Cicero: Pro Milone

Qualification Accredited Oxford Cambridge and RSA

AS and A LEVEL Set Text Guide LATIN H043, H443 For first teaching in 2016

www.ocr.org.uk/classicslatin Introduction Bloomsbury Academic Bloomsbury For students For teachers Further reading and resources Student tasksheets andstudentActivities tasks Talking points FeaturesStylistic andKey Terms ofthespeech Summary The Text Talking points LawRoman Courts Cicero, andClodius Milo The Late Republic Context 5 Talking Points Pro Milone Cicero 3 General Introduction CONTENTS AS andAlevel Latin 14 11 16 14 14 12 10 7 3 8 7 6 5 5 5 4 3 2 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Introduction understanding the complex world ofLateunderstanding thecomplexworld Rome. Republican oftheRenaissance. on thethinkers They remain source ourmajorhistorical for letters hadaprofound andphilosophical works increased hisdeath.His after impact lifetime heheldthereputation ofRome’s greatest orator, areputation whichonly on ofhiswritings The impact Western culture isimmeasurable. Even his during delivered. and handswere nailedto from theRostra whichsomany ofhisspeecheshadbeen Antony,Mark in43BContheorders oftheSecond hewaskilled Triumvirate. head His attacksonOctavian’s oratorical delivering thePhilippics, offiery aseries colleague Caesar’smentoring thefuture young heirOctavian, emperor Augustus. However, after ofCaesar’s (futile)hopesof cherished Asupporter victory. assassins, henevertheless the Senate inthe Civil War againstJuliusCaesar, butwaspardoned Caesar’s after Republic, thecollapseofRoman hesidedwithPompeythat characterised and Publius ClodiusPulcher, butwasrecalled in57BC.Caught upinthepoliticalconflicts was driven into exileby Cataline’s hislong-timeadversary principally supporters, ofCataline,his consulshiphesuppressed andasaresult theconspiracy in58BC won himtheconsulshipof63BC.During as anadvocate law intheRoman court exclusiveextremely aristocracy, Roman skills buthispoliticalacumenandbrilliant asmalltown in106BCatArpinum, nearRome, hewasnotamemberofthe Born Latinauthor.from any othernon-Christian figure from whoselife hispenthan inthemostdetail. survives we More text know from authorsto have theancientworld, theRoman andperhaps survived important Marcus Tullius Cicero, politician,orator, philosopher, andpoet,isoneofthemost Cicero GENERAL INTRODUCTION AS andAlevel Latin 3 extremely tenseextremely politicalcircumstances. wasaccusedofmurdering his(and Milo Cicero’s speechindefence of wasdeliveredTitus AnniusMilo in52BCunder Pro Milone day, hewould ‘not now beenjoying thedelicious red mullet ofMassalia.’ read therevised hecommented thatifCicero sowell text onthe hadonlyspoken redrafted theevent itafter before itspublication.Cassius Diotells usthatwhenMilo weThe text have isnot thespeechCicero delivered ontheday. Hesubstantially Marseille). defence, wascondemnedby 32votes andMilo to (modern 13,andexiledto Massalia AD. by Asconius,on thetext ofthefirstcentury Cicero awriter wasunsuccessfulinhis andmanyoutcome ofthetrial othercircumstantial detailsthanksto acommentary thecaseofProIn many ofCicero’s unlike Milone, speeches, the we know to bejustified.unlawful killing other words, theunrest andviolencecausedby Clodiuswasenoughfor hisown the speechis ‘silent enimlegesinter arma’ (‘in –in timesofwarthelaws are silent’) andgang-leader.a dangerous rabble-rouser Perhaps themostfamousphrasefrom Milo, heclaims, hassaved from andpoliticalmachinationsof Rome thedebaucheries repeatedly Clodius’ blackens character, by contrast. hard andworks Milo to glorify he suggests, butintheinterests oftheentire Republic. Throughout thespeechhe inself-defence, wasnotsimplyacting Milo act. asapatriotic reframes theskirmish Cicero, therefore, wasinnocent ofClodius’ doesnotclaimthatMilo death,but alreadyevidence by given theprosecution. to thecourt andfinalday ofthetrial,the fifth andsothespeech responds to theincriminating hadbeeninself-defence. Ciceroon him,andthathisactions spoke intended to kill was compelledto withMilo’s work initialclaimthatClodiushadlaidatrapthere and 11 milesfrom Cicero Rome: gives hisversion ofClodius’ deathinthespeech.Cicero Cicero’s) Publius ClodiusPulcher adversary