating activities relate The Renaissance Ideas and Art of the Renaissance the content from each section to Discuss the meaning of the word renaissance. Explain that the Renaissance elevated the the Big Ideas. These activities Essential Question: Why did the Renaissance value of the individual. build on each other as students begin in the Italian city-states? (As trade cen- Essential Question: What characterizes progress through the chapter. ters, cities provided an environment in which Renaissance art, such as Michelangelo’s Section activities culminate in the ideas could be ex changed.) After students have David or da Vinci’s Mona Lisa? (It portrays the wrap-up activity on the Visual discussed the question, tell them that in beauty and individuality of human figures in a Summary page. Section 1, they will learn more about the realistic manner.) Tell students that in Section 2, growth of the Renaissance. OL they will learn how humanistic values affected Renaissance culture. OL

396 Introducing

More About the Photo Visual Literacy The construction of St. Peter’s Basilica began in 1506 and was completed in 1615. The photo shows the central inte- rior looking up at the great dome, which rises 394 feet (120 meters) from the floor. Although domes covered many structures in ancient Rome, the techniques used to build them had been forgotten during the Dark Ages. Renaissance architects and engineers had to FPO rediscover methods and develop technologies to build them. Many architects contributed to the design of St. Peter’s, including Michelangelo, who served as chief architect from 1546 until his death in 1564. Although he did not live to see the dome’s completion in 1593, Michelangelo created the columned walkway that circles the base of the dome. The dome itself is intended to symbolize the heav- ens, as well as also the power of

Renaissance & God and the Church. Reformation nce enice, Flore es: Milan, V Italian Stat Analyzing Analyze Germany how the Renaissance Switzerland and Reformation Flanders 1534 1555 England Dinah Zike’s Peace of Augsburg affected various parts Italy Henry VIII initiates of Europe. Record Foldables creation of Church divides Christianity your findings in a layered-look book. of England in Germany Make sure you label each effect as Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three- Renaissance or Reformation. 1600 dimensional, interactive graphic organizers that help students 1535 practice basic writing skills, Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire (ISTORY /.,).% review vocabulary terms, and Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 12. identify main ideas. Instructions

Paul Hardy/CORBIS, (t) HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b) Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY for creating and using Foldables can be found in the Appendix at the end of this book and in the Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study The Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism Skills Foldables booklet. Essential Question: What conditions encour- Essential Question: What led to the forma- age the growth of revolutions? (Students may tion of different Protestant churches? say that discontent with present circumstances, (Students may say that Protestants disagreed strong leaders, and good ideas can all lead to on doctrine and wanted to establish their own (ISTORY /.,).% dramatic change.) After students have dis- religion.) After students have discussed the Introduce students to chapter cussed the question, tell them that in this sec- question, explain that in Section 4 they will content and key terms by hav- tion, they will learn how Martin Luther’s examine the rise of Calvinism and Anglicanism, ing them access the Chapter 12 dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church altered and the Catholic Church’s response to Overview at glencoe.com. the course of history. OL Protestantism. O L 397 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 1 Focus The Renaissance Bellringer Beginning in Italy and spanning two centuries, the GUIDE TO READING Renaissance emphasized secularism, awareness of ties to Daily Focus Transparency 12.1 the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, and the ability of the Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. Niccolò Machiavelli 2. 1513 3. actual or appearance of good qualities and the ability to do evil if necessary 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 12 TRANSPARENCY 12-1 Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Between individual. City-states became centers of political, economic,

The Renaissance 1 Who was the author of this 2 When did he write these 3 What qualities did 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they quotation? words? Machiavelli indicate were needed by a prince? and social life. Machiavelli influenced political thought, and had entered a new age of human achievement.

“Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a Castiglione defined what made a perfect Renaissance noble. prince to honor his word and to be straightforward rather than crafty in his dealings; nonetheless experience shows that princes who Content Vocabulary The Renaissance affected everyone, from noble to peasant. have achieved great things have been those who have given their word lightly, who have known • urban society (p. 398) • mercenaries (p. 400) how to trick men with their cunning, and who, in the end have overcome those abiding by honest principles. . . .” • secular (p. 398) • dowry (p. 403) Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513 The Italian Renaissance Academic Vocabulary • instability (p. 398) • decline (p. 398) As the Renaissance began, three Italian city-states were the centers GUIDE TO READING of Italian political, economic, and social life. People, Places, and Events HISTORY & YOU Do you excel at more than one skill, for example, math and • Italian Renaissance • Cosimo de´ Medici art? Read to learn about the Renaissance belief in individual ability. Answers to Graphic: (p. 398) (p. 400) The Prince: how to acquire and keep political • Leonardo da Vinci • Lorenzo de´ Medici power, attitude toward power based on under- (p. 398) (p. 400) The word renaissance means “rebirth.” A number of people who standing of human nature, political activity not • Milan (p. 399) • Rome (p. 400) lived in Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had wit- • Venice • Niccolò Machiavelli restricted by moral principles, prince acts on behalf (p. 399) nessed a rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. To them, • Florence (p. 399) (p. 401) of the state this rebirth marked a new age. Historians later called this period • Francesco Sforza the Renaissance, or Italian Renaissance—a period of European (p. 400) history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. What are the most important characteristics of the Renaissance? Reading Strategy First, Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As the Categorizing Information As you Middle Ages progressed, powerful city-states became the centers Section Spotlight Video read, use a web diagram like the one below to identify the major principles of Machiavelli’s work of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this growing The Prince. urban society, a secular, or worldly, viewpoint emerged as increas- To generate student interest and ing wealth created new enjoyment of material things. provide a springboard for class Second, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters of the fourteenth century—the plague, political instability, discussion, access the Chapter 12, The Prince and a decline of Church power. Recovery went hand in hand with Section 1 video at glencoe.com or a rebirth of interest in ancient culture. Italian thinkers became on the video DVD. aware of their own Roman past—the remains of which were to be seen all around them. They also became intensely interested in the culture that had dominated the ancient Mediterranean world. This revival affected both politics and art. Third, a new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance emphasized individual ability. As Leon Bat- tista Alberti, a fifteenth-century Italian, said, “Men can do all things if they will.” A high regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve created a new social ideal. The well-rounded, universal person could achieve much in many areas. Leonardo da Vinci (VIHN•chee), for example, was a Resource Manager painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician.

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Questioning, p. 400 • Compare/Contrast • Visual/Spatial, p. 403 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 399 • Summarizing, p. 401 pp. 400, 402 p. 399 • Read. Pri. Sources, • Making Inferences, Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 402 p. 400 • English Learner Act., Additional Resources • Skills Reinforc. Act., URB URB p. 23 • Writer’s Guidebook, p. 29 Additional Resources Additional Resources • People in World Hist. p. 54 • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Hist. Analysis Skills Act., Act., URB p. 41 p. 50 URB p. 20 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking • Hist. & Geo. Act., URB Guide, p. 130 p. 31 • Section Quiz, p. 145 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 1

RENAISSANCE ITALY, 1500 10°E 15°E Teach Venice was a rich trade empire ruled by a small group of self- Ferrara Milan serving merchant-aristocrats. EUROPE Florence 45°N Venice Po R. Mantua Genoa S Skill Practice Under the Visconti family and later the Mantua Ferrara Using Geography Skills Ask: Sforza dukes, Milan prospered from Milan trade and an efﬁcient tax system. Genoa Papal States What advantage did Venice gain A Urbino Florence d by its location? (It could trade in Pisa r Venice i a the East by land or sea.) OL Urbino t i c The cultural center of Renaissance For additional practice on this Italy, Florence was governed by the S Tiber R. e skill, see the Skills Handbook. wealthy and powerful Medici family. a Corsica N Rome W Writing Support W E S Expository Writing Have S Naples three teams of students each study one major city-state: Venice, Sardinia 40°N Florence, or Milan. Ask teams to investigate their city-state’s gov- Mediterranean Sea Tyrrhenian ernment, economy, architecture, Sea and art. Have each group summarize its findings. OL 1. Place Which Italian city-states did not have a seacoast? 2. Movement How could traders from the Sicily 0 100 kilometers landlocked city-states gain access to the 0 100 miles Answers: sea? Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 1. Milan, Mantua See StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. 2. by using the Po River

Of course, not all parts of Italian society celebrated religious and secular themes, were directly affected by these three gen- the human body, and an appreciation of eral characteristics of the Italian Renais- classical antiquity. sance. The wealthy upper classes, who made up a small percentage of the total population, more actively embraced the The Italian States new ideas and activities. Indirectly, how- During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed ever, the Italian Renaissance did have some to develop a centralized monarchical state. impact on ordinary people. Especially in The lack of a single strong ruler made it the cities, many of the intellectual and possible for a number of city-states in W artistic achievements of the period were northern and central Italy to remain inde- highly visible and difficult to ignore. The pendent. Three of them—Milan, Venice, churches, wealthy homes, and public and Florence—expanded and played cru- buildings were decorated with art that cial roles in Italian politics. Differentiated

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 399 Instruction

Leveled Activities BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Skills Reinforcement AL People in World History ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 50 Activity, URB p. 29 Activity, URB p. 41 URB p. 23

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

Guided Reading Activity 12-1 ✎ Skills Reinforcement Activity 12 History A 12 World ctivit f English Learner Activity People in y 12 Profile 1 The Renaissance Summarizing Information Renaissance and Reformation DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1. The ability to summarize information is a part of note taking. Summarizing allows you Johannes Gutenberg (C. 1397–1468) to record and remember the most important ideas and facts from your reading. When you ★ A. PRE-READING ACTIVITY: IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION summarize, you record main ideas in your own words. He who first shortened the labour of copyists by device of in use well into 1. Why was the term renaissance used to refer to the time between 1350 and 1550? Movable Types was disbanding hired armies, and cashier- the 1900s. Directions: Before reading “The Italian Renaissance,” on pages 000–000, answer the following DIRECTIONS: Read the following excerpt from your textbook, pages 000–000. Then answer ing most Kings and Senates, and creating a whole new In 1446 questions. democratic world: he had invented the art of printing. Gutenberg the questions that follow in the space provided. 1. The title of this chapter is Renaissance and Reformation. What do these terms mean? What entered a part- From Sartor Resartus (1834) by Thomas Carlyle changes do you think will occur during this period? What type of reformation have you 2. What are the three most important characteristics of the Italian Renaissance? The word renaissance means rebirth. instability, and a decline of Church power. nership with a been part of? Anumber of people who lived in Italy Recovery went hand in hand with a rebirth The Gutenberg Bible, set and printed in man named 12 12 between 1350 and 1550 believed that they of interest in ancient culture. Italian 1455, is perhaps the most famous book in Johannes Fust. 12 had witnessed a rebirth of the ancient thinkers became aware of their own Roman history. It is the product of the first success- Fust, a gold- 3. Which three city-states played crucial roles in Italian politics? Greek and Roman worlds. To them, this past—the remains of which were to be ful attempt to use movable type and the smith, lent money to Gutenberg to help him rebirth marked a new age. Historians later seen all around them. They also became printing press in an efficient way. These pursue his printing work. When the part- called this period the Renaissance, or Italian intensely interested in the culture that had developments made it possible to print nership failed after five years—Gutenberg CHAPTER CHAPTER 4. How did the location of Milan help to make it rich and powerful? Renaissance—a period of European history dominated the ancient Mediterranean books and other materials quickly. During was apparently unable to repay the loan CHAPTER

SECTION that began in Italy and spread to the rest of world. This revival affected both politics the centuries since then, the spread of when Fust demanded it—Gutenberg was 2. As you read, list the three most important characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. Europe. What, then, are the most important and art. books around the world—and the ideas forced to surrender his printing equipment characteristics of the Italian Renaissance? Third, a new view of human beings they carry—has altered human life in pro- and supplies to Fust. Fust and his son-in- 5. What activities in Florence did the Dominican preacher Savonarola seek to regulate? First, Renaissance Italy was largely an emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance found ways. In developing this method of law continued printing. urban society. As the Middle Ages pro- began to emphasize individual ability. As 12-1 printing, Johannes Gutenberg secured his Gutenberg found patronage under a gressed, powerful city-states became the fifteenth-century Italian Battista Alberti said, place in history. wealthy man in Mainz, thus enabling him 6. Which two European countries made Italy their battleground for 30 years? centers of Italian political, economic, and “Men can do all things if they will.” A high Johannes Gutenberg was born to an aris- to continue to print. Apparently, he gave up social life. Within this growing urban society, regard for human worth and a realization of tocratic family in Mainz, Germany, in about printing in 1465, perhaps due to failing eye- Copyright © G © Copyright nc. nc. a secular, or worldly, viewpoint emerged as what individuals could achieve created a 1397. Mainz was a center for goldsmiths, sight. When he died in 1468, at nearly 70 nc. 7. Why did the army of Charles I of Spain sack the city of Rome in 1527? increasing wealth created new possibilities new social ideal. The well-rounded, univer- and Gutenberg may have been trained in years old, he was not a wealthy man. He ★ B. WORD BUILDING ACTIVITY: MATCHING SYNONYMS for the enjoyment of material things. sal person was capable of achievements in goldsmithing as a young man. When he was probably never knew, though he may have lencoe/M Second, the Renaissance was an age many areas of life. Leonardo da Vinci, for about 40, Gutenberg began his experiments dreamed, how his work would affect the Directions: Match the meaning of the words in the numbered column with their synonyms in the raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I cGraw-Hill, a division of division cGraw-Hill,a

of recovery from the disasters of the four- raw-Hill Companies, I example, was a painter, sculptor, inventor, with printing. He combined movable type, world in the centuries to come. Today, raw-Hill Companies, I lettered column. Remember that synonyms are words that have similar meanings. 8. What has been the impact of Niccolo Machiavelli’s book The Prince? teenth century such as the plague, political and mathematician. type molds, oil-based inks, and a special Mainz honors its most famous son through 1. a. The McG goal attack The McG printing press to create a workable printing the Gutenberg Museum and Johannes The McG 1. What are the main ideas of these paragraphs? 9. From Machiavelli’s point of view, what attitude should a prince have toward power? system. Many of these ideas existed, but Gutenberg University. His original work- 2. criticize b. convince Gutenberg improved, refined, and, most shop has been restored and preserved.

The McG The important, combined them. The basic Fittingly, printing is an important industry 3. characteristic c. custom method of printing he developed remained in the hometown of Johannes Gutenberg. 4. culture d. purpose cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of raw-Hill Companies, I Companies, raw-Hill cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of 10. What did Castiglione say were the three characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble? 5. independent e. match lencoe/M lencoe/M REVIEWING THE PROFILE lencoe/M 399 2. Write a brief summary of two or three sentences to help you remember the important 6. imitate f. stress details of these paragraphs. Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

nc. 7. persuade g. self-governing Copyright © G Copyright © G 11. How did Italian families have their children declared adults? 1. In what trade was Gutenberg trained? Copyright © G 8. emphasize h. trait 2. Critical Thinking Making Inferences. How might Gutenberg’s early training have helped him develop his method of printing? 3. Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions. Write a paragraph in which you assess the impact and influence of Gutenberg’s work. (continued) 50 29 41 23 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 1 The Italian city-states prospered from a of cloth. Increased competition from Eng- flourishing trade that had expanded in the lish and Flemish cloth makers drove down Middle Ages. Italian merchants had prof- profits. During this time a Dominican ited from the Crusades as well and were preacher named Girolamo Savonarola R Reading Strategy able to set up new trading centers in east- began condemning the corruption and Questioning Ask: How did the ern ports. There, the Italian merchants excesses of the Medici family. Citizens, tired Visconti and Sforza rulers affect obtained silks, sugar, and spices, which of Medici rule and frustrated by economic they carried back to Italy and the West. events, turned to Savonarola. So many peo- the development of Milan? (They Milan was one of the richest city-states ple followed him that the Medici family created a tax system that generated in Italy. It was located in the north, at the turned Florence over to his followers. a huge income for the government.) crossroads of the main trade routes from Eventually people tired of Savonarola’s OL Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes. strict regulations on gambling, horserac- In the fourteenth century, members of the ing, swearing, painting, music, and books. Visconti family established themselves as Savonarola also attacked the corruption of C1 Critical Thinking dukes of Milan. They extended their power the Church, which angered the pope. In over all of Lombardy. 1498, Savonarola was accused of heresy Comparing and Contrasting R The last Visconti ruler of Milan died in and sentenced to death. The Medici family Ask: How were the governments 1447. Francesco Sforza then conquered the returned to power. of Venice and Florence similar? city and became its new duke. Sforza led a band of mercenaries—soldiers who sold The Italian Wars (Both were run by groups of wealthy their services to the highest bidder. Both merchants who profited from their The growth of powerful monarchical the Visconti and Sforza rulers worked to states in the rest of Europe eventually led control of the government.) OL build a strong centralized state. By creat- to trouble for the Italian states. Attracted ing an efficient tax system, they generated by the riches of Italy, the French king enormous revenues for the government. Charles VIII led an army of 30,000 men C2 Critical Thinking Venice was another major northern Ital- into Italy in 1494. He occupied the king- Making Inferences Ask: Why ian city-state. As a link between Asia and dom of Naples in southern Italy. Northern Western Europe, the city drew traders from did Italian city-states need help Italian states turned for help to the Span- all over the world. Officially Venice was a ish, who gladly agreed to send soldiers to from Spain? (They were not strong republic with an elected leader called a Italy. For the next 30 years, the French and enough or unified enough to fight doge. In reality, a small group of wealthy the Spanish battled in Italy as they fought off invaders from France.) OL merchant-aristocrats ran the government to dominate the country. of Venice for their benefit. Venice’s trade A decisive turning point in their war empire was tremendously profitable and ✓ Reading Check came in 1527. On May 5, thousands of made Venice an international power. troops belonging to the Spanish king C2 Answer: Italy’s riches The republic of Florence dominated the Charles I, along with mercenaries from dif- region of Tuscany. During the fourteenth ferent countries, arrived at the city of C1 century, a small but wealthy group of mer- Rome. They had not been paid for months. chants established control of the Florentine When they yelled, “Money! Money!” their government. They waged a series of suc- leader responded, “If you have ever cessful wars against their neighbors and dreamed of pillaging a town and laying established Florence as a major city-state. hold of its treasures, here now is one, the In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici (MEH•duh• richest of them all, queen of the world.” chee) took control of the city. The wealthy The next day the invading forces smashed Medici family ran the government from the gates and pushed into the city. The behind the scenes. Using their wealth and troops went berserk in a frenzy of blood- personal influence, Cosimo, and later shed and looting. The terrible sack of Rome Lorenzo de’ Medici, his grandson, domi- in 1527 by the armies of the Spanish king nated the city when Florence was the cul- Charles I ended the Italian wars and left tural center of Italy. the Spanish a dominant force in Italy. During the late 1400s, Florence experi- enced an economic decline. Most of its ✓ Reading Check Explaining What attracted the Differentiated economy was based on the manufacturing French king Charles VIII to Italy?

