Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I

THE CORMOPYTE FLORA OF CERNETU VILLAGE (TELEORMAN COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Constantin DRĂGULESCU 1 and Nicolae ROMAN 2

KEYWORDS: Romania, cormoflora, list, biophorms, floristic elements, ecological categories.

ABSTRACT The current paper is the outcome of flora of the territory in discussion consists research work covering half a century on the for the most part of therophytes (41.24%), flora of Cernetu, a village in Teleorman and hemi-cryptophytes (35.18%). The County, lying about 40 m above sea level, altitude coefficient (Kal) is 117.22, which is and enjoying a temperate-continental an indication of the low altitude, the high climate. Until the present study, no research degree of anthropic alteration, and the was performed research on the flora of this advanced soil aridity. The high degree of village. The authors have identified 581 anthropic alteration is evinced by the cormophyte species on the site; these are presence in the local flora of cosmopolitan analysed from biological, phyto-geographic, species (9.53%) and of adventive species and ecological standpoints. The cormophyte (6.41%).

REZUMAT: Flora de cormofite a satului Cernetu (judeţul Teleorman, România). Lucrarea este rezultatul muncii de este dominată de terofite (41,24%) și cercetare, timp de o jumătate de secol, a hemicriptofite (35,18%), coeficientul florei localității Cernetu din județul altitudinal (Kal) fiind de 117,22, ceea ce Teleorman aflată la cca. 40 m altitudine, reflectă altitudinea joasă a teritoriului într-un climat temperat-continental. Până în cercetat, gradul mare de antropizare și prezent flora localității nu a mai fost ariditatea accentuată. Gradul mare de cercetată de altcineva. Autorii au identificat antropizare este evidențiat și de participarea aici 581 de specii cormofite. Acestea sunt în flora locală a speciilor cosmopolite analizate sub aspect biologic, fitogeografic (9,53%) și adventive (6,41%). și ecologic. Cormoflora teritoriului cercetat

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Cormophytenflora des Dorfes Cernetu (Kreis Teleorman, Rumänien). Die Arbeit stellt das Ergebnis der Sicht untersucht. Die Flora des erforschten Forschungsarbeit eines halben Jahrhunderts Gebietes wird mit 41,24% von Therophyten dar und betrifft die im Süden des Landes im und 35,18% Hemikryptophyten beherrscht. Kreis Teleorman gelegene Ortschaft Der Höhenkoefizient (Kal) beträgt 117, 22 Cernetu. Sie liegt in einer Höhe von 40 m ü. und widerspiegelt damit die niedrige M. und kennzeichnet sich durch ein Höhenlage des Gebietes, das hohe Ausmaß gemäßigt kontinentales Klima. Bis heute an menschlichem Einfluss und eine wurde die Flora des Ortes und seiner ausgeprägte Aridität. Die Stärke des Umgebung außer den Autoren dieses menschlichen Einflusses zeigt sich auch Beitrags von keinem Anderen erforscht. durch den hohen Anteil an kosmopolitischen Dabei haben sie 581 Arten von (9,53%) und adventiven (6,41%) Arten in Cormophyten aus biologischer, der lokalen Flora. pflanzengeographischer, und ökologischer

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INTRODUCTION The village Cernetu (formerly known relatively low precipitation amounts. The as Atârnaţi) lies on the right bank of the river global annual solar radiation amounts to 125 Teleorman, in the Burnaz Plain (Câmpia calories per sq. cm. The average annual Burnazului) and is an administrative sunshine is in excess of 2,000 hours. The division of the commune Mârzănesti, in local air temperature averages 10.8°C Teleorman County in Romania. It is a (51.4F) (calculated over a 60-year period), typical village for low plains, its nucleus while the local soil temperature averages being in the Teleorman flood plain, 33-40 m 13°C (55.4F). The highest temperature was above the sea level. The local coordinates (at recorded in 1985: 40.7°C (105.2 F), while the crossroads) are 43°54’32’’ N, the lowest was the same year: -25.5°C 25°27’00’’ E. The Teleorman River is an (‒13.9 F). The average annual precipitation left tributary of the Vedea, which is a amounts to 530 mm (calculated over a 52- tributary of the Danube, joining a few of year period). The year 1975 was cooler than kilometers downstream of Zimnicea town. usual (average temperature: 9.9°C/F; The plain-type relief of the site precipitation: 602.5 mm, while the year consists of geological formations from the 1983 was warmer and drier (average Middle Pleistocene era, as shown by loess- temperature: 15.2°C/59.3F; precipitation: like sediments (Map of Romanian 460.2 mm). Evapotranspiration exceeds 700 Quaternary Period/Harta Cuaternarului din mm per year, which typically results in an R.P.R., Comitetul Geologic, 1964). annual water deficit. Snowfall occurs on 25 Among the local soils, chernozems days per year on average, while snow on the are the most common (chocolate and ground averages 55 days a year. The depth chestnut browns), medium-to-highly of the snow on the ground averages 20 cm. levigated. They evince a clayish texture, The vegetation period lasts for with extremely high porosity and approximately 250 days a year. Winter permeability, and pH factors of 6.5-7.3. winds blow from E, NE, and NW Along with chernozems, there are bown- (particularly the Crivăț, an icy north wind), reddish forest soils. Of the intra-zonal soils, while in summertime winds usually blow frequent are salt-affected soils (particularly from the S and SE (especially the Austru, a solonetzes), marshy grounds (of which some dry south wind, and sometimes also the salinized), and flood-plain soils. Băltăreț, a warm marsh wind). Climate The temperate-continental climate recordings are taken from the Alexandria shows high radiative and caloric values, weather station (altitude: 45 m), 10 km away high amplitudes of air temperatures, and from Cernetu.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The flora and the vegetation of Bucharest, 1975, includes three species from Cernetu was barely studied prior to our Cernetu village (Abutilon theophrasti, research. Flora României (Romania’s Flora) Centaurea iberica, Marrubium vulgare), mentions only one species (Carex divisa) for although the item Semina, of Drăgulescu Cernetu (in vol. XI), while I. Șerbănescu Constantin collecta was omitted. Catalog de (1960) mentions Camphorosma semințe, Grădina Botanică Cluj-Napoca, monspeliaca (information subsequently 1981/ Seed Catalog, Cluj Botanical quoted by Oprea, 2005, and Dihoru and Gardens, includes three others (Portulaca Negrean, 2009). oleracea, Potentilla supina, and Saponaria Almost every year, from 1971 until officinalis). Thirty other species were 2015, went to the site and made notes on the recorded from Cernetu village in five plant species and phytocoenoses of different ethnobotany studies (Drăgulescu 2003, associations, collected and seeds. The 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014), among which are plant seed catalog, from Botanical Garden, five fungi.

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CD had learned about botanist Cernetu. She also allowed me to read Nicolae Roman, an inhabitants of Cernetu through Nicolae Roman’s herbarium in village who carried out research on the local Cernetu, and sent me a list of plants flora and vegetation. I got in touch with him collected from Cernetu, as preserved in the and suggested, over two decades ago, a herbarium at their home in Bucharest. These collaboration for a monograph of the local are the reasons why Nicolae Roman features flora and vegetation. I sent him my lists of as a co-author of this paper. species and associations, so that he could Samples preserved, collected on site add his own. Twice we met at his place in in Cernetu, can be found in the Herbarium of Cernetu and discussed the monograph Bucharest University (BUC, collected by P. outline, or the specifics of some species we Enculescu) and, certainly, in the Herbarium were not certain about. I completed my list N. Roman (HNR) and in the Herbarium C. with few of the species that he had found Drăgulescu (HCD). (such species are asterisked below). The present paper counts and Unfortunately, he got ill and died in 2014. analyses 581 cormophyte species, out of After his demise, his wife, botanist Ștefana which 4 species are hybrid. The information Roman, handed me a field-work notebook in used for species descriptions is cited from which Nicolae Roman had noted some Sanda and collaborators (2003). surveys made in the salty meadows of

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The plants identified in the Cernetu in relation to humidity preference, site (Fig. 1) are analysed from several temperature or soil reaction), in order to different perspectives: biological (bioform point out the characteristics of the local categories), phyto-geographic (floristic cormoflora. categories), and ecological (categories seen

Figure 1: Teleorman River riparian softwood stands in the Cernetu Village area.

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Analysis of bioforms Upon an examination of the bioforms of the high degree of anthropization, and of of the cormoflora in Cernetu village (Tab. the advanced soil aridity. 1), we notice the predominance of Such characteristics are shown also therophytes (41.24%), and of hemi- by the altitude coefficient (Kal), given by cryptophytes (35.18%), an indication of the the ratio of the therophytes and the hemi- low altitude of the area under investigation, cryptophytes existant in a given territory:

T 41.24 (Kal = — x 100), in this case —— x 100 = 117.22. H 35.18

This value is indicative of an area with obvious aridity and a strong anthropic below 100 m altitude and implicitly an area influence.

Table 1: The structure of bio-forms in the cormoflora of Cernetu. Bioform Number of species Percentage

15 MPh 4.16 MPh-mPh 9 mPh 19 4.33 mPh-MPh 6 nPh 7 1.38 nPh-L 1 Ch 8 Ch-nPh 1 2.77 Ch-H 7

H 183 H-nPh 1 35.18 H-Ch 6 H-Hh 6 H-G 7

G 31 7.62 G-H 4 G-Hh 9 18 Hh 3.12 Hh-G 1

Th 153 Th-TH-H 4 Th-TH 34 41.24

TH 35 TH-H 12 Total 577 100

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Table 2: Categories of floristic elements in the cormoflora of Cernetu Village. Floristic element Number of species Percentage Cp 40 6.93 Eua 187 Eua (C)/Eua-C 49 46.10 Eua (M)/Eua-M 13 Eua (sM)/Eua-sM 17 E 55 E (M)/E-M 7 12.13 E (C)/ E-C 8 Ec 13 Ec (M)/Ec-M 14 Ec-sM 5 Ec-B 1 6.25 Ec-B-Cauc-Anat 1 Ec-Cauc 1 Ec-P 1 P 4 P-Cauc 1 1.56 P-B-Cauc 1 P-B 3 B 4 0.87 B-Cauc 1 P-Pn 3

P-Pn-B 7 2.60 Pn-B 4 D-Pn 1 P-M 15 2.60 M 18 3.81 sM 4

Atl-M 7 1.21 Cosm 55 9.53

Adv 37 6.41 Total 577 100

Analysis of the floristic elements The data in table 2 are the outcome consequence of the geographical position of of an analysis of geo-element categories of the investigated site. I find the weight of the the local cormoflora was done. circumpolar species (6.93% of the whole), Most species are part of the Euro- due to hygrophilic and hydrophilic plants Asian (46.10%) element, including also the such as, for example: Equisetum palustre, Eurasian-continental, Eurasian- Myriophyllum spicatum, Berula erecta, Mediterranean and Eurasian-sub- Stachys palustris, Galium palustre, Mediterranean group of elements, followed Potamogeton nodosus, Carex acuta, Juncus by the European element (12.13), a articulatus and Leersia oryzoides.

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Analysis of ecological types Judged in view of their dependence (61.53%), along with mesothermophilous on humidity factors, most species are xero- species (21.83%); finally, by soil reaction, mesophytes (36.05%) and mesophytes there is a predominance of slightly acido- (30.02%); by temperature, micro- neutrophilous plants (42.46%), also mesothermophilous plants are dominant euryionic (34.84%) (Tab. 3).

Table 3: The ecological categories of the Cernetu cormoflora. Humidity Temperature Soil Reaction Value of Number of Percentage Number of Value of Number of Percentage ecological species species ecological species indices indices 0 24 4.16 84 14.56 201 34.84 1-1.5 41 7.11 - - 2-2.5 208 36.05 12 2.08 13 2.25 3-3.5 179 30.02 355 61.53 97 16.81 4-4.5 68 11.78 126 21.83 245 42.46 5 30 5.20 - 21 3.64 6 27 4.68 - - Total 577 100 577 100 577 100

The list of identified species The 581 plant species identified in presence, its bioform, the floristic element, and near Cernetu are ordered by family, in the ecological indices for humidity (H), phylogenetic sequence. For each species, we temperature (T), and soil reaction (R), as have given the scientific name, the well as the respective coenotaxons. respective author(s) who identified its

Equisetaceae Ceratophyllaceae Equisetum arvense L.: G, Cosm; Ceratophyllum demersum L. ssp. U3T3R0, Artemisietea, Chenopodietea, demersum: Hh, Cosm; U6T3R0, Potamion; Secalietea; Ceratophyllum submersum L.: Hh, Equisetum palustre L.: G, Cp; E; U6T3.5R0, Potamion (HCD); U5T2R0, Molinietalia; Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (E. Ranunculaceae maximum Lam.): G, Cp; U3.5T2R0, Alno- Adonis aestivalis L.: Th, Eua-C; Padion, Filipendulo-Petasition; U3T4R3, Secalietea; extinct; Anemone nemorosa L. ssp. Aspidiaceae nemorosa: G, E; U3.5T3R0, Querco- Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott: H, Fagetea; Eua; U4T3R0, Querco-Fagetea; Anemone ranunculoides L.*: G, E; U3.5T3R4, Querco-Fagetea; Azollaceae Clematis vitalba L.: nPh-L, Ec-M; Azolla filiculoides Lam.: Hh, Adv; U3T3R3, Prunetalia, Querco-Fagetea; U6T4,5R0, Lemnion (HCD); Consolida regalis S. F. Gray (Delphinium consolida L.) ssp. regalis: Th, Aristolochiaceae Eua; U2T4R4, Caucalidion, Secalietea; cu f. Aristolochia clematitis L.: G, M; ramosum Vis. (HCD) U2.5T3.5R5, Arction lappae, Calystegion, Prunetalia;

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Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit.: Ulmus minor Miller (U. foliacea H, B; U2,5T3,5R4, Orno-Cotynetalia; Gilib., U. campestris auct.): MPh, E; Nigella arvensis L.: TH, P-M; U3T3R4, Carpinion betuli, Querco-Fagetea U2T4R4, Caucalidion, Secalietea; (HCD); Ranunculus acris L. ssp. acris: H, Eua; U3.5T0R0, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Moraceae Ranunculus aquatilis L. Morus alba L.: MPh, Adv; (Batrachium aquatile (L.) Dum.): Hh, U2T3.5R4, Salicetalia purpureae; Cosm; U6T3R0, Potamion; Ranunculus arvensis L.: Th, Eua-M; Cannabaceae U3T3R0, Secalietea; Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea Ranunculus ficaria L. (Ficaria (Vavilov) Serebr. (C. ruderalis Janisevschi): verna Hudson) ssp. bulbilifer Lambinon: Th, Eua (C), U2,5T3R4, Chenopodietea H(G), Eua; U3.5T3R3, Querco-Fagetea; (HCD); Ranunculus illyricus L.*: H(G), P- Humulus lupulus L.: H, Eua; M; U2,5T4R4, Festucion rupicolae; U3.5T3R4, Alno-Padion, Prunetalia; Ranunculus repens L.: H, Eua; U4T0R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, Alno- Urticaceae Padion, Bidentetalia tripartiti, Calystegion, Urtica dioica L.: H(G), Cosm; Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Phragmitetea, U3T3R4, Alno-Padion, Artemisietea, Plantaginetea majoris; Salicion albae; Ranunculus sardous Cr.: Th-TH, Urtica urens L.: Th, Cosm; Eua; U3T3R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, U3T3R4, Chenopodietea; Agrostion stoloniferae, Nanocyperion flavescentis, Secalietea; Juglandaceae Ranunculus sceleratus L.: Th, Cp; Juglans regia L.: MPh, Ec-B-Cauc- U4.5T3R4, Bidention tripartiti; Anat; U3T4R4, Fagetalia silvaticae;

Papaveraceae Fagaceae Chelidonium majus L.: H, Eua; Quercus cerris L.: MPh-mPh, (s)M; U3T3R4, Alliarion petiolatae, Arction U2T3.5R3, Quercetalia pubescentis lappae, Chenopodietea; (HCD,HNR); Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. et Quercus frainetto Ten.: MPh, B; Koerte (Corydalis bulbosa auct.) ssp. U2T4R3, Quercion frainetto; marschalliana (Pallas) Charter*: G, Ec; Quercus pedunculiflora C. Koch: U3T3R0, Querco-Fagetea; MPh, P-Anat; U2T4R4, Quercion Fumaria vaillantii Loisel: Th, Eua; pedunculiflorae (HCD); U2.5T3.5R4.5, Caucalidion, Polygono- Quercus pubescens Willd.: MPh, Chenopodion polyspermi, Secalietea; (s)M; U1.5T4R5, Quercetalia pubescentis cu Papaver dubium L. ssp. dubium: Th, f. pinnatifida (HCD); M; U2T3.5R3, Caucalidion, Festucion Quercus robur L.: MPh, E; rupicolae; U3.5T3R0, Alno-Padion, Quercetea robori- Papaver rhoeas L. ssp. rhoeas: Th, petraeae (HCD); Cosm; U3T3.5R4, Secalietea; Quercus virgiliana (Ten.) Ten: MPh, M; U2T4R4, Orno-Cotinion (HCD,HNR); Ulmaceae Ulmus glabra Hudson (U. montana Betulaceae Stokes, U. scabra Miller): mPh-MPh, Eua; Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaerter: Mph- U4T3R3, Alno-Padion, Salicetalia mPh, Eua; U5T3R3, Alnion glutinosae, purpureae (HCD); Alno-Padion; extinct;

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Corylaceae Herniaria glabra L.*: TH-H, Eua- Carpinus betulus L.: Mph-mPh, E; M; U2.5T3.5R3, Festuco-Brometea, U3T3R3, Carpinion betuli (HCD); Polygonion avicularis; Carpinus orientalis Miller*: MPh, Holosteum umbellatum L. ssp. B-Cauc; U3T4R4,5, Syringo-Carpinion umbellatum*: Th, Eua-M; U2T3.5R0, orientalis; Festuco-Brometea, Secalietea; Kohlrauschia prolifera (L.) Kunth Phytolaccaceae (Tunica prolifera (L.) Scop., Petrorhagia Phytolacca americana L.: H, Adv; prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball. et Heywood: Th, P- U3T0R0, Alliarion petiolatae, Carpinion M; U1.5T4R3, Festuco-Brometea (HCD); cu betuli; f. uniflora Schur; Sagina procumbens L.: H (Ch), Cp; Portulacaceae U4T3R3, Arrhenatheretalia, Plantaginetea Portulaca oleracea L.: Th, Cosm; majoris, Secalietea; U3T0R0, Polygono-Chenopodietalia (Cat. Saponaria officinalis L.: H, Eua-M; Cluj 1981); U3T3R0, Calystegion, Chenopodietea, Senecion fluviatilis Cat. Cluj 1981); Caryophyllaceae Scleranthus annuus L. ssp. annuus: Agrostemma githago L.: Th, Cosm; Th, Eua; U2T3R2, Aperetalia; U3T4R0, Secalietea; Silene alba (Miller) E.H.L. Krause Arenaria serpyllifolia L.: Th, Cp; (Melandrium album (Miller) Garke): Th- U2T2.5R0, Festuco-Brometea; TH, Eua; U3.5T2R3, Chenopodio- Cerastium brachypetalum Desp.: Scleranthetea, Onopordion acanthii, Th, M; U3T3R0, Alysso-Sedion; Origanetalia; Cerastium dubium (Bast.) Guepin Silene otites (L.) Wib.: TH-H, E; (C. anomalum Waldst. et Kit.): Th, P-M; U1.5T4R4.5, Festucetalia valesiacae, U3T3R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, Puccinellio- Festucion vaginatae; Salicornietea; Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Cerastium holosteoides Fries ssp. (Behen vulgaris Moench) ssp. vulgaris: H, holosteoides (C. caespitosum Gilib., C. Eua; U3T3R4, Festuco-Brometea, Molinio- triviale Link., C. fontanum Baumg. ssp. Arrhenatheretea, Quercetea robori-petraeae; vulgare (Hartm.) Graebner et Burdet): Ch- Spergularia marina (L.) Besser (S. H, Cosm; U3T0R0, Molinio- salina (L.) J. et C. Presl.): Th-H, Cosm; Arrhenatheretea; U2T3R2, Cypero-Spergularion, Puccinellio- Cerastium pumilum Curt.*: Th, E Salicornietea (HCD); (M); U2T3R0, Festuco-Brometea; Spergularia rubra (L.) J. et C. Cucubalus baccifer L.: H, Eua; Presl.: Th-H, Cp; U4T3R4, Aperetalia, U3.5T3R4, Calystegion, Senecion Bidentetea tripartiti, Nanocyperion fluviatilis; flavescentis, Plantaginetea majoris; Dianthus armeria L. ssp. armeria*: Stellaria graminea L.: H, Eua; Th-TH, E; U2T3R3, Quercetea pubescenti- U2.5T3R3, Arrhenatheretalia, Molinio- petraeae, Quercetea robori-petraeae; Arrhenatheretea; Dianthus carthusianorum L. ssp. Stellaria holostea L.: H, Eua; carthusianorum: H, E; U2T4R4.5, Festuco- U3T3R0, Carpinion betuli, Querco-Fagetea; Brometea; Stellaria media (L.) Vill.: Th-TH, Gypsophila muralis L.: Th, Eua-C; Cosm; U3T0R0, Chenopodietea; U2T3R4.5, Bidentetea tripartiti, Stellaria neglecta Weihe (S. media Nanocyperetalia, Puccinellio-Salicornietea, ssp. neglecta (Weihe) Gremli): Th-TH, Ec; Secalietea (HCD); U3.5T3R3, Querco-Fagetea; Stellaria nemorum L.*: H, E; U3.5T3R3, Alno-Padion;