ontheAppian Way nearBovillae, about ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Introduction Talking Points AS andAlevel Latin laws are silent”? Can we Cicero’s justify that“in claim timesofwar the person? another ever acceptable an Is self-defence excuse forkilling Talking Point Explanation and Teacher Notes unlawful killing or act beexcused Are oract intheevent persuaded inMilo’s ofnationalemergency? they unlawful killing case? formal charge. Studentsmightwantto agree considerwhetherthey withCicero’s argument: canorshouldan without ofterrorist suspects theimprisonment ofthe9/11terrorist attacksto support has beenusedinthewake to suspendcitizens’seeking andlegalprotections intimesofemergency. constitutional rights recently Most it The phrase ‘silent enimlegesinter arma’, as re-ordered ‘inter enimsilentleges’, arma hasbeencited by legislatures for explorationofCicero’s acritical case. widely,before atthedetailsofcase. Opinionsmay vary andbestrongly-held; looking thissetsthescenewell Cicero posingthisquestionto students ofcoursewilldiscussthisfrom theoutsetinhisspeech,soitisworth 4 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Context that heforced Cicero hisfurious inRome; into funeraltriggered ariot exile. His families (theClaudii), hesethimselfupas thepeople’s wasastribune champion.It advantage. Althoughhewashimselffrom ofaristocratic the mostaristocratic over legislation. Publius Clodius Pulcher to full hadusedthepositionoftribune power, people:aveto originally designed to oftheordinary protect therights Tribune valuable, hadaunique ofthePlebs asthetribunes were particularly alliances withcurrent magistrates. Alliances with thosewhoheldtheofficeof One oftheways theFirst Triumvirate hadcontrolled politicswasthrough Roman Cicero, andClodius Milo traditional constitutionwascollapsing. thiseventneither couldseize asasign power take thatthe onhisown. Historians terms,Republican thismadenosense: there hadalways consuls, beentwo sothat unrest following Clodius’ assassination,Pompey Roman wasmadesoleconsul. In the oftheSenate. In the populusRomanus, andthosewhoupheldtheauthority dividing into of factions,thosewhoprofessed two thewillandrights to support wasexpressedpopular dissatisfaction through andintimidation.Politics rioting was Pompey theGreat) andtheirrelationship hadbegunto cool. Onthestreets ofRome, ‘godfathers’ were JuliusCaesar andGnaeusPompeius Gaius to usas Magnus(known member, Marcus LiciniusCrassus, whowasatwarwithParthia. The remaining two men (the ‘First Triumvirate’) thathadcontrolled politicshadlostitsthird Roman At thetimeofMilo’s in52BC,theunofficial, allianceofthree trial backdoor powerful structures ofgovernment. andgold, andwerelove oftheirtroops ableto withvictory bypass thetraditional thestate.weakened JuliusCaesar were like Ambitiousaristocrats ableto buythe great generalswere causingthesystem to break ofcivilconflict down. Decades influx ofwealth from Rome’s growing empire andthecorresponding power ofher BC,however,magistrate wasshared by consuls. thefirstcentury two By thegreat from Even elected and Senate (Senatus), theranksofrich. theofficeofchief –daythe populusRomanus to day government wasdirected by themagistrates PopulusqueSenatus Romanus. While sovereign power resided withthepeople– encapsulated intheacronym SPQRfound allover inscriptions: ancientRoman was basedonasystem Republic The ofpower-sharing. Roman canbe It The Late Republic CONTEXT AS andAlevel Latin 5 the process. followers hisbody intheSenate Houseitself, burned thebuildingdown in burning Roman Law Courts were campaign. ableto control politicseven whenfaraway Roman onmilitary andClodius, PompeyThrough Milo theirallianceswithpoliticianslike andCaesar Cicero’s hisown hewasinstrumentalinsecuring tribunate During recall from exile. Milo, however, wasmore closelyalliedwithPompey faction. andthesenatorial lent weight to hissuggestionsofnationalemergency. proceedings; somethingthatcan’t have helpedCicero’s confidence, but perhaps nature of Milo’s trial, theconsulPompey ordered guard an armed to surround the one ofthelarge halls, or ‘basilicas’, thatstood around ofthehigh-profile it.Because Trials were inpublic, conducted Forum