Instruction 400 SECTION 1 The Renaissance

Name Date Class ★ HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 12 Analyzing Information Venice, Queen of the Adriatic

“Desponsamus te, mare” (We wed thee, O Christian pilgrims boarded Venetian ships sea) exclaimed the Doge of Venice, standing to sail to the Holy Land. Venetian trade at the bow of the state gallery and hurling a routes began and ended in Venice—the cen- consecrated gold ring into the Adriatic Sea. ter of the wealthiest trading network in In Renaissance Venice, this symbolic mar- Europe. A medieval monk complained that riage of the city to the sea was performed St. Mark’s Square “seems perpetually filled each year in a splendid water festival that with Turks, Libyans, and Parthians,” evi-

included choirs, trumpets, banners, and a dence of Venice’s cosmopolitan character 12 flotilla of gondolas. How did Venice become Queen of the Adriatic—the commercial center of the world at that time? Objective: Understand the role of trade in the Venetian Differentiated Instruction Strategies The city of Venice reached its commercial Sun-grit city, thou hast been and political power and glory as a trading Ocean’s child, and then his queen; CHAPTER center during the 1300s and 1400s. The Now is come a darker day, French ambassador Philippe de Comines in And thou soon must be his prey. 1495 called Venice’s Grand Canal the —Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Lines written amongst the Euganean Hills,” 1818 city-state. “handsomest avenue . . . in the whole BL Have pairs illustrate assigned world.” Venetian merchants crowded the canals with their gondolas filled with all manner of goods. “There were so many boats it seemed as if all the nc. gardens of the world must be there,” Focus: Learn about Venetian trading patterns. remarked a merchant from Milan paragraphs. Combine their images for a when he saw the maze of market boats loaded with produce from the mainland. Far more valuable goods than

Graw-Hill Companies, Graw-Hill I vegetables, however, were traded on the Venetian canals. The Mc Have students read the passage. pictorial summary. Venice was the hub of commercial Teach: activity for the whole Mediterranean. Fleets of merchant ships set out from ill, a division of the northern Adriatic, in the heart of

cGraw-H Europe, to move large quantities of diverse products throughout the lencoe/M AL Have students research commerce in Mediterranean and Black Seas. Sailors Assess: Have students show trade routes and loaded tons of precious East Indian spices onto their ships in Alexandria Venice is located on 120 islands in the Adriatic Sea, separated from Italy’s mainland by a lagoon. A system Copyright © G to be sold in places as far away as of canals branch off the Grand Canal, clearly visible in England. Some fleets loaded furs, silks, this 1500 engraving by Jacopo Dei Barberi. A large present-day Venice and write a and dyes from Black Sea ports; others complex of shipyards once dominated the eastern tip of products on a map. carried wool and leather from Spain; the city. There, shipwrights constructed the merchant and still others transported enslaved ships that sailed from Venice to all major ports in the people, gold, and ivory from Africa. Mediterranean. 31 Close: Have students sketch one of the sights that description of the modern city. History and Geography would have greeted Venetians, according to ELL Display photographs of Venice and Activity, URB p. 31 the passage. discuss its unique geographic features before students begin reading. 400 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY principles. Machiavelli rejected this popu- CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 1 Machiavelli on Power lar approach. He believed that morality Machiavelli’s The Prince has pro- had little to do with politics. foundly influenced political leaders. From Machiavelli’s point of view, a prince’s attitude toward power must be R Reading Strategy HISTORY & YOU Do you believe that morality has a place in politics? Read to learn about Machiavelli’s based on an understanding of human Summarizing Ask: How did views on political power. nature, which he believed was basically Machiavelli view human nature? self-centered. Political activity, therefore, R should not be restricted by moral princi- (He held a negative view. He felt No one gave better expression to the Ital- ples. A prince acts on behalf of the state. that self interest outweighed ians’ love affair with political power than According to Machiavelli, then, for the morality.) OL Niccolò Machiavelli (ma•kee•uh• state’s sake, a prince must be willing to let VEH•lee). His book The Prince is one of the his conscience sleep. most influential works on political power Machiavelli was among the first to aban- in the Western world. don morality as the basis for analyzing Machiavelli’s central thesis in The Prince political activity. His views have had a The idea that “the end concerns how to acquire—and keep— profound influence on political leaders political power. In the Middle Ages, many who followed. justifies the means” comes writers on political power had stressed the from The Prince. Machiavelli moral side of a prince’s activity—how a ✓ Reading Check Identifying What was writes, “one is obliged to ruler ought to behave based on Christian Machiavelli’s central thesis in The Prince? look to the results of an action, and not to the means by which it was achieved….” Patronage of the Medici Family

✓ Reading Check Under the rule of the wealthy Medici family, Florence became the cultural Answer: Political activity is not center of Europe. Their patronage supported many artists, including Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Michelangelo. bound by moral principles. Piero de’ Medici hired Benozzo Gozzoli in 1459 to paint frescoes in the chapel at the Medici Palace. Frescoes on three walls depict the biblical stories about the processions of the three Magi to Bethlehem. The wall with the youngest king (shown here) is the most lavish. The artist included portraits of Piero and his father, Cosimo, as well as a self-portrait. The young king is a portrait of Piero’s son Lorenzo, who was then only ten years old, but Answers: would come to be known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. 1. They used their wealth to support artists, helping Florence become the cultural center of Europe. 2. Possible response: to flatter them so that they would continue their patronage

1. Explaining How did the Medici influence the Renaissance in Florence? 2. Making Inferences Why do you think Gozzoli included portraits of several members of the Medici family in his fresco depicting a biblical scene? Hands-On Chapter Project Step 1

Creating a Mural Directions: Write the Big Idea on the the content and design of their mural. Small groups of students will create a mural board. Distribute the materials that students Encourage students to choose colors and depicting important ideas and figures of will need for their murals. Tell them that the symbols that reflect the spirit of the age. the Renaissance and Reformation. first panel will introduce the characteristics Summarizing: Have students share what of the Renaissance and important ideas they learned about the Big Idea after com- Step 1: Organizing the First Panel associated with it through a combination of pleting their first panel. OL Essential Question: How did the Renais- text and images. Have students use the sance and Reformation change European facts in the textbook to help them develop (Chapter Project is continued in Section 2.) ideas and institutions?

401 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 1 Nobles, or aristocrats, were expected to Renaissance Society fulfill certain ideals. The characteristics of Changes in the social classes occurred a perfect Renaissance noble were expressed during the Renaissance. in The Book of the Courtier, written by Bal- C Critical Thinking dassare Castiglione (kahs•teel•YOH• HISTORY & YOU Should your parents choose your nay), an Italian, in 1528. First, a noble was Comparing and Contrasting future spouse? Read to learn about the marriage cus- toms during the Renaissance. born, not made. He must have character, Ask: How do the characteristics grace, and talent. Second, the noble had to of a noble compare to the ideal be a warrior, but also needed a classical of a successful American busi- In the Middle Ages, society was divided education and interest in the arts. Third, into three estates, or social classes (see nessperson or politician? the noble had to follow a certain standard Chapter 9). Although this social order con- of conduct. What was the purpose of these (Answers will vary; students may tinued into the Renaissance, some changes C standards? consider a code of conduct most became evident. PRIMARY SOURCE important for public officials.) OL The Nobility “[T]he aim of the perfect Courtier is so to win Although many European nobles faced . . . the favor and mind of the prince whom he R Reading Strategy declining incomes prior to the Renaissance, serves that he may be able to tell him . . . the truth about everything he needs to know . . . and that Reading Primary Sources many had retained their lands and titles. R By 1500, nobles, old and new, again domi- when he sees the mind of his prince inclined to a wrong action, he may dare to oppose him . . . so Ask: Would a Machiavellian nated society. Making up only 2 to 3 per- as to dissuade him of every evil intent and bring prince want a follower of cent of the population in most countries, him to the path of virtue.” Castiglione in his court? (No. nobles held important political posts and — Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, Castiglione’s ideas about virtue served as advisers to the king. 1528 seem incompatible with Machiavelli’s philosophy.) AL

Gutenberg’s Press Answers: In 1455, Johannes Gutenberg produced the 1. wine press, goldsmiths’ type, first printed book, a Bible, in Germany. His print- artists’ ink, and paper ing press brought together several existing technologies. The press was adapted from a wine 2. Possible response: The press. Goldsmiths used type to stamp their marks Renaissance brought on finished products. The ink was based on art- renewed interest in learning ists’ ink. One innovation was the use of paper instead of the parchment or vellum typical of and culture. Because the handwritten manuscripts. printing press could produce The rise in literacy during the Renaissance created a growing audience for books. To satisfy books so quickly, it helped the demand, more books were produced in the spread ideas faster and more first 50 years of printing than in the entire history widely than ever before. of the world up to 1450. The printing press greatly accelerated the spread of ideas.

1. Finding the Main Idea What technologies did Gutenberg bring together in his printing press? 2. Analyzing How did the printing press Additional contribute to the Renaissance? Support

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

Activity: Collaborative Learning The Collaborative Learning Creating a Time Line Tell students that illustrated, annotated time line of impor- students with dif- activity allows printing has a long history dating from the tant developments. Have groups display emic skills to ferent levels of acad u form 2nd century. The Chinese were the first to their time lines. Ask: Have later advances work together. As yo eeded skills use ink and paper to transfer images from had the same impact as Gutenberg’s groups, consider the n rdingly. carved pillars. Soon, they had devised a printing press? Explain. (Students might choose students acco and way to engrave wood blocks. Later, they say that although later advances increased invented movable type. Have students the ease of communicating, Gutenberg’s research the history of printing from the press set society on a revolutionary path to time of the Chinese to the present. Ask literacy.) OL them to work in small groups to create an 402 The aim of the perfect noble was to serve his prince in CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 1 an effective and honest way. Nobles would adhere to Cas- tiglione’s principles for hundreds of years while they continued to dominate European social and political life. D Differentiated Vocabulary Instruction Peasants and Townspeople 1. Explain the significance of: Italian In the Renaissance, peasants still constituted 85 to 90 Renaissance, urban society, secular, Visual/Spatial Have students percent of the total European population. Serfdom contin- instability, decline, Leonardo da Vinci, analyze the information about ued to decrease with the decline of the manorial system. Milan, Venice, Florence, Francesco Sforza, Europe’s urban population and mercenaries, Cosimo de’ Medici, Lorenzo By 1500, especially in western Europe, more and more represent it in a labeled pyramid. peasants became legally free. de’ Medici, Rome, Niccolò Machiavelli, dowry. Townspeople made up the rest of the third estate. At the The graph should include various top of urban society were the patricians. With their wealth levels of urban society and the D Main Ideas from trade, industry, and banking, they dominated their roles each group played in the communities. Below them were the burghers—the shop- 2. Explain why the Italian city-states were so keepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members. prosperous. economy. BL Below the burghers were the workers, who earned pitiful 3. Summarize Machiavelli’s view of human wages, and the unemployed. Both groups lived miserable nature. ✓ Reading Check lives. These people made up perhaps 30 or 40 percent of 4. Contrast the social structure of the Middle Answer: A noble needed a clas- the urban population. Ages and the Renaissance. sical education and an interest During the late 1300s and the 1400s, urban poverty Middle Ages Renaissance increased dramatically throughout Europe. One rich mer- in the arts. chant, who had little sympathy for the poor, wrote: Nobility Peasants

PRIMARY SOURCE Townspeople “Those that are lazy in a way that does harm to the city, and who Critical Thinking Assess can offer no just reason for their condition, should either be forced to 5. The BIG Idea Evaluating Why has work or expelled from the city. The city would thus rid itself of that Leonardo da Vinci been viewed as a model most harmful part of the poorest class.” Renaissance man? —fifteenth-century Florence merchant 6. Making Inferences What would families (ISTORY /.,).% of Renaissance Italy consider to be a good Study Central provides summa- marriage for their child? ries, interactive games, and online Family and Marriage 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the image on The family bond was a source of great security. Parents page 401. What feeling do you get from graphic organizers to help stu- carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or this painting? What details in the painting dents review content. family ties. Often they worked out the details when their create this feeling? children were only two or three years old. The marriage contract included a dowry, a sum of money that the wife’s Writing About History family gave to the husband upon marriage. 8. Expository Writing Read a few passages Close from The Prince. Write a brief essay The father-husband was the center of the Italian family. Summarizing Ask: What cir- He managed all finances (his wife had no share in his explaining why you agree or do not agree wealth) and made the decisions that determined his chil- with Machiavelli’s theory of politics. cumstances helped create the dren’s lives. The mother’s chief role was to supervise the Renaissance? (Prosperous city- household. A father had absolute authority over his chil- states gave rise to a merchant class dren until he died or formally freed them. In Renaissance Italy, children did not become adults at a certain age. that patronized the arts. Lively Instead, they became adults when their fathers went before trade led to an exchange of ideas. a judge to free them. Adulthood age varied from the The printing press made books early teens to the late twenties. (ISTORY /.,).% more accessible.) OL For help with the concepts in this section of ✓Reading Check Glencoe World Contrasting How was the Renaissance noble History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. different from the medieval knight? SECTION REVIEW

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Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are of conduct. Peasants—Middle Ages: part 6. one that joined their family to a family of found in the section and the Glossary. of manorial system; Renaissance: more wealth and power 2. flourishing trade; profit from the Crusades peasants were legally free. Townspeople— 7. Possible response: a feeling of grandeur 3. People are self-centered by nature. For the Middle Ages: merchants and artisans; because of the ornate garments on king sake of the state, rulers should act without Renaissance: patricians, shopkeepers, arti- and horses, and the expansive view moral restrictions. sans, guild masters, workers. 8. Answers should be based on supporting 4. Nobility—Middle Ages: primarily con- 5. His wide range of talents—as painter, sculp- details and logical conclusions. cerned with military skill; Renaissance: tor, inventor, architect, and mathemati- classical education, arts, warrior, standard cian—exemplified the Renaissance view of human ability.

403 Focus Renaissance Society Introducing Social History As Europe entered the Renaissance, it was a highly structured society. Its Have students recall the charac- class system had changed during the Middle Ages. Serfs became peasants in teristics of the Italian Renaissance. C the countryside. A middle class was developing in the towns and its merchants Ask: How did an emphasis on began to create wealth from trade. They were a distinct class, separate from the land-owning nobles. In theory, nobles individual ability affect the social personified European ideas structure? (People’s achievements, of honor and prestige. rather than their inherited rank, determined their place in society.) Only nobles were allowed How did an increase in trade con- S some luxuries, such as tribute to an interest in fashion? purple silk. (Foreign goods and ideas created an interest in new styles of clothing and accessories.) OL

Titles of nobility were passed down generation Teach to generation.

