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Gymnospermae – Nahosemenné

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Gymnospermae – Nahosemenné Gymnospermae – nahosemenné • Dřeviny • Eustelé • Druhotné tloustnutí • Dřevo bez trachejí, pouze tracheidy • Listy mikrofylního typu • Časté brachyblasty • Mikro– a makrosporangia odd ělená, n ěkdy až dvoudomost • Oplození se d ějě spermaticky, spermatozoidy či aciliatními spermatické bu ňky • Nahá vají čka nekrytá obaly plodolist ů GINKGOPHYTA Druhotn ě tloustnoucí, bohat ě v ětvené stromy • Vějí řovitá žilnatina • Mikrosporangia a makrosporangia odd ělená, n ěkdy dvoudomost • Mikrospory bez vak ů • Polyciliátní spermatozoidy • Semeno – nepravý plod – exotesta (blána na povrchu), sarkotesta (dužnina), sklerotesta (pecka) • Archaická skupina známá z po čátku druhohor (z doby p řed 200 Myr.), dv ě čeledi: Trichopityaceae (vym řelá) a Ginkgoaceae (nejmén ě 6 vym řelých rod ů, jeden recentní): • jen jeden druh recentní – Ginkgo biloba jinan dvoulalo čný - Ginkgo biloba Z n a k y : dvoudomý opadavý strom, 15–30(–40 m) vys.; – listy ve (zdánlivých) svaze čcích na brachyblastech nebo st řídav ě (ve spirále) na letorostech – listy s charakteristickou v ějí řovit ě uspo řádanou žilnatinou; evolu ční p ůvod – sr ůst list ů (jehlic); obvykle dvoulalo čné; na podzim nápadn ě zá řiv ě žluté. – tyčinky v jehn ědovitých šišticích, vají čka obvykle po dvou na dlouze stopce. – semena žlutá, kulovitá, p řipomínající peckovici, páchnoucí; tato nepravá peckovice je tvo řena 3 vrstvami: exotesta (povrch), sarkotesta (dužnatá část) a sklerotesta (vnit řní tvrdá část). Rozší ř e n í : JV Čína, p řežívající dnes již jenom v kultivaci; identické fosilie 200 mil. let staré. P ůvodnost reliktní populace v JV Čín ě je sporná (velmi nízká genetická variabilita indikující možný vysázený p ůvod). V ý s k y t v Č R : jen p ěstován; v kultivaci pom ěrn ě často; v Olomouci nap ř. areál kampusu Holice nebo Botanická zahrada KB P řF UP. 1 PINOPHYTA Vždy d řeviny, obvykle stromovitého vzr ůstu, mén ě ke ře • Druhotné tloustnutí kmene • Listy nej čast ěji jehlicovité, p řisedlé či krátce řapíkaté • Strobily odd ělené až dvoudomost • Mikrosporangiofory s 20–2 mikrosporangii • Mikrospory p řizp ůsobeny k anemogamii • Megasporangiofory obvykle v šišticovitých souborech • Ve vají čku tvorbna archegonií s pylovou komorou a mikropylárním otvorem s opylovací kapkou • Výrazná časová prodleva mezi opýlením a oplozením • 5 řád ů 7 čeledí s 52– 55 rody a ca. 614 druhy; v Česku 9 p ůvodních druh ů • systematika pravých jehli čnan ů není dosud ustálená. Naráží zde na sebe klasický (morfologicko-anatomický) p řístup s přístupem molekulárn ě kladistickým. Zde prezentované systematické člen ění p ředstavuje tradi ční morfologický p řístup. třída podt řída řád čele ď pod čele ď Pinopsida Pinidae Pinales Pinaceae Pinoideae - - - - Abietoideae - - - - Laricoideae - - Cupressales Cupressaceae - - - Taxodiaceae - - Aracauriales Araucariaceae - Podocarpidae Podocarpales Podocarpaceae Cephalotaxida Cephalotaxida - e