usuallyintheopenairofRoman orin from aprovincialunknown town, madehisnameinthecourts. was away for theambitiousto acquire political status. meaningful Cicero, arelative andreinforcingacclaim inthepublicarena ofthecourt, patronage it networks, army) for young to aristocrats Roman buildtheirpoliticalcareers. As well asearning asanadvocateActing inthe wasoneofthestandard routes (alongwithserving the casefor ClodiusandCicero. ‘upstanding’ reasons. Prosecution for wasoneway suchwas to acrime attackarival; oftheprosecutor,much by politicalorpersonalreasons onthepart asby more sawthey wrong-doing. This meantthathigh-profile casescouldbemotivated as hadnopoliceforce,the Romans itwasupto individualcitizens to prosecute when chosen onlyfrom ranks:inotherwords, andequestrian thesenatorial As therich. praetor. Judges, were however (there couldbeone, jury) orapanel, amodern like represented waspresided by over advocates; by thecourt amagistrate, usuallya incurrentLatin terms usereflects this. The plaintiffanddefender were generally incontinentalEurope.of many states, modern particularly The large numberof asthefoundation adapted form ofthelegalsystems law Roman In stillserves ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Context Talking Points AS andAlevel Latin Roman system? disadvantagesand ofthissystem, compared to the to trial.bringing people are theadvantages What responsiblefor isprincipally Prosecution Service theCrown United Kingdom In themodern-day Cicero rightto accept thisbrief? own admissionhadcaused thedeathofanother. Was Cicero was whoby setthetaskofdefendingaman his Talking Point Explanation and Teacher Notes that prosecutions might not be brought by those with the best knowledge of the facts ofthecase.that prosecutions ofthefacts mightnotbebrought by thosewiththebestknowledge as theCPSisableto decidewhetheritisinthepublicinterest to pursueacase. Disadvantagesmightinclude equally beforeeasier to treat everyone thelaw, andthatthepotential for “malicious prosecution” isdiminished responsibility to seekto takes punishwrongdoing), thatitbecomes pursue anaccusation(ifapublicservice proven guilty”. system Obvious are: advantagesofthemodern to thatthere islessneedfor anaggrieved party system rests reminding as onsuchprinciples studentsthatthemodern-day may beworth It “innocent until students andencouragethemto explore further. law,Even thefinerdetailsofcaseandRoman withoutyet knowing to engage discussionislikely Cicero standto gain? verdict forWhat would the laws betheimplicationsofanot-guilty andwidersociety? areonce they familiarwithCicero’s arguments. reactiontoWhat isourinstinctive thisquestion? What did discussingthispointbefore isworth studentsbegin readingIt thespeechitself, andreturning to thequestion 6 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text Consul, ill-will towards andbore noparticular Clodius. Cicero compares stand to gainmuchifClodius died;hewasalready well ontheway to becoming didnot rank ofConsul to interferewithhisplans (32).Ontheotherhand (34-5),Milo Clodius stood to gaina great inthesuperior deal: hewould bepraetor withoutMilo died, hepointsout, Milo atwhostood hisproof to benefit. If byCicero looking starts 32-91: Proof oftheargument thatthequestionis:whoplotted againstwhom? repeats hisassertion reiterating thatthecaseisaboutapplicationoflaw, healso notthefacts; concludes hisaccountby concedingthatthere but Clodiuswasindeedkilled, plan to ambushhimontheway to ofthe attackfollow. Lanuvium. Details Cicero setto Consul), beelected Cicero (wholooked setsoutClodius’sjealousy ofMilo to thepraetorship.attack onClodiusandhisjourney Having establishedClodius’s Cicero whatheclaims are ofthecase, narrates beginning thefacts (24)withasharp 24-31: Statement ofthecase ofthefacts surely innocent.) against Clodius(inwhichcasehewould surely orviceversa (inwhichcase beguilty), by statingthe mainquestion:whetherthedeathresultedsection plotting from Milo ofLucius Domitius, whoispresidingflattery over thecase. Cicero sumsupthis fromsuggests thathehimselfhasbeenatrisk Clodius. There follows someincidental also begins to create anegative impression Cicero ofClodiusandhissupporters. also was acquitted (this, aman’s concerning