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PILGRIMAGE IN GRAECO-ROMAN & EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITY This page intentionally left blank Pilgrimage in Graeco-Roman & Early Christian Antiquity Seeing the Gods Edited by JAS´ ELSNER and IAN RUTHERFORD 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2005 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 0–19–925079–0 978–0–19–925079–0 13579108642 Acknowledgements Many of the papers in this volume had their origin in a conference on pilgrimage (Seeing the Gods. Patterns of Pilgrimage in Graeco-Roman Antiquity) held at the University of Reading in July 2000. The editors would like to thank the University of Reading for providing facilities and the British Academy for a conference grant that helped to pay for the expenses of speakers. We would like to thank David Levenson, Barbara Kowalzig, and the Press’s anonymous readers. Ian Rutherford would like to thank the University of Cincinnati for granting him a Tytus Fellowship in the spring of 2003, in the course of which some of the introduction was written. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of figures x Abbreviations xiii Contributors xvi Introduction 1 Jas´ Elsner and Ian Rutherford PART I. CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC PILGRIMAGE 1. Mapping out Communitas: Performances of Theo¯ria in their Sacred and Political Context 41 Barbara Kowalzig 2. Hiketai and Theo¯roi at Epidauros 73 Fred Naiden 3. Pilgrimage to the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi: Patterns of Public and Private Consultation 97 Michael Arnush 4. ‘Pilgrimage’ and Greek Religion: Sacred and Secular in the Pagan Polis 111 Scott Scullion 5. Down-Stream to the Cat-Goddess: Herodotus on Egyptian Pilgrimage 131 Ian Rutherford 6. The Philosopher at the Festival: Plato’s Transformation of Traditional Theo¯ria 151 Andrea Wilson Nightingale viii Contents PART II. PILGRIMAGE IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE 7. The Body in Space: Visual Dynamics in Graeco-Roman Healing Pilgrimage 183 Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis 8. Mucianus and a Touch of the Miraculous: Pilgrimage and Tourism in Roman Asia Minor 219 George Williamson 9. Pilgrimage as Elite Habitus: Educated Pilgrims in Sacred Landscape During the Second Sophistic 253 Marco Galli 10. The Construction of Religious Space in Pausanias 291 William Hutton 11. A Journey to the End of the World 319 Andrew Fear 12. Pilgrims and Ethnographers: In Search of the Syrian Goddess 333 J. L. Lightfoot 13. Divine and Human Feet: Records of Pilgrims Honouring Isis 353 Sarolta A. Taka´cs PART III. JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGE 14. Rabbi Aqiba Comes to Rome: A Jewish Pilgrimage in Reverse? 373 David Noy 15. ‘Intermingled Until the End of Time’: Ambiguity as a Central Condition of Early Christian Pilgrimage 387 Wendy Pullan 16. Piety and Passion: Contest and Consensus in the Audiences for Early Christian Pilgrimage 411 Jas´ Elsner Contents ix 17. Urban Shrine and Rural Saint in Fifth-Century Alexandria 435 David Frankfurter Bibliography 451 Index 501 List of Figures CHAPTER 7 All images are reproduced by permission of the Deutsches Archa¨olo- gisches Institut, Pergamon-Grabung. 1. The ‘original’ second-century ce building plan of the Asklepieion of Pergamon 190 2. Reconstruction drawing of the west elevation of the Propylon of the Asklepieion of Pergamon 192 3. Ground plan of the temple of Zeus-Asklepios in the Asklepieion of Pergamon 193 4. Reconstruction drawing of the scaenae frons of the theatre of the Asklepieion of Pergamon 194 5. General plan of the Asklepieion of Pergamon in the second century ce 195 6. Model of the second-century ce Asklepieion of Pergamon by H. Schleif 196 7. Bust of Sokrates found on the via tecta at the entrance of the Asklepieion of Pergamon (second century ce) 197 8. Bust of Euripides found on the via tecta at the entrance of the Asklepieion of Pergamon (second century ce) 198 9. Bust of Xenophon found on the via tecta at the entrance of the Asklepieion of Pergamon (second century ce) 199 10. The Lex Sacra from the Asklepieion of Pergamon (second century ce) 200 11. Votive inscription from the Asklepieion of Pergamon, dedicated by Julius Meidias 214 12. Bronze plaque with eyes from the Asklepieion of Pergamon, dedicated by Tapari 215 13. Bronze plaque with gilded