C Critical Thinking R Noble women were responsible Determining Cause and for training girls of high birth, in courtly manners and Effect Ask: What were the household administration. Fashion became sources of wealth for nobles important to nobles and well-off townsfolk and merchants? (Nobles: land; during the Renaissance. Clothing styles changed Merchants: trade) BL faster than before.

R Reading Strategy Organizing Have students create three-column charts to list the characteristics of nobles, the mid- NOBLE MEN AND WOMEN dle class, and peasants during the Renaissance. BL During the Middle Ages, nobles held vital roles in government. As top advisors and military leaders, they guarded the power of monarchs. In return, the nobles governed the manors and received wealth from the control of the land. The nobility was protected as a class through passing its titles and offices to the next generations. The income of the nobility was not protected; however, as Renaissance towns came to control the Additional agricultural countryside.

Support 404

Background

Humanism and the Renaissance Most it, such as banks, had already been recog- scholarship that was not bound by religious scholars no longer view the Renaissance as nized. Secular humanism, however, was a dogma. The invention of movable type and a period that marked a complete break with different type of intellectual inquiry than the growth of printing allowed these ideas medieval values. Instead, the Renaissance is medieval scholasticism. Humanist thinkers to spread from Italy to northern Europe. viewed as a time when trends that had were not members of the clergy, and their Discuss with students how the decline in emerged in the Middle Ages became stron- focus was more on humans’ experiences in Church power and the growth of cities dur- ger. For example, the growing importance the world of the present than on prepara- ing the late Middle Ages also helped pave of trade and the institutions that went with tion for the afterlife. Humanism encouraged the way for humanism.

404 Urban trade brought new emphasis on using cash for payment, instead of barter. Checks became a common way of transferring money among Writing Support merchants. Banks developed to back W and cash them. Descriptive Writing Have students write a description of a Renaissance town based on the visual. Encourage students to use all their senses as they write. OL

S Skill Practice Visual Literacy Ask: What are the similarities and differences between the clothing of ordinary townspeople and the clothing of Imported fabrics brought vibrant nobles? (Similarities: some similar fashions to successful town- W dwellers as well as nobles. styles, such as women covering their heads, necklines of dresses, men’s hats, tunic tops over slim pants or tights; Differences: nobles’ clothing made with more luxurious fabrics and trim, jewelry) BL Assess/Close Have students answer the Analyz- Over time, some successful merchants bought their way ing Visuals questions and share into the nobility. their responses with a partner. Dis- Peasants brought goods cuss how social classes changed from the countryside to sell in town markets. during the Renaissance. OL

PEASANTS AND THE MIDDLE CLASS ANALYZING VISUALS Answers: Wealthy merchants rivaled the nobles in luxurious clothing. The 1. Describing What do peasants and the poor laborers and beggars of the towns lived the nobles’ clothes 1. They were the wealthy elite. tell you about their outside this world of fashion. Material for clothing and other goods station in life? 2. They brought goods from could be obtained by urban dwellers in the town market. As com- S 2. Assessing What role the countryside to sell in the mercial capitalism started in the Middle Ages, economic power did peasants play in town markets. began to disperse among merchants, financiers, and other middle- the economies of class figures. towns?

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Activity: Economics Connection

Examining the History of Banking money changers conducted their business banking centers such as Florence, Italy. Ask: Although banking existed as far back as the on benches in the streets. As merchants Why did merchants become the earliest Babylonian Empire, modern banking prac- acquired wealth they had money to lend bankers? Have students conduct research tices are associated with the rise of inter- and they began to establish offices in cities on the role of merchants in the history of national trade and commercial capitalism along trade routes to facilitate payment of banking and write an article for a business in the medieval and Renaissance periods. debts. To avoid transporting a lot of cash, magazine profiling prominent early bank- Our word bank comes from the Italian word letters promising payment were used as ers such as the Medici family in Italy or the banca, meaning “bench,” because Italian a form of credit. Trade flourished in early Fugger family in Germany. AL

405 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 Focus Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Bellringer During the Renaissance, humanism revived interest in the GUIDE TO READING literary works of ancient Greece and Rome and in classical Daily Focus Transparency 12.2 Latin. While many scholars used classical Latin, writers such Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. has dignity and worth 2. seek fulfillment 3. Humanists believed that liberal studies enabled individuals to reach their 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS full potential. Chapter 12 TRANSPARENCY 12-2 Ideas, Beliefs, and Values as Dante and Chaucer made literature written in regional

The IntellectualInitial andCap ArtisticTitle Here Renaissance 1 How was the individual 2 What did humanism 3 According to humanism, Humanism was an important intellectual movement viewed according to expect people to do in students were expected to humanism? their everyday lives? complete liberal studies. Explain languages more popular. Humanism also became an why humanists believed this to be important to the individual. of the Renaissance and was reflected in the works

Seek Individual fulfillment in has dignity of Renaissance artists. educational curriculum, and at the core of humanist schools daily life and worth

History Moral were the liberal studies. The art, sculpture, and architecture of Humanism Philosophy Rhetoric Challenge Grammar and Content Vocabulary long-accepted Students should Logic the Renaissance reflected a realistic, human-centered world. study . . . traditions and Mathematics institutions Poetry • humanism (p. 406) • fresco (p. 409) Music Astronomy • vernacular (p. 407) Italian Renaissance Humanism Academic Vocabulary GUIDE TO READING • attain (p. 408) • style (p. 409) Humanism, based on study of the classics, revived an interest in ancient Latin; but many authors wrote great works in the vernacular. People and Places Do you use a different style of language with your friends than • Petrarch (p. 406) • Raphael (p. 410) HISTORY & YOU Answers to Graphic: with adults? Read about languages used in Renaissance literature. • Dante (p. 407) • Michelangelo (p. 410) The The Book Divine • Chaucer (p. 407) • Flanders (p. 411) Canterbury of the City Comedy • Canterbury (p. 407) • Jan van Eyck (p. 411) Tales of Ladies Secularism and an emphasis on the individual characterized the • Christine de Pizan • Albrecht Dürer Renaissance. These characteristics are most noticeable in the intel- (p. 408) (p. 411) describes pilgrims from argues that lectual and artistic accomplishments of the period. A key intellec- the journey a range of women were tual movement of the Renaissance was humanism. of a soul to classes share capable of Reading Strategy salvation stories learning Summarizing Information As you read, use a chart like the one below to describe the Development of Humanism written in written in written in three pieces of literature written by Dante, Chaucer, Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary Italian English French and de Pizan. What was the primary importance of works of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists studied grammar, each of these works? rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history. Today these sub- Divine The Canterbury The Book of the jects are called the humanities. Comedy Tales City of Ladies Petrarch (PEE•trahrk), who often has been called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, did more than any other individual in the fourteenth century to foster the development of human- Section Spotlight Video ism. Petrarch looked for forgotten Latin manuscripts and set in motion a search for similar manuscripts in monastic libraries To generate student interest and throughout Europe. He also began the humanist emphasis on provide a springboard for class using pure classical Latin (Latin as used by the ancient Romans, discussion, access the Chapter 12, as opposed to medieval Latin). Humanists used the works of Cicero as a model for prose and those of Virgil for poetry. Section 2 video at glencoe.com or Fourteenth-century humanists like Petrarch had described the on the video DVD. intellectual life as one of solitude. They rejected family and a life of action in the community. In contrast, humanists in the early 1400s took a new interest in civic life. They believed that intellectuals had a duty to live an active civic life and to put their study of the humanities to the state’s service. It is no accident that they served Resource Manager as secretaries in the Italian city-states and to princes or popes.

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Summarizing, pp. 407, • Ident. Cent. Issues, p. 407 • Visual/Spatial, p. 410 • Expository Writing, • Visual Literacy, p. 408 409 • Making Inferences, p. 409 p. 410 • Read. Pri. Sources, • Compare/Contrast, p. 411 Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 408 • Hist. Sim. Act., URB p. 37 Additional Resources • Coop. Learn. Act., URB Additional Resources • Linking Past/Present • Hist. Sig. Act., URB p. 35 Additional Resources • Crit. Think. Act., URB Act., URB p. 40 p. 34 • Read. Skills Act., URB p. 30 • World Art & Music Act., p. 19 • Pri. Source Read., URB URB p. 45 • Guid. Read. Act., URB p. 43 p. 51 • Section Quiz, p. 146 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking Guide, p. 133 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 Dante’s Divine Comedy When Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy in the early Heaven fourteenth century, he chose the ancient Roman poet Virgil as his Dante holds a copy Teach “guide” for the soul’s journey to of the Divine Comedy. Paradise. By doing so, Dante hoped to lend legitimacy to a Purgatory Critical Thinking work written in the dialect of C Florence. Dante later defended Identifying Central Issues his use of the vernacular in a Ask: Why was the use of the ver- treatise he wrote in Latin, the language of literature at the nacular for works of literature a time, because he wanted it to be turning point? (Literature became taken seriously. Dante called his masterpiece accessible to ordinary people, not Comedy. The adjective Divine just to scholars and the nobility.) was added later, partly because OL of the poem’s religious subject and partly in recognition of its Hell greatness. It soon became a classic, helping to make the R Reading Strategy Florentine dialect the literary The artist depicted the walls Summarizing Tell students that language of the entire Italian and buildings of Florence as Chaucer’s characters include, Peninsula. they appeared in 1465, rather than during Dante’s lifetime. among others, a knight, clergy, a cook, merchants, and tradesmen. “The Latin could only have explained them [the poetry of Ask: How does Chaucer reflect the Divine Comedy] to scholars; for the rest would have not Renaissance ideas in his choice of understood it. Therefore, as among those who desire to This painting by Domenico di Michelino understand them there are many more illiterate than shows parts of Dante’s famous poem. characters? (Chaucer reflects the learned, it follows that the Latin would not have fulfilled 1. Explaining Why did Dante choose not to new secular perspective, which this behest as well as the vulgar tongue, which is understood write his Divine Comedy in Latin? found value in aspects of life other both by the learned and the unlearned.” 2. Making Connections Why would the — Dante Alighieri, De vulgari eloquentia (“Of Literature in the than religion. In addition, he pres- Vernacular”), 1304–1306 use of Virgil make Dante’s poem seem more legitimate to Renaissance scholars? ents a realistic view of society.) A L

Vernacular Literature of the soul’s journey to salvation. The lengthy poem has three major sections: Answers: The humanist emphasis on classical Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, or Paradise. Latin led to its widespread use in the writ- Dante is led on an imaginary journey 1. Writing in the vernacular let ings of scholars, lawyers, and theologians. through these three realms until he reaches him reach a larger audience. However, some writers wrote in the Paradise, where he beholds God. 2. Scholars valued Greek and vernacular (the language spoken in their Chaucer used the English vernacular in own regions, such as Italian, French, or C his famous work The Canterbury Tales. His Roman classics. Virgil was one German). In the fourteenth century, the lit- beauty of expression and clear language of the finest Roman poets. erary works of the Italian author Dante were important in making his dialect the (DAHN•tay) and the English author Geof- chief ancestor of the modern English lan- R frey Chaucer helped make vernacular lit- guage. The Canterbury Tales consists of a erature more popular. collection of stories told by a group of 29 Dante’s masterpiece in the Italian ver- pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint nacular is the Divine Comedy. It is the story Thomas à Becket at Canterbury, England. Hands-On

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 407 Chapter Project Scala/Art Resource, NY Step 2

Creating a Mural artistic figures of the Renaissance. In addi- Summarizing: Have students share what tion to the mural drawings, students should they learned about the Big Idea after com- Step 2: Designing the Second Panel create a separate written key that will be pleting the second panel. OL Students add more ideas about the attached to the bottom or side of the mural. Renaissance to their mural. This key should correspond to numbers on (Chapter Project is continued in Section 3.) Directions: Write the Big Idea on the the images and should provide an explana- board. Tell students that this part of their tion of each person’s most important mural will depict the major literary and achievements.

407 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 This format gave Chaucer the chance to portray an entire range of English society. Renaissance Education Another writer who used the vernacular Education during the Renaissance was Christine de Pizan, a Frenchwoman focused on the liberal studies. R Reading Strategy who is best known for her works written HISTORY & YOU What is your favorite subject? The Book of the City Reading Primary Sources in defense of women. In Read to learn about the subjects of study during the Ask: How did Christine de Pizan’s of Ladies, written in 1404, she denounced Renaissance. the many male writers who had argued assertion challenge traditional that women, by their very nature, are beliefs? (She claimed that women unable to learn. Women, de Pizan argued, The humanist movement had a profound could learn as well as men, suggest- could learn as well as men if they could effect on education in the 1300s and 1400s. attend the same schools: ing that they should not be con- Renaissance humanists believed that education could dramatically change human PRIMARY SOURCE fined to traditional roles.) OL beings. They wrote books on education “Should I also tell you whether a woman’s and opened schools based on their ideas. nature is clever and quick enough to learn At the core of humanist schools were the speculative sciences as well as to discover them, R liberal studies. Humanists believed that S Skill Practice and likewise the manual arts. I assure you that liberal studies (or, today, liberal arts) women are equally well-suited and skilled to enabled individuals to reach their full Visual Literacy Have students carry them out and to put them to sophisticated potential. One humanist wrote: “We call use once they have learned them.” study the household objects in the those studies liberal by which we attain —Christine de Pizan Mérode Altarpiece. Ask: Which and practice virtue and wisdom; which details do not reflect biblical ✓ Reading Check Explaining What literary calls forth and develops those highest gifts times? (books, furniture, woodwork, format does Chaucer use to portray English society? of body and mind which ennoble men.” and so on) OL ✓ Reading Check Differences in Renaissance Art Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael (1504) Answer: collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims Central panel of Mérode Altarpiece by Robert Campin (c. 1425–28)

Answers: 1. Northern European: tight, box-like settings, everyday Flemish artists typically placed their subjects objects; Italian: classical among everyday objects. styles, geometric perspective. The space depicted was S tight and boxlike. FPO 2. Campin: intimate home setting implies private connection to religion; Raphael: setting and aristocratic fig- Artists of the Northern Renaissance placed their works in everyday settings, while Italian Renaissance ures make expression of reli- artists were influenced by classical styles and gion seem formal and public. geometric precision. Religious themes were a common subject matter. Raphael used the technique 1. Contrasting How did the Renaissance style in of perspective to give the Northern Europe differ from that of Italy? illusion of scale, distance, Additional 2. Interpreting How might the settings of each and three dimensions on a painting reveal differences in religious ideals two-dimensional surface. Support between Northern Europe and Italy?