heclaims, trial wasthefirstRoman life). He defence shouldbepunishedby death,recalling ofMarcus Horatius, thetrial who inself- heimmediately addressesmade againstMilo; thosewhoclaimthatkilling stageinaspeech,CiceroUnusually atsuchanearly begins to refute accusations 7-23: Refutation wasinself-defence. Milo, andthekilling attacked character, andestablishesthatthedefence willrest ontheideathatClodiusfirst begins tounusual sightofguards Heswiftly praiseMilo’s surrounding thecourtroom. Cicero begins by addressing thejudgesandexpressing aboutthe hisconcern 1-23: Introduction ofthespeech Summary AS andAlevel Latin THE TEXT 7 Rome -statueof CiceroRome from facade ofPalazzo diGiustizia. more. him (ashegoesinto exile)willbejust,” hestates, before thejudgesonce flattering tears. ungratefully thatreceives expelsMilo, itwillbeacting -andthecity thiscity “If weeps ashespeaksto defend becauseofhis Milo, andwillhave to ceasespeaking Cicero windsuphiscasewithanemotional appeal. Cicero pointsoutthathehimself 92-105: Conclusion apositive matterof Clodiusisinfact for thestate. considers Milo’s honourablebehaviour, and moves into adiscussionofhow thedeath summing upthesepoints(52),Cicero oftheambush.He considersthepracticalities this;itwasClodius’sin apositionto planlike behaviour thatwassuspicious. After easily findingoutaboutMilo’s to Lanuvium.Milo, plannedtrip however, wasnot threatening deathagainstMilo, andthathecouldeasilyhave plannedtheambush, attacksonClodius:thathehadbeenheard argument continues(43)withfurther wasapproaching? consularelections just asthedate oftheall-important The would Clodius’s have supported beto commit murder would death.How Milo likely prosecutions, notviolence, againstClodius-even when,heclaims, publicopinion hadpreviously brought menandpointsoutthatMilo ofthetwo the characters ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text style, butrememberstyle, someprinciples: ofCicero’s opposite terms willhelpyouThe to listofkey understandtheworkings howinteresting reliable are here? to askyourself: thefacts repeated enough. andoften firmly The more apointisrepeated, themore itcanbe lie-ifitis abare-faced somecases,of thoughts. itmightbepossibleto In assert asessentiallydifferentdescribed ofrepetition: types ofstructures, ofsounds, or ofCicero’sMuch andmany style, rhetorical ofthetechniques heemploys, canbe choose to say, andhow heshouldsay it-andinwhatorder. andreliable.knowledgeable, affected Alloftheseconcerns bothwhathewould it inthebestpossiblelightfor healsoneededto appearconfident, his purposes; case wasto succeed. theinformation Heneededto flowing keep butalsopresent Cicero neededto belively, engaging, ifhis andeven entertaining, to anextent Stylistic Features andKey Terms AS andAlevel Latin • • • • you shouldbeready to pointthisout! thesefeatures often, Very willappearincombinationwitheachother, and of thewords onthepage the “catchiness” ofthewords thanthearrangement are even more important notsilentlyread. thatthespeech was performed, Remember Rhythmand how itmightadvanceCicero’s argument As well asusingatechnical you term, mustexplainwhattheeffect isand to organise your commentary Technical are terms notanswers oreven explanations, buttools to helpyou 8 Alliteration: of timethatClodius wanted to secure aspraetor to overthrow theRepublic. endof thesentence, Cicero to thevery draws attentionentire to theamount year”) E.g. 24:by thehyperbaton ofdelaying “plenum annumatque integrum” (“a fulland by puttingitfirstorlastinasentence. Hyperbaton ofthespeech. sections Exemplum up, theharder itwillbeto refute. creating alonglistofpointsthatfeels astream themore like ofevidence; itpiles E.g. theclausesthroughout 52:there thisparagraph, are linking noconjunctions Asyndeton his evidence. Cato”), Cicero vividlyreaches outto to aspecificwitnesssoasto addauthenticity E.g. 44:withtheapostrophe of “te, M.Cato, testor” (“Icallyou to witness, Marcus whether anindividual, oragod Apostrophe from saying whathewishesto. “nothing” hammershometheideathatCicero claimsto beholdinghistongue E.g. 30:in “nihil dicoquid... nihilquid... nihilquid... nihilsane”, theanaphoraof Anaphora ideathat the symmetrical wasdefeated“violence by