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Amaranthaceae Camphorosma monspeliaca L.: Ch, Amaranthus albus L.: Th, Adv; M; U2T4R5, Puccinellietalia (I. Şerbănescu, U3T3R3, Chenopodietea (HCD); 1960, A. Oprea, 2005, Gh. Dihoru et G. Amaranthus blitum L. (A. lividus L., Negrean, 2009, HCD,HNR,BUC, leg. A. ascendens Loisel): Th, M; U3.5T4R4, Enculescu) (C. Drăgulescu, 2009, 2010, Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi; 2014); Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. et Trev.) Chenopodium album L. ssp. album N. Terrac.: Th, Adv; U3T4R3, (incl. ssp. spicatum (Koch) Nyar.): Th, Chenopodietea, Sisymbrion officinalis; Cosm; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea (HNR); Amaranthus cruentus L. (A. Chenopodium botrys L.: Th, Cosm; paniculatus L.): Th, Adv; U3T3R0, U3,5T4R0, Sisymbrion, Chenopodietea; Chenopodietea; Chenopodium glaucum L.: Th, Eua; Amaranthus deflexus L.: H, Adv; U3.5T4R0, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, U2.5T4R4, Polygonion avicularis; Chenopodion fluviatile, Puccinellietalia; cu Amaranthus hybridus L. s. str. (A. f. angustatum Nyar. and f. microphyllum hypochondriacus auct., A. patulus Bertol.): Prod. (HCD; Th, Adv; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea, Chenopodium hybridum L.: Th, Secalietea; Cosm; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea, Amaranthus retroflexus L.: Th, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea; Adv; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea, Panico- Chenopodium polyspermum L.: Th, Setarion; Eua; U3T4R0, Polygono-Chenopodion

Chenopodiaceae polyspermi, Sisymbrion officinalis; Atriplex littoralis L.: Th, Eua; Chenopodium strictum Roth (C. U0T0R0, Atriplicion littoralis (HCD); album ssp. striatum (Krasan.) J. Murray): Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. et Th, Ec; U2,5T4R0, Chenopodio- Kit.: Th, Eua-C; U2T3.5R4, Chenopodietea, Scleranthetea, Sisymbrion; Sisymbrion officinalis; Chenopodium urbicum L.: Th, Eua- Atriplex patula L.: Th, Cp; U0T0R0, M; U3T0R3, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Chenopodietea, Polygono-Chenopodion Cypero-Spergularion, Onopordion acanthii, polyspermi; Sisymbrietalia; Atriplex prostrata Boucher (A. L. ssp. hastata auct.): Th, Cp; U3.5T0R0, Bidention arvense*: Th, Eua-C; U2T3R3, Festuco- tripartiti, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Brometea, Secalietea (HNR); Chenopodion fluviatile, Puccinellietalia Salsola kali L. şi ssp. ruthenica (HCD); (Iljin) Soó: Th, Eua-C; U0T4R4, Atriplex sagittata Borkh. (A. nitens Eragrostetalia, Sisymbrion officinalis Schkuhr, A. acuminata Waldst. et Kit.): Th, (HCD); Eua-C; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea, Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort.: Th, Chenopodion fluviatile, Senecion fluviatilis; Cosm; U4.5T3.5R5, Thero-Salicornion; Atriplex tatarica L.: Th, Eua; U2T4R0, Chenopodietea, Sisymbrion Polygonaceae officinalis; Polygonum amphibium L.: Hh, Bassia prostrata (L.) G. Beck Cosm; U6T3R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.): Ch-nPh, Agrostion stoloniferae, Phragmitetea, Eua-C; U1.5T4R4.5, Puccinellietalia; Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi, Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss (Kochia Salicetea purpureae; cu f. terrestre Leyss; scoparia (L.) Schrader): Th, Eua; Polygonum aviculare L.: Th, Cosm; U3T3.5R0, Chenopodietea (HCD); U2.5T0R3, Polygonion avicularis (HNR); cu Camphorosma annua Pall. (C. ovata var. ascendens Mont.; var. neglectum Waldst. et Kit.)*: Th, P; U2T4R5, (Bess.) Rchb.; var. procumbens (Gilib.) Puccinellietalia; Hayne;

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Polygonum convolvulus L. Rosaceae (Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort., Agrimonia eupatoria L. ssp. Fagopyrum convolvulus (L.) H. Gross.): Th, eupatoria: H, Eua; U2.5T3R4, Festuco- Eua; U2.5T3R3, Aperetalia, Chenopodio- Brometea; Scleranthetea; Cerasus fruticosa (Pallas) Woronow Polygonum hydropiper L.: Th, Cp; (Prunus fruticosa Pallas)*: nPh, Eua-C; U4.5T3R4, Bidention tripartiti, Salicion U1.5T3.5R4, Prunion fruticosae, Quercetalia albae; pubescentis; Polygonum lapathifolium L. ssp. Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC. (C. lapathifolium: Th, Cosm; U4T0R3, oxyacantha auct. non L.)*: mPh, Ec; Bidention tripartiti, Polygono-Chenopodion U3T3R3, Querco-Fagetea; polyspermi, Sisymbrion officinalis; Crataegus monogyna Jacq. ssp. Polygonum minus Hudson: Th, monogyna: mPh, Eua; U2.5T3R3, Cosm; U4.5T3R4, Bidention tripartiti; Prunetalia, Querco-Fagetea; with f. dissecta Polygonum mite Schrank: Th, E; (HCD); U5T3R4, Bidentetalia tripartiti; cu f. Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. et angustifolium (A. Br.) Beck (HCD); Kit.: mPh, P-Pn-B; U3T3,5R3, Prunetalia Polygonum persicaria L.: Th, Eua; (C. Drăgulescu, 2009, 2010, 2014); U4.5T3R0, Phragmitetea, Polygono- Fragaria vesca L.: H, Eua; Chenopodietalia, Salicetalia purpureae; U3T2.5R0, Cynosurion cristati, Querco- Rumex acetosa L.: H, Cosm; Fagetea; U3T0R0, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Fragaria viridis Weston (F. collina Rumex acetosella L. ssp. acetosella Ehrh.) ssp. viridis: H, Eua; U2T4R3, and ssp. tenuifolius (Wallr.) Hadac et Hasek Festucetalia valesiacae, Geranion sanguinei; (Rumex tenuifolius (Wallr.) A. Love): H, Geum urbanum L.: H, Eua; Cosm; U2T3R2, Festuco-Sedetalia; U3T3R4, Alno-Padion, Carpinion betuli, Rumex conglomeratus Murray: H, Prunetalia, Querco-Fagetea (C. Cp; U4T3R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, Drăgulescu,2009, 2010, 2014); Bidention tripartiti (HCD); Malus sylvestris (L.) Miller: mPh, E; Rumex crispus L.: H, Eua; U4T3R0, U3.5T3R4, Alno-Padion, Carpinion betuli; Agropyro-Rumicion, Arrhenatherion Potentilla anserina L.: H, Cosm; elatioris; U4T3R4, Bidentetalia tripartiti, Molinietalia, Rumex obtusifolius L. ssp. Nanocyperetalia, Plantaginetalia majoris; obtusifolius: H, E; U4T0R3, Arction lappae, Potentilla arenaria Borkh. (P. Artemisietea; cinerea auct. non Chaix) ssp. arenaria: H, E Rumex palustris Sm. (R. limosus (C); U2T3.5R4.5, Festucetalia valesiacae; Thuill.): Th-TH, Eua; U5T3R4, Bidentetea Potentilla argentea L. ssp . tripartiti, Phragmitetea (HCD); argentea: H, Eua; U2T4R2, Festuco- Rumex patientia L. ssp. patientia: Brometea, Onopordetalia, Quercetea H, Eua-C; U3T4R0, Arction lappae, pubescenti-petraeae; Chenopodietea; Potentilla reptans L.: H, Eua; Rumex pulcher L.: Th-TH, Atl-M; U3.5T0R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, U4T3R3, Sisymbrion (HCD); Bidentetalia tripartiti, Molinio- Rumex sanguineus L.: H, E; Arrhenatheretea, Plantaginetea majoris; U4T3R4, Alno-Padion; Potentilla supina L.: TH-H, Eua-sM; U4T3R0, Bidention tripartiti, Nanocyperion Crassulaceae flavescentis; (Cat. Cluj 1981,HNR); Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm.: H, E; Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.: mPh, P-B; U2T3R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Querco- U2T4R0, Querco-Fagetea (C. Drăgulescu, Fagetea; 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014);

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Prunus mahaleb L. (Cerasus Lathyrus pratensis L.: H, Eua; mahaleb (L.) Miller): mpH-MPh, M; U3.5T3R4, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, U2T3R4,5, Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Trifolion medii; (HCD); Lathyrus sylvestris L.: H, E-M; Prunus spinosa L. ssp. spinosa: U2,5T3R4, Origanetalia; mPh, E; U2T3R3, Prunion spinosae; Lathyrus tuberosus L.: H, Eua; Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.: mPh- U2T4R4, Caucalidion, Secalietea; MPh, E; U2T3R4, Quercetea robori- Lotus corniculatus L. ssp. petraeae, Querco-Fagetea; corniculatus: H, Eua; U2.5T0R0, Rosa canina L.: nPh, E; U2T3R3, Festucetalia valesiacae, Festucion vaginatae, Prunion spinosae, Querco-Fagetea (HCD); Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Plantaginetea Rosa gallica L.: nPh, P-M, U2T4R4, majoris, Secalietea; Quercetalia pubescentis; Lotus glaber Miller (Lotus tenuis Rubus caesius L.: nPh, E; U4T3R4, Kit.): H, Eua; U3.5T3R4, Puccinellietalia Alno-Padion, Convolvuletalia, Salicetea (HCD); purpureae, Secalietea; Medicago falcata L.: H, Eua; Sorbus domestica L.*: mPh-MPh, U2T3R5, Festuco-Brometea, Secalietea; M; U1,5T3,5R4, Quercetalia pubescenti- Medicago lupulina L.: Th-TH, Eua; petraea; U2.5T3R4, Alysso-Sedion, Chenopodietea, Festuco-Brometea, Molinio- Fabaceae Arrhenatheretea, Plantaginetea majoris, Astragalus glycyphyllos L.: H, Eua Secalietea; with f. eriocarpa Rouy.; (sM); U3T3R4, Origanetalia, Querco- Medicago minima (L.) L.: Th, sM; Fagetea; U1.5T4R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Festuco- Astragalus onobrychis L. ssp. Brometea; onobrychis: H, Eua-C; U1.5T3.5R4.5, Medicago sativa L.: Ch-H, Eua (C); Festucetalia valesiacae; U2T3R5, Festuco-Brometea, Secalietea; Coronilla varia L.: H, Ec-M; Melilotus albus Medik: Th-TH, Eua; U2T3R4, Festuco-Brometea, Quercetea U2.5T3R0, Artemisietea, Chenopodietea; robori-petraeae; Melilotus officinalis Lam.: Th-TH, Cytisus hirsutus L. ssp. leucotrichus Eua; U2.5T3.5R0, Artemisietea, (Schur) A. et D. Löve: nPh, Ec (M); Chenopodietea, Secalietea; U2T3,5R4, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae, Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.: H, Eua; Festucetalia valesiacae; U2T4R4.5, Festucetalia valesiacae, Cytisus nigricans L. (Lembotropis Mesobromion; nigricans (L.) Griseb.)*: nPh, Ec; Ononis arvensis L. (O. hircina U2.5T3.5R2, Quercetea pubescenti- Jacq.) ssp. arvensis: H, Eua-C; U3T4R0, petraeae; Cirsio-Brachypodion, Molinio- Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. ssp. Arrhenatheretea;Ononis spinosa L. ssp. herbaceum (Vill.) Rouy (Dorycnium spinosa: Ch-H, E; U0T3.5R0, Festuco- herbaceum Vill.): Ch(-H), Ec-M; Brometea (HCD); U2T4.5R4, Festucion rupicolae, Geranion Robinia pseudacacia L.: MPh, Adv; sanguinei; U2.5T4R0, Robinion pseudacaciae (C. Galega officinalis L.: H, P-M; Drăgulescu, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014); U4.5T3R4, Bidention tripartiti, Calystegion, Trifolium arvense L. ssp. arvense: Molinietalia; Th, Eua; U1.5T3R4, Arrhenatheretalia, Genista tinctoria L. ssp. tinctoria: Corynephoretalia, Festuco-Brometea, Ch(-nPh), E; U2.5T3R2, Molinion Secalietea; coeruleae, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae;

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Trifolium campestre Schreber: Th, Lythrum salicaria L.: H, Cp; E; U3T3R0, Arrhenatheretalia, Festuco- U4T3R0, Alnetea glutinosae, Filipendulo- Brometea, Plantaginetea majoris, Secalietea; Petasition, Molinietalia, Phragmitetea, Trifolium dubium Sm. Th, E; Salicetea purpureae; U3.5T2.5R0, Arrhenatheretalia, Lythrum virgatum L.: H, Eua-C; Arrhenatherion elatioris, Nanocyperion U4.5T3.5R4, Agrostion stoloniferae, flavescentis; Puccinellietalia; Trifolium fragiferum L. ssp. Lythrum x scabrum Simk. (salicaria fragiferum: H, Eua; U3T3R4.5, Agropyro- x virgatum) (HCD); Rumicion, Agrostion stoloniferae, Peplis portula L. (Lythrum portula Cynosurion cristati, Plantaginetea majoris (L.) D.A. Webb.): Th, Atl-M; U4T3R0, (HCD, HNR); Nanocyperion flavescentis; Trifolium hybridum L. ssp. hybridum: H, Atl-E; U3.5T3R4, Agropyro- Onagraceae Rumicion, Agrostion stoloniferae; Epilobium hirsutum L.: H, Eua; Trifolium pratense L. ssp. pratense: U4T3R3, Phragmitetea; H, Eua; U3T0R0, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Epilobium montanum L.: H, Eua; Plantaginetea majoris, Secalietea; U3T0R3,5, Pino-Quercetalia (HNR); Trifolium repens L. ssp. repens: H, Epilobium obscurum Schreber: H, Eua; U3.5T0R0, Cynosurion cristati, E; U5T0R2, Glycerio-Sparganion (HCD); Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Plantaginetea Epilobium parviflorum Schreber: H, majoris, Secalietea (C. Drăgulescu, 2007, Eua; U5T3R4.5, Glycerio-Sparganion, 2009, 2010, 2014); Phragmitetea (HCD); Vicia angustifolia Grugf. (V. sativa Oenothera biennis L.: TH, Adv; L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.) ssp. angustifolia: U2T4R0, Chenopodietea, Onopordion Th, Eua; U0T3R0, Festuco-Brometea, acanthii, Sisymbrion officinalis; Secalietea; Vicia cracca L.: H, Eua; U3T0R3, Cornaceae Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Cornus mas L.: mPh, P-M; Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray: Th, U2T3.5R4, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Eua; U2.5T3.5R4, Aperetalia, Secalietea; Cornus sanguinea L.: mPh, Ec; Vicia lathyroides L.: Th, Atl-M-Ec; U3T3R4, Prunetalia, Querco-Fagetea; U2T4R2,5, Festucetalia valesiacae; Vicia pannonica Crantz ssp. striata Celastraceae (V. striata M. Bieb.) Nyman: Th, P-M; Evonymus europaeus L.: mPh, E; U3T3,5R4,5, Secalietea; U3T3R3, Prunetalia, Querco-Fagetea; Vicia sepium L.: H, Eua; U3T3R3, Evonymus verrucosus Scop.: mPh, Quercetea robori-petraeae, Querco-Fagetea, E; U2.5T3R4, Prunetalia, Quercetea Trifolion medii; pubescenti-petraeae, Querco-Fagetea; Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber: Th, Eua; U3.5T3R3, Aperetalia, Secalietea; Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyparissias L.: H(G), Eua; U2T3R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum L.: Hh, Cp; Festuco-Brometea, Onopordion U6T0R4.5, Nymphaeion, Potamion; acanthii, Robinion pseudacaciae; Euphorbia helioscopia L.: Th, Eua; U3T3R0, Secalietea; Lythraceae Lythrum hyssopifolia L.: Th, Cosm; Euphorbia maculata L. (Chamaesyce U4T3R0, Nanocyperion flavescentis (HCD); maculata (L.) Small): Th, Adv; U2T3,5R4,5, Popygonion avicularis, Thero-Airion (HCD);

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Euphorbia seguieriana Necker (E. Linaceae gerardiana Jacq.)*: H, Eua-C; Linum nervosum Waldst. et Kit.: H, U1T3.5R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Ec-Cauc; U1.5T4R4, Festucetalia Festuco-Brometea valesiacae; Euphorbia serrulata Thuill. (E. stricta L.): Th, E (C); U4T3R4, Alno Padion, Araliaceae Calystegion, Senecion fluviatilis; Hedera helix L.: nPh, Atl-M; U3T3R3, Acerion; Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cathartica L.: mPh, Eua; U2T3R4, Alno-Padion, Prunetalia, Querco- Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb.: Th, P- Fagetea; M; U2T4R0, Arction, Alliarion; Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.: Aceraceae TH-H, Eua; U3T3R4, Alno-Padion, Acer campestre L. ssp. campestre: Arrhenatheretalia, Salicetea purpureae; Mph-mPh, E; U2.5T3R3, Querco-Fagetea Apium graveolens L. ssp. (C. Drăgulescu, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010, graveolens: TH, Atl-M; U2T4R4,5, 2014); and ssp. marsicum (Guss) Hayek Glycerio-Sparganion (HCD); Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville Simaroubaceae (Sium erectum Hudson): H-Hh, Cp; Ailanthus altissima (Miller) U6T3.5R0, Alno-Padion, Glycerio- Swingle: MPh, Adv; U0T0R0, Ailanthetum Sparganion, Magnocaricion elatae; altissimae; Bifora radians Bieb.: Th, M; U3T4R0, Caucalidion, Consolido- Zygophyllaceae Eragrostion; Tribulus terrestris L.: Th, Ec-M; Bupleurum affine Sadler: Th, P-Pn- U0T4R4, Tribulo-Eragrostion, Trifolio- B; U2T3.5R4, Festucion rupicolae; Geranietea (C. Drăgulescu, 2003, 2007, Bupleurum falcatum L. ssp. 2009, 2010, 2014); falcatum: H, E; U2T3.5R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Geranion sanguinei; Oxalidaceae Bupleurum tenuissimum L.: Th, Oxalis corniculata L.: Th-H, Adv Atl-M; U0T3.5R4.5, Puccinellietalia (HCD): (M); U2,5T4R0, Chenopodietea; f. longibracteatum (HCD); Oxalis dillenii Jacq.: Th -H, Adv; Carum carvi L.: TH-H, Eua; U3T3,5R0, Chenopodietea (HCD); U3.5T3R3, Agrostion stoloniferae, Oxalis stricta L. (O. fontana Bunge, Arrhenatheretalia; O. europaea ): H, Adv; U3.5T0R0, Conium maculatum L.: TH, Eua; Chenopodietea, Polygono-Chenopodion, U3T3R3, Arction lappae, Chenopodietea; Secalietea (HCD); Daucus carota L. ssp. carota: TH, Eua; U2.5T3R0, Arrhenatherion elatioris, Geraniceae Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Herit: Eryngium campestre L.: H, P-M; Th, Cosm; U2.5T0R0, Chenopodietea, U1T4.5R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Festuco- Festuco-Brometea, Polygono- Brometea; Chenopodietalia, Secalietea; Eryngium planum L.: H, Eua; Geranium pratense L.: H, Eua; U2T3R4, Arrhenatherion elatioris; U3.5T3R5, Arrhenatheretalia, Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. (F. sioides Arrhenatherion elatioris; (Wib.) Aschers.): (Th)-TH-(H), Eua-sM; Geranium pusillum Burm.: Th, E; U2T4R4, Festucion rupicolae, U2.5T3R0, Chenopodietea, Festuco- Onopordetalia, Secalietea (C. Drăgulescu, Brometea, Plantaginetea majoris, Secalietea; 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014);

