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Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial Reports Volume 17

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Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial Reports Volume 17 PARAGENESIS OF FRACTURE FILLING IN BRECCIATED CHERT FROM SITE 167 ON THE MAGELLAN RISE Brecciated chert recovered in Core 63-1, 60 to 67 cm, consists of very angular shards of brown and reddish brown chert, 2 to 3 cm large, cemented by clear euhedral crystals of calcite, chalcedony and quartz. Figure 1—Rectilinear fracture between chert fragments (black) filled by well crystallized quartz. Note the small size of the crystals along the edges of the chert fragments compared to the larger regular filling in the central part. Figure 2—Composite fracture filling with calcite (large euhedral yellowish green crystals) and chalcedony. The distribution pat- tern of fibrous chalcedony suggests that its precipitation followed that of calcite. Figure 3—Composite fracture filling with large euhedral calcite crystals and well crystallized quartz. Note the conchoidal frac- turing of the chert fragments, suggesting that the chert was already hard when it was broken. Figure 4—Same case as in Figure 3. Note the clearly euhedral shape of calcite crystals and the quartz filling in the void between them. Figure 5—Same case as above. Again quartz has precipitated in a small void between large spary calcite crystals. Figure 6—Quartz filling in a fracture around the sharp angular edge of a chert fragment. Note the increasing size of quartz crystals away from the chert fragment edges and the radial crystal growth at the tip of the central one. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of the JOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES) Volume XVII covering Leg 17 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger Honolulu, Hawaii to Honolulu, Hawaii April-May 1971 PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS Edward L. Winterer, John I. Ewing, Robert G. Douglas, Richard D. Jarrard, Yves Lancelot, Ralph M. Moberly, T. C. Moore, Jr., Peter H. Roth, Seymour O. Schlanger EDITORS: Peter H. Roth, James R. Herring Prepared for the NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION National Ocean Sediment Coring Program Under Contract C-482 By the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Scripps Institution of Oceanography Prime Contractor for the Project References to this Volume: It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volume be made in one of the following forms, as appropriate: Winterer, E. L., Ewing, J. I., et al, 1973, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 17, Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office) + pp. Douglas, Robert G., 1973, Benthonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy in the Central North Pacific, Leg 17, Deep Sea Drilling Project, in Winterer, E. L., Ewing, J. I., et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 17, Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office) + pp. Printed: August 1973 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $13 domestic postpaid or $12.25 GPO Bookstore Foreword The year 1972 marks the 100th anni- development were determined. Emphasis was versary of H.M.S. CHALLENGER—after placed on broad reconnaissance and on testing which D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGER is the involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systems named. It is fitting that our century should in the development of the ocean basins. have its counterpart to the famous ship of the As a result of the success of the Deep Sea 19th century, which helped establish ocean- Drilling Project, the National Science Founda- ography as a science through her voyages. It is tion extended its contract with the University equally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGER of California to encompass an additional 30 should be plying the same waters one century months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL- later seeking answers to new problems concern- LENGER to continue operations throughout ing the history of our planet and of life on it. the oceans of the world in exploring the deep The fundamental advancement of our knowl- ocean floors. This extension includes a broad edge of the earth will lead to enhanced capabili- geographic range of operations in the Atlantic, ties to understand its processes and to exploit Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and the Mediter- its natural resources intelligently. ranean, Caribbean, Bering, and Red Seas. The The Deep Sea Drilling Project is being ultimate goal is a fundamental advancement of undertaken within the context of the National our knowledge of the earth. Science Foundation^ Ocean Sediment Coring These reports contain the results of initial Program. The Foundation is funding the project studies of the recovered core material and the by means of a contract with the University of associated geophysical information. The con- California, and the Scripps Institution of Ocean- tribution to knowledge has been exceedingly ography is responsible for its management. The large and future studies of the core material University has, in turn, subcontracted with over many years will contribute much more. Global Marine Incorporated for the services of The National Science Board in its 1971 report, the drilling ship, GLOMAR CHALLENGER. "Environmental Science—Challenge for the Scientific planning, both of the detailed itinerary Seventies," stressed the importance of the work and of the preliminary analyses leading to these of the GLOMAR CHALLENGER: Initial Reports, has been conducted under the Special mention should be made of the de- auspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions velopment of new types of deep sea drilling for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). The techniques and their use on the unique, proto- JOIDES consortium has convened several type vessel, GLOMAR CHALLENGER. This panels for that purpose, consisting of a large facility has brought to light in only a few number of distinguished scientists from aca- years information that has literally revolu- demic institutions, government agencies, and tionized man's understanding of the physical private industry. Altogether, the project has processes occurring in the earth's crust. involved the active interest and participation Moreover, industry should benefit greatly of many of the Nation's best scientists and tech- from the project—from the technological ad- nologists. Leading scientists from abroad have vances that are being made and through the in- participated and their countries have made formation being obtained on natural resources. contributions to the project. The first ocean coring operations for the Deep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11, 1968. During the ensuing 18 months of drilling operations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, the scientific objectives that had been set forth were successfully accomplished. Primarily, the Washington, D. C. age of the ocean basins and their processes of June 1972 Recognizing the need in the oceanographic community for scientific planning of a program to obtain deep sedimentary cores from the ocean bottoms, four of the major oceano- graphic institutions that had strong interests and programs in the fields of marine geology and geophysics, formed in May 1964, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory; Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, expressed an interest in undertaking scientific planning and guidance of the sedi- mentary drilling program. It was the purpose of this group to foster programs to investigate the sediments and rocks beneath the deep oceans by drilling and coring. The membership of this original group was later enlarged in 1968 when the University of Washington be- came a member. Through discussions sponsored by the JOIDES organization, with support from the National Science Foundation the Lamont-Doh- erty Geological Observatory operated a drilling program with Dr. J. Lamar Worzel as Principal Investigator. This successful drilling effort early in the summer of 1965, on the Blake Plateau region off Jacksonville, Florida, used the drilling vessel, Caldrill I. With this success in hand, planning began for a more extensive deep sea effort. This re- sulted in the award of a contract by the National Science Foundation to the University of Cali- fornia for an eighteen-month drilling program in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Operations at sea began in August 1968. vn The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Policy (p. xvii) approved by the National Sci- is to gather scientific information that will help ence Foundation. determine the age and processes of develop- The advent of Glomar Challenger, with its ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategy deep-water drilling ability, is exceedingly time- is to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, relying ly. It has come when geophysical investigation largely on technology developed by the petro- of the oceans has matured through 20 to 30 leum industry. years of vigorous growth to the point where Through the efforts of these five principal we have some knowledge about much of the formerly unknown oceanic areas of our planet. organizations and of the panel members which About one million miles of traverses had been were drawn from a large cross section of lead- made which tell us much about the global pat- ing earth scientists and associates, a scientific tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anomalies, program was developed. and about the composition, thickness and strati- Cores recovered from deep beneath the fication of the sedimentary cover of the deep- ocean floor will provide reference material for sea and continental margin. The coverage with a multitude of future studies in fields such as such data has enabled the site selection panels biostratigraphy, physical stratigraphy, and pa- to pick choice locations for drilling. The knowl- edge gained from each hole can be extended leomagnetism, that will afford a new scope for into the surrounding area.
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