violence”. E.g. 30:in visvel...” victa “vi therepetition oftheinitial “v-” sounddraws attention to expressive, effect -therepetition ofaword orstructure insuccessive clauses –appealto anexample. Cicero great makes useofthisinother –omittingconjunctions -a “turning-aside” to address someoneotherthanthemainaudience, –anunusualword order, word to often draw attention to aparticular the repetition acatchy, ofconsonantsounds to make orsometimes ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text AS andAlevel Latin audience thinkeven harder aboutwhathesays hewillnotmention. that hewillsay gainedasaresult) his nothingaboutwhattheRepublic makes E.g. 30:with “nihil dicoquidres publicaconsecutasit”, Cicero’s (hisclaim praeteritio Praeteritio seem ridiculous. idea of himasamurderer outanefficientattack. thevery This makes was to carry insidiator” before he how immediately totally plotter”) describing ill-equipped (“this E.g. 28:whencontrastingClodiusandMilo, Cicero ironically refers as to Milo “hic for humorous orabsurd effect Irony ending “-um”, sound-effect. astriking great bybrave therepetition consul”) enemy, ofthe man,avery certain andavery exaggerates (“a ofsuperlatives thehyperbole ofthetricolon Cicero further very E.g. 25:in (consulem)”, viruminimicissimumsuum,certissimum “fortissimum “end-rhyming” Homoeoteleuton absolutely good, andClodius(hisenemy) therefore absolutely bad. was qualities seemabsolute, theissueseemblackandwhite: Milo andhelpmake withsuperlatives. consul”) certain these The hyperboleClodius), andavery makes exaggerates eachoneofMilo’s great qualities(“a brave enemy man,avery (to very E.g. 25:in (consulem)”, viruminimicissimumsuum,certissimum “fortissimum Cicero Hyperbole -theexpression ofmeaningby usingwords thatmeantheopposite, often – exaggerationfor effect – apretended‘passing omissionfor over’: effect - therepetition ofaword-ending, sometimescalled 9 E.g. 28:with “magno acdelicato etimpedito ancillarumpuerorumque etmuliebri Polysyndeton - honourable office in all of Roman society.honourable officeinallofRoman ofthethreethe finalquality wasthatheonthepointofholdingmost beyond allreproach buildsupto putMilo consul”) -especiallyas certain a very Cicero’s ofMilo’s tricolon great qualities(“a brave enemy, man,avery very and E.g. 25:in (consulem)”, viruminimicissimumsuum,certissimum “fortissimum Tricolon - now have made. beenclearly questions implythatthere isnoneedfor arguing himto ashiscasemustby keep am Iarguing about? Cicero’s ondisputingfurther?”), Why doIkeep rhetorical E.g. 44: When heasks “sed quidegoargumentor, quidpluradisputo?” (“Butwhat obvious theonlypossibleone answer seemlike answer, the eitherto allowing answer thespeaker theirown question,ormaking - Question Rhetorical was planningastealth attack. different words. thathe This unlikely long, ponderous itseemvery sentence makes andboys”) by thepolysyndeton,slave-girls saying “and” four timeswiththree agreat (“with journey dealofbaggageandadelicate company ofwomen and comitatu”, Cicero emphasiseshow many thingswere onhis weighing down Milo a setofthree finalitem items buildingto inalist,often apowerful the use of many conjunctions (theoppositethe useofmany ofasyndeton) conjunctions a question asked in a context where to inacontext nobodyislikely a questionasked ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text Talking Points AS andAlevel Latin contemporary politicalcontemporary legal and speech-making? ofCicero’sWhich techniques can we in identify audience? How Cicero’s does Latinpersuade influence and his throughout thespeech? Can you thekey identify themesthatCicero returns to Talking Point Explanation and Teacher Notes tricolon, anaphora,hyperbole,tricolon, irony andpathos. (for ofthe judges) may seem transparent example, today. theflattery Butmany remain devices popular-especially may have mixed techniques opinionsonhow successfulthisspeech mightbefor audience, amodern ascertain While we may bereasonably confidentthat Cicero’s effective, wouldhave normally students beenvery oratory that itemphasises, orbuildsupto, orrefutes. (for atricolon mechanical search devices; example)isusuallyonly interesting for ofthepoint inthecontext literary isagoodideato