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 13 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Pastinaca sativa L. ssp. pratensis Malva pusilla Sm.: Th, Eua; (Pers.) Celak.: TH, Eua (sM); U3T4R4, U3.5T3R3, Chenopodietea, Polygonion Arrhenatherion elatioris, Molinio- avicularis; Arrhenatheretea; Malva sylvestris L. ssp. sylvestris: Peucedanum oreoselinum (L.) Th-TH, Eua; U3T3R0, Onopordetalia, Moench.: H, E-C; U2.5T3R0, Danthonio- Sisymbrietalia; Brachypodion, Geranion sanguinei, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Violaceae Pimpinella saxifraga L. ssp. Viola arvensis Murray: Th, Eua; saxifraga: H, Eua-sM; U2.5T0R3, Festuco- U3T3R0, Secalietea, Aperetalia Brometea; Viola odorata L.: H, Atl-M; Seseli annuum L.: TH-H, E (C); U2.5T3.5R4, Alliarion petiolatae, U2T3R3, Festuco-Brometea; Prunetalia, Querco-Fagetea; Tordylium maximum L.: Th-TH, Ec-M; U2T4R0, Festuco-Brometea, Brassicaceae Origanetalia; Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link. ssp. Grande (A. officinalis Andrz.): Th-TH, Eua; arvensis: Th, Ec; U2.5T3.5R4, Caucalidion, U3T3R4, Alliarion petiolatae, Arction Onopordion acanthii (HCD); lappae, Querco-Fagetea; Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (T. Alyssum allysoides (L.) L.: Th-TH, rubella Moench.): Th, Eua; U3T3.5R4.5, Eua(C); U1T3R0, Alysso-Sedion, Festuco- Arction lappae, Querco-Fagetea; Brometea; Armoracia rusticana (Gaertn.) B. Hypericaceae Mayer et Scherb. (A. lapathifolia Usten): Hypericum perforatum L.: H, Eua; H(G), Adv; U3T3.5R0, Arction lappae, U3T3R0, Festuco-Brometea, Origanetalia, Bidentetea tripartiti, Calystegion; Sedo-Scleranthetea; Berteroa incana (L.) D.C.: TH, Eua; U2T3.5R0, Festuco-Brometea, Sedo- Tiliaceae Scleranthetea, Sisymbrietalia; Tilia cordata Miller: MPh, E; Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris (L.) U3T3R3, Carpinion betuli; Janchen (ssp. campestris (L.) Clapham): Th, Tilia tomentosa Moench.: MPh, B; M; U3T3R4, Polygono-Chenopodion U2,5T3,5R3, Quercion frainetto; polyspermi, Secalietea; Malvaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.: Abutilon theophrasti Medik.: Th, Th-TH, Cosm; U3T0R0, Chenopodietea, Eua; U3T3R3, Chenopodietea; (Cat. sem. Chenopodio-Scleranthetea; Buc. 1975, C. Drăgulescu, 2003, 2007, Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. 2009, 2010, 2014); (Lepidium draba L.): H, Eua; U2T4R4, Althaea officinalis L. ssp. Sisymbrion officinalis; officinalis: H, Eua-C; U3T4R4, Bidention Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb tripartiti; (Sisymbrium sophia L.): Th-TH, Eua; Althaea pallida Waldst. et Kit. U2.5T4R4, Onopordion acanthii, (Alcea pallida (Willd.) Waldst. et Kit.): H, Sisymbrion officinalis; P; U2T4R3, Festucetalia valesiacae; Erophila verna (L.) Chevall (Draba Hibiscus trionum L.: Th, Eua; verna L.) ssp. verna: Th, Eua; U2.5T3.5R0, U2.5T4R4, Consolido-Eragrostion; Festuco-Brometea; Lavatera thuringiaca L.: H, Eua-C; Erysimum repandum Hojer: Th, U2.5T3R0, Arction lappae, Onopordetalia; Eua-C; U2.5T4R4.5, Chenopodio- Malva neglecta Wallr.: Th, Eua; Scleranthetea, Sisymbrion officinalis; U3T3R3, Chenopodietea, Sisymbrion officinalis;

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Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.: Th- Salix viminalis L.: mPh, Eua; TH, E; U2.5T3R0, Chenopodietea, U5T3R4,5, Salicetalia; Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi; Lepidium ruderale L.: Th-TH, Eua; Cucurbitaceae U2T3.5R0, Polygonion avicularis, Bryonia alba L.: H, Eua-C; Sisymbrion officinalis; with f. pygmaea U3.5T3.5R0, Alliarion petiolatae, Todor; Calystegion; Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser: H, P; U4T3.5R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, Primulaceae Bidentetea tripartiti, Plantaginetea majoris, Anagallis arvensis L.: Th-TH, Cp; Senecion fluviatilis; U3T3R4, Panico-Setarion, Polygono- Rorippa pyrenaica (Lam.) Chenopodion polyspermi; Reichenb.: H, E; U2,5T3R3, Anagallis foemina Miller: Th, Eua; Arrhenatheretalia; U3T3.5R0, Secalietea; Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser ssp. Lysimachia nummularia L.: Ch, sylvestris: H, Eua; U4T3R4, Agropyro- Eua; U4T3R0, Alnetea glutinosae, Alno- Rumicion (HCD); Padion, Bidentetea tripartiti, Molinietalia, Sinapis arvensis L.: Th, Eua; Phragmitetea, Plantaginetea majoris, U3T3R3, Secalietea; Querco-Fagetea, Salicion albae; Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.: Lysimachia vulgaris L.: H(-Hh), Th-TH, Eua-M; U2.5T3R3, Chenopodietea, Eua; U5T0R0, Alnetea glutinosae, Sisymbrion officinalis; Molinietalia, Phragmitetea, Salicetea Thlaspi arvense L.: Th-TH, Eua; purpureae; U2T3R4, Polygono-Chenopodion Gentianaceae polyspermi; Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Thlaspi perfoliatum L.: Th, Eua; Druce: Th-TH, Eua; U4T3.5R4, Isoeto- U2,5T3,5R4,5, Secalietea, Festuco- Nanojuncetea; Brometea; Apocynaceae Resedaceae Vinca herbacea Waldst. et Kit.*: Ch, Reseda lutea L.: TH-H, Eua; P-Pn; UTR, Festucion rupicolae; U2T3.5R4.5, Festucion rupicolae, Onopordion acanthii; Asclepiadaceae Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Salicaceae Medikus ssp. hirundinaria (Vincetoxicum Populus alba L.*: Mph-mPh, Eua; officinale Moench, Cynanchum U3.5T3R3, Salicetalia purpureae; vincetoxicum (L.) Pers.)*: H, Eua-C; Populus nigra L.: MPh, Eua; U2T4R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Geranion U4T3R4, Salicetalia purpureae; sanguinei, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Salix alba L. ssp. alba: Mph-mPh, Eua; U5T3R4, Alno-Padion, Salicion albae Oleaceae (HCD); Fraxinus excelsior L.: MPh, E; Salix fragilis L.: mPh-MPh, Eua; U3T3R4, Acerion pseudoplatani, Alno- U4.5T3R4, Alno-Padion, Salicion albae, Padion (HCD); Salicion triandrae; Ligustrum vulgare L.: mPh, E-sM; Salix purpurea L. ssp. purpurea: U2.5T3R3, Berberidion, Carpinion betuli, mPh, Eua; U5T3R4.5, Salicetalia purpureae; Quercetalia pubescentis, Querco-Fagetea; Salix triandra L. emend. Ser. (S. amygdalina L.) ssp. triandra: mPh, Eua; U5T3R0, Salicion triandrae;

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 15 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Solanaceae Echium vulgare L.: TH, Eua; Datura stramonium L.: Th, Adv U2T3R4, Festuco-Brometea, Onopordion (→Cosm); U3T4R4, Chenopodietea; acanthii, Sedo-Scleranthetea; Hyoscyamus niger L.: TH, Eua; Heliotropium europaeum L.: Th, U3T3.5R4, Chenopodietea, Onopordion sM; U2T4R0, Eragrostetalia, Secalietea; acanthii; Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort Lycium barbarum L.: mPh, Adv; (L. echinata Gilib.): Th-TH, Eua; U3T4R0, Arction lappae, Prunetalia; U2T3.5R4, Chenopodietea, Sisymbrietalia; Solanum dulcamara L.: Ch (nPh), Lithospermum arvense L.: Th-TH, Eua; U4.5T3R4, Alnetea glutinosae, Alno- Eua; U0T0R4, Secalietea, Festucetalia Padion, Bidentetea tripartiti, Calystegion, valesiacae; Phragmition australis; Myosotis stricta Link (M. micrantha Solanum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum: auct.): Th, Eua(M); U1,5T3R0, Fectuco- Th, Cosm; U3T4R0, Chenopodietea; Brometea; Symphytum officinale L. ssp. Convolvulaceae officinale: H, Eua; U4T3R0, Molinietalia, Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br.: G(H), Phragmitetea; Eua; U4,5T3R4, Calystegion, Salicion albae, Arction lappae; Verbenaceae Convolvulus arvensis L.: H(G), Verbena officinalis L.: H, Cosm; Cosm; U0T0R0, Arction lappae, U3T3R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, Arction Caucalidion, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, lappae, Chenopodietea, Plantaginetalia Festuco-Brometea, Sisymbrion officinalis majoris, Sisymbrietalia (HNR); (C. Drăgulescu, 2009, 2010, 2014); Convolvulus canthabricus L.: H, P- Lamiaceae M; U1,5T3,5R4, Festucion rupicolae Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (HCD); (Calamintha acinos (L.) Clairv.) ssp. arvensis: Th-TH, E; U1.5T3.5R4, Festuco- Cuscutaceae Brometea, Sedo-Scleranthetea; Cuscuta campestris Yuncker (C. Ajuga genevensis L.: H, Eua; pentagona Engelm., C. arvensis auct., C. U2.5T3R4, Cynosurion cristati, Festuco- gymnocarpa Engelm.) ssp. campestris: Th, Brometea; Adv; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea (HCD); Ballota nigra L. ssp. nigra: H, E; Cuscuta epilinum Weihe: Th, Eua; U2T3.5R4, Arction lappae, Chenopodietea; U0T4R0, Lolio- Linion; cu f. urticifolia Ortm. and f. leucantha Cuscuta europaea L. ssp. europaea: Beck; Th, Eua; U4T0R0, Arction lappae, Calamintha vulgare L. (C. Artemisietalia, Calystegion; clinopodium Bentham, Clinopodium vulgare Cuscuta suaveolens Ser.: Th, Adv; L.).: H, Eua; U2T3R3, Origanetalia, Querco- U3T3,5R0, Stellarietea mediae; Fagetea; Glechoma hederacea L.: H-Ch, Eua; Boraginaceae U3T3R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, Alliarion Anchusa officinalis L. ssp. petiolatae, Alno-Padion, Querco-Fagetea; officinalis: H (TH), E; U2T3.5R0, Festucion Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. et Kit.: rupicolae, Onopordion acanthii; H-Ch, P-M-Ec; U2.5T3R4, Querco-Fagetea; Cynoglossum officinale L.: TH, Lamium album L.: H, Eua; Eua-C; U2T3R4, Festucion rupicolae, U3T3R0, Alliarion petiolatae, Arction Onopordion acanthii; lappae; Echium italicum L.: H, M; U2,5T4R3, Sysimbrietalia, Festucetalia;

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Lamium amplexicaule L.: Th, Eua; Salvia pratensis L. ssp. pratensis*: U2.5T3.5R0, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, H, E-sM; U2.5T3R4.5, Festuco-Brometea; Polygono-Chenopodietalia; Salvia verticillata L.: H, Ec-M; Lamium purpureum L.: Th, Eua; U2T4R0, Chenopodietea, Festuco- U3T0R4, Polygono-Chenopodietalia, Brometea, Onopordion acanthii, Secalietea; Plantaginetea majoris; Leonurus cardiaca L. ssp. cardiaca: Stachys germanica L.: H, P-M; H, Eua; U3T4R4.5, Arction lappae, U2T4R4, Festuco-Brometea, Geranion Chenopodietea; with var. glaber (Gilib.) sanguinei, Onopordion acanthii (C. Abrom et Scholz; Drăgulescu, 2003,2007,2009, 2010, 2014); Leonurus marrubiastrum L. Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev. (Chaiturus marrubiastrum (L.) Ehrh.): TH, (Betonica officinalis L.): H, Eua; U3T3R0, Eua-C; U3T3R0, Chenopodietea, Molinion coeruleae, Nardetalia, Onopordetalia, Sisymbrion officinalis; Origanetalia; Lycopus europaeus L.: H (Hh), Eua; Stachys palustris L.: H, Cp; U5T3R0, Bidentetea tripartiti, Phragmitetea, U4T3R4, Agrostion stoloniferae, Salicetea purpureae; Phragmitetea, Polygono-Chenopodion Marrubium vulgare L.: H, Eua; polyspermi; U1.5T4R4, Onopordion acanthii; (Cat. Buc. Teucrium chamaedrys L.: Ch, Ec- 1975); sM; U2T3.5R4, Festuco-Brometea, Mentha aquatica L.: H (Hh), E; Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae, Sedo- U5T3R0, Alnetea glutinosae, Molinietalia, Scleranthetea; Phragmitetea, Salicion albae (HCD); Thymus pannonicus All. ssp. Mentha arvensis L. ssp. arvensis pannonicus (Thymus kosteleckyanus Opiz): (ssp. agrestis (Sole) Briq.): H(G), Cp; Ch, P-Pn; U1.5T3.5R4, Festucetalia U4T3R0, Calthion palustris, Molinietalia, valesiacae; Phragmitetea, Secalietea; Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson ssp. Plantaginaceae longifolia: H(G), Eua; U4,5T3R0, Plantago lanceolata L.: H, Eua; Agropyro-Rumicion, Bidentetea tripartiti, U0T0R0, Festuco-Brometea, Molinio- Chenopodietea; Arrhenatheretea; Mentha pulegium L.: H, Eua (sM); Plantago major L. ssp. major: H, U4T3R5, Isoeto-Nanojuncetea, Eua; U3T0R0, Plantaginetea majoris; Nanocyperion flavescentis; Plantago maritima L.: H, Eua; Mentha x dumetorum Schult. (M. x U4T0R5, Puccinellietalia; mai ales f. hirta Willd.) (longifolia x aquatica) (HCD); leptophylla Mert. et Koch (HCD); Nepeta nuda L. (N. pannonica L.): Plantago media L.: H, Eua; H, Eua-C; U2T3R0, Aceri-Quercion, U2.5T0R4, Festuco-Brometea, Molinio- Festucion rupicolae, Quercetalia Arrhenatheretea; pubescentis; Plantago scabra Moench (P. indica Origanum vulgare L.: H, Eua-M; L., P. arenaria Waldst. et Kit.) ssp. scabra: U2.5T3R3, Origanetalia, Prunetalia, Th, Eua-C; U2T4R0, Festucion vaginatae, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Sisymbrietalia (HCD, HNR); Prunella vulgaris L.: H, Cosm; U3T3R0, Bidentetea tripartiti, Scrophulariaceae Plantaginetea majoris, Querco-Fagetea; Linaria genistifolia (L.) Miller: H, Salvia nemorosa L. ssp. nemorosa: Eua-C; U1T3.5R5, Festucetalia valesiacae, H, Ec; U2.5T4R3, Chenopodietea, Festuco- Festuco-Brometea, Quercetea pubescenti- Brometea, Mesobromion, Onopordion petraeae; acanthii (C. Drăgulescu, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014);

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 17 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Linaria vulgaris Miller: H, Eua; Rubiaceae U2T3R4, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Asperula cynanchica L.: H, Ec-M; Epilobietea angustifolii, Onopordion U2T3.5R4.5, Festucetalia valesiacae, acanthii, Secalietea; Festuco-Brometea; Melampyrum barbatum Waldst. et Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend. Kit.; Th, D-Pn; U2,5T3,5R4, Stellarietea (Galium vernum Scop.) ssp. glabra: H, Eua; mediae, Festucetalia valesiacae; U3T2R2, Alno-Padion, Artemisietea, Verbascum blattaria L.: TH, Eua- Querco-Fagetea; sM; U2.5T3.5R4, Onopordion acanthii Cruciata laevipes Opiz (Galium (HCD); cruciata (L.) Scop.): H, Eua; U2.5T3R3, Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. (V. Alno-Padion, Artemisietalia, thapsiformae Schrader): TH, E(M); Convolvuletalia, Salicion albae; U2,5T3,5R4,5, Onopordetalia; Galium aparine L.: Th, Cp; Verbascum phlomoides L.: TH, E; U3T3R3, Convolvuletalia; U2.5T3.5R4, Chenopodietea, Onopordion Galium humifusum M.Bieb. acanthii, Secalietea; (Asperula humifusa (M.Bieb.) Besser): H, P- Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.: H B; U2T4R4,5, Festucetalia valesiacae (Hh), Cp; U5T0R4, Bidentetea tripartiti, (HCD); Glycerio-Sparganion, Phragmitetea; Galium mollugo L.: H, Eua; Veronica arvensis L.: Th, Eua; U3T0R3, Arrhenatheretalia, Festuco- U2.5T3R3, Arrhenatheretalia, Secalietea; Brometea, Veronica beccabunga L.: H (Hh), Galium palustre L. ssp. palustre: H, Eua; U5T3R4, Bidentetea tripartiti, Cp; U5T3R0, Magnocaricion elatae, Glycerio-Sparganion, Salicetalia purpureae Molinietalia; (HNR); cu f. longiracemosa J. Kell. (HCD); Galium verum L.: H, Eua; Veronica persica Poiret: Th, Adv; U2.5T3.5R0, Festuco-Brometea, U3T0R4, Polygono-Chenopodietalia; Origanetalia; Veronica polita Fries: Th, Eua (M); Sherardia arvensis L.: Th, Eua; U2,5T3,5R4,5, Secalietea; U3T3R3, Secalietea; Veronica scardica Griseb.: H (Hh), P-Pn-B; U5T0R0, Glycerio-Sparganion Caprifoliaceae (HCD); Sambucus ebulus L.: H, Eua (sM); U3T3R4.5, Arction lappae, Artemisietea, Orobanchaceae Sambucus nigra L.: mPh, E; Orobanche ramosa L.: Th, Ec-M; U3T3R3, Alno-Padion, Prunetalia; U3T4R0, Polygono-Chenopodion Viburnum lantana L.*: mPh, Ec- sM; U2.5T3R4.5, Berberidion, Querco- Campanulaceae Fagetea; Campanula glomerata L. ssp. Viburnum opulus L.: mPh, Cp; glomerata: H, Eua; U2.5T3R4, U4T3R4, Alnetea glutinosae, Alno-Padion; Arrhenatherion elatioris, Festuco-Brometea, Origanetalia, Quercetea robori-petraeae; Valerianaceae Campanula patula L.: TH, E; Valeriana officinalis L.: H, U3T2.5R3, Arrhenatheretalia; Eua(sM); U4T3R4, Alnetea glutinosae, Campanula rotundifolia L. ssp. Alno-Padion, Magnocaricion elatae, rotundifolia: H, Cp; U2T0R3, Festucetalia Molinietalia; valesiacae, Valerianella locusta (L.) Latterade Campanula sibirica L. ssp. sibirica: (V. olitoria Poll.): Th, E; U3T3,5R4, TH, Eua-C; U2.5T4R4, Festucetalia Festucion vallesiacae, Caucalidion; valesiacae;

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Dipsacaceae Artemisia austriaca Jacq.: Ch-H, Cephalaria transsilvanica (L.) Eua-C; U2T4R4.5, Festucion rupicolae Roemer et Schultes.: TH, P-M; U2T3.5R4, (HCD); Festucion rupicolae, Sisymbrietalia (HCD); Artemisia campestris L. ssp. Cephalaria uralensis (Murray) campestris: Ch, Eua-C; U2T3.5R3, Roemer et Schultes: H, P-Pn; U1,5T4R4,5, Festucetalia valesiacae, Festuco-Brometea; Festucion rupicolae; Artemisia lerchiana Weber ex Dipsacus fullonum L. (D. sylvestris Stechm. (Artemisia taurica auct. rom. non Hudson): TH, sM; U3.5T3.5R4, Agropyro- Willd.): Ch(H), P; U1,5T4R4, Koelerio- Rumicion, Artemisietea, Onopordetalia; Artemisietum lerchianae (HNR); Dipsacus laciniatus L.: TH, Eua-C; Artemisia pontica L.: H (Ch), Eua U4T3.5R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, (C); U2,5T4R4,5, Festuco-Brometea (C. Artemisietea, Onopordetalia; Drăgulescu, 2009, 2010, 2014, HCD, HNR); Knautia arvensis (L.) Coulter ssp. Artemisia santonicum L. ssp. arvensis: H, E; U2.5T3R0, santonicum (Artemisia monogyna Waldst. Arrhenatheretalia, Festucion rupicolae; et Kit.): Ch-H, Eua-C; U2.5T3R0, Scabiosa ochroleuca L.: H, Eua-C; Puccinellio-Salicornietea; U2T4R4, Cirsio-Brachypodion, Festucetalia Artemisia vulgaris L.: H, Cp; valesiacae; U3T3R4, Arction lappae, Artemisietea; Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh.: H, Eua- C; U2T3R4, Festuco-Brometea; Achillea collina J. Becker: H, E-C; Aster x salignus Willd. (lanceolatus U2T3R3, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, x novi belgii); Festuco-Brometea; Aster sedifolius L.: H, Eua(C); Achillea millefolium L. ssp. U4,T3R4, Festucion rupicolae, millefolium: H, Eua; U3T0R0, Agropyro- Puccinellietalia; Rumicion, Artemisietea, Molinio- Aster tripolium L. ssp. tripolium: H, Arrhenatheretea, Polygonion avicularis; Eua; U5T0R5, Puccinellietalia (HNR); ssp. Achillea pannonica Scheele*: H, E pannonicus (Jacq.) Soo: H, P-Pn: (C); U2T4R3,5, Festucetalia valesiacae; Bidens cernua L.: Th, Eua; Achillea setacea Waldst. et Kit.: H, U5T0R0, Bidention tripartiti (HNR); Eua-C; U2T3R5, Festucetalia valesiacae, Bidens frondosa L.: Th, Adv; Sedo-Scleranthetea; U5T0R0, Bidentetea; Anthemis arvensis L.: Th, E; Bidens tripartita L.: Th, Eua; U3T3R0, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, U4.5T3R0, Bidentetea tripartiti, Secalietea; Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Nanocyperion Arctium lappa L.: TH, Eua; flavescentis; f. quinquepartita (HCD); U3T3R4.5, Arction lappae; Brachyachis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb.: Arctium minus (J. Hill) Bernh.: TH, H, Adv; U2T3,5R4, Artemisietea vulgaris E; U3T3R4.5, Arction lappae (HCD); (HCD, HNR); Arctium tomentosum Miller: TH, Carduus acanthoides L.: TH, E; Eua; U3T0R5, Onopordetalia; U2T3R0, Onopordion acanthii; Artemisia absinthium L.: H (Ch), Carduus crispus L. ssp. crispus: TH, Eua; U2T3.5R0, Arction lappae, E; U4T3R0, Alno-Padion, Artemisietea, Artemisietea, Festucion rupicolae, Salicion albae; Onopordion acanthii (C. Drăgulescu, Carduus nutans L.: TH, Eua; 2003,2007,2009, 2010, 2014); U1.5T0R4.5, Festuco-Brometea, Artemisia annua L.: Th, Eua-C; Onopordion acanthii (HCD); U3T3.5R4, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Carlina vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris: Sisymbrion officinalis; TH, Eua; U2.5T3.5R0, Festuco-Brometea, Quercetalia pubescentis;