(l) Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS, (r) Art Archive/Galleria Brera Milan/Dagli Orti

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Art Tell students that the Mérode Altarpiece Mérode Altarpiece, as well as other examples complement it. To make their sketches, have is actually a triptych: a work of art on three of triptychs. Ask: How are the examples students hold their paper sideways (in land- panels that often opens and closes on hinges. similar? How are they different? (All have scape orientation) and fold both sides to The triptych form dates from the Middle three panels and related images. Content and meet in the center to form three “panels.” Ages and was often used for altars. The cen- styles vary.) Suggest that, like the painter of the Mérode tral panel contained the most important Have students work in groups of three to Altarpiece, students illustrate an ancient image; the two side panels held smaller, plan and sketch a triptych. Ask them to topic in a modern setting. Let the groups related scenes. Have students use library or choose a central scene as the focus of their explain their concepts and share their Internet resources to locate the complete work, and then select two smaller scenes to sketches with the class. OL

408 What, then, were the liberal studies? CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 According to the humanists, students Italian Renaissance Art should study history, moral philosophy, The Renaissance produced great artists eloquence (or rhetoric), letters (grammar and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and and logic), poetry, mathematics, astron- Leonardo da Vinci. C Critical Thinking omy, and music. In short, the purpose of a HISTORY & YOU Do you recall the features of Making Inferences Ask: Why liberal education (and thus the reason for Gothic style? Read to learn how Renaissance archi- were female students told not to studying the liberal arts) was to produce tects diverged from Gothic style. individuals who follow a path of virtue learn mathematics and rhetoric? and wisdom. These individuals should (Women were not supposed to be Renaissance artists sought to imitate also possess rhetorical skills so they can involved in business or take on pub- persuade others to take this same path of nature. They wanted viewers to see the virtue and wisdom. reality in their subjects. At the same time, lic roles. Therefore, courses that pre- these artists were developing a new, pared men for these roles, such as human-focused worldview. As one artist PRIMARY SOURCE mathematics and rhetoric, would proclaimed, human beings were the “cen- “Not everyone is called to be a physician, a ter and measure of all things.” not be necessary for women.) OL lawyer . . . nor has everyone outstanding gifts of natural capacity, but all of us . . . are responsible for For additional practice on this the personal influence that goes forth from us.” New Techniques in Painting skill, see the Skills Handbook. —Vittorino da Feltre (1373–1446) Frescoes by Masaccio (muh•ZAH• humanist educator, Mantua, Italy chee•oh) are the first masterpieces of Early Renaissance (1400–1490) art. A fresco is a R Reading Strategy Following the Greek ideal of a sound painting done on fresh, wet plaster with mind in a sound body, humanist educators water-based paints. Human figures in Summarizing Ask: What also emphasized physical education. Stu- medieval paintings look flat, but Masac- changes did Renaissance artists dents learned the skills of javelin throw- cio’s figures have depth and come alive. By R bring to painting? (They used per- ing, archery, and dancing. They ran, mastering the laws of perspective, Masac- spective, giving their work a more wrestled, hunted, and swam. cio could create the illusion of three dimen- Humanist educators thought that a sions, leading to a new, realistic style. realistic look through the illusion of humanist education was a practical prepa- Other fifteenth-century Florentine paint- depth. They studied movement and ration for life. Its aim was not to create ers used and modified this new, or Renais- human anatomy to create lifelike great scholars but complete citizens. sance, style. Especially important were two Humanist education was also considered major developments. One development figures.) OL necessary for preparing the sons of aristo- stressed the technical side of painting— crats for leadership roles. Humanist schools understanding the laws of perspective and ✓ Reading Check were the model for the education of the organization of outdoor space and light Answer: helped students reach Europe’s ruling classes until the twentieth through geometry. The second develop- century. ment was the investigation of movement their full potential, follow a Females were largely absent from these and human anatomy. The realistic por- path of virtue and wisdom and schools. The few female students who did trayal of the individual, especially the persuade others to do the attend humanist schools studied the clas- human nude, became one of the chief aims sics and were encouraged to know some of Italian Renaissance art. same, and become complete history as well as how to ride, dance, sing, citizens; also prepared children play the lute (a stringed instrument), and C Sculpture and Architecture of aristocrats for leadership appreciate poetry. They were told not to The Renaissance produced equally stun- learn mathematics or rhetoric. It was ning advances in sculpture and architec- thought that religion and morals should be ture. The sculptor Donatello studied the foremost in the education of “Christian statues of the Greeks and Romans. His ladies” so that they could become good works included a realistic, free-standing wives and mothers. figure of Saint George. The work of architect Filippo Brunelles- ✓ Reading Check Expaining How did a humanist chi (broo•nuhl•EHS•kee) was inspired education prepare a student for life? by the buildings of classical Rome. Differentiated

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 409 Instruction

Name ______Date ______Class ______

Linking Past and Present Activity 12 Comparing and Contrasting Supporting the Arts: Past and Present THEN During the Renaissance, many artists NOW Art is still supported by wealthy indi- were supported by wealthy patrons. These viduals. Today, artists display their works in patrons—who included popes, monarchs, and galleries with the hope that the works of art the rulers of city-states—frequently invited will be bought. In today’s art market, success- artists to join their households as court artists. ful artists are those who most please the tastes Artists were also funded by guilds and local of the buyer. Universities and colleges also religious organizations. These groups con- support well-known artists by hiring them tracted artists to create specific works of art, as special faculty members and giving them for which they were paid handsomely. the facilities and time to pursue their own CHAPTER The generosity of patrons was often moti- projects. vated by their desire to be viewed by their In most countries, the government and peers as being cultured people who encour- major corporations both buy art and provide aged geniuses. Patrons also participated, charitable support for it. In the United States, Objective: Examine past and present methods of Differentiated Instruction Strategies somewhat vicariously, in the creative process, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 12 usually by choosing the subject of a particular a government program financed by public work of art. More modest patrons hired money or taxes, is an important source of humanist scholars to explain the philosophical funds for artistic projects. ideas they wanted a particular artwork to Since its establishment in 1965, the NEA funding the arts. reflect. has stirred up controversy. Some people con- BL As a class, discuss advantages and Powerful leaders sometimes induced artists sider art a luxury that should not be sup- to represent them, either directly or symboli- ported by taxes. Other opponents of the NEA cally, in a religious context. Pope Julius II used claim that government funding of the arts will Raphael’s talent in this way. Having per- inevitably lead to the political control of artis- suaded an ecumenical council to accept his tic expression. plan for church reform, Julius II then commis- When the NEA was established, the United Copyright © G © Copyright Focus: Read about art patrons of the Renaissance. disadvantages of both systems. sioned Raphael to paint a biblical scene, The States Congress stressed that, in accordance Expulsion of Heliodorus. The picture shows God with the Constitution, the program was intervening on behalf of a Jewish high priest. required to allow freedom of expression. The audience of the day would have recog- However, in 1989 Congress cut the NEA’s lencoe/M nized that the high priest symbolized Julius budget by $45,000 to punish it for supporting and that the pope, like the high priest, was art that many citizens found objectionable. cGraw-H

also supported by God. Congress also passed a bill that prohibited the of division a ill, Teach: Discuss the pros and cons of the Renaissance AL Have students explore the controversy Although self-interest played a part in their NEA from financing similar works. generosity, Renaissance patrons did not usually stifle artists’ essential visions. Perhaps this was because patrons and protégés shared an Mc The system of art patronage. open, exploratory attitude toward life. I Graw-HillCompanies, surrounding the NEA and argue for or CRITICAL THINKING Directions: Answer the following questions 3. Synthesizing information: Why do some on a separate sheet of paper. people want to ban hip hop music? Do nc. 1. Drawing conclusions: How did research in the library and on the Internet Renaissance patrons influence artistic to examine some of the differing opinions Assess: Have students research the NEA and list the against its continued existence. expression? on the relevance and importance of hip hop 2. Making inferences: How is the United music in contemporary American culture. States Congress able to influence artistic Write a brief report on your findings, state expression? with which viewpoint you agree, and explain your reasoning. pros and cons of public funding. ELL Have students present an exhibit of art 40 Close: Have students argue for the best method of from their home countries and explain Linking Past and Present stimulating artistic endeavors. how artists support themselves. Activity, URB p. 40 409 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 2 His design of the church of San Lorenzo in At age 25, Raphael was already one of Florence reflects this. The classical columns Italy’s best painters. He was admired for and rounded arches in the church’s design his numerous madonnas (paintings of the W Writing Support create an environment that does not over- Virgin Mary). In these, he achieved an ideal W whelm the worshiper, as Gothic cathedrals D of beauty far surpassing human standards. Expository Writing Display might. The church creates a space to fit Raphael is also well known for his frescoes images of medieval Gothic cathe- human, and not divine, needs. Like paint- in the Vatican Palace. His School of Athens ers and sculptors, Renaissance architects reveals a world of balance, harmony, and drals, such as Notre Dame in Paris, sought to reflect a human-centered world. order—the underlying principles of classi- and Renaissance churches, such as cal Greek and Roman art. the cathedral in Florence. Discuss Michelangelo, an accomplished painter, High Renaissance Masters sculptor, and architect, was another master with students the contrasting The final stage of Italian Renaissance of the High Renaissance. Fiercely driven impressions of medieval cathedrals painting flourished between 1490 and by his desire to create, he worked with and Renaissance buildings. Ask 1520. Called the High Renaissance, the great passion and energy on a remarkable them to write an essay on how period is associated with Leonardo da number of projects. Michelangelo’s figures Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome each style of architecture reflects Leonardo mastered the art of realistic depict an ideal type of human being with its age. AL painting and even dissected human bod- perfect proportions. The beauty of this ide- ies to better see how nature worked. How- alized human being is meant to be a reflec- ever, he wanted to advance beyond such tion of divine beauty. The more beautiful D Differentiated realism to create idealized forms that cap- the body, the more godlike the figure. Instruction tured the perfection of nature and the individual—perfection that could not be ✓ Reading Check Identifying Name three Italian Visual/Spatial Display expressed fully by a realistic style. artists of the High Renaissance. Raphael’s School of Athens. Ask students to analyze the elements of the painting and their relationship to the principles of Renais- sance and classical art. AL Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo 1452–1519 Italian Artist and Scientist 1475–1564 Italian Artist ✓Reading Check Leonardo da Vinci was the model “Renaissance Michelangelo Buonarroti was a man of many tal- Answer: Leonardo da Vinci, man.” He was an artist, scientist, inventor, and ents. A painter, sculptor, poet, architect, and literary visionary. In 1503, the government of Florence scholar, there was little he could not do once he Raphael, Michelangelo sought his genius on a military matter. With set his mind to it. When Pope Julius II asked the help of Niccolò Machiavelli, Leonardo him to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in da Vinci devised a plan to help Florence 1508, Michelangelo protested that “painting is defeat the city of Pisa in a war. The not my art.” Despite his protests, the work that plan was to divert the Arno River emerged four years later ranks among the away from Pisa to cut Pisa off from greatest masterpieces of all time. the sea. However, the engineer For his sculptures, Michelangelo would Answers: Leonardo da Vinci— hired to dig a diversion canal did sometimes spend months in a marble Niccolò Machiavelli; not follow Leonardo’s instructions, quarry personally selecting the ideal block Michelangelo—in the Sistine and the canal walls collapsed. from which to carve his works of art. Some Although the plan failed, the maps of his contemporaries believed that “he Chapel Leonardo drew up were so could see the figure imprisoned in it.” detailed that they were used long Creative to the end of his long life, he afterward. He also envisioned an famously lamented that “art and death do industrial corridor along the river not go well together.” Where do some of that eventually came to pass Michelangelo’s most famous paint- after his death. What famous ings appear? Additional person helped Leonardo with Support his plan?

(l) Biblioteca Reale, Turin/Bridgeman Art Library, (r) akg-images

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Leonardo da Vinci By the end of his life, apparently intended these notes to be the David, symbolizing the human ideal. Leonardo da Vinci had filled dozens of note- foundation of several books. The notes Michelangelo applied a great deal of focus books with observations and sketches on reveal Leonardo’s lively intelligence and to his work. According to one account, he painting, the human body, mechanics, and wide-ranging interests. worked so intensely on sculpting David that architecture. His writing appeared unintel- Michelangelo Michelangelo thought of for over two years he rarely slept and did ligible until scholars realized that it must be himself primarily as a sculptor. Among his not take off his boots. They eventually fell held up to a mirror in order to be read. He most famous works is the giant statue of apart taking layers of his skin with them.

410 CHAPTER 12 • The Northern Artistic Renaissance SECTION 2

Northern European artists, especially those in the Low Countries, portrayed their world realistically but in a different way than C Critical Thinking did the Italian artists. Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU Have you ever used a varnish to seal woodwork? 1. Explain the significance of: humanism, Comparing and Contrasting Read to learn about a new medium the Flemish artist Jan van Eyck used. Petrarch, vernacular, Dante, Chaucer, Ask: How did the styles of north- Canterbury, Christine de Pizan, attain, fresco, style, Raphael, Michelangelo, ern artists differ from Italian Like the artists of Italy, the artists of northern Europe Flanders, Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer. painters? (Northern European art- became interested in portraying their world realistically. ists painted on a smaller scale. They However, their approach was different from that of the Main Ideas relied less on perspective and more Italians. This was particularly true of the artists of the Low 2. Describe Petrarch’s contributions to the Countries (present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the development of humanism. on accurate portrayal of details.) Netherlands). 3. Identify Christine de Pizan’s main OL Circumstance played a role in the differences. The large argument in The Book of the City of Ladies. wall spaces of Italian churches had given rise to the art of 4. Summarize the accomplishments of ✓ Reading Check fresco painting. Italian artists used these spaces to master Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and the technical skills that allowed them to portray humans in Michelangelo. Use a chart like the one Answer: It made possible a realistic settings. In the north, the Gothic cathedrals with below to make your summary. wide variety of colors, enabling their stained glass windows did not allow enough space Leonardo Raphael Michelangelo him to create realism in fine for frescoes. Thus, northern European artists painted illus- da Vinci trations for books and wooden panels for altarpieces. Great details. care was needed to depict each object on a small scale. The most important northern school of art in the 1400s was in Flanders, one of the Low Countries. The Flemish painter Jan van Eyck (EYEK) was among the first to use and perfect the technique of oil painting. He used a var- Critical Thinking Assess nish made of linseed oil and nut oils mixed with resins. 5. The BIG Idea Identifying Central This medium enabled van Eyck to use a wide variety of C Issues How was humanism reflected in the works of Renaissance artists? brilliant, translucent colors. With his oil paints, he could (ISTORY /.,).% create striking realism in fine details as in his painting 6. Contrasting How did the education of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride. Like other Northern females differ from that of males in Study Central provides summa- Renaissance artists, however, van Eyck imitated nature humanist schools? ries, interactive games, and online not by using perspective, as the Italians did, but by simply 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the painting observing reality and portraying details as best he could. on page 407. What can you infer about graphic organizers to help stu- By 1500, artists from the north had begun to study in Purgatory based on its location in this dents review content. Italy and to be influenced by what artists were doing there. painting? One German artist who was greatly affected by the Ital- ians was Albrecht Dürer. He made two trips to Italy and Writing About History absorbed most of what the Italians could teach on the laws 8. Expository Writing Assume the role of an Close art docent (a person who guides people of perspective. Summarizing Ask: What were As can be seen in his famous Adoration of the Magi, Dürer through museums). Prepare a lecture to be did not reject the use of minute details characteristic of given to a group of students on the works important innovations in litera- northern artists. He did try, however, to fit those details of Jan van Eyck and how they differ from ture, education, art, and architec- Italian Renaissance paintings. more harmoniously into his works in accordance with Ital- ture during the Renaissance? (use ian artistic theories. Like the Italian artists of the High Renaissance, Dürer tried to achieve a standard of ideal of vernacular, humanist education, beauty that was based on a careful examination of the lifelike art, smaller churches) OL human form. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of ✓Reading Check Glencoe World Examining Why was Jan van Eyck’s use of oil History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. paint significant? SECTION REVIEW

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Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 4. da Vinci: captured the perfection of nature 6. females largely excluded; the few who did found in the section and the Glossary. and the individual; Raphael: achieved an attend were not taught mathematics or 2. searched for forgotten Latin manuscripts ideal of beauty surpassing human stan- rhetoric; emphasis for females on religion throughout Europe; began emphasis on dards; Michelangelo: portrayed ideal type and morals for role as wives and mothers pure classical Latin of human being with perfect proportions 7. It exists somewhere between Heaven and 3. Women can learn as well as men if allowed 5. Art became more human-centered and Hell. It is an intermediate stop for the soul. to attend the same schools. reflected the influence of ancient Greek and 8. Answers may include that van Eyck painted Roman styles. in oils, used a variety of brilliant colors, created realism in fine details.

411 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 3 Focus The Protestant Reformation Bellringer During the second half of the fifteenth century, Christian GUIDE TO READING humanist Desiderius Erasmus paved the way for Martin Daily Focus Transparency 12.3 Luther’s reform movement. Political instability in the Holy Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. the Bible 2. excommunicated Martin Luther 3. the policy of selling indulgences 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 12 TRANSPARENCY 12-3 Ideas, Beliefs, and Values In north- Roman Empire allowed Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith,

The Protestant Reformation 1 On what did Martin Luther 2 How did the Catholic 3 What Catholic Church ern Europe, Christian humanists sought to reform lecture at the University of Church react to Martin policy prompted Luther to Wittenberg? Luther’s Ninety-five post his theses? to spread. The Peace of Augsburg formally accepted the division Theses? the Catholic Church, and Protestantism emerged. Key Events in the Life of Martin Luther 1480 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 of Christianity in Germany—Lutheranism and Catholicism. 1483 1512 1520 1522 1546 Martin Luther Martin Luther Martin Luther Martin Luther Martin is born. is a monk and calls on the returns from Luther dies. professor at the German hiding to the University of princes to University of Wittenberg. overthrow the Wittenberg. Content Vocabulary papacy in Germany. 1517 1521 Martin Luther posts his • Christian humanism • indulgence (p. 414) Ninety-five Theses, or The Catholic Church statements against excommunicates the Catholic Church’s Martin Luther. policies, especially the (p. 412) sale of indulgences. • Lutheranism (p. 416) Prelude to Reformation • salvation (p. 414) Christian humanism and Desiderius Erasmus paved the way for the Academic Vocabulary Protestant Reformation. • precise (p. 413) • ignorant (p. 414) HISTORY & YOU Is there a school policy or rule that you would like to change? GUIDE TO READING Read how Erasmus pointed out the need for Church reform. People, Places, and Events Answers to Graphic: • Martin Luther (p. 412) • Charles V (p. 417) Steps Leading to the Reformation: Christian • Desiderius Erasmus • Bohemia (p. 417) The Protestant Reformation is the name given to the religious humanism, corruption in the Catholic Church, peo- (p. 412) • Hungary (p. 417) reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic • Wittenberg ple desired meaningful religious expression and (p. 415) • Peace of Augsburg and Protestant groups. Although Martin Luther began the Refor- • Ninety-five Theses (p. 417) mation in the early 1500s, earlier developments set the stage for assurance of their salvation, sale of indulgences, (p. 415) religious change. Modern Devotion • Edict of Worms (p. 415) Christian Humanism Reading Strategy Determining Cause and Effect One such development grew from widespread changes in intel- As you read, use a diagram like the one below to lectual thought. During the second half of the fifteenth century, Section Spotlight Video identify steps that led to the Reformation. the new classical learning that was part of Italian Renaissance humanism spread to northern Europe. From that came a move- To generate student interest and Steps Leading to ment called Christian humanism, or Northern Renaissance provide a springboard for class the Reformation humanism. The major goal of this movement was the reform of the Catholic Church. discussion, access the Chapter 12, The Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings Section 3 video at glencoe.com or to reason and improve themselves. They thought that if people on the video DVD. read the classics, and especially the basic works of Christianity, they would become more pious. This inner piety, or inward religious feeling, would bring about a reform of the Church and society. Christian humanists believed that in order to change society, they would first have to change human beings. The best-known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus (ih•RAZ•muhs). He called his view of religion “the philosophy of Christ.” By this, he meant that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs for them to be saved. Stressing the inwardness of religious feeling, Erasmus thought the external forms of medieval religion (pil- Resource Manager grimages, fasts, relics) were not all that important.