discouragea techniques to discussionofrhetorical It theintentionsto behindthetext. connect speeches. atalltimes exercises; again andagaininclasswritten This questionwillbeasked itisimportant asoneofCicero’s –waswidelyacclaimedinantiquity Pro reception incourt –despite itslukewarm Milone best • • • • • • • • • • • There are many suchthemesandeven Cicero mightstruggleto produce adefinitive list;butalistmightinclude: The emotionalimplicationsofthetrial The roles ofPompey, andofCicero himself The highlyunusualcircumstances ofthetrial The legalprecedents setby previous generations The opinionsoftheSenate andthepeople The nature ofClodius’s oftheSenate-house to theburning linked supporters, all?) thatthere wasanambushplotat The plottingofanambush,butwhoseplot againstwhom?(Isiteven certain Milo’s consulship, likely anditsimplicationsfor Clodius’s praetorship The unsettledpoliticalatmosphere ofMilo The character ofClodius The character 10 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks Activities AS andAlevel Latin ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT TASKS Discover more andCicero, aboutClodius, Milo withatimelinefor Clodius’s life http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romansc/p/032110ClodiusPulcher.htm http://www.dl.ket.org/latin1/historia/people/clodius.htm Exploring themaincharacters tosound to costume. personality Explore whatCicero’s from speechesmighthave inperformance, beenlike http://performingcicero.classics.ucla.edu UCLA Classicsdepartment Performing Cicero in rhetoric, closelybasedonCicero’s own reports pointsofCicero’sExplore guideto the key anaccessibleandpractical education http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romansc/p/032110ClodiusPulcher.htm Cicero’s rhetorical education information abouthisfamily and further 11 Cicero Catiline, Denounces paintingby Cesare Maccari. ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks Student tasksheets AS andAlevel Latin Extension activities/questions: Extension answers etc.), (alltaskinformation,questions, The activity the student: to at thetask–specifically aimed Introduction The chainofevents information. Look to othersources andhighlightpoints where Cicero’s accountmay becalledinto question,orwhere Cicero omits Cicero’s accountleapsaround.) easiestdoneonacomputer andcollate ratherthanonpaperas them(perhaps ofthetext sections separate shorter couldbeindicated inadifferentsections colour.) studentsmightbedividedinto groups to timeisshort, trawl If The idealoutcome shouldbeacomplete timelineofallevents referred to inthewhole speech(thoseintheprescribed atimelineofalltheevents thatCicero refersMake thatyou to are inthesections reading. 12 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks AS andAlevel Latin Extension activities/questions: Extension answers etc.), (alltaskinformation,questions, The activity the student: to at thetask–specifically aimed Introduction The prosecution’s response strength cases, ofthetwo speakers, mighthave andthetwo been. Students couldgoonto for considerourevidence theeventual outcome ofthecaseanddecidewhat therelative preparation for amore thorough response. lengthy exercise, oravery brief dependingontimeavailable.This couldbeavery The timelineexercise above isagood Write arebuttal ofCicero’s by theprosecution. speech,asspoken 13 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks AS andAlevel Latin answers etc.), (alltaskinformation, questions, The activity the student: to at thetask–specifically aimed Introduction techniques todayRhetorical students may (e.g. simplyneedsomesteering “Find aspeechmadeinParliament by your localMP”). Teachers may prefer to findspeechesthemselves from Hansard, orfrom Or, othersources, especiallyiftimeisshort. techniques inusetoday thatCicero didnotuse, andviceversa? Analyse thespeechfor techniques. rhetorical Which, ifany, successful?Are there doyou any thinkare new particularly Visit http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/hansard/ 14 andfindaspeechonanissueyou findinteresting. ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide AS and A level Latin Set Text Guide FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES