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 19 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Carthamus lanatus L.: Th, P-M; Crepis biennis L.: TH, E; U3T3R4, U2.5T4R0, Festucion rupicolae, Sisymbrion Agrostion stoloniferae, Arrhenatheretalia, officinalis (HCD); Sisymbrion officinalis; Centaurea apiculata Ledeb. ssp. Crepis foetida L. ssp. rhoaeadifolia spinulosa (Rochel) Dostal (C. scabiosa L. (Bieb.) Celak.: Th, Eua; U2,5T3,5R3, ssp. spinulosa (Rochel) Hayek): H, E; Secalietea, Festuco-Brometea; U2T3,5R4,5, Danthonio-Brachypodion, Crepis setosa Haller: Th, Ec-M; Festucetalia valesiacae (C. Drăgulescu, U2T3R3, Chenopodietea, Polygono- 2009, 2010, 2014); Chenopodietalia, Sisymbrion officinalis; Centaurea biebersteinii DC. (C. Crepis tectorum L.: Th, Eua; micranthos S.G. Gmelin): TH-H, P-Pn-B; U2.5T0R0, Plantaginetea majoris, U2T3.5R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Polygono-Chenopodietalia, Secalietea, Sisymbrion officinalis; with f. spinescens Sisymbrion officinalis; Borb. (HCD); Echinops sphaerocephalus L.: H, Centaurea calcitrapa L.: TH, Ec-M; Eua-C; U2T4R4.5, Alliarion petiolatae, U1.5T4R0, Onopordetalia, Polygonion Onopordion acanthii; avicularis, Sisymbrion officinalis; Erigeron acris L. ssp. acris: TH-H, Centaurea cyanus L.*: Th-TH, Cp; U2.5T3R0, Festuco-Brometea, M→Cosm; U3T4R3, Aperetalia, Secalietea; Mesobromion; Centaurea iberica Trev.: TH, P-B; Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. U1.5T4R0, Onopordetalia; (Cat. Buc. 1975) (Stenactis annua (L.) Less.) ssp. annuus: Centaurea phrygia L. (C. austriaca Th-TH-H, Adv; U4T0R4, Alno-Padion, Willd.): H, E; U3T2.5R3, Arrhenatheretalia; Arction lappae, Calystegion, Salicetea Centaurea scabiosa L.: H, E; purpureae, Sisymbrion officinalis; U2.5T0R4, Arrhenatheretalia, Festuco- Eupatorium cannabinum L.: H, Brometea, Geranion sanguinei; Eua; U4T3R0, Alnion glutinosae, Centaurea solstitialis L.: TH, M; Phragmitetea, Salicetalia purpureae; U2T4R0, Onopordetalia, Sisymbrion Filago arvensis L.: Th, Eua-M; officinalis; U2T3.5R0, Aphanion, Thero-Airion; Centaurea stenolepis A. Kerner: H, Filago vulgaris Lam. (F. germanica P-Pn-B; U2,5T3R2, Arrhenatherion, L. non Hudson): Th, Eua-M; U2T3R0, Trifolion medii; Aperetalia, Thero-Airion (HCD); Chondrilla juncea L.: TH-H, Eua-C; Galinsoga parviflora Cav.: Th, U1.5T3.5R4, Chenopodietea, Festucetalia Adv→Cosm; U3.5T0R3, Polygono- valesiacae, Festuco-Brometea, Secalietea; Chenopodietalia; Cichorium intybus L. ssp. intybus: Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et H, Eua; U2.5T3.5R4.5, Agrostion Pavon (G. hispida Benth.): Th, Adv; stoloniferae, Arrhenatheretalia, Polygonion U2,5T4R3, Stellarietea mediae, Bidentetea; avicularis, Puccinellio-Salicornietea; Helianthus tuberosus L.: G, Adv; Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.: G, Eua; U3.5T3R4, Calystegion; U0T0R0, Artemisietea, Chenopodio- Hypochoeris radicata L.: H, E; Scleranthetea, Onopordion acanthii; U3T3R2.5, Cynosurion cristati; Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (C. Inula britanica L.: TH, Eua; lanceolatum (L.) Scop. non Hill): TH, Eua; U3T3R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, Chenopodio- U3T3R0, Artemisietea, Onopordion Scleranthetea, Molinietalia, Plantaginetea acanthii; majoris, Puccinellio-Salicornietea; Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Inula ensifolia L.: H, P-Pn-B; (Erigeron canadensis L.): Th-TH, Adv; U1.5T3.5R4, Cirsio-Brachypodion, U2.5T0R0, Chenopodietea, Festucion Festucetalia valesiacae; vaginatae, Sisymbrion officinalis;

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Inula helenium L.: H, Adv; Scorzonera laciniata L. U4T3R3, Alno-Padion, Arction lappae, (Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC.): TH-H, Senecion fluviatilis; E(M); U2T0R4, Festuco-Brometea; Lactuca saligna L.: Th-TH, Ec-M; Senecio jacobea L. ssp. jacobea: H, U1.5T4R4, Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Eua; U2.5T3R3, Arrhenatheretalia, Sisymbrietalia; Lactuca serriola Torner: Festucetalia valesiacae, Quercetea TH, Eua; U1.5T3.5R0, Artemisietea, pubescenti-petraeae; Chenopodietea, Sisymbrietalia; Senecio vernalis Waldst. et Kit.: Th, Lapsana communis L. ssp. Eua-C; U2.5T4R0, Chenopodietea, communis: Th-TH-H, Eua; U2.5T3R3, Secalietea; Alliarion petiolatae, Arction lappae, Querco- Senecio vulgaris L.: Th, Eua; Fagetea; U3T0R0, Chenopodietea; Leontodon autumnalis L. ssp. Solidago canadensis L.: H, Adv; autumnalis: H, Eua; U3T0R0, Cynosurion U3,5T3R3, Artemisietea, Calystrgion, cristati, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Senecion fluviatilis; Plantaginetalia majoris; Sonchus arvensis L. ssp. arvensis: Leontodon hispidus L. ssp. hispidus: G, Eua; U3T3R4, Polygono-Chenopodion H, Eua; U2.5T0R0, Mesobromion, Molinio- polyspermi; Arrhenatheretea; Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.: Th, Eua; Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. U3T0R0, Polygono-Chenopodion; cu var. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) ssp. inermis Bisch; vulgare: H, Eua; U3T0R0, Molinio- Tanacetum vulgare L. Arrhenatheretea; (Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.): H, Matricaria discoidea DC. (M. Eua; U3T3R0, Arction lappae; matricarioides (Less.) Porter p.p., Taraxacum bessarabicum Chamomila suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb.): Th, (Hornem.) Hand.-Mazz*.; H, Eua (C); Adv; U3T0R0, Bidentetea tripartiti, U4T3R4, Puccinellietalia; Polygonion avicularis; Taraxacum officinale Weber: H, Matricaria perforata Merat (M. Eua; U3T0R0, Arrhenatheretalia, inodora L.) Th-TH, Eua; U0T3R3.5, Artemisietea, Plantaginetea majoris; Onopordion acanthii, Sisymbrion officinalis; pratensis L. ssp. Matricaria recutita L. (M. orientalis (L.) Celak. (Tragopogon chamomilla L. p.p., Chamomila recutita (L.) orientalis L.): TH-H, E; U3T3R4, Agrostion Rauschert): Th, Eua; U3T3.5R5, Aperetalia, stoloniferae, Arrhenatheretalia; Chenopodio-Scleranthetea, Plantaginetea Tussilago farfara L.: G-H, Eua; majoris, Puccinellio-Salicornietea; U3.5T0R4.5, Filipendulo-Petasition, Onopordon acanthium L.: TH, Eua; Tussilaginion; U2.5T4R4, Onopordion acanthii (C. Xanthium albidum (Wilder) H. Drăgulescu, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014); Scholz ssp. riparium (Celak.) Wilder et Picris hieracioides L. ssp. Wagenitz: Th, Adv; U2,5T4R0, hieracioides: TH-H, Eua; U2T3R4, Arction Onopordion; lappae, Arrhenatheretalia, Festuco- Xanthium italicum Moretti Brometea, Sisymbrion officinalis; (Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.: H, (Moretti) D. Löve): Th, E-M→Adv; Ec; U4T3.5R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, U3.5T4R0, Bidentetea tripartiti, Molinietalia (C. Drăgulescu, 2009, 2010, Chenopodion fluviatile, Sisymbrion 2014); officinalis; Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertner: Th, Xanthium spinosum L.: Th, Eua; U4T3R3, Agropyro-Rumicion, Adv→Cosm; U2.5T4R3, Chenopodietea, Bidention tripartiti, Isoeto-Nanojuncetea; Onopordion acanthii;

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 21 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Xanthium strumarium L.: Th, Eua; Potamogeton pusillus L.: Hh, Cosm; U3,5T3,5R4, Chenopodietea; U6T3R4, Potamion (HCD); Xeranthemum annuum L.: Th, P-M; U2T4R3, Festucion rupicolae (HCD); Najadaceae Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sibth. Najas marina L. (Najas major All.): et Sm. (X. foetidum auct. non Moench): Th, Hh, Cosm; U6T4R4,5, Potamion pusilli P-M; U1.5T4R3, Festucion rupicolae; (HCD);

Alismataceae Zannichelliaceae Alisma lanceolatum Wither: Hh, Zannicheliia palustris L.: Hh, Eua; U6T0R4, Phragmitetea (HCD); Cosm; U6T0R4, Potamion pussili (HCD); Alisma plantago-aquatica L.: Hh, Cp; U6T0R0, Phragmitetea; Alliaceae Allium rotundum L. (Allium Butomaceae scorodoprasum L. ssp. rotundum (L.) Butomus umbellatus L.: Hh, Eua; Stearn): G, Ec-sM; U2T4R4, Festucetalia U6T3R0, Phragmitetea; valesiacae, Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi, Secalietea; Juncaginaceae Allium scorodoprasum L.: G, Ec; Triglochin palustris L.: H, Cp; U2T3R4, Alno-Padion, Arction lappae, U5T0R0, Molinietalia, Puccinellio- Quercetea robori-petraeae, Secalietea; Salicornietea (HCD); Liliaceae Roman N. identified the Triglochin Anthericum ramosum L.: H, Ec; bulbosa L. ssp. laxiflora (Guss.) Rouy U2.5T3.5R4, Festuco-Brometea (C. (Triglochin laxiflora Guss.) (HNR) in Drăgulescu, 2003,2007,2009,2010,2014); Cernetu, above Văcăreasca in the Mialache Asparagus officinalis L.: G, Eua Valley’s at the barrier lake. The plant has (sM); U1.5T4R3, Festuco-Brometea, not been mention till then in Romania. Origanetalia, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Determination may be correct because the (Colchicum autumnale L.* it grows taxon is present in Eastern Europe (the in Pilea forest, today Teleormanu, at 7 km former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece). It north of Cernetu); grows also in Western Europe (Portugal, Gagea arvensis (Pers.) Dumort.: G, Spain, France, Italy) in Asia Minor, Africa. M; U2,5T4R0, Secalietea; F. Schur (1866) calls it Triglochin palustris Ornithogalum umbellatum L.: G, var. gracillima pauciflora salina M-Ec; U0T3,5R4, Festuco-Brometea; synonymous with Triglochin barrelieri Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Loisel. (Triglochin bulbosa L. ssp. barrelieri Druce: G, Eua(M); U2T3R4, Festuco- (Loisel.) Rouy wide-spread in the Western Bromete, Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; and , North-West Africa Scilla bifolia L. ssp. bifolia: G, E; and South-East Asia. U3.5T3R4, Alno-Padion, Carpinion betuli, Querco-Fagetea; Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus L.: Hh, Cosm; Amaryllidaceae U6T3.5R4, Potametalia; Galanthus nivalis L.: G, Ec-sM; Potamogeton natans L.: Hh, Cp; U3.5T3R4, Querco-Fagetea; U6T2.5R4, Nymphaeion, Potamion; After N. Roman the species Potamogeton nodosus Poiret (P. disappeared from Cernetu flora. fluitans Roth): Hh, Cp; U6T3.5R4, Potametalia;

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Iridaceae Carex tomentosa L.: G, Eua; Crocus flavus Weston (C. moesiacus U3T3R0, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Ker.-Gawl.): G, B; U3T4,5R3, Festuco- Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Brometea Carex vulpina L.: H, Eua; U4T3R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, Caricion gracilis, Juncaceae Magnocaricion elatae, Phragmition australis; Juncus articulatus L. (J. Cyperus pannonicus Jacq. lampocarpus Ehrh.): H, Cp; U5T2R0, (Acorellus pannonicus (Jacq.) Palla): Th-H, Agropyro-Rumicion, Calthion palustris, P-Pn-B; U4,5T3R5, Cypero-Spergularion Nanocyperion flavescentis; with f. (HNR); pallidiflorus (Becker) I. Grinţ. (HCD); Cyperus flavescens Jacq. (Pycreus Juncus compressus Jacq.: G, Eua; flavescens (L.) Reichenb.): Th, Cosm; U4T3R4, Agropyro-Rumicion, Agrostion U4.5T0R4, Nanocyperion flavescentis stoloniferae, Nanocyperion flavescentis, (HCD); Plantaginetea majoris, Puccinellio- Cyperus fuscus L.: Th, Eua; Salicornietea (HCD); U6T3R4, Nanocyperion flavescentis (HNR); Juncus effusus L.: H, Cosm; Cyperus glaber L. (Chlorocyperus U4.5T3R3, Alnetea glutinosae, Bidentetea glaber (L.) Palla): Th, Eua (M); U5T3R4,5, tripartiti, Calthion palustris, Molinietalia, Nanocyperion flavescentis (HCD); Plantaginetea majoris; Cyperus serotinus Rottb. (Juncellus Juncus gerardi Loisel: G, Cp; serotinus (Rottb.) Clarke): G, Eua (M); U4.5T3R5, Agropyro-Rumicion, Juncion U5,5T4,5R0, Nanocyperion flavescentis gerardii (HCD); (HCD, HNR); Juncus inflexus L.: H, Eua; Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer et U4T3.5R4, Agropyro-Rumicion; Schultes: G (Hh), Cosm; U5T0R4, Juncus tenuis Willd.: G, Adv; Molinietalia, Nanocyperetalia, U3.5T3R4, Polygonion avicularis; Phragmitetea, Puccinellietalia (HCD); Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forskal) Cyperaceae Bubani (F. dichotoma auct. non Vahl.): Th, Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla M; U3T4,5R4; Nanocyperion (HNR); (Scirpus maritimus L.) ssp. maritimus: G Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Hh), Cosm; U6T0R4.5, Bolboschoenion (C.C. Gmelin) Palla (Scirpus maritimi; tabennaemontani C.C. Gmelin): G (Hh), Carex acuta L. (C. gracilis Curtis) Eua; U5.5T3R4, Phragmitetea (HCD); ssp. acuta: G (Hh), Cp; U5T3R0, Alno- Scirpus lacustris L. (Schoenoplectus Padion, Calthion palustris, Caricion gracilis, lacustris (L.) Palla): Hh-G, Cosm; U6T3R4, Magnocaricion elatae (HCD); Phragmition; Carex distans L.: H, Eua (sAtl-sM); Scirpus sylvaticus L.: G, Cp; U4T3R4, Agrostion stoloniferae; U4.5T3R0, Alno-Padion, Calthion palustris, Carex divisa Hudson: G, Eua; Molinietalia, Phragmitetea; U4T3,5R5, Juncion gerardi, Molinietalia; (Flora XI, 720) Poaceae Carex hirta L.: G, Cp; U0T3R0, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner Agropyro-Rumicion, Magnocaricion elatae, ssp. cristatum: H, Ec-P; U2T4R4,6, Plantaginetea majoris; Agropyro-Kochion, Festucion valesiacae Carex ovalis Good. (C. leporina (HNR) auct. non L.): H, Cp; U4T2.5R3, Agrostis capillaris L. (A. tenuis Molinietalia; Sibth.) ssp. capillaris: H(G), Cp; U0T0R0, Carex praecox Schreb.*: G-H, Eua; Festuco-Brometea, Molinio- U2T3R3, Festuco-Brometea; Arrhenatheretea, Nanocyperetalia;

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 23 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Agrostis stolonifera L. ssp. Bromus tectorum L.: Th, Eua-C; stolonifera: H, Cp; U4T0R0, Agropyro- U1.5T3.5R0, Sisymbrion officinalis, Thero- Rumicion, Agrostion stoloniferae, Alno- Airion; Padion, Magnocaricion elatae, Molinion Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth: G, coeruleae; with f. tenuis Heuff. (HCD); Eua; U2T3R0, Molinietalia (C. Drăgulescu, Alopecurus aequalis Sobol: H, Cp; 2009, 2010, 2014); U5T3R5, Nanocyperion, Bidentetea; Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.*: H, Alopecurus pratensis L. ssp. Eua-sM; U1.5T4R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, pratensis*: H, Eua; U4T3R0, Agrostion Festucion vaginatae (to Ţigăneşti); stoloniferae, Calthion palustris, Filipendulo- Crypsis aculeata (L.) Aiton: Th, Eua; Petasition, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; U3,5T4R4, Cypero-Spergularion (HNR); Anthoxanthum odoratum L.*: H, Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. Eua; U0T0R0, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; (Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host): Th, Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. ssp. Eua; U0T4R4,5, Cypero-Spergularion spica-venti: Th, Eua; U3.5T0R2.5, (HCD); Aperetalia; Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.: G, Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Cosm; U2T3.5R0, Festuco-Brometea, ssp. elatius: H, Eua; U3T3R4, Agrostion Polygonion avicularis; stoloniferae, Arrhenatherion elatioris; Cynosurus cristatus L.: H, E; Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) U3T3R3, Arrhenatheretalia, Cynosurion Beauv. ssp. pinnatum: H, Eua (sM); cristati; U2T4R4, Brachypodio-Chrysopogonetalia, Dactylis glomerata L. ssp. Festuco-Brometea, Quercetea pubescenti- glomerata: H, Eua; U3T0R4, Fagion, petraeae; Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Dichanthium ischaemum (L.) Beauv.: H, Eua (sM); U3T3R4, Alno- Roberty (Andropogon ischaemum L, Padion, Querco-Fagetea; Botriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng.): H, Eua- Briza media L: H, Eua; U0T3R0, M; U1.5T4.5R3, Festuco-Brometea; Arrhenatheretalia, Molinietalia; Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. ssp. Bromus arvensis L. ssp. arvensis: sanguinalis: Th, Cosm; U1.5T0R4, Th-TH, Eua-sM; U2.5T3R0, Chenopodietea, Polygono-Chenopodietalia; Onopordetalia; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.: Bromus commutatus Schrader: Th- Th, Cosm; U4T0R3, Bidention tripartiti, TH, Eua (sM); U0T3R0, Agrostion Chenopodietea; stoloniferae, Arrhenatheretalia, Molinion Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner: Th, coeruleae; Adv: U2T4R4,5, Polygonion avicularis Bromus hordeaceus L. (B. mollis (HCD); L.): Th-TH, Eua (sM); U0T3R0, Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis Arrhenatherion elatioris, Festuco-Brometea, (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.) ssp. Sisymbrion officinalis; hispidus: G, Eua-C; U2T4R4, Festucetalia Bromus inermis Leysser: H, Eua-C; valesiacae; U2.5T4R4, Arrhenatherion elatioris, Cirsio- Elymus repens (L.) Gould Brachypodion, Festuco-Brometea, (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.): G, Cp; Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae, Sisymbrion U0T0R0, Agropyro-Rumicion, officinalis; Artemisietea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Bromus squarrosus L.: Th, Eua; Eragrostis chilianensis (All.) U1,5T4R4, Onopordion, Festucetalia Janken: Th, M; U2T4R4,5, Tribulo- valesiacae; Eragrostion, Stellarietea mediae (HCD); Bromus sterilis L.: Th, Eua (sM); Eragrostis minor Host (E. poaeoides U2T4R4, Arction lappae, Chenopodietea, Beauv.): Th, Ec-M; U3T4R0, Consolido- Onopordion acanthii, Sisymbrion officinalis; Eragrostion, Polygonion avicularis;