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Identifying, p. 414 • Ident. Cent. Issues, p. 413 • ELL, p. 414 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 413 • Det. Cause/Effect, p. 416 Additional Resources pp. 414, 417 Additional Resources Additional Resources • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Drawing Con., p. 415 • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 14 Additional Resources • Time Line Act., URB p. 52 • Compare/Contrast, p. 415 • Writer’s Guidebook, p. 39 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking p. 12 Guide, p. 136 Additional Resources • People in World Hist. Act., URB p. 42 • Section Quiz, p. 147 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 3 EUROPE AFTER THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555 Teach North DENMARK- SWEDEN Boundary of the a e Holy Roman Empire Sea NORWAY S c ti Hapsburg territories of Bal Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 50°N ENGLAND Skill Practice Elbe R. Major German secular states S N S D Papal States London N Wittenberg Using Geography Skills LA W ER Ottoman Empire ETH Ask: What does this map suggest E N Se SAXONY S in POLAND about the effect of the Protestant e HOLY ROMAN Paris Worms R. Reformation on politics? (Not ATLANTIC . EMPIRE R. R Loire e BOHEMIA n D i an only did the Reformation change OCEAN h ub R R e . Augsburg religious affiliations, it also led to FRANCE Geneva HUNGARY the formation of new states and

R Po R e . dissolved bonds of allegiance n

o 10°W h S R R. among others.) AL L ube 40°N an O D a GA PAPAL Se U STATES T k Madrid T c RT Corsica la O B C Critical Thinking PO Rome M SPAIN A N Constantinople Identifying Central Issues Sardinia Naples NAPLES Ask: What point was Erasmus E M P I making about the monks in this R E 0° 10°E M quotation? (He criticized their con- e Sicily d i cern with rules and rituals that he t e r Crete believes are unrelated to the true r a n e 0 400 kilometers practice of Christianity.) OL a n 1. Regions How did geography contribute S e a 0 400 miles to the difficulties of Charles V in trying to Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection keep his empire under control? 2. Location How did the location of AFRICA Wittenberg benefit Luther’s cause? 20°E 30°E Answers: 1. His empire was huge, far- To reform the Church, Erasmus wanted Erasmus sought reform within the Cath- flung, and discontiguous. to spread the philosophy of Christ, provide olic Church. He did not wish to break away 2. In Saxony, Wittenberg was education in the works of Christianity, and from it. His ideas, however, did prepare far from Rome and papal criticize the abuses in the Church. In his the way for the Reformation. As people of influence. work The Praise of Folly, written in 1509, his day said, “Erasmus laid the egg that Erasmus humorously criticized aspects of Luther hatched.” his society that he believed were most in need of reform. He singled out the monks for special treatment. Monks, he said, Need for Reform “insist that everything be done in precise Why the call for reform? Corruption was detail. . . . Just so many knots must be on C one reason. From 1450 to 1520, a series of each shoe and the shoelace must be of only popes—known as the Renaissance popes— one color.” failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs. Additional

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 413 Support

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The Renaissance Popes Alexander VI arts, however, did result in the construction he commissioned many works by other art- (1492–1503) was one of the most notorious of several buildings in Rome and plans for a ists, including Raphael, and he started the of the Renaissance popes. He had several new St. Peter’s Basilica. Julius II (1503–1513) Vatican collection of treasures. Leo X (1513– children, four of whom were eventually rec- has dual claims to fame: he engaged in 1521) continued enriching the culture of ognized as legitimate, and he spent much several wars to restore the strength of the Rome, most notably with the construction of his time as pope arranging advantageous papal states, and he was also known as a of St. Peter’s. He is also remembered as the political alliances for them to further fervent patron of the arts. He ordered pope who failed to take Luther’s threat to his own ambitions. His patronage of the Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel, the Church seriously.

413 (l) Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 3 The popes were supposed to be the spiri- relics grew more popular as a means to tual leaders of the Catholic Church. As salvation. leaders of the Papal States, however, they According to Church practice at that were all too often more concerned with time, through veneration of a relic, a per- C Critical Thinking Italian politics and worldly interests than son could gain an indulgence—release Determining Cause and with spiritual matters. from all or part of the punishment for sin. Julius II, the fiery “warrior-pope,” per- D Frederick the Wise, Luther’s prince, had

Effect Ask: Why were people , (r) Bettmann/CORBIS sonally led armies against his enemies. amassed over 5,000 relics. Indulgences disillusioned with the Catholic This disgusted Christians who viewed attached to them could reduce time in pur- Church? (The clergy was corrupt. the pope as a spiritual, not a military, gatory by 1,443 years. The Church also Parish priests were ignorant of their leader. sold indulgences. Many Church officials used their church Other people sought certainty of salva- spiritual duties.) OL offices to advance their careers and their tion in the popular mystical movement wealth. At the same time, many ordinary known as the Modern Devotion. The Mod- Differentiated parish priests seemed ignorant of their ern Devotion downplayed religious dogma D spiritual duties. People wanted to know and stressed the need to follow the teach- Instruction how to save their souls, and many parish ings of Jesus. This deepening of religious English Language Learners priests were unwilling or unable to offer life was done within the Catholic Church. C them advice or instruction. However, many people soon found that Have small groups use a diction- While the leaders of the Church were the worldly-wise clergy had little interest ary to find the definitions of failing to meet their responsibilities, ordi- in the spiritual needs of their people. This vocabulary related to content in nary people desired meaningful religious environment helps to explain the tremen- expression and assurance of their salvation, dous impact of Luther’s ideas. this section of the text, including or acceptance into Heaven. As a result, for relics, veneration, indulgence, pur- some, the process of obtaining salvation ✓ Reading Check Explaining How did Erasmus gatory. Discuss students’ became almost mechanical. Collections of pave the way for the Reformation? definitions. ELL

Answers: Erasmus—The Praise Erasmus Martin Luther of Folly; Martin Luther—that 1466–1536 Dutch Intellectual 1483–1546 Church Reform Leader people just need to have faith Desiderius Erasmus was one of the greatest intel- As Martin Luther returned to his village on a to be saved lectuals of his time. Kings, popes, and princes stormy night, a lightning bolt threw him off his sought his advice. He was also a very contra- horse. “St. Anne, help me, and I will become a dictory personality. Many of his writings, monk!” Luther’s cry reflected his intense fear of especially his best-known work, The Praise death and of what lay beyond. Like most people ✓ Reading Check of Folly, were critical of the Catholic Church, of his time, he believed the medieval view of a yet he remained an ordained priest until his wrathful God, granting salvation to the righteous Answer: by criticizing the death. Despite his criticisms of the Church few and eternal fire to the rest. abuses in the Church and his early support for the reforms of Mar- Luther feared he could never do enough to tin Luther, he stayed loyal to the Church, win salvation. Pondering the words of the seeking to reform it from within. He even apostle Paul about the “righteousness of God,” received an offer from Pope Paul III to Luther arrived at a new insight. What Paul make him a cardinal. Yet, despite his meant, he decided, was not that people can loyalty to the Church, Erasmus earn righteousness by good works, but that was regarded as the father of God grants the righteousness needed Christian humanism. Many of for salvation. All people need is faith. his ideas were adopted by “From that moment, the whole religious leaders of the Prot- face of Scripture appeared to estant Reformation. What me in a different light.” What was Erasmus’s best-known insight did Luther gain from Additional literary work? Paul’s words? Support

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Erasmus Erasmus felt particularly strongly education; he believed that if the clergy doctrine of salvation undermined the need about popes who involved themselves in more thoroughly studied theological writ- for ethical behavior. Disagreements about politics and war, princes who led armies ings and the Bible, then there would be doctrine also caused a rift between Luther into conflict for personal reasons, and the many fewer wars. and other Protestant leaders. This dissen- clergy who supported these ambitions. Martin Luther Erasmus originally sup- sion was serious, since Protestants were He thought clergy should not encourage ported Martin Luther’s ideas, but later they anxious to present an appearance of unity the warlike aims of rulers. His solution was parted ways. Erasmus felt that Luther’s against a powerful Catholic Church.

414 Thousands of copies of the Ninety-five CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 3 Martin Luther Theses were printed and spread to all parts Believing in his new doctrine of salva- of Germany. tion, Martin Luther broke from the Catholic Church Pope Leo X did not take the issue seri- and established Lutheranism. ously, however. He said that Luther was C1 Critical Thinking simply “some drunken German who will HISTORY & YOU Did you ever speak up for some- Drawing Conclusions Explain amend his ways when he sobers up.” thing you strongly believed, despite the disapproval of that in the Middle Ages, priests your friends? Read about Martin Luther’s split with the Catholic Church. A Break With the Church would interpret the Bible for their By 1520, Luther had begun to move parishioners. Since few could read, they relied upon the priest’s Martin Luther was a monk and a profes- toward a more definite break with the sor at the University of Wittenberg, in Catholic Church. He called on the German instruction. Ask: What did Luther Germany, where he lectured on the Bible. princes to overthrow the papacy in Ger- imply by telling people to rely many and establish a reformed German Through his study of the Bible, Luther only on the Bible for religious arrived at an answer to a problem—the church. Luther also attacked the Church’s certainty of salvation—that had bothered system of sacraments. In his view, they truth? (The clergy was not needed him since he had become a monk. were the means by which the pope and the to interpret the word of God.) AL Catholic teaching had stressed that both Church had destroyed the real meaning of faith and good works were needed to gain the gospel for a thousand years. He kept personal salvation. In Luther’s opinion, only two sacraments—baptism and the human beings were powerless in the sight Eucharist (also known as Communion). R Reading Strategy of an almighty God and could never do Luther also called for the clergy to marry. C1 enough good works to earn salvation. This went against the long-standing Cath- Identifying Ask: Why did Through his study of the Bible, Luther olic requirement that the clergy remain Luther object to selling indul- C2 came to believe that humans are not saved celibate, or unmarried. gences? (He believed that indul- Through all these calls for change, Luther through their good works but through gences gave people false hope and their faith in God. This idea, called justifi- continued to emphasize his new doctrine cation by faith alone, became the chief of salvation. It is faith alone, he said, and harmed their chance for salvation.) teaching of the Protestant Reformation. not good works, that justifies and brings OL Because Luther had arrived at his under- salvation through Christ. standing of salvation by studying the Bible, Unable to accept Luther’s ideas, the the Bible became for Luther, as for all other Church excommunicated him in January C2 Critical Thinking 1521. He was also summoned to appear Protestants, the only source of religious Comparing and Contrasting truth. before the imperial diet—or legislative assembly—of the Holy Roman Empire, Record students’ answers in a two- which was called into session at the city of column chart. Ask: In what ways The Ninety-five Theses Worms by the newly elected emperor Luther did not see himself as a rebel, but Charles V. The emperor believed he could did Luther’s teachings differ from he was greatly upset by the widespread convince Luther to change his ideas. How- those of the Catholic Church? selling of indulgences. Especially offensive ever, Luther refused. (Catholic: seven sacraments, celi- in his eyes was the monk Johann Tetzel, The young emperor was outraged. “A bate clergy, salvation achieved by who sold indulgences with the slogan: “As R single friar who goes counter to all Christi- soon as the coin in the coffer [money box] anity for a thousand years,” he declared, faith and good works; Luther: two rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” “must be wrong!” By the Edict of Worms, sacraments, married clergy, salva- People, Luther believed, were simply Martin Luther was made an outlaw within tion achieved by faith) OL harming their chances for salvation by the empire. His works were to be burned buying these pieces of paper. and Luther himself captured and delivered On October 31, 1517, Luther, who was to the emperor. However, Luther’s ruler, greatly angered by the Church’s practices, Frederick, the elector of Saxony, was sent a list of Ninety-five Theses to his unwilling to see his famous professor church superiors, especially the local killed. He sent Luther into hiding and then bishop. The theses were a stunning attack protected him when Luther returned to on abuses in the sale of indulgences. Wittenberg at the beginning of 1522. Hands-On

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 415 Chapter Project Step 3

Creating a Mural events and ideas associated with the Summarizing: Have groups share the first Reformation. Encourage students to show three panels of their murals with each other. Step 3: Adding the Third Panel Groups the causes of the Reformation, including its Have them discuss the insights they have will represent the Reformation on their relationship to Christian humanism, and to gained about the Big Idea. OL mural. illustrate the effects of Luther’s revolt. Directions: Write the Big Idea on the Students may wish to include dates and (Chapter Project is continued in Section 4.) board. Tell students that in this panel of some captions within the mural for clarifica- their mural, they will use both text and tion. Suggest that groups create a sketch of images to introduce and explain important their design first before transferring their images to their mural paper.

415 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 3 The Rise of Lutheranism In June 1524, Luther faced a political cri- Luther’s religious movement soon sis. German peasants revolted against their became a revolution. Many German rulers lords and looked to Luther to support their W Writing Support who supported Luther took control of the cause. Luther instead supported the lords. Catholic churches in their territories, form- To him, the state and its rulers were called Expository Writing Ask stu- ing state churches supervised by the gov- by God to maintain the peace necessary to dents to write an essay in which ernment. As part of the development of spread the Gospel. It was the duty of princes to stop all revolt. By the following they examine the reasons that W these state-dominated churches, Luther also set up new religious services to replace spring, the German princes had crushed caused Luther’s movement to the Catholic mass. These services consisted the peasant revolts. Luther found himself become a revolution. They should of Bible readings, preaching of the word of even more dependent on state authorities for the growth of his church. consider factors such as the print- God, and song. Luther’s doctrine soon ing press, the influence of human- became known as Lutheranism and the churches as Lutheran churches. Lutheran- ✓ Reading Check Contrasting How did Luther ism, the widespread disillusion- ism was the first Protestant faith. and the Church differ on achieving salvation? ment with the Church, and the Church’s response to Luther’s actions. OL LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESES

Answers: 1. to participate in an oral Martin Luther’s Introduction to debate of his proposition or his Ninety-five Theses, 1517 join the debate with letters Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will 2. started a debate and revolu- be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency tion that resulted in a new of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in form of Christianity and Ordinary on the same at that place. Wherefore he ended the domination of requests that those who are unable to be present the Catholic Church and debate orally with us, may do so by letter.

Martin Luther’s protest of indulgences began the ✓ Reading Check Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church had authorized Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences to raise Answer: Catholics believed money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Tetzel told that both faith and good works the faithful that their purchases would free the souls of their loved ones from Purgatory. This enraged were required for salvation. Luther, who believed that indulgences only soothed the conscience. They did not forgive sins. This image shows Martin Luther posting his Luther held that faith alone was Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle When Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses, his Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517. sufficient. intention was to open a dialogue on abuses in the Catholic Church. Instead, his words sparked a revolutionary firestorm. Aided by the newly invented printing press, his words soon spread across Europe. 1.1. FindingFinding thethe MainMain IdeaIdea InIn hishis introduc-introduc- Luther’s attempts to reform the Catholic Church led tiontion toto thethe Ninety-fiveNinety-five Theses,Theses, whatwhat diddid to a new form of Christianity—Protestantism—and LutherLuther inviteinvite peoplepeople toto do?do? the birth of a new church. It also ignited decades of 2.2. AnalyzingAnalyzing InIn whatwhat waysways diddid thethe Ninety-Ninety- bloody religious conflict, ending a thousand years of fivefive ThesesTheses representrepresent aa turningturning pointpoint inin Differentiated domination by the Catholic Church. history?history?