For teachers For students http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html Beard, M. & Crawford, M. Rome in the Late Republic, London, 1985.

Berry, D.H. ‘Pompey’s Legal Knowledge - or Lack of it’, Historia 42 (1998), 502–504 Patterson, J.R. Political Life in the City of Rome (London, 1999).

Clark, M.E. & Ruebel, J.S. Philosophy & Rhetoric in Cicero’s Pro Milone, RhM 128 (1985), Historical novels about Cicero by Robert Harris: Imperium and Lustrum. 57-72 There are several excellent links available at MacKendrick, P. The Speeches of Cicero, London, 1995 http://www.cambridgescp.com/Upage. Rawson, B. The Politics of Friendship: Pompey & Cicero, Letchworth, 1978 php?p=cla%5Eprose1%5Estage79&view_section=3

Ruebel, James S., “The Trial of Milo in 52 B.C.: A Chronological Study”, Transactions of Extensive information on Cicero and his philosophical ideas: the American Philological Association (1974-) Vol. 109 (1979), 231–249. http://www.iep.utm.edu/cicero/ Steel, C. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Cicero. Cambridge, 2013.

Stone, A.M. ‘Pro Milone: Cicero’s second thoughts’, Antichthon 14, 1980, 88-111

Tatum, W.J. The Patrician Tribune. Publius Clodius Pulcher, Chapel Hill, 1999.

For students who need support in analysing rhetorical techniques, a useful course of lesson ideas may be found at

http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/analyzing-famous- speeches-arguments-30526.html?tab=4

In addition, we are working with our publishing partner, Bloomsbury, to produce a range of resources to support the 2016 Classics specifications. These include; Further reading and resources reading Further

Bloomsbury Academic Resources for OCR specifications for first teaching September 2016 Cicero Pro Milone: A Selection with Introduction by Lynn Fotheringham and Notes and Commentary by Robert West 9781474266185 April 2016 £16.99

A website of supplementary online resources is planned All details may be revised at any time Further reading and resources reading Further

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