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Festuca arundinacea Schreber: H, Phleum pratense L.: H, Eua; Ec; U4T3R4, Agropyro-Rumicion (HNR) U3.5T0R0, Cynosurion cristati, Molinio- Festuca heterophylla Lam.: H, Ec- Arrhenatheretea; sM; U2.5T3R3, Carpinion betuli; Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steudel Festuca pratensis Hudson ssp. ssp. australis: G (Hh), Cosm; U6T0R4, pratensis: H, Eua; U3.5T0R0, Agrostion Phragmition australis; stoloniferae, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Poa angustifolia L.: H, Eua; Festuca pseudovina Hackel: H, Eua- U2T3R0, Festuco-Brometea; C; U2T4R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Poa annua L.: Th-H, Cosm; Festucion pseudovinae, Puccinellio- U3.5T0R0, Polygonion avicularis; Salicornietea; Poa bulbosa L. (inclusiv var. Festuca rupicola Heuffel ssp. vivipara Koeler): G-H, Eua; U1,5T3,5R4, rupicola*: H, Eua-C; U1.5T4R4, Festucion Festucetalia valesiacae; rupicolae, Seslerio-Festucion pallentis; Poa compressa L.: H, E; U1,5T3R0, Festuca valesiaca Schleicher: H, Sedo-Scleranthetea, Festuco-Brometea, Eua-C; U1.5T4R4, Festucetalia valesiacae, Secalietea, Chenopodietea: Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae; Poa pratensis L.: H, Cp→Cosm; Glyceria nemoralis (Uechtr.) Uechtr. U3T0R0, Molinietalia, Molinion coeruleae; et Koernicke: H, Ec; U5T3R3, Glycerio- Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. ssp. Sparganion (HCD); distans: H, Eua; U3.5T0R5, Agrostion Glyceria notata Chevall. (G. plicata stoloniferae, Puccinellietalia; (Fries) Fries): H (Hh), Cp; U6T3R4.5, Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv.: Th, Glycerio-Sparganion; M; U2.5T3R3, Polygonion avicularis (C. Holcus lanatus L.: H, Cosm; Drăgulescu, 2010, 2014); U3.5T3R0, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea; Setaria pumila (Poiret) Schultes (S. Hordeum geniculatum All.* (H. glauca auct. non L., S. lutescens (Weigel) hystrix Roth, H. maritimum ssp. F.T. Hubbard): Th, Cosm; U2.5T4R0, gussonianum (Parl.) Aschers. et Graebn.: Eragrostetalia, Polygono-Chenopodietalia; Th, Eua (C); U2T4R4,5, Puccinellion Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.: Th, limosae; Ec-M; U2T4R0, Polygono-Chenopodietalia, Hordeum marinum Hudson: Th, Secalietea (C. Drăgulescu, 2003, 2007, Atl-M; U2T4R3, Puccinellion limosae 2009, 2010, 2014); (HCD): Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.: Th, Cosm; Hordeum murinum L. ssp. U2T3.5R0, Polygono-Chenopodietalia; murinum: Th, Eua; U2.5T4R0, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.: H, Chenopodietea, Plantaginetea majoris, Adv; U3T4R0, Secalietea, Chenopodietea; Polygonion avicularis, Sisymbrion Stipa capillata L.: H, Eua(C); officinalis; U1T4R4, Festucetalia valesiacae; Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Tragus racemosus (L.) All.: Th, M; Schultes (K. cristata (L.) Pers. p.p., K. U0T0R4, Tribulo-Eragrostion; gracilis Pers.) ssp. macrantha*: H, Eua; Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmelin: Th- U2T4R5, Festuco-Brometea; TH, Eua (Cosm); U1T3.5R2, Thero-Airion; Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz: G Sparganiaceae (Hh), Cp; U6T3R0, Bidentetea tripartiti, Sparganium erectum L. (S. Glycerio-Sparganion (HCD); ramosum Hudson) ssp. erectum: G (Hh), Lolium perenne L.: H, Cosm; Eua; U5.5T3.5R0, Glycerio-Sparganion, U2.5T4R4.5, Cynosurion cristati, Phragmition australis; ssp. neglectum Plantaginetalia majoris; (Beeby) K. Richter (S. neglectum Beeby); Phleum phleoides (L.) Karsten: H,

Eua-C; U2T3R4, Festuco-Brometea;

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 25 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

Typhaceae Plant species identified in a sub- Typha angustifolia L.: G (Hh), Cp; spontaneous state in the area of interest: U6T4R0, Phragmition australis; Anethum graveolens L., Atriplex hortensis Typha latifolia L.: G (Hh), Cosm; L., Brassica napus L., Cannabis sativa L., U6T3.5R0, Phragmition australis; Commelina communis L., Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Lemnaceae Cucumis melo L., Cucurbita pepo L., Lemna minor L.: Hh, Cosm; Cydonia oblonga Mill., Datura inoxia Mill., U6T3R0, Lemnion minoris; Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Gleditsia Lemna trisulca L.: Hh, Cosm; triacanthos L., Helianthus annuus L., U6T3R4, Lemnion minoris (HCD); Hemerocallis fulva L., Lycopersicon Spirodela polyrhiza L.: Hh, Cosm; esculentum Mill., Parthenocysus inserta (A. U6T3,5R0, Lemnion minoris; Kerner) Fritsch, Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt., Polygonum orientale L., Ricinus communis L., Rudbeckia laciniata L. f. pleno, Satureja hortensis L., Vitis labrusca L., Vitis vinifera L.

CONCLUSIONS The authors identified 581 Artemisia lerchiana, Azolla filiculoides, cormophyte species in the local flora of Butomus umbellatus, Camphorosma Cernetu Village. Their analysis indicates an monspeliaca, Convolvulus canthabricus, arid climate, with high temperature Crataegus pentagyna, Crocus flavus, variations, characteristic of low plains, and a Cyperus serotinus, Fimbristylis high degree of anthropic alteration. Of the bisumbellata, Najas marina, Ononis rare and endangered species extant in situ, spinosa, Quercus frainetto, Quercus the following species are worth mentioning: pedunculiflora, Quercus virgiliana, Alisma lanceolatum, Apium graveolens, Veronica scardica.

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REFERENCES Dihoru G. and Negrean G., 2009 – Cartea Drăgulescu C., 2014 – Dicţionar de fitonime Roşie a plantelor vasculare din româneşti, Ediţia a 4-a, Editura România, Editura Academiei Universității „Lucian Blaga” Sibiu, Bucureşti, 630. (in Romanian) 395. (in Romanian) Doltu M., Popescu A., Sanda V. and Oprea A., 2005 – Lista critică a plantelor Nedelcu G. A., 1984 – Analiza vasculare din România, Editura cormofitelor din Câmpia Munteniei, Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Studii și comunicări, Muzeul Iaşi, 668. (in Romanian) Brukenthal Sibiu, Ştințele naturii, 26, Sanda V., Biță-Nicolae C. and Barabaș N., 49-124. (in Romanian) 2003 – Flora cormofitelor spontane și Drăgulescu C., 2003 – Fitonime româneşti cultivate din România, Editura “Ion nesemnalate în lucrări etnobotanice, Borcea” Bacău, 316. (in Romanian) Argesis, Studii și comunicări, XI, Săvulescu Tr. (red.), 1952-1979 – Flora Seria Șiințele naturii, Muzeul Republicii Populare Române şi Flora Judeţean Argeş, Piteşti, 43-49. (in Republicii Socialiste România, I- Romanian) XIII, Editura Academiei Bucureşti. Drăgulescu C., 2007 – Dicţionar de fitonime (in Romanian) româneşti, ediția a 2-a, Editura Şerbănescu I. M., 1960 – Despre Universității „Lucian Blaga” din Corispermum hyssopifolium şi Sibiu, 229. (in Romanian) Camphorosma monspeliaca L. în Drăgulescu C., 2009 – Nume româneşti de Republica Populară Română, plante cu circulaţie restrânsă, Studii Comunicări de botanică, 1957-1959, şi comunicări de etnologie, 323-332. (in Romanian) Academia română, Filiala Sibiu, ***, 1975 – Catalog de seminţe, Grădina XXIII, Serie nouă, 19-44. (in Botanică Bucureşti. (in Romanian) Romanian) ***, 1981 – Catalog de seminţe, Grădina Drăgulescu C., 2010 – Dicţionar de fitonime Botanică Cluj-Napoca. (in româneşti, Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Romanian) Universității „Lucian Blaga” Sibiu, 274. (in Romanian)

The Cormophyte flora of Cernetu Village area; 1/28 pp. - 27 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

AUTHORS:

1 Constantin DRĂGULESCU [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, 5-7, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

2 Nicolae ROMAN

- 28 - V. Panait , A. D. Stănică, M. Mierlă and M. Tone Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I

THE ASSOCIATION SPIREETUM ULMIFOLIAE ZÓLYOMI 1939 IN THE ORĂŞTIE RIVER BASIN (SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA)

Valeriu-Ioan VINŢAN 1 and Iulius-Tudor MOCREI 2

KEYWORDS: Spireea chamaedryfolia, floristic elements, life forms, ecological indices, Orăştie, Southern Carpathians.

Lu+ Erika+ John-20.04.2016 -02.05.2016 -10.05.2016 start with this one please POTI TE ROG PANA IN 21.052016? last Al dt Co dt UK dt Ol dt ABSTRACT The authors study the phytocoenoses These shrubby formations comprise of the Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 a natural habitat of great importance calling association as they occur in the Orăștie for the establishment of special areas of River Basin (Southern Carpathians). These conservation. vegetal communities are part of the habitat The phytocoenoses of the association 40A0 in European typology, designated as are analysed in terms of physiognomy and Peripheral Pannonic shrubberies, whereas in floristic composition, life forms spectrum, the national typology they are included in floristic elements, and of the ecological habitat R3116, also known as Southern preferences of species with regard to Carpathians shrub communities of Spireea temperature, humidity and the chemical chamaedryfolia (Doniţă et al., 2006). reaction of soils.

REZUMAT: Asociația Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 din bazinul râului Orăştie (Carpaţii Meridionali/România). Autorii prezintă un studiu al Tufărișurile sud-est carpatice de fitocenozelor asociaţiei Spireetum cununiță reprezintă un habitat natural care ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 identificate în necesită ocrotire prin desemnarea de arii bazinul râului Orăștie (Carpaţii speciale de conservare. Meridionali). Aceste grupări vegetale se Fitocenozele asociaţiei sunt înscriu în tipul de habitat de interes analizate sub aspectul fizionomiei şi comunitar 40A0, tufărișuri subcontinentale compoziţiei floristice, al bioformelor, peri-panonice, iar pe plan naţional în tipul de elementelor floristice şi preferinţelor habitat R3116, tufărișuri sud-est carpatice de ecologice ale speciilor identificate, față de cununiță (Spireea chamaedryfolia) (Doniţă temperatură, umiditate și reacția chimică a et al., 2006). solului.

RÉSUMÉ: L’association Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 dans le bassin de la rivière Orăştie (Carpates Méridionales/Roumanie). Les auteurs présentent une étude Les buissons sud-est carpatiques des phytocénoses de l’association (Spireea chamaedryfolia) forment un habitat Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 naturel qui nécessite la protection par la identifiées dans le bassin de la rivière désignation de surfaces spéciales de Orăştie (Carpates Méridionales). Ces conservation. groupes végétaux s’inscrivent dans le Les phytocénoses de l’association type d’habitat d’intérêt communautaire sont analysées sous l’aspect de la 40A0, des buissons sous-continentaux physionomie et de la composition péri-pannoniques et sur plan national, floristique, des bioformes, des éléments dans le type d’habitat R3116, des floristiques et des préférences écologiques buissons sud-est carpatiques (Spireea des espèces identifiées, par rapport à la chamaedryfolia) (Doniţă et al., 2006). température, l’humidité et la réaction chimique du sol.

Spiretum ulmifoliae association in the Orăştie River Basin; 29/36 pp. - 29 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. X.I .

INTRODUCTION The hydrographic basin of the (to the South and West) and Cugir (to the Orăştie River lies in the central-western part East), while to the North the Orăştie River of Romania (Fig. 1). It is located between discharges into the Mureş River (Trufaș, the hydrographic basins of the rivers Strei 1986).

Figure 1: Position of Orăştie River Basin in Romania.

The Şureanu Mountains consist The average thermal differences mainly of meso-metamorphic and epi- between the outskirts of the mountains and metamorphic crystalline schists, surrounded their summits reach circa 10 degrees peripherically by some areas of sedimentary Celsius. Towards their north-western limits, rocks (sandstones, conglomerates, due to the warm air incursions from the limestones, etc.). We must add that within Banato-Crişana plains, the yearly average the studied territory just a portion of these temperatures range from 9 to 10ºC. In mountains is included, namely the west- winter, the multiannual average north-western part, commonly known as the temperatures vary between -2ºC and -7ºC, in Orăştie or Sarmizegetusa Mountains. The spring they rise by 6-12ºC, in summer they altitudinal range wherein the phytocoenoses reach 8ºC on the mountain tops and over 19 of Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 degrees on the outskirts, while in autumn the were identified is anywhere between 670 m average temperatures decrease by 5.5-7ºC as and 960 m. compared to those in the summer months The territory under analysis is part of (Trufaș, 1986). the temperate climatic zone, its maritime- The rainfall amounts in multiannual influenced climatic sector, its lower average to circa 550-600 mm in the outskirts mountainous division, the Southern and increases to over 1000 mm in the high Carpathians subdivision, the complex altitude central parts. In the whole of topoclimate of the Orăştie lowlands and Transylvania the rainfall quantum is 500- Parâng highlands (Trufaș, 1986). 700 mm/year (Pătru et al., 2006).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS The vegetation studies in the (1964) and improved by Ellenberg (1974). hydrographic basin of the Orăştie River The methodology we used for (central-western Romania) were conducted positioning the association into the superior throughout 2009 and 2014, targeting all coeno-taxonomic units, namely suballiance, types of sites indicative of the association alliance, order, and class, took into Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939. The consideration the traditional ecological- vegetation research deployed the floristic systems developed by Sanda et al. phytocoenologic survey methods drawn up (2008). by Braun-Blanquet (1964) adjusted The phytocoenologic synoptic table according to the particularities of the region for this association (Tab. 1) consists of under scrutiny. The sampling technique and information pertaining to the floristic and the annotations (quantitative appraisals) coenologic composition of the plant were observed strictly in accordance with population rendering the phytocoenosis, the the instructions of the authors Borza and life form, the floristic (phytogeographic) Boşcaiu (1965). The associations were element, the ecological indices of humidity identified using the characteristic species, (U), temperature (T), soil reaction (R), the without overlooking the differential and ordinal numbers of the relevées, the absolute dominant species. altitude in metres (a.s.l.), and the sampled The phytocoenological worksheets surface (m2). The last column of the contain information regarding the stational synoptic table holds the constancy of species habitat conditions in which the (K), whose classes are marked by Roman phytocoenoses evolve: rock, soil, altitude, digits from I to V. The values of the exposition, slope, vegetation coverage. At synthetic phytocoenologic indices, namely the same time when we took down the taxa the constancy (K) was computed using the that define each relevé, we also gave a methods proposed by the scientists Braun- quantitative appraisal of the participation of Blanquet and Pavillard (1928), and Cristea each and every species with respect of et al. (2004). abundance and dominance, in accordance The determination of taxa followed with the method proposed by Braun- the criteria established by Ciocârlan (2009). Blanquet and Pavillard (1928), and we The nomenclature of taxa was done pencilled in the overall vegetation coverage according to Ciocârlan (2009), and the using the methods designed by Tüxen vegetal association was analysed using the (1955) and Ellenberg (1974). main ecological indices of the component The phytocoenologic table of the species, life forms and floristic elements, the association was structured according to the data being shown graphically in spectra and methodology designed by Braun-Blanquet diagrams (Sanda et al., 2005).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Romania, this association was (Vâlcea County). In the area we worked, this studied by Csürös-Káptalan (1962) in the association was observed in the Sibişelului gorge Cheile Turului near to the town of Valley, the Șureanu Mountains. Turda (Cluj County), by Dihoru (1975) from The phytocoenoses of the association the Siriu Mountains, by Hodişan (1979) Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 are from the massive of Măgura Rodnei growing on rocky slopes, of westerly and (Bistriţa-Năsăud County), by Drăgulescu north-westerly exposition, with inclination (1995) from the valley of the Sadu River of 50o-80o, at altitudes of 670-960 m a.s.l. (Sibiu County) and Niculescu (2006) from (Tab. 1). the upper basin of the Luncavăţ River

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Figure 2: Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939, Șureanu Mountains – Sibișelului River (15.07.2012).

The floristic elements comprise 23 The life form spectrum (Fig. 3) species of cormophytes and 3 species of outlines the prevalence of hemicryptophytes bryophytes, adding up to a general cover of (56.52%) followed by phanerophytes 60-85% (Tab. 1). Spiraea chamaedryfolia, (26.07%), geophytes (8.69%) and terophytes the characteristic and dominant species of (8.69%). the association, with a general cover of The spectrum of floristic elements 52.50% ADm is accompanied by the (Fig. 4) reveals that the Circumpolar species characteristic species of the alliance (21.73%), those Eurasian (21.73%) and Spireion chamaedryfoliae, order European (21.73%) share the same Sambucetalia racemosae and class percentage, being followed by the Central- Epilobietea angustifolii, among which the European species (13.04%) with the same following species are worth mentioning: percentage as the Cosmopolitan ones Calamagrostis arundinacea, Rubus idaeus, (13.04%). Fragaria vesca, Sambucus racemosa, The diagram of ecological indices Senecio sylvaticus. In the phytocoenoses of (Fig. 5) shows that according to humidity the association occur plants that are the mesophile species prevail (65.21%), transgressive from the chasmophile followed by the xero-mesophile species phytocoenoses belonging to the class (26.07%), whereas thermally speaking, the Asplenietea trichomanis (Poa nemoralis, micro-mesothermal species hold the highest Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium percentage (56.51%), followed by the trichomanes ssp. trichomanes, Cystopteris microthermal (26.08%) and eurithermal fragilis, Sedum maximum) as well as species species (17.39%). The chemical reaction of from the forest phytocoenoses belonging to soils outlines the euri-ionic (43.47%) and the class Querco-Fagetea (Athyrium filix- acid-neutrophile species (34.78%) and lastly femina, Campanula persicifolia, Galium those mildly acid-neutrophile (17.38%). schultesii, Prenanthes purpurea).

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No. of species (%) 60 56.52 50 40 30 20 13.04 8.69 8.69 8 4 34 Figure10 3: Life forms spectrum of the Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 association, where: MPh – Megaphanerophytes; mPh – Mezophanerophytes; nPh – Nanophanerophytes; H – Hemicryptophytes; G – Geophytes; Th – Annual terophytes.

No. of species (%) 25 21.73 21.73 21.73 20 15 13.04 13.04 10 4.34 4.34 5 0 Cp Eua E Ec Carp Alp Cosm Floristic elements

Figure 4: Spectrum of floristic elements of the Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 association, where: Cp – Circumpolar; Eua – Eurasian; E – European; Ec – Central European; Carp – Carpathian; Alp – Alpine; Cosm – Cosmopolitan.

U T R 60 56.52 52.17 40 34.78 21.73 20 17.39 17.38 No. of species 8.69 8.69 Figure 5: Diagram of ecological indices for the Spireetum4 34 4 ulmifoliae 34 Zólyomi4 34 1939 association, where: U – humidity, T – temperature, R – the chemical reaction of soils.

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If we have to compare the shrub neutrophile species (34.78% − Orăștie communities of Spireetum ulmifoliae Valley; 40% − Sadului Valley). analysed by Drăgulescu (1995) in the Poorly sunlit slopes and higher soil Sadului Valley (Southern Carpathians) with moisture in the Orăștie Valley determines those investigated in the Orăștie Valley the extant differences among the saxicole (Southern Carpathians), we shall notice phytocoenoses of Spireetum ulmifoliae many similarities and few differences. Zólyomi 1939 in the two analysed areas of In the diagram of ecological indices, the Southern Carpathians. the humidity line shows that the xero- The life form spectrum highlights the mesophile species are prevalent in the hemicryptophytes at the top of the diagram Sadului Valley (60%), whereas in the (56.52% − Orăștie Valley; 72% − Sadului Orăștie Valley the mesophile ones prevail Valley), whereas the floristic elements (65.21%). Thermally speaking, both river spectrum outlines the Circumpolar species, basins are dominated by micro-mesothermal at the same percentage (21.73%) as the species (56.51% − Orăștie Valley; 56% − Eurasian and European species in the Sadului Valley). The chemical reaction of Orăștie Valley, while in the Sadului Valley soils allows for the growing of acid- the Eurasian species (45%) are followed by the European (28%).