Instruction 416 SECTION 3 The Protestant Reformation Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY

Name Date Class

Time Line Activity 12

Renaissance and Reformation Analyzing Information

DIRECTIONS: The years A.D. 1350–1600 were a time of development and diffusion of cultural and political activity and a time of dissension and reform within religious institutions. New styles of art, learning, and commerce helped to generate important criticisms of the Catholic Church and, ultimately, the formation of Protestant religions. Read the time line below. Then answer the questions that follow.

C. 1390 Chaucer writes 1455 Gutenberg Bible 1508 Michelangelo paints 1509 Desiderius Erasmus The Canterbury Tales. is printed. Sistine Chapel. writes The Praise of Folly. 12

1434 Cosimo dé Medici 1533 Henry VIII of England begins rule of Florence. annuls his marriage. Objective: Analyze time lines. Differentiated Instruction Strategies

1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 CHAPTER

1564 William Shakespeare born. 1513 Niccolò Machiavelli 1534 Church of England 1537 Pope appoints writes The Prince. separates from Rome. Reform Commission. Focus: Review events during the Renaissance and BL Have students complete the worksheet 1545 Council of Trent begins. 1517 Martin Luther nails theses 1536 John Calvin publishes The to door of Wittenberg church. Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1540 Jesuits formed. nc. Reformation. together. 1. Which event on the time line was most important for spreading the ideas of the Renais- sance and Reformation?

Graw-Hill Companies, Graw-Hill I 2. What was the earliest critique of the practices of the Catholic Church? The Mc Teach: Assign pairs of students events to annotate AL Have students write an essay in which 3. Which critique of the practices of the Catholic Church led to the establishment of the first main Protestant religion? ill, a division of cGraw-H 4. What happened in 1533 that led to the Church of England’s separating from Rome? with facts from the text.

lencoe/M they explain the relationship among six 5. Which events on the time line helped curtail the spread of Protestantism? Copyright © G 6. Which book was written before Gutenberg’s movable type was developed for printing? Assess: Have students discuss the historical or more of the events on the time line. 7. Who wrote a book in 1536 that influenced religious reformers for years to come? 39 significance of their events. ELL Have students pick out an event on the Time Line Activity, URB Close: Have students review the first three sections time line with which they are familiar p. 39 of the chapter and add one or two other and create a pictorial version. events. 416 CHAPTER 12 • Politics in the German Reformation SECTION 3

Political and religious problems forced the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to seek peace with the Lutheran princes. C Critical Thinking HISTORY & YOU Have you ever met so much opposition from all sides Vocabulary that you just had to give in? Read to learn why Charles V had to seek 1. Explain the significance of: Martin Luther, Determining Cause and peace with the Lutheran princes of his empire. Christian humanism, Desiderius Erasmus, Effect Ask: What motives other precise, ignorant, salvation, indulgence, Wittenberg, Ninety-five Theses, Edict of than religious belief caused From its very beginning, the fate of Luther’s movement Worms, Lutheranism, Charles V, Bohemia, German princes to support was tied closely to political affairs. Charles V, the Holy Hungary, Peace of Augsburg. Luther? (Supporting Luther was a Roman emperor (who was also Charles I, the king of way to assert their authority over Spain), ruled an immense empire consisting of Spain and Main Ideas its colonies, the Austrian lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the 2. Sequence the actions of Luther that led to that of Charles. Also, it would also Low Countries, the duchy of Milan in northern Italy, and the emergence of Protestantism using a give them a way to break free from the kingdom of Naples in southern Italy. diagram like the one below. their obligations to the pope.) AL Politically, Charles wanted to keep this enormous empire Luther’s Actions under the control of his dynasty—the Hapsburgs. Reli- giously, he hoped to preserve the unity of his empire by Protestantism keeping it Catholic. However, a number of problems kept ✓ Reading Check him busy and cost him both his dream and his health. Answer: It allowed the German These same problems helped Lutheranism survive by giv- 3. Discuss the impact of the Edict of Worms. ing Lutherans time to organize before having to face the 4. Explain why many German princes states to choose between Catholic forces. supported Luther. Catholicism and Lutheranism. The chief political concern of Charles V was his rivalry with the king of France, Francis I. Their conflict over dis- Critical Thinking puted territories in a number of areas led to a series of 5. The BIG Idea Analyzing How did wars that lasted more than 20 years. At the same time, Martin Luther’s religious reform lead to Charles faced opposition from Pope Clement VII. Guided conflict? To what extent were these Assess by political considerations, the pope had joined the side of C conflicts resolved? the French king. The invasion of Ottoman Turks into the 6. Contrasting How did the views of eastern part of the empire forced Charles to send forces Erasmus and the Church differ on the topic (ISTORY /.,).% there as well. of religious relics? Finally, the internal political situation in the Holy Roman 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the map on Study Central provides summa- Empire was not in Charles’s favor. Germany was a land of page 413. Identify three cities where ries, interactive games, and online several hundred territorial states. Although all owed loy- important events occurred in the rise of alty to the emperor, many individual rulers of the German Lutheranism and explain their significance. graphic organizers to help stu- states supported Luther as a way to assert their own local dents review content. authority. By the time Charles V brought military forces to Writing About History Germany, the Lutheran princes were well organized. 8. Persuasive Writing Martin Luther’s father Unable to defeat them, Charles was forced to seek peace. wanted him to become a lawyer. Write a Close An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 letter in which Martin Luther tries to with the Peace of Augsburg. This agreement formally convince his father that the path he chose Summarizing Ask: What was was better. accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The Ger- the Church’s response to Martin man states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. Lutheran states were to have the same Luther’s call to establish a legal rights as Catholic states. However, the right of each reformed German church? (The German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects was Church excommunicated Luther accepted, but not the right of the subjects to choose their own religion. and made him an outlaw in the (ISTORY /.,).% empire.) OL For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World ✓ Reading Check Evaluating How did the Peace of Augsburg History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. influence the political and religious development of Germany? SECTION REVIEW

417

Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 5. Charles V wanted to keep his empire 7. Wittenberg: Luther issued his Ninety-five found in the section and the Glossary. Catholic. German princes supported Luther Theses; Worms: Church outlawed Luther; 2. The Ninety-five Theses called for a dialogue to assert their own authority, leading to Augsburg: peace settlement divided on abuses within the Catholic Church. Later, armed conflict. The conflict was resolved by Christianity in Germany his call for a reformed German church led to the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed 8. Students’ letters should be persuasive and a definitive break with the Catholic Church German states—but not people—to choose written from Luther’s point of view. and the beginning of Protestantism. between Catholicism and Lutheranism. 3. It outlawed Martin Luther, turning his reli- 6. Church: A person could gain an indulgence gious movement into a revolution. by venerating relics. Erasmus: External 4. to assert their own local authority over the forms of religious expression, such as relics, authority of the empire and Charles V are less important than inward religious feeling. 417 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 4 Focus The Spread of Protestantism

As the Reformation spread, different forms of Protestantism Bellringer GUIDE TO READING emerged in Europe. Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the Daily Focus Transparency 12.4 most important and dynamic form of Protestantism. In Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The BIG Idea ANSWERS UNIT 1. 4 2. Church of England 3. Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 12 Different TRANSPARENCY 12-4 Ideas, Beliefs, and Values England, King Henry VIII created a national church, the The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response 1 How many branches of forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Protestantism grew Divisions of Christianity, c. 1600 out of the Protestant Church of England. The Anabaptists believed in a complete Reformation by about 1600? Reformation spread, and the Catholic Church 2 Which division was Early associated with a Eastern particular country? Catholic Christian Church Orthodox underwent a religious rebirth. separation of church and state. The Catholic Church underwent 3 What were the names of the other divisions that grew out of the Protestant Reformation? a revitalization under the direction of Pope Paul III. Anabaptists Protestant Church of Reformation England Content Vocabulary • predestination (p. 419) • annul (p. 420) Lutherans Calvinists Divisions in Protestantism Academic Vocabulary • published (p. 418) • justification (p. 419) By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the GUIDE TO READING most important and dynamic form of Protestantism. People and Places HISTORY & YOU Can you imagine life in a society where dancing is a crime? • Ulrich Zwingli (p. 418) • Ignatius of Loyola Read to learn about the Calvinist teachings. Answers to Graphic: • Zürich (p. 418) (p. 423) Council of Trent: salvation through faith and • John Calvin (p. 418) • Trent (p. 423) good works; Protestant viewpoint: salvation • Geneva (p. 420) The Peace of Augsburg meant that Christian unity was forever by faith alone. Council of Trent: seven sacra- • King Henry VIII lost. Even before the peace, however, division had appeared in ments; Protestant viewpoint: two sacra- (p. 420) Protestantism. One of these new groups appeared in Switzerland. ments. Council of Trent: clerical celibacy; Protestant viewpoint: called on clergy to Reading Strategy Zwinglian Reformation marry. Determining Cause and Effect As you read, use a diagram like the one below to list Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zürich. The city council of some of the reforms proposed by the Council of Zürich, strongly influenced by Zwingli, began to introduce reli- Trent. Beside each, give the Protestant viewpoint to gious reforms. Relics and images were abolished. All paintings which it responded. and decorations were removed from the churches and replaced by whitewashed walls. A new church service consisting of Scripture Council of Trent Protestant Viewpoint Section Spotlight Video reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic mass. As his movement began to spread to other cities in Switzerland, Zwingli sought an alliance with Martin Luther and the German To generate student interest and reformers. Both the German and Swiss reformers realized the provide a springboard for class need for unity to defend themselves against Catholic authorities, discussion, access the Chapter 12, but they were unable to agree on certain Christian rites. Section 4 video at glencoe.com or In October 1531 war broke out between the Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland. Zürich’s army was routed, and on the video DVD. Zwingli was found wounded on the battlefield. His enemies killed him, cut up his body, and burned the pieces, scattering the ashes. The leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland now passed to John Calvin. Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin was educated in his native France. After his con- version to Protestantism, however, he was forced to flee Catholic Resource Manager France for the safety of Switzerland. In 1536 he published the

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Reading Critical Differentiated Writing Skill R Strategies C Thinking D Instruction W Support S Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Identifying, p. 420 • Making Inferences, • Adv. Learners, p. 421 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 419 • Making Connections, p. 420 p. 419 p. 421 • Det. Cause/Effect, p. 422 Additional Resources Additional Resources • Drawing Con., p. 423 • Diff. Instr. Act., URB p. 21 Additional Resources • Mapping Hist. Act., URB Additional Resources • Content Vocab. Act., • Enrich. Act., URB p. 48 p. 33 • Academic Vocab. Act., Additional Resources URB p. 25 • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 68 URB p. 27 • Section Quiz, p. 148 • Reteach. Act., URB p. 47 • Guid. Read. Act., URB • Chapter Test, p. 149 p. 53 • Read. Ess. & Note-Taking Guide, p. 139 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 4

EUROPEAN RELIGIONS, 1600 SWEDEN NORWAY Teach 0° 30°E 10°E 20°E SCOTLAND Anabaptist North Anglican Sea 50°N a Calvinist S Skill Practice e IRELAND DENMARK S ic Eastern Orthodox lt Christian Ba Using Geography Skills 10°W 40°E ENGLAND NETHERLANDS Jewish Have students look closely at the Wittenberg Lutheran Canterbury SPANISH GERMAN Muslim Protestant areas indicated on the NETHERLANDS STATES Roman Catholic map. Ask: In which part of POLAND Paris Worms BOHEMIA Europe was the Protestant faith ATLANTIC N RUSSIA most widespread in 1600? Why? OCEAN Augsburg BAVARIA E FRANCE Zurich W SWISS AUSTRIA (Protestantism was widespread in Geneva CONFEDERATION S Trent northern Europe. This may be HUNGARY Avignon because of the distance from Rome 40°N S L Sea ack or the fact that Lutheranism began GA Bl SPAIN in Germany and Calvinism in RTU O T PO Rome T O Switzerland.) OL M A N E M P W Writing Support I R E Expository Writing Have stu- M e d dents find out more about predes- i t e r tination. Ask them to write an r a n e a 0 400 kilometers 1. Regions Which Protestant faith n S essay explaining the various doc- e a 0 400 miles covered more of Europe than any Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection trines of predestination as well as other by 1600? the prevalence of these doctrines 2. Location Which Protestant faith AFRICA occurred in only one nation? Which 30°N in modern churches. Have students nation? share their essays. AL

Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary Calvin’s emphasis on the all-powerful of Protestant thought. This work, which nature of God led him to other ideas. One of Answers: eventually became known as his master- these ideas was predestination. This “eter- W 1. Lutheranism piece, immediately gave Calvin a reputation nal decree,” as Calvin called it, meant that 2. Anglican; England as one of the new leaders of Protestantism. God had determined in advance who would On most important doctrines, Calvin be saved and who would be damned. stood very close to Luther. He, too, believed The belief in predestination gave later in the doctrine of justification by faith Calvinists the firm conviction that they alone to explain how humans achieved were doing God’s work on Earth. This salvation. However, Calvin also placed conviction, in turn, made them determined much emphasis on the all-powerful nature to spread their faith to other people. Cal- of God—what Calvin called the “power, vinism became a dynamic and activist grace, and glory of God.” faith. Hands-On

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 419 Chapter Project Step 4

Creating a Mural different forms of Protestantism, as well as Putting It Together: After groups have the Catholic response. As in the second completed their fourth panel, assign them Step 4: Drawing the Last Panel Groups panel, groups should organize a key that will wall space to display their murals. Then have will complete their murals. help to explain who or what appears in each students discuss what they learned about Directions: Write the Big Idea on the board. image and why that person or event was the Big Idea. OL Tell students that this last panel of their mural important to the Reformation. Encourage (Chapter Project is completed on the Visual will capture the impact of the Reformation students to outline what they want to include Summary page.) on the Catholic unity of Europe by depicting and how they want to organize their infor- major figures and events associated with the mation before they begin.

419 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 4 In 1536 Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva. He created a church Reformation in England government that used both clergy and laity For political, not religious, reasons, in the service of the church. The Consis- Henry VIII established the Church of England. C Critical Thinking tory, a special court for enforcing moral HISTORY & YOU As a child, how did you react discipline, oversaw the moral life and doc- Making Inferences Ask: What C when someone told you no? Read about how Henry trinal purity of Genevans. It could punish VIII reacted after the pope said no. do John Calvin’s rules suggest those who deviated from the church’s about his view of human nature? teachings and moral principles. Citizens in (Possible answer: People were too Geneva were punished for such “crimes” The English Reformation was rooted in weak to resist the temptation of sin. as dancing, singing obscene songs, drunk- politics, not religion. King Henry VIII enness, swearing, and playing cards. wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine Therefore, they needed to be kept Geneva became a powerful center of of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter, firmly in check by strict rules.) AL Protestantism. Missionaries trained in R Mary, but no son. Since he needed a male Geneva were sent to all parts of Europe. heir, Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. Calvinism became established in France, Impatient with the pope’s unwillingness R Reading Strategy the Netherlands, Scotland, and central and to annul (declare invalid) his marriage to Identifying Ask: What eastern Europe. Catherine, Henry turned to England’s own By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism church courts. prompted the development of had replaced Lutheranism as the most a new church in England? (the important and dynamic form of Protes- The Break from Rome king’s desire for a second wife and tantism. Calvin’s Geneva stood as the for- tress of the Protestant Reformation. As the archbishop of Canterbury, head the pope’s refusal to grant him an of the highest church court in England, annulment) OL ✓ Reading Check Explaining How did the Thomas Cranmer ruled in May 1533 that the Consistory enforce moral discipline in Geneva? king’s marriage to Catherine was “null and

✓ Reading Check Answer: set up as a court, with right to punish people who deviated from church teachings; “crimes” included dancing, Henry VIII Sir Thomas More 1491–1547 King of England 1478–1535 British Author and Theologian drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards Historians have found it ironic that A Man for All Seasons—that was the title of a twentieth- Henry VIII, who led the break between century movie about Thomas More. He was a trusted England and the Roman Catholic adviser to Henry VIII and the author of the book Utopia, Church, was proclaimed “Defender which means a perfectly harmonious society. of the Faith” by the head of the Published in 1516, the book is a work of church he left. However, that is how Pope fiction about an ideal state. More Leo X praised him after Henry’s attack on describes how goods are produced Answers: Henry VIII—Martin Martin Luther in 1521. In Assertio Septem and shared equally among the Luther; Thomas More—the Sacramentorum (Declaration of the Seven Utopians. Utopia became a model Sacraments), Henry upheld Church for Utopian Socialists, who in the Utopian Socialists doctrines that Luther and his followers 1800s attempted to set up communities were trying to discredit. To this day, all based on the socialistic principles British coins carry the initials F.D. described in the book. More was later after the reigning monarch’s name. beheaded under orders from Henry They refer to the Latin words VIII for not supporting England’s Fidei Defensor or “Defender of break with the Church of Rome. the Faith,” a hereditary title for In 1935, More was made a all British monarchs since saint. For what group did Henry VIII. Who was Henry More’s book become Additional VIII attacking in his book? an inspiration? Support