e Cephalotaxaceae - Taxidae Taxales Taxaceae podt řída Pinidae řád Pinales – borovicotvaré čele ď Pinaceae - borovicovité • jednodomé, obvykle vždyzelené rostliny • větve bu ď auxiblasty s brachyblasty či pouze auxiblasty • prysky řičné kanálky jsou p řítomné, scházejí jen ve d řev ě jedle a cedru • sporangiofory odd ělené, ale jednodomé • mikrosporangiofor ů je velký po čet a jsou šroubovit ě uspo řádány do malých šištic • každý mikrosporangiofor má na spodní stran ě 2 mikrosporangia • mikrospory – 2 vzdušné vaky (výjimka – chybí u douglasky a mod řínu) • megastrobily s podp ůrnými šupinami a semennými šupinami (na svrchní stran ě 2 vají čka); semena často s k řídlem • přibližn ě 10 rod ů, ca. 200 druh ů, p řevážn ě na severní polokouli • dv ě centra diverzity: v. Asie a v. USA (holarktická disjunkce) 2 pod čele ď Abietoideae: Rod Abies – jedle • větve bez brachyblast ů • jehlice nasedají na v ětvi čky rozší řenou bází – v ětvi čky po opadu jehlic hladké s okrouhlými jizvami • rozpadavé šišky, na v ětvích sm ěř ující vzh ůru • asi 40-50 druh ů v mírném pásmu sev. polokoule Abies alba – jedle b ělokorá Znak y: k ůra hladká až šupinovitá, st říb řit ě šedá – šišky 10-18 dlouhé, válcovité – jehlice ve dvou řadách, svírají úhel 180°, na rubu se dv ěma nápadnými st říb řitými proužky Rozší ř e n í : hory jižní a st řední Evropy, areál ostr ůvkovitý (nesouvislý) V ý s k y t v Č R : horské oblasti, sou část smíšených bu čin a smr čin. B ěžn ě p ěstovaný druh v kultivaci. Abies concolor – jedle ojín ěná, j. stejnobarvá Z n a k y : jehlice na v ětvích rostou ve všech sm ěrech; jehlice srpovit ě prohnuté, 4 až 6 cm dlouhé, na všech plochách stejn ě zbarvené (st říb řit ě modro-zelené). – cylindrické šišky, na konci užší, až 12 cm dlouhé. Rozší ř e n í : západní část Severní Ameriky, jz. USA a sz. Mexiko V ý s k y t v Č R : jedna z nej čast ěji p ěstovaných parkových d řevin, v Olomouci ve všech parcích a b ěžn ě v městské zeleni (v četn ě holického kampusu); ob čas vysazovaná do volné přírody v imisemi zatížených oblastech (nap ř. Moravsko-slezské Beskydy). Abies grandis – jedle obrovská Z n a k y : jehlice plagiotropicky (svírají úhel 180°), jehlice nápadn ě nestejné dlouhé – velký a vysoký strom (v p řírod ě až 76 m). Rozší ř e n í : Severozápadní část Severní Ameriky (sz. USA, jz. Kanada) V ý s k y t v Č R : relativn ě často p ěstovaná d řevina. Na Olomoucku nap ř. Flóra Olomouc nebo arboretum Bílá Lhota. Abies nordmanniana – jedle kavkazská Z n a k y : krátké husté jehlice, které ze spodní strany v ětve svírají úhel 180°, ale se svrchní stran ě polokulovit ě p řekrývají v ětvi čku. Jehlice s česané sm ěrem dop ředu ke konci v ětvi. 3 – podp ůrné šupiny na šiškách vy čnívají a špi čkou sm ěř ují k bázi šišky Rozší ř e n í : západní Kavkaz a hory Turecka (Pontické poho ří) V ý s k y t v Č R : pom ěrn ě často p ěstovaná d řevina. Nej čast ěji prodávaný druh váno ční jedle (pod r ůznými více či mén ě nesmyslnými obchodními jmény jako Dánská jedle, Normanská, ale i kavkazská jedle apod.) Abies pinsapo – jedle špan ělská Z n a