CONCLUSIONS The behaviour of cormophytes by phanerophytes, while the spectrum of regarding the three ecological factors floristic elements emphasizes the (humidity, temperature and the chemical Circumpolar, Eurasian and European reaction of soils) shows that the species. phytocoenoses of the association Spireetum At a national level, the shrub ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 in the Orăștie communities of Spireea chamaedryfolia River Basin are dominated by mesophile, belong to the habitat type R3116 (Doniţă et micro-mesothermal and acid-neutrophile al., 2006). The conservation status of this species. A significant percentage of species type of habitat in Romania is “inadequate are euri-ionical. The life form spectrum is with unknown evolution trend” (Mihăilescu dominated by hemicryptophytes, followed et al., 2015).

Table 1: Association Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 in Orăştie River Basin. L. f. Fl. e. U T R No. relevées 1 2 3 4 5 K Altitude (m.) 670 750 890 940 960 Exposition V V V NV NV Slope (º) 80 70 60 55 50 Coverage (%) 70 70 60 80 85 Surface (m2) 15 20 30 25 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Car. ass. mPh Eua 3 2.5 0 Spiraea chamaedryfolia 4 4 3 4 3 V -nPh Spireion chamaedryfoliae et Sambucetalia racemosae H Eua(C) 2.5 3 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea + . 1 + 2 III MPh E(M) 3 3 3 Sambucus nigra . + . + II -mP

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Table 1 (continued): Association Spireetum ulmifoliae Zólyomi 1939 in Orăştie Basin.

Epilobietea angustifolii nPh Cp 3 3 3 Rubus idaeus . + 1 . + III H Eua 3 2.5 0 Fragaria vesca . . + + . II mPh Cp 3 2 3 Sambucus racemosa . . + . + II Th E 3 3 3 Senecio sylvaticus + . + . . II H Cp 2.5 3 3 Solidago virgaurea + . . + . II Th Eua 3 2 0 Galeopsis speciosa . + . . . I Asplenietea trichomanis H Cp 3 3 0 Poa nemoralis + . 1 + + IV G Cp 3.5 3 4 Polypodium vulgare + + + . + IV H Cosm 3 0 4 Asplenium trichomanes + . . + . II ssp. trichomanes H Cosm 3.5 0 0 Cystopteris fragilis . . . + + II H E 2 3 0 Sedum maximum . + + . . II H Ec(Mont) 3 0 4.5 Valeriana tripteris + . . . . I H Carp-B-Anat 2.5 4 3 Veronica bachofenii . + . . . I Querco-Fagetea H Cosm 4 2,5 0 Athyrium filix-femina . . . + + II H Eua 3 3 0 Campanula persicifolia . . + . + II G Ec 2.5 3 3 Galium schultesii . + + . . II H Ec(Mont) 3 2.5 0 Prenanthes purpurea . . . + + II MPh E 3 3 3 Carpinus betulus + . . . . I -mPh Th-TH Cosm 3.5 3 3 Geranium robertianum . . . + . I Variae syntaxa H Alp-Carp-B 2.5 3 4 Achillea distans + + . . . II MPh E 0 0 0 Picea abies . . . + + II - - - - - Dicranum scoparium . . + + . II - - - - - Polytrichum strictum . . . 1 1 II - - - - - Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus . . . 1 3 II

Place and date of sampling: 1-3 Sibişelului Valley − Şureanu Mountains (15.07.2012); 4-5 Sibişelului Valley − Şureanu Mountains (15.09.2013). where: L. f. − life forms: mPh – Mezophanerophytes; nPh − Nanophanerophytes; H − Hemycriptofites; G − Geophytes; Th − Annual terophytes; TH – Biennial terophytes. Fl.e. − floristic elements: Cp − Circumpolar; Eua − Eurasian; Eua(C) − Eurasian (Central); E − European; E(M) − European (Mediterraneean); Ec − Central European; Ec(Mont) − Central European (Mountain); Carp-B-Anat − Carpathian-Balkan-Anatolian; Alp-Carp-B – Alpino-Carpathian-Balkan; Cosm – Cosmopolitan; K − constancy. Ecological indices: U – humidity; T – temperature; R − the chemical reaction of soils.

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REFERENCES Borza A. and Boşcaiu N., 1965 − Introducere Hodişan I., 1979 − Aspecte ale vegetaţiei din în studiul covorului vegetal, Edit. Masivul Măgura Rodnei (jud. Academiei Române, București, 342. Bistriţa-Năsăud), Contribuții (in Romanian) Botanice, Cluj-Napoca, 125-131. (in Braun-Blanquet J. and Pavillard J., 1928 − Romanian) Vocabulaire de Sociologie Végétale, Mihăilescu S., Strat D., Cristea I. and Troisicme edition, Imprimerie Lemair Honciuc V., 2015 − Raportul sintetic – Ardres, 15-18. (in French) privind starea de conservare a Braun-Blanquet J., 1964 − speciilor și habitatelor de interes Pflanzensoziologie, Springer- Verlag, comunitar din România, Edit. Wien-New York, 3, 12-24. (in Dobrogea, Constanța, 222. (in German) Romanian) Ciocârlan V., 2009 − Flora ilustrată a Niculescu M., 2006 − Flora şi vegetaţia României. Pteridophyta et bazinului superior al râului Luncăvăţ, Spermatophyta, Edit. Ceres, Teză de doctorat, Univ. Babeş- București, 1141. (in Romanian) Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, 358. (in Cristea V., Gafta D. and Pedrotti F., 2004 − Romanian) Fitosociologie, Edit. Presa Pătru I., Zaharia L. and Oprea R., 2006 − Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, Geografia fizică a României, Edit. 394. (in Romanian) Universitară, București, 175. (in Csürös-Káptalan M., 1962 − Aspecte din Romanian) vegetaţia Cheii Turului, Contribuții Sanda V., Barabaş N. and Biţă-Nicolae C., Botanice, Cluj, 249-262. (in 2005 − Breviar privind parametrii Romanian) structurali şi caracteristicile ecologice Dihoru G., 1975 − Învelişul vegetal din ale fitocenozelor din România, Partea Muntele Siriu, Edit. Academiei I, Edit. „Ion Borceˮ, Bacău, 255. (in Române, Bucureşti, 216. (in Romanian) Romanian) Sanda V., Kinga Ö. and Burescu P., 2008 – Doniţă N., Popescu A., Paucă-Comănescu Fitocenozele din România, M., Mihăilescu S. and Biriş I. A., sintaxonomie, structură, dinamică şi 2006 − Habitatele din România, Edit. evoluţie, Edit. Ars Docendi, Tehnică Silvică, București, 95. (in Bucureşti, 570. (in Romanian) Romanian) Trufaş V., 1986 − Munţii Şureanu, ghid Drăgulescu C., 1995 − Flora şi vegetaţia din turistic, Edit. Sport-Turism, bazinul Văii Sadului, Edit. Constant, București, 7-46. (in Romanian) Sibiu, 355. (in Romanian) Tüxen R., 1955 − Das System der Ellenberg H., 1974 – Zeigerwerte der nordwestdeutschen Pflanzengesells- Gefässpflanzen Mitteleuropas − chaften, Mitt Floristic-Sociologie Scripta Geobotanica, Göttingen, 9, 1- Arbeitsgen, n. Folge, 5, 155-176. (in 97. (in German) German)

AUTHORS:

1 Valeriu-Ioan VINŢAN [email protected] The Secondary School “Dr. Aurel Vlad”, Luminii Street 10, Orăștie, Hunedoara County, Romania, RO-335700.

2 Iulius-Tudor MOCREI [email protected] The Secondary School “Dr. Aurel Vlad”, Luminii Street 10, Orăștie, Hunedoara County, Romania, RO-335700.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TAXUS BACCATA L. POPULATION UNDER TREE CANOPY IN THE TUDORA RESERVATION

Ciprian BÎRSAN 1, Constantin MARDARI 2, Ovidiu COPOȚ 3 and Lucian APĂȘTINEI 4

KEYWORDS: English yew, vitality, population regeneration, local climatic conditions.

ABSTRACT Population development of the sample plots. Indicator species identified in species Taxus baccata L. in the Tudora the floristic composition suggested the Reservation, was investigated in this study. communities belong within the Geranio Floristic composition of plant community robertianae ‒ Fagetum taxetosum baccatae including this species as well as other sub-association and Dacian beech forests important factors crucial for yew habitat type (91V0). A number of yew development, as tree canopies were saplings from under various canopy types analysed. Natural regeneration of yew from were compared and it was concluded that the stand was also analysed. All yew yew seeds germinate under the canopy of individuals (including saplings) were many tree species at Tudora, especially measured and graphically represented by under Fagus sylvatica and mature trees of projecting their canopies in permanent Taxus.

REZUMAT: Dezvoltarea populaţiei de Taxus baccata sub coronamentul arborilor din Rezervaţia Tudora. În această lucrare s-a investigat investigate. Speciile indicatoare identificate dezvoltarea populaţiei spontane de Taxus în compoziţia floristică au sugerat baccata în rezervația de la Tudora. A fost încadrarea acestei comunităţi cu tisă în analizată compoziţia floristică a subasociaţia Geranio robertianae – Fagetum comunităţilor de plante în care se dezvoltă taxetosum baccatae şi tipul de habitat – specia şi o serie de factori importanţi pentru păduri dacice de fag (91V0). A fost dezvoltarea tisei, cum ar fi coronamentul comparat numărul de puieţi de tisă de sub arborilor.S-a urmărit şi regenerarea naturală coronamentul arborilor. S-a concluzionat că a tisei din arboret. Toţi indivizii de tisă seminţele de Taxus baccata germinează (inclusiv puieţii) au fost măsuraţi şi îndeosebi sub Fagus sylvatica şi arbori reprezentaţi grafic prin proiecţia coroanelor mamă de Taxus. în suprafeţele de probă permanente

RÉSUMÉ: Le développement de la population de Taxus baccata sous le couvert des arbres dans la Réserve Tudora. Dans cet article, on a étudié le permanentes. Les espèces indicatrices développement spontané de la population de identifiées dans la composition floristique Taxus baccata dans la Réserve Tudora. La indiquent une appartenance à la sous- composition floristique des communautés association Geranio robertianae ‒ Fagetum végétales dans laquelle se développe taxetosum baccatae et au type d’habitat des l’espèce et un certain nombre de facteurs Hêtraies daciennes (91V0). De nombreux importants pour le développement de l’if tels jeunes ifs se trouvant sous la canopée ont été que la canopée des arbres ont été analysés. comparés et on a pu en conclure que les La régénération naturelle et le peuplement graines d’ifs sont capables de germer sous la de l’if ont été observé. Tous les individus (y canopée de nombreuses espèces d'arbres, à compris les jeunes arbres) ont été mesuré et Tudora, plus particulièrement sous Fagus représenté par la projection de leur canopées sylvatica et sous les arbres matures tels que sur des surfaces d’échantillonnage Taxus.

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INTRODUCTION English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is of different trees and shrubs, being hardly an endangered and rare tree species in noticeable in the vegetation period. Young many European countries (Thomas and yew plants are often injured by pests and Polwart, 2003). It is a tertiary relict tree, herbivores (Thomas and Polwart, 2003). In widespread in Europe, and some natural reservations in Poland, yew North Africa (Pârvu, 2005). In Romania it is seedlings disappear after 2-3 years due to considered to be a vulnerable and rare some factors with complementary influence species (Oltean et al., 1994). In terms of as: falling water level in soils or dryness in ecological preferences, Taxus baccata the atmosphere (Iszkuło and Boratyński, generally occurs in areas with an oceanic- 2004; Garcia et al., 2000). mountain climate and develops well under The aims of this study are to sheltered and shaded conditions (forests), characterize the protection status, local with relative high atmospheric humidity. The conditions and structure of the yew species is also sensitive to drought (Șofletea population and the composition of the and Curtu, 2007). It is sporadically vegetation with Taxus baccata in the Tudora distributed in pure beech forests and also in Forest natural reservation. This reservation is mixed coniferous and beech forests (Sârbu et located in the continental biogeographical al., 2013). region (Habitats Directive, 1992), the main The most favourable stations for yew vegetation type being represented by old development are those from mountainous Moldavian beech forests identified by Fagus areas (rarely in hilly regions), more sylvatica, Fagus orientalis and Fagus frequently in beech and mixed forests, often taurica (Horeanu et al., 1972; Mohan et al., on rocky terrain, in less accessible sites 1993; Chifu et al., 2006; Mohan and (Romanian Flora vol. I). In an optimum Ardelean, 2006). The presence of a oceanic climate, Taxus baccata is a population of Taxus baccata in this forest gregarious species, comprising ancient pure was the main reason why it was declared a stands, as was observed in Denmark (1388 natural reservation (in 1975). individuals/ha, including 513 mature yew Previous researches on Taxus individuals over 30 mm in diameter) baccata in the Tudora forest demonstrated (Svenning and Magard, 1999). In northern the spontaneous origin of yew in this area Britain and continental Europe Taxus (Horeanu, 1981; Horeanu, 1984; Haralamb baccata also occurs as an isolated tree, well and Caliniuc, 1938; Horeanu and Popa, developed on a great variety of soils. In the 1972; Cioltan and Cioltan, 1989; Huzdup, North-western part of Wales it is the most 1973; Oprea, 2005; Sârbu et al., 2007). frequent graveyard tree (33%). According to some recent studies, the yew Natural regeneration of yew is population in Tudora is declining (Brânzan, possible when enough female and male 2013), possibly because in 1890 the former individuals exist, as is considered to be the private owner (Cantacuzino Pașcanu) cut case in Tudora forest (Pârvu, 2005). When all the forest, including the old yew yew reaches almost 20 years old, it can individuals. Although the individuals of produce seeds; this phenomenon occurs the species regenerated, their number earlier in solitary individuals from open decreased. In these conditions, the actual age spaces and later in individuals from dense of the yews is around 120 years (Cioltan and and massive forests in the East of Europe Cioltan, 1989). (Șofletea and Curtu, 2007; Vidakovic, 1991). Yew regeneration takes place under a canopy

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MATERIAL AND METHODS The study has been carried out in monocline plateau with accentuated the Tudora Reservation (Fig. 1). The cuestas (Posea et al., 1982), with an study area was located at 6 km East of altitudinal range from 314 to 513 m. Tudora village (47°30’-47°32’ N, Geologically, the area belongs to the respectively 26°40’-26°42’ E, Fig. 1). The Moldavian Platform, with superior reservation is situated in the central region Sarmatian deposits, represented by the of the Siret Ridge, which is a part of Buglovian (successions of clays and marls the Moldavian Plateau. The relief varies, with sand intercalations) and Volhinian with deep valleys and steep slopes, (shallow deposits of sands, sandstones, presenting a general WSW-NNE aspect oolithic limestone with loamy intercalations) (Badea et al., 2010). It is specific to a sublevels (Badea et al., 2010).

Figure 1: Tudora Yew Reservation.

Natural profiles carved by the The high degree of forestation (the biggest streams are rich in fossils (gastropods and from Suceava Plateau) and some harder Sarmatian lamellibranchiate – Figs. 2 and 3). rocks are the only limiting factors for the Permeable and impermeable sedimentary development of erosion processes (Badea et rocks, phreatic waters, springs, relief al., 2010). The climate is specific to hilly fragmentation density, high altitudinal and plateau areas, with annual average differences (199 m) and a torrential rainfall temperatures of 8-9˚C and annual average regime favoured the geomorphological rainfalls ranging from 600 to 700 mm processes of the terrain, and, also, the erosion (Posea et al., 1982). The predominant soil and landslides, the area presenting a high type is represented by luvosols (white potential for degradation (Bucur, 1954). luvisols), formed under deciduous forests Watercourses transport large and a cooler and wetter climate (Ungureanu quantities of eroded material and uprooted and Nimigeanu, 1986). On accentuated secular beeches and numerous yew slopes the erodisols are the dominant soil exemplars with sliding (due to landslides). type.

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Figure 2: Deposits with Sarmatian Figure 3: Deposits with Sarmatian lamellibranchiate fossils. lamellibranchiate fossils.

Figure 4: Elevation map of Tudora Yew Reservation (black circle = Tudora Village, red triangle = observation plot). Made in R and QGIS.

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In Tudora Forest, Taxus baccata is yews, their diameter and height were represented by individuals with different age recorded. For the graphical representation of and various sizes, of spontaneous origin every tree canopy from the sample plots, (Tufescu, 1937). The study has been carried was used the Corel software. Floristic out in 3 permanent plots, in two consecutive composition of sample plots was years. The sample plots have been divided in investigated by phytosociological relevés. 15x15m squares. The position of individual RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Floristic and phytosociological nemoralis, Viola reichenbachiana, Carex composition of plots. Tudora Forrest has a pilosa, etc. The presence of Cypripedium well developed tree layer. Generally, it calceolus, a protected orchid species, was includes tall trees species as those within the also notable. Most of the species in the genus Fagus, which are dominant. In floristic composition were Eurasian and between the tree layer are representatives of European hemicryptophytes and other genera: Cerasus, Acer, Fraxinus, Tilia, phanerophytes. Ulmus and Betula. In certain parts of the From a phytosociological perspective forest the shrub layer is well developed and there was highlighted the presence of some is represented by Coryllus avellana, Cornus characteristic species for the Epipactido ‒ sanguinea, Cornus mas, Viburnum opulus Fagenion (Cephalanthera rubra) sub- and Crataegus monogyna. alliance, Symphyto cordati ‒ Fagion alliance In the three plots studied, the tree (Acer pseudoplatanus) and Fagetalia layer represented 65-85% cover and was sylvaticae order (Salvia glutinosa, dominated by Fagus sylvatica, along with Euphorbia amygdaloides, Fagus sylvatica, Taxus baccata which was co-dominant, with Pulmonaria officinalis, Daphne mezereum a cover of approximately 25%. In some etc.) and Querco ‒ Fagetea (Viola plots, Carpinus betulus also showed an reichenbachiana, Staphyllea pinnata, important cover. Sporadically, in the tree Mycelis muralis, Hepatica nobilis, Dentaria layer, Acer campestre was also present. bulbifera, Poa nemoralis etc.) vegetation Only in one plot the shrubs layer was well class (Tab. 3). All these species suggested a developed, with 40% cover and a community belonging to the Geranio composition including juvenile trees of robertianae ‒ Fagetum taxetosum baccatae Fagus sylvatica, Acer platanoides, Sorbus Horeanu 1981 em. Chifu et al. 2006 sub- torminalis or other shrubs such as Cornus association (Chifu et al., 2014). The habitat mas or Crataegus monogyna. The herb layer type (according to Habitats Directive was relatively species-poor, among the 92/43/EEC) was 91V0 Dacian Beech forests component species being Cephalanthera (Symphyto-Fagion). rubra, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Poa Spatial structure of yew stands. In removed and cannot survive because of poor the investigated sample plots two main tree conditions of light. However, even the yew layers, often with superimposed projections display reduction in height in forests where of canopies, have been identified. canopy is very dense. The upper layer was Individuals of Taxus baccata were composed of taller tree species compared to identified in the lower layer. However, the the yew. The results of this study also yew is a typical species for lower tree layer showed the possibility of yew seed and it is generally considered as a species germination under mature yew individuals. with reduced requirements of light. Lighting However, a great number of seedlings have conditions in the beech forest are in general been identified under canopies of broad- unfavourable for other tree species, leaved plants due to the fact that birds prefer including the yew. Despite this factor, tall trees with orthotropic crown and the seedlings of yew can survive under the thick thick canopy effect on yew seed dispersion canopies, while other species of trees are and germination (Gierrtych, 2000).

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Table 1: Number of tree individuals in investigated sample plots in Tudora Reservation. No. Tree species Number of Diameter at Height Canopy crt. individuals 1.3 m (cm) (m) diameter (m) 1. Fagus sylvatica 58 30.87 ± 21.89 15.14 ± 9.07 3.52 ± 2.42 2. Acer pseudoplatanus 4 25.38 ± 22.51 16.25 ± 7.8 3.42 ± 1.63 3. Tilia cordata 2 41.0 ± 10.32 23.0 ± 1.41 4.72 ± 0.29 4. Cerasus avium 3 23.15 ± 0.64 19.77 ± 4.2 4.66 ± 0.79 5. Fraxinus excelsior 1 29.7 ± 0.0 22.0 ± 0.0 4.99 ± 0.0 6. Ulmus glabra 2 20.0 ± 3.96 16.5 ± 0.71 3.21 ± 0.1

Yew individuals have been classified answers for the needles dimension of as seedlings (H ≤ 50 cm) and saplings (H > (needle length, width, thickness, specific 50 cm) in their spatial distribution on the leaf area) in conditions of different lighting, ground. Frequently, structural indicators in depending on the coverage of forest. It can forestry research are used as a measure of be said that there is a double response of the biodiversity. Structural diversity is an yew according to the light (efficient important indicator to understand the photosynthetic reactions in different lighting distribution of trees, individual growing conditions and the size of the needles is conditions and competitive relations in a determined especially by the plant size) sample area of the forest (Pommerening, (Devaney et al., 2014). 2002). Mature yews have morphological

I LEGEND

II

Figure 5: Distribution of Taxus baccata individuals under the canopy of broad-leaved trees in the Tudora Reserve – plot 1, 2 and 3 with tree-like yews different heights.