Extending the Content

Henry VIII Because Henry VIII’s first wife, brother’s widow. He argued that God disap- More’s execution for treachery was received Catherine of Aragon, was his brother’s proved of his marriage to Catherine, and with shock and disbelief throughout Europe, widow, he was granted a special papal dis- that Henry’s lack of sons was proof of God’s even in Protestant areas. Erasmus, frequently pensation to marry her. Later, when Henry condemnation. This argument failed to con- a guest of Thomas More’s, compared his wanted a divorce, he argued that the mar- vince the pope, who eventually excommu- soul’s purity to snow and said that England riage had not been truly legal because of nicated Henry. would never have such genius again, calling these circumstances. Henry believed he had Thomas More Because of his reputation him “a man for all seasons.” defied biblical teachings by marrying his for goodness and integrity, news of Thomas

420 absolutely void.” At the beginning of June, CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 4 Anne was crowned queen. Three months Anabaptists later a child was born. Much to the king’s For believing in the complete separa- disappointment, the baby was a girl. She tion of church and state, Anabaptists were viewed as Differentiated would later become Queen Elizabeth I. dangerous radicals. D Instruction In 1534, at Henry’s request, Parliament HISTORY & YOU Would you consider someone moved to finalize the break of the Catholic who refuses to kill to be a “dangerous radical”? Read Advanced Learners Tell stu- Church in England with the pope in Rome. to learn about the Anabaptists. dents that Henry VIII was married The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared that the king was “the only supreme head six times. Have students find out on earth of the [new] Church of England.” Reformers such as Luther had allowed more about his wives and off- This position gave the king control over the state to play an important, if not domi- spring and present their informa- religious doctrine, clerical appointments, nant, role in church affairs. However, some and discipline. Thomas More, a Christian D people strongly disliked giving such power tion as a family tree. Discuss why a humanist and devout Catholic, opposed to the state. These were radicals known as male heir was so important to the king’s action and was beheaded. the Anabaptists. Henry VIII. AL Henry used his new powers to dissolve To Anabaptists, the true Christian church the monasteries and sell their land and was a voluntary community of adult possessions to wealthy landowners and believers who had undergone spiritual R Reading Strategy merchants. The king received a great boost rebirth and had then been baptized. This to his treasury and a group of supporters belief in adult baptism separated Anabap- Making Connections Ask: who now had a stake in the new order. In tists from Catholics and Protestants, who How did the Anabaptists differ matters of doctrine, however, Henry baptized infants. from other Protestant groups? Anabaptists also believed in following remained close to Catholic teachings. (They believed in adult baptism.) When Henry died in 1547, he was suc- the practices and the spirit of early Christi- ceeded by Edward VI, his nine-year-old anity. They considered all believers to be OL son by his third wife. During Edward’s equal, a belief they based on the accounts reign, church officials who favored Protes- of early Christian communities in the New ✓ Reading Check Testament. Each Anabaptist church chose tant doctrines moved the Church of Eng- Answer: More than three land, or the Anglican Church, in a Protestant its own minister, or spiritual leader. Because R direction. New acts of Parliament gave the all Christians were considered priests, any hundred Protestants died, clergy the right to marry and created a new member of the community was eligible to and England became even be a minister (though women were often Protestant church service. Before he turned more Protestant. 16, Edward died of tuberculosis. excluded). Finally, most Anabaptists believed in the “Bloody Mary” complete separation of church and state. Not only was government to be kept out of ✓ Reading Check The rapid changes during Edward’s the realm of religion, it was not even sup- reign aroused opposition. When Mary, posed to have any political authority over Answer: They believed in com- Henry’s daughter by Catherine of Aragon, real Christians. Anabaptists refused to hold plete separation of church and came to the throne in 1553, England was political office or bear arms, because many state, and that the state had no ready for a reaction. Mary was a Catholic took literally the biblical commandment who wanted to restore England to Roman “Thou shall not kill.” authority over real Christians. Catholicism. However, her efforts had the Their political beliefs, as much as their They refused to hold political opposite effect. Among other actions, she religious beliefs, caused the Anabaptists to office or bear arms. had more than 300 Protestants burned as be regarded as dangerous radicals who heretics, earning her the nickname “Bloody threatened the very fabric of sixteenth-cen- Mary.” As a result of her policies, England tury society. Indeed, the chief thing other was even more Protestant by the end of Protestants and Catholics could agree on Mary’s reign than it had been at the was the need to persecute Anabaptists. beginning. ✓ Reading Check Describing Why were the ✓ Reading Check Examining What were the Anabaptists considered to be dangerous political results of Bloody Mary’s religious policies? radicals? Differentiated

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 421 Instruction

Name Date Class

★ Enrichment Activity 12 ★ ★ Identifying Central Issues The State of the World, 1516 Section 2 describes the way northern from Sir Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) Europe was affected by the Renaissance shows the author’s critical vision of the and humanist ideas. The following excerpt state of Europe at this time.

hen I run over in my mind the various commonwealths flourishing today, so help Wme God, I can see in them nothing but a conspiracy of the rich, who are fattening

CHAPTER up their own interests under the name and title of the commonwealth. They invent ways and means to hang onto whatever they have acquired by sharppractice, and then they scheme to oppress the poor by buying up their toil and labor as cheaply as possible. These devices become law as soon as the rich, speaking through the common- Objective: Compare views of European society in the Differentiated Instruction Strategies wealth—which, of course, includes the poor as well—say they must be observed. 12 Andyet when these insatiably greedy and evil men have divided among themselves goods which would have sufficedfor the entire people, how far they remain from the happiness of the Utopian Republic, which has abolished not only money but with it greed! What a mass of trouble was cut away by that one step! What a thicket of crimes 1500s. was uprooted! Everyone knows that if money were abolished, fraud, theft, robbery, quar- BL Read the excerpt aloud. Work with rels, brawls, seditions, murders, treasons, poisonings, and a whole set of crimes which are avenged but not prevented by the hangman would at once die out. If moneydisappeared, so wouldfear, anxiety, worry, toil, and sleepless nights. Even poverty, which seems to need money more than anything else, would vanish if money were entirelydone away with. Consider ifyou will this example. Take a barren year offailed harvests, when many Focus: Read the excerpt from Utopia. students to identify the main idea of thousands of men have been carried off by hunger. If at the end of the famine the barns G © Copyright of the rich were searched, I dare saypositively enough grain would be found in them to have kept all those who died of starvation anddisease from even realizing that a shortage ever existed—if only it had been divided equally among them. So easily might men get lencoe/M the necessities of life if that cursed money, which is supposed to provide access to them, cGraw-H were not in fact the chief barrier to our getting what we need to live. Even the rich, I’m Discuss More’s description of the each paragraph. sure, understand this. They must know that it’s better to have enough of what we really of division a ill, Teach: need than an abundance of superfluities, much better to escape from our manypresent troubles than to be burdened with great masses of wealth.

—From Utopia by Sir Thomas More, text and translation by Robert M. Adams. McThe commonwealths of his day. AL Have students read and report on I Graw-HillCompanies, DIRECTIONS: Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the following questions. 1. Compare the belief of Erasmus and others that the popes had corrupted the Catholic

Church with the excerpt above. How are they similar? How are they different? nc. additional excerpts from Utopia. 2. Compare the description of commonwealths in More’s time with society today. How are Assess: Have students argue for or against the validity they similar? How is society different today? 3. Put yourself in the place of a rich person and argue in favor of a commonwealth. Then put yourself in the place of a poor peasant and argue in favor of a utopia. of More’s solution. ELL Use a cluster diagram to define utopia. 48 Close: Have students create a collage that depicts As a class, list characteristics of a Enrichment Activity, URB their image of utopia. utopian community according to More. p. 48 421 CHAPTER 12 • SECTION 4 Were idea and reality the same, how- Reformation and Society ever? More often, reality reflected the tra- Although the family became the center ditional roles of husband as the ruler and of life during the Reformation, the lives of most wife as the obedient servant. Luther stated C Critical Thinking women and Jews did not improve. it clearly: “The rule remains with the husband, and the wife is compelled to obey Determining Cause and HISTORY & YOU Should anyone be an “obedient him by God’s command.” Effect Ask: What was the servant” to another person? Read to learn about women’s roles during the Reformation. Obedience was not a woman’s only role. impact of the Protestant Her other important duty was to bear chil- Reformation on the Jews in dren, which both Calvin and Luther saw Europe? (The Reformation awak- During the political and religious tur- as part of the divine plan. moil of the Reformation, the lives of most ened stronger anti-Semitic feelings, women and Jewish people did not improve. leading to the persecution and seg- Women were still subservient, and anti- Anti-Semitism regation of Jews.) OL Semitism continued. During the Reformation, anti-Semitism remained common in northern Europe. Martin Luther expected Jews to convert to ✓ Reading Check Women and Family C Lutheranism. When they resisted, Luther Answer: greater emphasis The Protestants developed a new view wrote that Jewish synagogues and houses of the family. Both monasticism and the should be destroyed. In the Papal States, placed on family; wife com- requirement of celibacy for the clergy had Jews who would not convert to Christian- pelled to obey her husband been abolished. The family could now be ity were segregated into ghettos. and to bear children placed at the center of life, and the “mutual love between man and wife” could be ✓ Reading Check Evaluating What impact did extolled. the Protestant Reformation have on women?

Answers: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Beliefs 1. Both Anglicans and Catholics had hierarchies with a head CATHOLIC LUTHERAN CALVINIST ANGLICAN Church Pope, bishops, priests Ministers lead Council of elders for Monarch, bishops, of the church at the top, Hierarchy congregations. each church; ministers priests bishops below, and priests at Salvation Salvation requires faith and Salvation requires faith Salvation requires faith Salvation requires faith the bottom. Neither good works. alone. alone. alone. Importance The Bible and Church The Bible is the only The Bible is the only The Bible is the only Lutherans nor Calvinists had of the Bible traditions are both sources of source of truth. source of truth. source of truth. a head or bishops. truth. 2. Possible response: because Interpretation Priests interpret the Bible and Believers interpret the Believers interpret the Believers interpret the of Beliefs Church teachings for Bible themselves. Bible themselves. Bible themselves. they believed that the sacra- believers. ments should be based on Worship Services based on rituals and Services based on Services based on Services based on the Bible, not Church devotional practices preaching with some preaching preaching and rituals rituals traditions Sacraments Seven sacraments: baptism, Baptism, communion Baptism, communion Baptism, communion confession, communion, confirmation, marriage, ordination, anointing the sick

1. Describing In what way were Anglicans more similar to Catholics than to either Lutherans or Calvinists? 2. Making Inferences Why do you think the Protestant churches eliminated most of the seven sacraments? Differentiated Instruction

Leveled Activities BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Academic Vocabulary AL Mapping History ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 53 Activity, URB p. 27 Activity, URB p. 33 URB p. 47

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

Guided Reading Activity 12-4 f Academic Vocabulary Activity 12 Mapping History Activity 12 ‘ Reteaching Activity 12

Renaissance and Reformation The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response Renaissance and Reformation The Success of Reform DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4. Key Words The years 1350 to 1600 were a time of new ideas in government, art, scholarship, and reli- The Protestant and Catholic Reformations during the Renaissance changed the gion. The Renaissance began as Italian intellectuals revisited the Greek and Roman cultures. face of religion in Europe. Instead of being almost exclusively Catholic, now The Reformation spread new ideas in religion. 1. With the Peace of Augsburg, many feared the ideal of Christian Academic Words Words with Multiple Meanings Content Vocabulary Europe was divided among several different religions: Catholic, Calvinist, DIRECTIONS: The outline below lists five cultural areas in which innovations, as well as redis- Lutheran, Anglican (Church of England), and others. Meanwhile, the Ottoman was forever lost. attain Renaissance urban society coveries of techniques that had fallen into disuse, occurred. Under each heading, write the Empire in the east remained Orthodox, whereas the majority of the eastern decline dowry innovations and rediscoveries, selecting from the following list. 2. , a reformer priest in Switzerland, sought an alliance with Mediterranean and North Africa remained Muslim. and the German reformers. ignorant DIRECTIONS: The map below shows the distribution of religions in Europe in • Petrarch is called the father of Italian Renaissance • Protestantism was born as a result of Luther’s con- 3. When John Calvin converted to , he was forced to flee his native instability 1560. Use the map to answer the questions and complete the activity that follow. humanism. flicts with the Catholic Church. 12 12 justification Use a separate sheet of paper. • Architects used columns and arches to create a • With a new method of printing, books became more 12 . human-centered environment. widely available. 4. Calvin placed much emphasis on the nature of God. precise • Artists created lifelike, freestanding statues. • Northern European painters developed the technique Religions of Europe, 1560 of painting in oils. published • Humanists wrote in the vernacular. 5. In 1534 Henry VIII asked to finalize the break of the Catholic 20°W 10°W 0° 1010°E 20°E 30°E NORWAY O • The Catholic Reformation began in reaction to the

CHAPTER Dominant Religions • Using new techniques, artists made paintings more CHAPTER Church in England with the pope in Rome. rebirth spread of Protestantism. CHAPTER Roman Catholic SCOTLAND SWEDEN O lifelike. Calvinist a 6. During the reign of , church officials moved the Church of e O Lutheran North S • Reformers removed decorations from Protestant ic Anglican RC Sea DENMARK lt C churches. England, or Anglican Church, in a Protestant direction. A. Word Meaning Activity IRELAND Ba Eastern Orthodox L 12-4 RC Muslim 7. The were a radical group that strongly disliked giving power to Word Classification NETHERLANDS A RUSSIA ENGLAND RC L Minority Religions GERMAN C J Directions: Three of the words or phrases in each line below are similar in meaning to the A L STATES C Innovations and Rediscoveries the state to control the affairs of the church. A Anabaptist A Münster J Spanish RC Wittenberg underlined word, but one word is not. Circle the word that is NOT similar in meaning. C Calvinist J A POLAND 50°N Netherlands L A. Painting 8. Anabaptists considered all believers to be , chose their own minis- L Lutheran BOHEMIA C C L

SECTION RC Roman Catholic J Worms H 1. achieve accomplish attain attempt gain Paris A ters, and any member of the community was to be a minister. O Eastern Orthodox RCBAVARIA J A C J 1. ATLANTIC Augsburg

nc. L nc. nc. L J H Hussite nc. 2. decline turn down deteriorate refuse incline OCEAN Zürich A AUSTRIA 9. Protestants developed a new view of the family. They abolished the requirement J Jewish C C C SWITZERLAND J 2. Geneva L HUNGARY C 3. unaware ignorant studious illiterate unlearned FRANCE Trent C of for the clergy. L N Avignon C ITALY B. Architecture L 10. Calvin and Luther believed women were to obey their and bear 4. instability sound unpredictable unstable shakiness A C W G U raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I OTTOMAN EMPIRE raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I raw-Hill raw-Hill Companies, I

E T raw-Hill Companies, I R SPAIN 1. . 5. rationalize defend justification support damage O S P Rome Med J iterran °N The McG ean 40 The McG The McG 11. Three chief pillars supported the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century: 6. kind design tool style genre 0 150 300 miles Sea The McG 2. 0300150 kilometers , , and the . 7. accurate definite exact incorrect precise Lambert Conic Conformal Projection C. Sculpture 12. After the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church possessed a clear body of 8. publish prepare broadcast reveal image 1. and was unified under the supreme of 1. Approximately what percent of Date Event Location cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of cGraw-Hill, a cGraw-Hill, division of Europe north and west of the a cGraw-Hill, division of D. Literature the pope. 1517 Luther presents a list of Ninety-five Theses Wittenberg Ottoman Empire was Catholic? to his church superiors. lencoe/M lencoe/M lencoe/M 422 lencoe/M 1. What percent was Protestant? 1521 Luther rejects council’s attempt to reclaim Worms 2. Look at the list of towns and cities in him. 2.