k y : jehlice na v ětvích radiáln ě do všech stran sm ěř ující, tupé, ztlustlé, st říb řité proužky na rubu i na líci jehlic. Rozší ř e n í : hory jižního Špan ělska (Sierra de Ronda) nedaleko Málagy. Endemit. T řetihorní relikt. V ý s k y t v Č R : Vzácn ěji v lepších parcích a arboretech. V Olomouci nap ř. arboretum Horizont. Abies koreana – jedle korejská Z n a k y : jehlice na v ětvích radiáln ě do všech stran sm ěř ující, krátké (1-2 cm); st říb řité proužky jen na rubu jehlic – šišky malé, ca. 7 cm dlouhé, p řed dozráním nápadn ě fialové; podp ůrné šupiny delší než semenné Rozší ř e n í : alpínské polohy jižní části Korejského poloostrova V ý s k y t v Č R : ob čas v městské zeleni, v lepších zámeckých parcích a arboretech; poslední dobou hojn ě prodávána do soukromých domácích zahrad. Abies homolepis – jedle japonská, j. nikkoská (syn.: Abies nikkoense) Znaky: v ětve brázdité, sv ětle žlutohn ědé – jehlice s hlubokou st řední brázdou, se spodní strany v ětévek plagiotropicky (roz čísnuté). Rozší ř e n í : st řední a jižní Japonsko V ý s k y t v Č R : pom ěrn ě často p ěstována, lepší parky, ale i v městské zeleni Další mén ě p ěstované druhy: Abies procera, A. lasiocarpa, A. holophyla, A. balsamea, A. cephalonica, A. homolepis aj. Rod Picea – smrk • vždy bez brachyblast ů • jehlice nasedají na vyniklé listové polštá řky – v ětvi čky proto po opadu jehlic drsné • šišky nerozpadavé, sv ěšené dol ů • asi 40 druh ů na severní polokouli, p řevážn ě ve chladných oblastech 4 Picea abies – smrk ztepilý Znaky: červenohn ědá až šedá borka – jehlice temn ě zelené, 4-hranné, 1-2 cm dlouhé – šišky 10-15 cm dlouhé, semenné šupiny koso čtvere čné Rozší ř e n í : hory st řední Evropy a oblasti severní Evropy a západního Ruska. V ý s k y t v Č R : horské lesy, sekundárn ě tém ěř po celém území Česka; b ěžn ě p ěstovaná d řevina v mnoha vyšlecht ěných kultivarech. Picea pungens – smrk pichlavý Z n a k y : jehlice tuhé, nápadn ě pichlavé, 2-3 cm dlouhé, nápadn ě modro-zelené; – šišky 6-10 cm dlouhé, semenné šupiny nápadn ě zprohýbané a obvykle s drobnými zoubky na konci. Rozší ř e n í : malý disjunktní areál v horských oblastech západního USA V ý s k y t v Č R : jedna z nej čast ěji p ěstovaných d řevin v Česku. Často p ěstován jako kultivar A. p. cv. Glauca. Prodáván rovn ěž jako váno ční stromek. Picea omorica – smrk Pan čičů v, s. omorika Z n a k y : jehlice smá čklé a tupé, 8-18 mm dlouhé, se dv ěma st říb řitými proužky na rubu – šišky malé, 3-6 cm dlouhé, s obvej čitými šupinami – nápadn ě štíhle kuželovitá koruna Rozší ř e n í : Balkán (Bosna), t řetihorní relikt V ý s k y t v Č R : jedna z nej čast ěji p ěstovaných parkových d řevin, v Olomouci ve všech parcích a b ěžn ě v městské zeleni (v četn ě holického kampusu) Picea orientalis – smrk východní Z n a k y : velmi krátké jehlice, siln ě lesklé, 6-8 mm dlouhé, – šišky malé, s obvej čitými šupinami Rozší ř e n í : Kavkaz, hory severního Turecka V ý s k y t v Č R : vzácn ěji p ěstovaný druh, nap ř. arboretum Bílá Lhota.
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