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Figure 6: Distribution of Taxus bacata individuals under the canopy of broadleaved trees in the Tudora – plots 1, 2 and 3 with tree-like yews different heights.

Table 2: Number of yew individuals registered inside of Tudora Yew Reservation area deppending on height classes and position. Plot Yews < 0.1 m Yews between Yews between Yews between Yews Number surfaces 0.1-0.2 m 0.21-0.5 m 0.51-2 m over of yews 2 m total Near Under Near Under Near Under Near Under the deciduous the deciduous the deciduous the deciduous trunk tree trunk tree trunk tree trunk tree (Taxus) canopy (Taxus) canopy (Taxus) canopy (Taxus) canopy I 0 19 0 10 0 7 0 1 0 37 II 3 12 2 12 0 5 0 1 8 43 III 4 10 3 7 1 6 0 2 14 47 Total 7 41 5 29 1 18 0 4 22 127

For the current study, a stratified The yews form the lower layer. In the lower sampling (based on plant height) of those layer are the saplings of the canopy trees. 127 de individuals of Taxus baccata was Young saplings (0.21-0.50 m) realized, across five demographic size represented 14.96% of the total inventoried classes: small seedlings (yews under 0.1 m); individuals of Taxus baccata. Generally, the seedlings (0.10-0.20 m); young saplings larger individuals have been identified in II (0.21-0.50 m); saplings (0.51-2 m); and and III sample plots. juveniles (2-6 m) (Tab. 2). Seed germination Field observations showed that yews was high at most 80%. with heights in 0.5-2 m range were the The highest frequency was registered fewest (3.14% of the total number). Their for yews under 10 cm height, found under location was probably due to the hardly the canopies of Fagus sylvatica and another accessible area for timber exploitation. Also, broadleaved species, in which the surviving individuals over 2 m in height were rate during first 3-4 years is higher. Also a identified in the area situated above the great number of yews between 0.1-0.2 m, canyon, probably originating from the (22.83%) has been identified under the mature individuals of Taxus baccata which canopy of broadleaved trees and inventoried. were cut by Cantacuzino Pascanu in 1890.

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Figure 7: Adult Taxus baccata individual on the cliff edge.

The study showed us that older rate, and lower height compared to other seedlings of yew were concentrated under species at the maturity stage. the female yew canopies and the youngest Phenological observations revealed were under the canopies of beech (Figs. 7, 8 that Taxus baccata produces seeds in and 9). The yew individuals appeared in the August ‒ October period, the red aril sample plots dominated by Fagus sylvatica surrounding the seed being able to attract where they form a secondary shrub layer, frugivores birds. That can explain why the and dominate in setting of the sample greater densities of saplings had been surface, accompanied by Fagus sylvatica observed under canopy of beech, similar to and Acer campestre. Taxus baccata appears the reports from the Cantabrian mountains in sample areas characterized by two layers (Garcia et al., 2000). The spread of seeds for of vegetation; the dominant tree layer which Taxus baccata is achieved through fieldfare is constituted by beech trees and second (Turdidae), wood nuthatch Sitta europea layer which consists of a mixture between (Sittidae), Bohemian waxwing Bombycilla yew and beech, accompanied by other garrulus (Bombycillidae) and the small woody species components. mammals as Apodemus sylvaticus species Taxus baccata has a significant that consume large amounts of seeds that are presence in the lower tree layer also due to rich in lipids (Thomas and Polwart, 2003; the fact that the species has a slow growth García et al., 2005a).

Figures 8, 9: Stages of development for Taxus baccata individuals in Tudora forest.

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Management measures As a limiting factor influencing the activity (Lyubenova and Nedelchev, 2001) natural regeneration of yew in the Tudora or natural erosion of the terrain. forest, based on the field observations, sheep In order to enhance the status of grazing inside the reservation area can be Taxus baccata population in Tudora forest mentioned. Although the sheep avoid Taxus the management measures must also take baccata individuals, they produce damage into account the seed dispersal birds. Their by trampling. diversity could be maintained only if the Inability of natural regeneration coul forest trees diversity is ensured. Sheep also be associated with habitat degradation grazing in the forest should be completely (cutting of mature trees) due to human eliminated.

Table 3: Phytosociological relevés with Taxus baccata in Tudora Reservation (Geranio robertianae ‒ Fagetum (Burduja et al. 1974) Chifu and Ştefan 1994 em. Chifu and Zamfirescu 2001 taxetosum baccatae Horeanu 1981 em. Chifu, Mânzu and Zamfirescu 2006. Geoelement Bioform No. of relevé 1 2 3 Area (m2) 1000 1000 1000 Altitude (m.a.s.l.) 420 460 458 Aspect NV VNV V Slope (º) 15 12 10 Tree layer cover (%) 85 65 80 Shrubs layer cover (%) 15 35 15 Herbs layer cover (%) 5 10 15 Tree height (m) 25 25 25 Tree diameter (cm) 10-65 10-65 10-60 Dif. subass. Atl.-medit.-centr.-eur. Ph. Taxus baccata 2 2 + Atl.-medit.-centr.-eur. Ph. Taxus baccata juv. 1 2 + Circ. Ch. Orthilia secunda - + - Epipactido-Fagenion Eur. G. Cephalantera rubra + + + Eur. G. Cephalantera longifolia - - + Fagion et Fagetalia sylvaticae Circ. H. Hepatica nobilis - - + Euras. H. Salvia glutinosa + + + Eur. H. Pulmonaria officinalis + + + Eur. centr. Ph. Acer pseudoplatanus juv. + - + Euras. G. Lathyrus vernus - + - Euras. H. Asarum europaeum - - + Centr.eur., Ch. Euphorbia amygdaloides + - + subatl.,submedit. Euras. Ph. Daphne mezereum + - - Euras. H. Sanicula europea + - + Euras. G. Galium odoratum - - +

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Table 3 (continued): Phytosociological relevés with Taxus baccata in Tudora Reservation (Geranio robertianae ‒ Fagetum (Burduja et al. 1974) Chifu and Ştefan 1994 em. Chifu and Zamfirescu 2001 taxetosum baccatae Horeanu 1981 em. Chifu, Mânzu and Zamfirescu 2006. Geoelement Bioform No. of relevé 1 2 3 Area (m2) 1000 1000 1000 Altitude (m.a.s.l.) 420 460 458 Aspect NV VNV V Slope (º) 15 12 10 Tree layer cover (%) 85 65 80 Shrubs layer cover (%) 15 35 15 Herbs layer cover (%) 5 10 15 Tree height (m) 25 25 25 Tree diameter (cm) 10-65 10-65 10-60 Querco-Fagetea Eur. Ph. Fraxinus excelsior juv. + - - Eur. Ph. Acer platanoides juv. + + + Eur. Ph. Quercus petraea juv. + - - Eur. Ph. Acer campestre - - 1 Eur. Ph. Acer campestre juv. + - + Eur. Ph. Tilia cordata juv. - - + Centr.eur. Ph. Carpinus betulus 1 - 1 Atl.-medit. Ph. Hedera helix + - + Circ. H. Poa nemoralis + + + Euras. G. Neotia nidus-avis - + - Euras. H. Viola reichenbachiana + + + Eur. H. Mycelis muralis - + - Eur. centr. Ph. Staphylea pinnata - - + Cosm. H. Athyrium filix-femina - - + Centr.eur. G. Carex pilosa - - 1 Centr.eur. G. Dentaria bulbifera - - + Eur. Ph. Ulmus minor + - - Pont.-medit. Ph. Cornus mas + + - Centr.eur. Ph. Sorbus torminalis + + - Centr.eur. Ph. Sorbus torminalis juv. - - + Variae syntaxa Euras. Ph. Crataegus monogyna + + + Euras. Ch. Veronica officinalis + + - Eur. centr. G. Lathyrus niger - + - Carp.-balc. H. Hieracium murorum - + - Euras. G. Cypripedium calceolus - + - Euras. Ht. Arctium lappa - + - Centr. eur.-atl.-medit. H. Atropa belladona - + - Cosm. H. Urtica dioica - - + Euras. G. Lilium martagon - - + Euras. H. Stachys sylvatica - - +

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CONCLUSIONS  The natural regeneration of Taxus  The health of yew individuals from baccata population in the Tudora Tudora Reservation is heavily Reservation is numerous and dependent on a good conservation of successful (although it covers a the entire forest. relatively small area).  A judicious management of the  The spatial extent of Taxus baccata reservation could ensure the increase of Taxus baccata population. population is mainly due to Management measures should also ornithological dispersal of seeds. take into account the birds  Yew regeneration was successful communities which help to disperse under canopy of tall trees of the yew seeds. genera Fagus, Cerasus, Acer and Ulmus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank to Mr. I. Pătrânjan, custodian of Arboretum “Ion Vlad” from Alba Iulia, for the useful information about Taxus baccata species.

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Pârvu C., 2005 – Enciclopedia plantelor, Tufescu V., 1937 – Dealul Mare-Hârlău – Plante din Flora României, vol. IV, observări asupra evoluţiei reliefului şi Edit. Tehnică București, 1176. (in aşezărilor omeneşti, Edit. Atelierele Romanian) Grafice SOCEC/Co., Bucureşti, 174. Pommerening A., 2002 – Approaches to (in Romanian) quantifying forest structures, Ungureanu I. and Nimigeanu V., 1986 – Forestry, 75, 305-324. Aspecte actuale ale organizării Posea G. (coord.), 1982 – Enciclopedia spaţiului geografic în Dealul Mare – geografică a României, Edit. Hârlău, Lucrările Seminarului Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Geografic „D. Cantemir”, 7, 193-203 Bucureşti, 848. (in Romanian) Vidakovic M., 1991 – Conifers: Morphology Sârbu A. (coord.), 2007 – Arii speciale and Variation (Translated by M. pentru protecția și conservarea Soljan), Graficki Zavod Hrvatske, plantelor în România, 244. (in Zagreb, Croatia. Romanian) ***, 1992 – Habitats Directive 92/43 EEC on Sârbu I., Ștefan N. and Oprea A., 2013 – the Conservation of natural habitats Plante vasculare din România, and wild fauna and flora Determinator ilustrat de teren, Ed. ***, – Arii Naturale Protejate, 2014, Victor B Victor, 1317. (in Romanian) http://www.mmediu.ro/articol/arii- Svenning J. C. and Magård E., 1999 – naturale-protejate/33 Population ecology and conservation ***, – Digital Elevation Model – ASTER status of the last natural population of GLOBAL DEM, 2011, English yew Taxus baccata, http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Denmark, Biological Conservation, QGIS Development Team, 2009 – QGIS 88, 173-182. Geographic Information System. Șofletea N. and Curtu L., 2007 – Open Source Geospatial Foundation, Dendrologie, Edit. Univ. http://qgis.osgeo.org Transilvania, Brașov, 418. (in R Core Team, 2012, – A language and Romanian) environment for statistical Thomas P. A. and Polwart A., 2003 – Taxus computing. R Foundation for baccata L. Biological Flora of the Statistical Computing, Vienna, British Isles, 229, Journal of Ecology, Austria, http://www.R-project.org/

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AUTHORS:

1 Ciprian BÎRSAN [email protected] “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Dumbrava Roşie Street, no. 7-9, Iaşi, Iaşi County Romania, RO-700487.

1 Constantin MARDARI [email protected] “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Dumbrava Roşie Street, no. 7-9, Iaşi, Iaşi County Romania, RO-700487.

1 Ovidiu COPOŢ [email protected] “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Dumbrava Roşie Street, no. 7-9, Iaşi, Iaşi County Romania, RO-700487.

2 Lucian APĂŞTINEI [email protected]

Section of Natural Sciences Dorohoi, Botoşani County Museum, Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, no. 43, Dorohoi, Botoşani County, Romania, RO-710221

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NATURA 2000 COLEOPTERA FROM ROSCI0326: DISTRIBUTION, CONSERVATION STATUS AND FUTURE MANAGEMENT PROPOSALS

Horea OLOSUTEAN 1, Mirabela PERJU 2, Sonia BUNGIAC 3 and Alexandru MOLDOVAN 4

KEYWORDS: Lucanus cervus, Cerambyx cerdo, Morimus funereus, distribution, conservation status, ROSCI0326, Muscelele Argeșului, Romania.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to investigate uniformly spread as the previous species. the distribution and conservation status of Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus 1758 was three Coleoptera species included in the identified in the filed investigations, but the Annex II of the Habitat Directive that are small number of individuals sampled does present in ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului. not allow the estimation of the population Among the three species, Lucanus (Lucanus) present at site level or its conservation status. cervus (Linnaeus 1758) has the best The results of the investigations indicate a representation with consistent populations in proper management of the site and the all the three forest patches belonging to the presence of low intensity threats on the site. Morimus asper funereus Mulsant 1862 Coleoptera species of communitarian is also well represented at site level, although interest. its populations are not as consistent and

REZUMAT: Coleoptere Natura 2000 din ROSCI0326: distribuție, stare de conservare și propuneri de management. Prezentul studiu investighează la fel de consistente și de uniform răspândite distribuția și starea de conservare a trei ca cele ale speciei anterioare. Cerambyx specii de Coleoptere, incluse în Anexa II a cerdo Linnaeus 1758 a fost identificat în Directivei Habitate, prezente în situl cadrul investigațiilor de teren, dar numărul ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului. Dintre mic de indivizi observați nu permite o cele trei specii, Lucanus (Lucanus) cervus estimare a populației prezente la nivelul (Linnaeus 1758) este cel mai bine sitului sau a stării de conservare a speciei. reprezentată, cu populații consistente în Rezultatele investigațiilor indică un toate cele trei corpuri de pădure aparținând management adecvat al sitului și prezența sitului. Morimus asper funereus Mulsant unor amenințări de intensitate scăzută 1862 este, de asemenea, bine reprezentat la asupra speciilor de coleoptere de interes nivelul sitului, chiar dacă populațiile nu sunt comunitar.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Für das Natura 2000 Netzwerk bemerkenswerte Käfer aus dem Gebiet ROSCI0326: Verbreitung, Erhaltungszustand und Managementvorschläge. Vorliegende Untersuchung befasst obwohl die Populationen weniger umfangreich sich mit Verbreitung und Erhaltungszustand und einheitlich in der Fläche verbreitet sind von drei Coleopteren-Arten, die im Anhang als jene des Hirschkäfers. Der Heldbock II der Flora-Fauna-Habitatrichtlinie der (Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus 1758) wurde Europäischen Union gelistet sind und im während der Untersuchungen auch Schutzgebiet ROSCI0326 Argeş-Berge festgestellt, die geringe Individuenzahl /Muscelele Argeşului vorkommen. Von den erlaubte es jedoch nicht, eine Schätzung der drei Arten ist der Hirschkäfer Lucanus im Natura 2000-Gebiet vorhandenen (Lucanus) cervus (Linnaeus 1758) am besten, Populationsgröße oder des Erhaltungszu- mit umfassenden Populationen in allen drei standes zu unternehmen. Die durchgeführten untersuchten Wäldern des Natura 2000 Untersuchungen weisen auf ein adäquates Gebietes vertreten. Ebenso ist auch der Management des Schutzgebietes sowie auf Trauerbock (Morimus asper funereus Mulsant eine geringe Bedrohung für die Käferarten 1862) innerhalb des Gebietes gut vertreten, von gemeinschaftlichem Interesse hin.

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INTRODUCTION ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului at approximately 24.887289° Eastern situated in the south of Romania, comprises latitude and 45.135025° Northern longitude of three separate forest areas situated (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Position of the sampling sites for Coleoptera species inside ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului; small map: location of the sampling area – white circle – in Romania and Europe.

The predominantly oak and beech belonging to the Coleoptera: Lucanus forest areas are situated in the eastern part of (Lucanus) cervus (Linnaeus 1758) (the stag the Getic Plateau, inside the Aninoasa, beetle), Morimus asper funereus Mulsant Domneşti and Mihăeşti forest districts, 1862 (the undertaker beetle) and Cerambyx covering 10014.7 ha. Alongside the forest cerdo Linnaeus 1758 (the great capricorn habitats, the site is important through the beetle) (Tatole et al., 2009). presence of three protected species

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MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigated species were, as (Fig. 2), mainly in the areas covered by the presented above, L. cervus, M. a. funereus habitats 9170 Galio – Carpinetum oak and and C. cerdo, according to the Standard Data hornbeam forests, 91Y0 Dacian oak and Form of the protected area. Observations hornbeam forests, 9110 Luzulo – Fagetum focused on the presence of the adults and of beach forests, and 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum chitinous remains (elytra, hardened body beach forests. parts) and on the specific flight orifices, in The position of the transects was the case of C. cerdo. recorded with a Garmin Montana 650t GPS, Daylight visual longitudinal transects in order to avoid repetition. Our investigation were covered in order to identify the targeted mainly large trees, both alive and distribution and abundance of the three degraded, stubs and fallen trunks, as the most Coleoptera species, in May-August of 2015, favourable woody material to host the interval of maximum activity of the individuals from the investigated species species (Ruicănescu, 2008 a, b, c; Vrezec et (Vrezec et al., 2008, 2012; Albert et al., al., 2012). In the case of Cerambyx cerdo, 2012; Campanaro and Bardiani, 2012). dawn visual transects were also covered Species’ identification was (Vrezec et al., 2012), in the same period of conducted using the key provided by Gîdei time as daylight transects. and Popescu (2011), while the is Twenty-six 500 m transects were presented according to Fauna Europaea chosen inside and at the edge of the forests (Alonso-Zarazaga, 2013; Ausidio, 2013).

Figure 2: Position of the sampling sites for Coleoptera species inside ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the three investigated species, L. because of the forest composition, cervus has the best representation in the area dominated by beech and hornbeam (Fig. 3). with 234 individuals sampled, as live The species seems to thrive in the individuals or exoscheletal remains. The areas with strong domination of oak trees extrapolation proved that the population at with diameters of 35-40 cm, where densities site level is around 100.308-101.316 adults of up to 25 individuals/ha were recorded, (with a 3% confidence level) in the higher than in the areas with century-old maximum activity period. oaks, considered as the most favourable The activity period for the species habitat for the species (Harvey and Gange, starts at the beginning of May and lasts until 2006; Harvey et al., 2011). Forest edges, the second half of July, with no consistent also mentioned as favourable habitats (Rink differences between males and females. and Sinsch, 2007), recorded similar densities The species is widespread inside the as the deep forest areas, most likely due to protected area, being absent only in the the rarefied character of most of the forests southern extremity of the Aninoasa- in the area, with sufficient light reaching the Domnești area and in the northernmost part forest floor. of the northern Mihăiești area, most likely

Figure 3: Lucanus cervus distribution inside ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului.

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M. funereus is also well represented area, and in the central parts of the in the area, with 97 live individuals sampled Domnești-Aninoasa area and the southern throughout the investigations. The Mihăiești area (Fig. 4). The most probable extrapolation proved that the population at cause for the absence of the species is also site level is around 39.436-39.832 adults the forest composition, with younger trees (with a 3% confidence level) in the and the dominance of beech, hornbeam or maximum activity period. locust tree. The activity period for the species is The most suitable habitats for M. similar with the one of L. cervus, starting at funereus are older oak dominated forests, the beginning of May and lasting until the with trees exceeding 60 years in age, with second half of July, also with no consistent stubs and hollows, where densities of around differences in activity between males and 10 individuals/ha were recorded. Such females. habitats are also the ones given as the most The species is also widespread inside favourable in the scientific literature the protected area, lacking in the (Dojnov et al., 2012). northernmost part of the northern Mihăiești

Figure 4: Morimus funereus distribution inside ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului.

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C. cerdo is the most cryptic of the All the individuals were observed in three species investigated, with only eight areas with century-old oak trees present, the individuals recorded throughout field habitat considered as the most suitable surveys, three individuals collected from (Vrezec et al., 2012), therefore such habitats stubs and branches and five observed during are most likely the one preferred by the dawn transects. species in the investigated area. Although it can be stated that the All C. cerdo individuals were species is present at the site level, it is observed in the Mihăiești forested areas, the difficult to estimate the size of the species being most likely absent in the population (most likely fewer than 1000 live Domnești-Aninoasa area. individuals) or its conservation status.

Figure 5: Cerambyx cerdo distribution inside ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului.