Copyright © G 1525 Ulrich Zwingli establishes theocracy. Zürich Copyright © G Copyright © G the chart. Locate each town or city on Copyright © G the map. Circle Protestant towns in 1534 Anabaptists seize control of city. Münster 3. blue and Catholic towns in red. 1541 John Calvin establishes Consistory. Geneva E. Religion 3. What does this tell you about how 1542 Inquisition begins. Rome successful the Protestant and Catholic 1545 Pope Paul III calls for Council to reform Trent 1. Reformations were? doctrine. (continued) 2. 53 27 33 47 CHAPTER 12 • Catholic Reformation SECTION 4

Perceiving a need for a change, Pope Paul III steered the Catholic Church toward a reformation in the 1500s. C Critical Thinking HISTORY & YOU When a task doesn’t turn out as well as you had Vocabulary hoped, do you look for ways to do it better next time? Read to learn how 1. Explain the significance of: Ulrich Zwingli, Drawing Conclusions the Catholic Church determined what it needed to change. Zürich, John Calvin, published, justification, Ask: How did the Protestant predestination, Geneva, King Henry VIII, annul, Ignatius of Loyola, Trent. Reformation affect the Catholic The Catholic Church also had a revitalization in the six- Church? (It led to change in Church teenth century, giving it new strength and enabling it to Main Ideas policies.) OL regain much that it had lost to the Protestant Reforma- 2. Describe how Calvin reformed the city of tion. Three chief pillars—the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, Geneva. ✓ Reading Check and the Council of Trent—supported the Catholic 3. Explain why Henry VIII formed the Church Reformation. of England. Answer: Jesuits took a vow of Ignatius of Loyola, A Spanish nobleman, founded the 4. Contrast how the Calvinists and the absolute obedience to the pope. Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits. Loyola‘s small group Anabaptists differed in their attitudes toward of followers was recognized as a religious order by Pope church members participating in Paul III in 1540. All Jesuits took a special vow of absolute government activities. obedience to the pope, making them an important instru- Calvinists Anabaptists ment for papal policy. Jesuits used education to spread Assess their message. Jesuit missionaries were very successful in Church restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Participation in Europe and in spreading it to other parts of the world. Government Reform of the papacy was another important factor in the Catholic Reformation. Participating in dubious finan- (ISTORY /.,).% cial transactions and Italian political and military affairs, Critical Thinking Study Central provides summa- the Renaissance popes had created many sources of cor- 5. The BIG Idea Assessing How ries, interactive games, and online ruption. It took the jolt of the Protestant Reformation to effective was the Catholic Church’s bring about serious reform. C response to the Protestant Reformation? graphic organizers to help stu- Pope Paul III perceived the need for change. He took the 6. Determining Cause and Effect How did dents review content. bold step of appointing a Reform Commission in 1537 to “Bloody Mary’s” actions affect the religious determine the Church’s ills. The commission blamed the makeup of England by the end of her Church’s problems on the popes’ corrupt policies. Paul III reign? also began the Council of Trent, another pillar of the Cath- 7. Analyzing Visuals Compare the chart on Close olic Reformation. Beginning in March 1545, a group of page 422 to the map on page 419. Name cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians one country in which the dominant Comparing and Contrasting met off and on for 18 years in the city of Trent, on the bor- Christian faith included the seven Ask: How did the relationship der between Germany and Italy. sacraments. The final decrees of the Council of Trent reaffirmed tra- between religion and politics in ditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant Writing About History Europe change during this time? beliefs. Both faith and good works were declared neces- 8. Expository Writing Research the (New Protestant states no longer sary for salvation. The seven sacraments, the Catholic view treatment of the Jewish people during the accepted the pope as the head of of the Eucharist, and clerical celibacy were all upheld. Reformation. Then write a short essay Belief in purgatory and in the use of indulgences was analyzing why they were segregated to the church nor did they recognize strengthened, although the selling of indulgences was for- ghettos. his authority over them.) OL bidden. The Roman Catholic Church now possessed a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the pope’s supreme leadership. Catholics were as well prepared as Calvinists to do battle for their faith. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of ✓Reading Check Glencoe World Describing What was the relationship History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. between the Jesuits and the pope? SECTION REVIEW

423

Answers

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 4. Calvinists: church was the government and 6. Her interference in religious affairs resulted found in the section and the Glossary. members participated; Anabaptists: com- in England becoming even more Protestant. 2. created church government that used both plete separation of church and state; mem- 7. Students might name any Catholic country clergy and laity; set up the Consistory to bers would not participate shown on the map. oversee moral life and doctrinal purity; 5. The Catholic Church addressed many of its 8. Students will complete research and then trained missionaries and sent them to all problems and clarified doctrine, giving it write a short essay based on their parts of Europe new strength and enabling it to regain information. 3. The pope would not annul his marriage and much of what it had lost. allow him to remarry, so Henry VIII broke with the Church.

423 Chapter 12 • Visual Summary Visual Summary You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes Identifying Central Issues and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com. Discuss the information contained in the Visual Summary. Remind Detail of Sistine Chapel Ceiling, By Michelangelo students that this information THE RENAISSANCE in Italy and includes important ideas from the Northern Europe entire chapter. Have students work • Milan, Venice, and Florence became centers of in small groups to explain the role Renaissance learning and culture. that humanism played in the • Machiavelli’s views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders. Renaissance. Have each group • Humanist education focused on liberal studies. choose one example form each of • Artists sought to portray the world realistically. the following three areas: the arts, politics, and religion. Ask: How did humanist ideas influence art, poli- Michelangelo painted people tics, and religion during the with perfect proportions as a Martin Luther Publicly Burns His reflection of divine beauty. Renaissance? Encourage students Excommunication Documents to cite details from the chapter to support their responses. Suggest that each group use a graphic organizer to record its ideas. Then THE REFORMATION Begins let groups share their findings, • Erasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation. which will help the class review the • Catholic teaching stressed faith and good works, material for the chapter test. OL but Luther believed that faith alone was sufficient for salvation. • The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars English Language Learners Luther’s beliefs spread, and allowed German states to choose between creating Lutheranism, the Catholicism and Lutheranism. Have students read the visual first Protestant faith. summary aloud. Ask them to locate words that contain the suf- Persecution of an Anabaptist fix –ism (Calvinism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, Protestantism), and Anabaptists were viewed list them on the board. Explain as dangerous radicals. that this suffix usually indicates a doctrine, system, or theory. Point THE REFORMATION Spreads out that “Calvinism,” for example, • Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the is the religious doctrine taught by most important form of Protestantism. • Henry VIII established the Church of England John Calvin. Help students find for political rather than religious reasons. examples of other “isms” and add • Anabaptists believed in the total separation of church and state. them to the list. ELL • Pope Paul III took steps to reform the Catholic Church. Hands-On

Chapter Project 424 CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation Step 5: Wrap-Up (t) Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c b) Bettmann/CORBIS

Creating a Mural text, and graphics. Allow time for students responses should cover intellectual, artistic, to view the murals and examine them more literary, technological, social, architectural, Step 5: View the Murals Students will closely before displaying a concept map religious, and political changes. Together, synthesize what they have learned in Steps entitled “The Renaissance and Reformation.” complete the concept map. Then have stu- 1–4. Ask groups to use what they have learned dents independently identify what they see Directions: Have groups take turns pre- from the murals as well as from this chapter as the most important change of the era senting a short explanation of their murals to list ideas that should be included in the and defend their opinion in a brief essay. and the reasons for their choices of color, map to answer the Essential Question. Their OL

424 Assessment Chapter 12 • Assessment Answers and Analyses STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE Reviewing Vocabulary 1. D Students should define the TEST-TAKING TIP words they know to help them If a question asks you to read a quote, look for clues that reveal its historical context—the title, the date, the quote itself. Determining narrow down their choices. An the historical context will help you determine the quote’s historical significance. It will also help you determine the correct answer. indulgence is a release from all or part of the punishment for sin. Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Predestination is the doctrine that Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. God has determined in advance the sentence. who will be saved. Annulment is Section 1 (pp. 398–403) the dissolution of the bonds of 1. Theologians of the Reformation disagreed about how people 5. Which of the following was a characteristic of the could achieve , or acceptance into Heaven. Renaissance? marriage. Salvation means accep- A indulgence A Rejection of the classical learning of ancient Greece and tance into heaven or the act of B predestination Rome being saved. C annulment B Renewed emphasis on an all-powerful God D salvation C Emergence of a more secular worldview 2. B Tithe and taille might be D Reawakening of feudalism eliminated, since a tithe is a 2. The money and goods given by the wife’s family to the hus- tenth of one’s income donated band at the time of marriage is called a . 6. Who helped to make Florence the cultural center of Europe to a church and taille is a tax. A A settlement during the Renaissance? settlement might refer to money B dowry A Francesco Sforza or goods given at the time of mar- C tithe B Lorenzo de’ Medici riage, but it is not specif c to that D taille C Niccolò Machiavelli context. D Girolamo Savonarola 3. John Calvin emphasized , the belief that God determined in advance who would be saved and who would be 3. C Tell students to use context damned. Section 2 (pp. 406–411) clues and their knowledge of A predisposition 7. Who has been called the father of Italian Renaissance word parts. The phrase “deter- B salvation humanism? mined in advance” narrows the C predestination A Petrarch possibilities to predisposition and D humanism B Leonardo da Vinci predestination, because of their C Dante pref x pre-. Since the belief is that 4. An image painted on fresh, wet plaster is called a . D Albrecht Dürer God determines where people go A ceramic after death, their destination, the B flying buttress 8. What was the Divine Comedy? correct choice is predestination. C fresco A A collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on a journey D relic 4. C Students should use the pro- B A defense of women cess of elimination to determine C An ancient Roman poem by Virgil the correct answer. D A poem about a soul’s journey to Heaven Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 12345678 GO ON Go to Page . . . 414 403 419 409 398 400 406 407

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Reviewing Main Ideas 7. A All of these choices name important f gures in the Renaissance. Da Vinci and Dürer 5. C Remind students that this period is called were leading artists; Dante was a great writer. the Renaissance because of the rebirth of clas- But it was Petrarch who was called the father of sicism, which emphasized the importance of Italian Renaissance humanism. the individual, thus leading to a more secular view. 8. D The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by pilgrims. Christine de Pizan wrote 6. B Students should associate the Medici in defense of women in The Book of the City family with Florence and with cultural of Ladies. The Divine Comedy is an epic poem achievements. about the soul’s journey to Heaven.

425 Chapter 12 • Assessment

9. B Students can eliminate Jan van Eyck, who was associated with 9. Which artist painted ﬁ gures on the ceilings of the Sistine Critical Thinking Chapel in Rome? the Northern Renaissance, not Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. Rome. While the other three artists A Leonardo da Vinci all worked in Italy, it was Michelan- B Michelangelo Use the following map to answer question 14. C Raphael gelo who undertook the immense Holy Roman Empire, 1400 task of painting this ceiling. D Jan van Eyck North N DENMARK Boundary of the Sea Holy Roman Empire W 10. D Tell students to remem- Section 3 (pp. 412–417) E S ber that Erasmus was a leading 10. What was the major goal of Christian humanism? Hamburg ENGLAND D LAN OL BRANDENBURG Christian humanist. His quest was A To create a new form of Christian faith H Berlin POLAND GERMAN Elb BRABANT e O to reform the Church in a way that B To preserve religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire PRINCIPALITIES de R r SILESIA h R Brussels i Dresden . n R S . would direct attention away from C To promote external forms of religion, such as pilgrimages e e Frankfurt in Prague e R and relics . BOHEMIA the external forms and back to R MORAVIA . HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE e R. R D To reform the Catholic Church oir ube . inward spiritual growth. L an BAVARIA D AUSTRIA Zurich Munich Vienna 11. C The Ninety-f ve Theses com- 11. What agreement ended the religious warfare in Germany in FRANCE SWITZERLAND STYRIA TYROL HUNGARY 1555? Geneva TYROL posed by Martin Luther helped Milan Venice Po R. e . DY n BAR 0 200 kilometers A Ninety-five Theses R o LOM to cause the religious warfare. h Genoa R T VENCE U 0 200 miles B Edict of Worms PRO S The Edict of Worms made Martin C Lambert Azimuthal Marseille A A REP. OF N d Equal-Area projection C Peace of Augsburg GENOA Y PAPAL r Luther an outlaw in the empire. ia STATES t ic D Great Schism Corsica Se The Great Schism was a split in Rome a the Catholic Church at the end Mediterranean Sea of the 14th century. The Peace of Section 4 (pp. 418–423) Augsburg established the right 12. Why did King Henry VIII break with Rome and establish the 14. Which of the following is a true statement about the Holy Church of England? Roman Empire in 1400? of German rulers to determine A To marry Anne Boleyn A It had no access to the Mediterranean Sea. the religion of their nations, thus B To promote his religious views B It did not include parts of Italy. ending the war between Charles V C To force the Catholic Church to reform C Rome was not a part of the Empire. and the princes. D To separate church and state D Denmark was part of the Empire.

TEST-TAKING TIP 13. Who founded the Jesuits? 15. How did ﬁ fteenth-century humanists differ from those in the A John Calvin fourteenth century? For Question 11: Explain B Ignatius of Loyola A They preferred to live in solitude. that internal context clues C Martin Luther B They believed in service to the state. can sometimes help eliminate D Pope Paul III C Most moved to the country. incorrect choices and identify D They emphasized classical Latin. the correct answer. Point out the relationship between the phrase “ended the religious Need Extra Help? warfare” in the question and the If You Missed Questions . . . 9101112131415 GO ON word peace in the correct answer. Go to Page . . . 410 412 417 420 423 400 406

426 CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 12. A Since the Anglican church under Henry VIII remained almost identical to the Catholic Church, 13. B Both Calvin and Luther can be eliminat- Critical Thinking it is clear that Henry VIII had no ed, since they were leading Protestant f gures. 14. C Remind students to evaluate each state- religious agenda for his break with Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, who ment based on the data presented by the map. Rome. He became the head of his vowed obedience to the pope. own church, showing that he did Since Rome is outside the boundaries of the not uphold the idea of separation empire, C is the correct response. of church and state. His reason 15. B The early humanists believed that soli- was purely personal and political; tude was necessary to conduct their intellectu- he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn al life. However, later humanists took an interest and beget a male heir. in civic life and believed that they could be of service to the state.

426 Assessment Chapter 12 • Assessment Document-Based 16. Why were liberal studies at the core of a humanist curriculum? Document-Based Questions Questions A To create great scholars Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer ques- 19. those who have given their B To promote advances in science tions that follow the document. Base your answers on the document word lightly and who have known C To enable more people to read Latin and on your knowledge of world history. D To provide practical preparation for life how to trick men with their Niccolò Machiavelli wrote: cunning 17. In his Ninety-ﬁ ve Theses, Martin Luther wrote: “Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to “Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince to 20. A prince should do evil when- the needy does a better work than buying pardons.” To honor his word and to be straightforward rather than crafty in ever doing good will not accom- what is Luther objecting in this statement? his dealings; nonetheless experience shows that princes who plish the goal. have achieved great things have been those who have given A The doctrine of predestination their word lightly, who have known how to trick men with their B The lack of concern for the poor cunning, and who, in the end, have overcome those abiding by C The sale of indulgences honest principles. . . . A prince, therefore, need not necessarily Extended Response have all the good qualities I mentioned above, but he should D The spread of secular humanism certainly appear to have them. . . . He should not deviate from 21. Answers will vary. Politically, what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do the Reformation led to a power Base your answer to question 18 on the following table. evil, if that is necessary.” struggle between the Holy Roman —Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, George Bull, trans., 1981 Emperor and the German princes. Top Ten Organized Religions It affected the religious life of of the World (2004 estimates) Europe by introducing alterna- Number of 19. According to Machiavelli, what kinds of princes have Religion Percentage Members achieved great things? tives to Roman Catholicism and Christianity 2.1 billion 33.0% 20. According to Machiavelli, what role does evil play in by spurring reform within the governance? Islam 1.3 billion 20.1% Catholic Church to get rid of Hinduism 851 million 13.3% corruption. Buddhism 375 million 5.9% Extended Response Sikhism 25 million 0.4% 21. Analyze how the Reformation shaped the political and reli- Judaism 15 million 0.2% gious life of Europe. Be sure to identify the historical effects (ISTORY /.,).% of the Reformation. Baha’ism 7.5 million 0.1% Introduce students to chapter Confucianism 6.4 million 0.1% content and key terms by hav- Jainism 4.5 million 0.1% ing them access the Chapter 12 Shintoism 2.8 million 0.0% Overview at glencoe.com. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

18. Which of the following is a true statement about the world’s Need Extra Help? top 10 organized religions? A Hindus exceed Buddhists by more than double. Have students refer to the B There are more Muslims than Christians. (ISTORY /.,).% pages listed if they miss any of C Jews far outnumber Buddhists. For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— the questions. Chapter 12 at glencoe.com. D Christianity is the most organized religion in the world.

Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 16 17 18 19 20 21 STOP Go to Page . . . 408 401 401 401 417 418

CHAPTER 12 Renaissance and Reformation 427

16. D Humanists believed that the purpose of 18. A Have students check each statement education was to develop the potential of the against the data presented in the chart. Com- individual and prepare him or her to fulf ll the paring the numbers reveals that B and C are role of a citizen. incorrect. The chart does not contain information that would enable students to verify D. 17. C Another word for pardon is indulgence. Luther was protesting against the practice of selling indulgences.

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