ear from the Asklepieion of Pergamon, dedicated by Fabia Secunda 216 List of Figures xi CHAPTER 9 1. Delphi, Sanctuary of Apollo, Plan 257 2. Pergamon, Sanctuary of Asclepius, Plan of the second century ce 268 3. Pergamon, Propylon of Claudius Charax, Plan 271 4. Mysia, Pilgrimage of Aelius Aristides from his Laneion estate to the rural sanctuary of Asclepius and to the springs of the Aesepus 277 5. Epidauros, Stele of Marcus Iulius Apellas in the sanctuary of Asclepius 282 6. Attica, Altar of Aelius Aristides with the dedication to Asclepius, Hygieia, and Telesphoros 287 7. Attica, Penteli Monastery on Mount Pentelicus, Map 288 8. Dynamics between mental images and emotional perceptions 290 CHAPTER 10 1. Central Corinth in Pausanias’ day 302 2. The west end of the Corinthian forum 304 3. The Athenian agora with the route traced by Pausanias 310 4. The Athenian agora according to Robert 311 5. Routes Pausanias traces from the Corinthian forum 314 CHAPTER 12 1. Cult relief of Atargatis, the Syrian Goddess and her consort, from the temple of Atargatis, Dura Europos 337 CHAPTER 14 1. The spoils of Jerusalem carried in the triumph of Vespasian and Titus 381 xii List of Figures CHAPTER 16 1. Pewter ampulla from Palestine now in Monza, sixth century ce 414 2. View from the north-east of the great cruciform complex of Qal’at Siman in Syria, c.470 ce 415 3. View within the central octagon of Qal’at Siman, including all that remains of St Symeon’s pillar 416 4. Ivory Casket now in Brescia, probably third quarter of the fourth century, from Italy 417 5. The Virgin and Child enthroned between St Theodore and St George, with angels and the Hand of God above 418 6. Pair of triptych wings of which the central panel has not survived, depicting saints Paul, Peter, Nicholas, and John Chrysostom 419 7. Bust-length icon of the Virgin and Child of the Hodegetria type, probably the central panel of a triptych whose wings are now missing 420 Abbreviations ASAE Annales du service des antiquite´s de l’E´gypte ACW Ancient Christian Writers (New York) AF The Apostolic Fathers, tr. J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer (Leicester, 1989) ANCL Anti-Nicene Christian Library, ed. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson, 25 vols. (Edinburgh, 1864–97) ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der ro¨mischen Welt (1972– ) BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Helle´nique Behr C. A. Behr, Aelius Aristides and the Sacred Tales (Amsterdam, 1968) BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, London BSA Annual of the British School at Athens CE P. Roussel, Les cultes e´gyptiens a` De´los du IIIe au Ier sie`cle av. J.-C. (Nancy, 1916) CID Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes (Paris, 1977– ) CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnhout, 1953– ) CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863– ) CPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1866– ) DK H. Diels and W. Kranz, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th edn. (1952) DNP Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopa¨die der Antike, ed. H. Cancik and H. Schneider, Stuttgart (1996– ) DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers ECW Early Christian Writers, tr. M. Staniforth and A. Louth (London, 1968) EPRO E´tudes pre´liminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire romain FC Fathers of the Church (Washington, DC) FD Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1902– ) FGrHist F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923– ) GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte (Berlin, 1897– ) GDI H. Collitz and others, Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften (1885–1915) G&R Greece and Rome xiv Abbreviations GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies HThR Harvard Theological Review IC Inscriptiones Creticae, ed. M. Guarducci, 4 vols. (1935–50) IG Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– ) IGLS Inscriptiones Graecae et Latinae Syriae JbAC Jahrbuch fu¨r Antike und Christentum JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JPBC J. Wilkinson (ed.), Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades (Warmin- ster, 1977) JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS Journal of Roman Studies LA¨ Lexikon der A¨gyptologie, ed.
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