All three species are facing the same at least maintain at present numbers in the threats inside ROSCI0326 Muscelele future. Argeșului, namely forest exploitations In present, forest management inside without replantation, removing of logs, dead the protected area is mainly properly trees and stubs, and the collection of conducted, although most of the forests are individuals by amateur entomologists. All privately owned, therefore the well-being of the threats have a low or very low intensity the three Coleoptera species is not at the site level, therefore the populations of threatened. As management proposals, three the three species are most likely to grow or types of activities are in hand:

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• Restrictions regarding the • Regulating the three species removal of dead wood from the allowed to be replaced from the forests (fallen trunks, branches, forests, with locust tree and logs and stubs); hornbeam as the main candidates • Cutting of the trees at a 1-1.2 m to be exploited. from the soil, allowing the formation of dead trunks.

CONCLUSIONS All the three species of Coleoptera The investigations proved that at the mentioned in Standard Data Form of present day forest management is mainly ROSCI0326 Muscelele Argeșului were favourable for the three species and their identified during the field survey, with two populations are most likely to grow or at of them (L. cervus and M. funereus) having least maintain at current numbers in the consistent and widespread populations. The following years, if the present management situation of the third species (C. cerdo) is conditions are preserved. still unknown and requires further investigations.

REFERENCES Albert J., Platek L. and Plitek M., 2012 – Gîdei P. and Popescu I. E., 2012 – Ghidul Vertical stratification and coleopterelor din România, I, Edit. microhabitat selection by the Great PIM, Iaşi, 533. (in Romanian) Capricorn Beetle (Cerambyx cerdo) Harvey D. J., Gange A. C., Hawes C. J. and (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in open- Rink M., 2011 – Bionomics and grown, veteran oaks, European distribution of the stag beetle, Journal of Entomology, 109, 4, 553- Lucanus cervus (L.) across Europe, 559. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 4, Alonso-Zarazaga M. A., 2013 – Fauna 23-38. Europaea: Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Harvey D. J. and Gange A. C., 2006 – Size Fauna Europaea version 2.6.2, variation and mating success in the http://www.faunaeur.org stag beetle, Lucanus cervus, Ausidio P., 2013 – Fauna Europaea: Physiological Entomology, 31, 218- Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Fauna 226. Europaea version 2.6.2, Rink M. and Sinsch U., 2007 – Radio- http://www.faunaeur.org. telemetric monitoring of dispersing Campanaro A. and Bardiani M., 2012 – stag beetles: implications for Walk transects for monitoring of conservation, Journal of Zoology, Lucanus cervus in an Italian lawland 272, 3, 235-243. forest, Studia Forestalia Slovenica, Ruicănescu A., 2008a – 1088 Cerambyx 137, 17-22. cerdo, in Goriup P. (ed.), Natura Dojnov B., Vujcic Z., Bozic N., Margetic 2000 in Romania species fact sheets, A., Vujcic M., Nenadovic V. and EU Phare Project on Implementation Ivanovic J., 2012 – Adaptations to of Natura 2000 Network in Romania, captive breeding of the longhorn Romanian Ministry of Environment beetle Morimus funereus and Sustainable Development. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae); application on amylase study, Journal of Insect Conservation, 16, 239-247.

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Ruicănescu A., 2008b – 1083 Lucanus Vrezec A., Pirnat A., Kapla A. and cervus. In: Goriup P. (ed.), Natura Denac D., 2008 – Zasnova 2000 in Romania species fact sheets, spremljanja stanja populacij izbranih EU Phare Project on Implementation ciljnih vrst hroščev vključno z of Natura 2000 Network in Romania, dopolnitvijo predloga območij za Romanian Ministry of Environment vključitev v omrežje NATURA and Sustainable Development. 2000. Morimus funereus, Rosalia Ruicănescu A., 2008c – 1089 Morimus alpina, Cerambyx cerdo, Osmoderma funereus. In: Goriup P. (ed.), Natura eremita, Limoniscus violaceus, 2000 in Romania species fact sheets, Graphoderus bilineatus, Nacionalni EU Phare Project on Implementation inštitut za biologijo, Ljubljana. (in of Natura 2000 Network in Romania, Slovenian) Romanian Ministry of Environment Vrezec A., Ambrozic S. and Kapla A., and Sustainable Development. 2012 – An overview of sampling Tatole V., Iftimie A., Stan M., Iorgu E. I., methods tests for monitoring Iorgu I. and Oțel V., 2009 – Speciile schemes of saproxylic beetle in the de animale Natura 2000 din scope of Natura 2000 in Slovenia, România, Edit. Imperium Print, Studia Forestalia Slovenica, 137, 73- București, 174. (in Romanian) 90.

AUTHORS:

1 Horea OLOSUTEAN [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Applied Ecology Research Centre Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Romania, RO-550012.

2 Mirabela PERJU [email protected] 3 Sonia BUNGIAC [email protected] 4 Alexandru MOLDOVAN [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Romania, RO-550012.

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SABANEJEWIA AURATA (DE FILIPPI, 1863) SPECIES IN MARAMUREŞ MOUNTAINS NATURE PARK (ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS) ECOLOGICAL STATUS AND MANAGEMENT

Doru BĂNĂDUC 1, Oana DANCI 2, Liliana VOICU 3and Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC 4

KEYWORDS: Golden spined loach, habitats, human impact, pressures, threats, assessment, management.

ABSTRACT Sabanejewia aurata is a fish of status, 30% in average status and 15% in a conservation concern, and has experienced a reduced condition. rapid deterioration in population/habitat This paper presents some of the key condition. human pressures and threats that caused this The typical habitat of Sabanejewia concern, with a particular focus on pollution aurata, in Maramureş Mountains Nature from organic and mining sources. It Park varies a lot in quality, with 55% of the considers how these can be mitigated to sampling stations in good conservation improve this species populations and distribution.

REZUMAT: Specia Sabanejewia aurata (De Filippi, 1863) în Parcul Natural Munții Maramureșului (Carpații Românești), stare ecologică și management. Sabanejewia aurata este o specie de în stare bună de conservare, 30% în stare interes conservativ, care a cunoscut o medie şi 15% în stare precară. deteriorare rapidă a populaţiilor, datorită Lucrarea prezintă unele presiuni şi degradării condiţiilor de habitat. ameninţări antropice cheie care provoacă Habitatul tipic pentru Sabanejewia îngrijorare, cu o focalizare particulară pe aurata, în Parcul Natural Munţii surse de poluare miniere şi menajere. Se Maramureşului, variază mult ca şi calitate, prezintă măsuri de management pentru 55% dintre sectoarele de râu analizate sunt îmbunătăţirea stării populaţiilor şi distribuţiei acestei specii.

RESUMEN: Estado ecológico y gestión de la especie Sabanejewia aurata (De Filippi, 1863) en el Parque Natural Montañas de Maramureş (Cárpatos Rumanos). Sabanejewia aurata es un pez de un estado de conservación medio, y un 15% interés y también preocupación por su con una condición reducida de conservación. conservación, y ha experimentado una Este artículo presenta algunas claves rápida deterioración en las condiciones de en relación a la presión humana y amenazas hábitat y de su población. que causaron esta preocupación, con un El hábitat típico del Sabanejewia enfoque particular sobre la polución causada aurata, en el Parque Natural Montañas de por fuentes orgánicas y minería. Maramureş varía grandemente en calidad, El artículo también considera como con un 55% de estaciones de muestreo con esas alteraciones pueden ser mitigadas para un estado de buena conservación, 30% con la mejorar la distribución de esta especie.

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STUDY AREA The flowing water ecosystems of the River and Tisa River, 303 m above the sea Maramureș Mountains Nature Park, level, and the highest point is the Pietrosul Romania, lie mostly within in the Vișeu Rodnei Peak at 2,303m in the Rodna River Basin, with a small section lying in Mountains. Due to its tectonic, geological the Bistița Aurie Basin (Fig. 1), in the and geographical variation (karst, exokarst, northern part of Romania. The Vișeu Basin glaciar relief forms, etc.) the studied area is is flanked by the Maramureș Mountains to very diverse in terms of landscapes, the North East, by the Rodna Mountains in biotopes, biocoenosis, amongst other the South, and by the Maramureș hills to the ichtyocoenosis factors. (Curtean-Bănăduc et West and South-West. The lower altitude al., 2008; Bănăduc et al., 2011) point of the area is at the junction of Vișeu

Figure 1: Vișeu River Basin.

The Vişeu River is a second degree gorge-like areas namely: Rădeasa Gorge tributary of the Danube River, running in the between Moisei and Vișeu de Sus, Oblaz Tisa River in the northern part of Romania. Gorge between Vișeu de Jos and Leordina, This river has a length of 80 km and a and Vișeu Gorge between Bistra and Valea multiannual average discharge at its Vișeului. The hydrography of Vișeu River is convergence with the Tisa River of 30.7 a typical example of Eastern-Carpathian- m3/s. The source is located in the Prislop Moldavian type in its higher division and of Pass (1,416 m) and it run into the Tisa River Eastern-Carpathian-Transylvanian types in near the village of Valea Vișeului. The total its lower division. Its flow is considerable in basin area is around 1,606 km2. In its the spring (39.4% of the annual flow) highest reaches, from its springs in the subsequently declining during the summer Moisei locality, the Vișeu River has a slope (27% of the annual flow) likewise during the of 20-50 m/km and is locally named Vișeuț autumn (18.6% of the annual flow) and with or Borșa. From Moisei, the Vișeu River the minimum flow during winter (15% of enters the Maramureș Depression where the the annual flow). (Curtean-Bănăduc et al., valley is broader, with occasional confined 2008; Bănăduc et al., 2011)

60 D. Bănăduc, O. Danci and A. Curtean-Bănăduc Acta Oecologica Carpatica X.I

Due to the fact that the Vișeu Basin five in Maramureş hills) with a diverse is located for the most part in mountain mineral content (including ferrous, zones (67%) induces a significant density of bicarbonate, sulphureous and also saline the hydrographic system (0.7-1 km/km2) and minerals). (Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2008) to one of the biggest specific flows in the In the Rodnei and Maramureş Romanian Carpathians, due to precipitation mountains, the streams and rivers continuum levels of more than 1100 mm/year. In the is occasionally disrupted by considerable higher sector, the streams originating in the waterfalls and rapids, the most significant of glacial-type Rodna Mountains have an which are: Cimpoioasa Valley, Cailor, elevated flow (approximative 5 m3/s). The Repedea Valley and Izvorul Verde, all from most significant tributaries of Vişeu the Rodnei Mountains, and Tomnatic, Criva originating in the Rodna area are: Fântânilor and Bardău from the Maramureş Mountains. Valley (7 km length), Negoiasa Valley (6 The region also includes stagnant waters. km), Repedea Valley (10 km), Pietroasa Glacial lakes from Rodnei Mountains are Valley (7 km), Vremeșu Valley, Hotarului placed at an altitude of over 1,900-1,950 m Stream, Dragoșʼs Valley (11 km) and and appeared near some deposits: Gropi Izvorul Negru (7 km). From the Maramureș Lake, Iezer Lake, Buhăiescu Lake, Mountains the north-east tributaries are the Negoiescu Lake, Rebra Lake and Cimpoieş followings: Hășmașul Mic, Cercănel (11 Lake. As wetlands there are both eutrophic km), Țâșla (20 km), Vaser (52 km in length, and oligotrophic marshes: Tăul Obcioarei, catchment area 422 km2, with an average Strungi Marsh, Tăul Ihoasa, Jneapănul flow of 9 m3/s contributing 27% to the total Hânchii, Tăul Băiţii, Pietrosul Barcăului flow of Vișeu), Novăț (16 km, 88 km2 Marsh, Preluca Meşghii, Tăul cu Muşchi, tributary of the Vaser), Ruscova (39 km in Vârtopul Mare Marsh and Bedreasca. The length and 435 km2 basin area, normal lakes from Maramureş Mountains are discharge of 11.3 m3/s), Socolău (13 km in Bârsănescu, Lutoasa, Budescul Mare, length and 72 km2 basin area, tributary of Măgurii and Vinderel. On the Vişeu River the Ruscova), Repedea (19 km in length and passage near Petrova town, there are some 87 km2 basin area, tributary of the Ruscova), ponds. (Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2008; Bardi (11 km in length and 32 km2 basin Bănăduc et al., 2011) area, tributary of the Ruscova), Covașnița The heterogeneity of aquatic and (11 km in length and 34 km2 basin area, semi-aquatic habitats and their correlated tributary of the Ruscova), Frumușeaua (14 endangered, rare and endemic species from km in length) and Bistra (nine km in length). Vişeu Basin area is high and valuable from From the Maramureș Hills spring the south- a conservation complexity perspective. west tributaries, which are small and with no The fish species are not excluded from significant water flow: Drăguiasa, Cocicoi, this point of view in the studied area, as Spinului, Plăiuț, Neagră and Luhei. noted by diverse ichthyologists, over more (Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2008; Bănăduc et than a century of studies in the area of al., 2011) interest (Antonescu, 1934; Vasiliu, 1959; In the Vişeu River basin, water Bănărescu, 1964; Staicu et al., 1998; characteristics are influenced in a natural Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2008). Half of the way by mineral springs (150 in Maramureş fish species present in the area are of Mountains, six in Rodnei Mountains and conservation value.

MATERIAL AND METHODS This specific study on Sabanejewia study was carried out between January ‒ aurata maps the populations of this species July 2015, with samples taken from 370 in the Munţii Maramureşului Nature Park, sampling sectors (Fig. 2, Tab. 2). and evaluates its conservation status. The

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Figure 2: The 370 sampling stations location.

To evaluate the distribution and fish were identified and counted and condition of Sabanejewia aurata then released back into their own natural populations, repeated quantitative samples habitat. of fish were taken from about 3 km below The captured fish were then grouped the spring location of each watercourse in into the following classes: (C) – common the studied area, in sectors containing species, (R) – rare species, or (V) – very habitats likely to be inhabited by rare, following the guidelines for Natura Sabanejewia aurata. This distribution of the 2000 data collection, which assume that a sampling sectors ensures the count of individuals can indicate the representativeness of the collected data and size/density of a population. allows the evaluation of the effects on the The criteria used to evaluate the studied populations of factors likely to have status of the studied population are: a negative impact on populations, including balanced distribution of individuals by age modifications to the biotope characteristics, classes, population size, distribution areal poachery, pollution sources, hydrotechnical size and the percentage of individuals of the works, substratum exploitation, etc. species of interest in the fish communities. The quantitative samplings of the In the context of the guidelines for fish were performed using an electronarcosis Natura 2000 standard data form filling the capture method applied for a specified criteria “The conservation degree of specific amount of time according to the size of each habitats” include subcriteria: i) the degree of sampling section (two hours on Vişeu River, conservation of the habitats features which one hour on Ruscova River, 30 minutes on are important for the species; ii) possibilities the other rivers of the studied zone), on 100 for recovery. m lengthwise sectors per sampling station. The first criterion listed requires a Following the application of the global evaluation of the features of the electronarcosis method, captured individuals habitat regarding the needs of the species of

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interest. “The best expertise available” is elements in average or partially degraded used to rank this criteria: I. elements in condition and easy to restore; C average or excellent condition, II. well preserved reduced conservation = all other elements, III. elements in average degraded combinations. condition. In each sampled section the In the situations in which the following factors were assessed: condition, subclass I is granted ”I: elements in pressures and threats on habitats and excellent condition” or ”II: well preserved populations of interest fish species. elements”, the criteria B (b) it should be The monitoring sections for fish classified entirely as ”A: excellent population conservation status of the conservation” or ”B: good conservation”, Sabanejewia aurata species in the study area disregarding of the other sub- criterion were settled not only in the river sections in classification. which these species populations are stable, In the situation of this sub-criterion presenting a good or very good conservation ii) which is taken into account only if the status, good characteristic habitats, but also items are partially degraded, an assessment in the river sections located at the edge of of the viability of the studied population is the studied site for the studied species, needed. The achieved ranking system is: I. sectors under anthropogenic pressure that easy recovery; II. restoration possible with can imperil the populations status – the average effort; III. restoration difficult or Representativity Criteria. impossible. The economical criterion was also The fusion practiced for ranking considered for establishing stations for relly on two sub-criteria: Excellent monitoring, in this manner a mean number conservation = elements in excellent was agreed to supply the needed data for the condition, regardless of classification of management factors in order to be able to recovery possibility; B good conservation = sustain a favourable status for the interest well preserved elements, regardless of species population. classification of recovery possibility; =

Sabanejewia aurata characteristics ridge, and occasionally a ventral one. The Sabanejewia aurata (De Filipi, species can reach 10 cm in length, but the 1863), Code Natura 2000: 1146, dimensions are very variable (Bănăduc Actinopterygii – Cypriniformes – Cobitidae 2007a, b, 2008a, b, 2011; Bănăduc et al., – Cobitinae (Fig. 4), was identified as 2012; Bănărescu 1964, 1969; Bănărescu and present in the researched area in the last Bănăduc 2007). century, (Bănărescu, 1969, Telcean and It is a freshwater and demersal fish Bănărescu, 2002, Bănăduc et al., 2013, species, present mostly in the upper and in Homei, 1963). the middle parts of the streams and rivers. The body is of variable height, The existence of the sand in the river and moderately laterally compressed, 5-20 dorsal stream beds is a major habitat condition, as spots, 5-17 lateral spots, the septum along these fish typically bury/hide themselves in the side muscles is not visible through the the sand. The food consist mainly of small tegument transparency, or is slightly visible, size macroinvertebrates. Bănărescu (1964, but it never appears as a dark longitudinal 1969), Bănărescu and Bănăduc (2007) stripe and the spots never merge with this The studied fish species is protected septum. At the caudal base fin is a vertical under the Bern Convention Annex III and dorsal spot and a ventral spot, both small. Habitats Directive Annex 2. On the back of the head are small, closely Sabanejewia aurata has no economic distributed spots. There is an adipose dorsal value.

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RESULTS The river and stream sectors where the catch index values are presented the fish species Sabanejewia aurata was (individuals number per time and effort found (Fig. 3) during the research are shown unit). in the table 2 (Fig. 4). For each lotic section

Figure 4: Sabanejewia aurata Regan, 1911 specific habitat at the Vișeu and Tisa rivers confluence – N - 47°54.754’, E - 24°08.762’, alt. 331 m.

Figure 4: Sabanejewia aurata Regan, 1911 distribution/sampling stations location.

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Table 2: Sabanejewia aurata sampling points in Maramureș Mountains Nature Park area. Catch index Characteristic No. Station River Lat. (N’) Long. (E’) no. habitat crt. code ind./ state 50 m x 30 min 1. Vișeu 55 47 43 54,9 24 20 05,0 1 reduced 2. Vișeu 58 47 44 34,2 24 17 59,6 1 reduced 3. Vișeu 40 47 39 16,2 24 36 06,6 2 reduced 4. Vișeu 41 47 39 16,8 24 36 01,8 4 good/average 5. Vișeu 44 47 39 17,7 24 31 12,8 2 good/average 6. Vișeu 47 47 39 36,9 24 28 49,0 1 good/average 7. Vișeu 50 47 41 07,9 24 26 57,3 1 good/average 8. Vișeu 53 47 43 24,6 24 23 54,0 1 good/average 9. Vișeu 57 47 44 15,8 24 18 11,9 4 good/average 10. Vișeu 58 47 45 31,2 24 17 07,2 12 good/average 11. Vișeu 61 47 46 40,4 24 16 51,8 17 good/average 12. Vișeu 64 47 46 59,5 24 16 33,1 7 good/average 13. Vișeu 65 47 47 23,4 24 15 11,7 19 good/average 14. Vișeu 68 47 49 03,8 24 14 45,1 22 good/average 15. Vișeu 70 47 49 56,9 24 13 09,2 27 good/average 16. Vișeu 71 47 50 27,5 24 12 29,1 38 good/average 17. Vișeu 73 47 51 53,9 24 12 03,1 39 good/average 18. Vișeu 74 47 51 48,3 24 11 12,4 23 good/average 19. Vișeu 75 47 54 57,6 24 07 56,3 11 good/average 20. Vișeu 79 47 43 54,9 24 20 05,0 7 good/average

Sabanejewia aurata is present in the However, as the following section research area with long-lasting populations discusses, the human activities in the study in the middle and lower sectors of theVișeu area, both separately and in combination, River. present an extra pressure that influences the The habitat area available to the medium- and long-term viability of the species is big enough and of good enough species. average quality to ensure long-term species durability.

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DISCUSSION Based on the above data collection, influences of local farms and illegal waste coupled with knowledge of the habitat deposits (Fig. 5). In much of the Vișeu River requirements of S. aurata, some key area (Fig. 6), organic pollution causes a anthropomorphic risk factors were constant stress for S. aurata. Solutions to identified, notably organic pollution and this issue require comprehensive sewage pollution caused by mining activities. systems to be built in the Vișeu River basin Organic pollution: the study area and the sewerage water of the localities has a deep-rooted problem with sewage and along the side of the main water courses wastewater treatment as well as the must be managed.

Figure 6: Lotic sectors negatively influenced by organic pollution/illegal waste deposits and saw dust; N - 47°39.471’, E - 024°37.795’.

Figure 7: Lotic sectors negatively influenced by organic pollution.

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Pollution caused by mining refuse heaps and into the river system is activities. The remnant pollution resulting rated as considerable on the Țâșla River and from activities of heavy metal mining important on the upstream Vișeu River. (Fig. 8) in the Țâșla River basin are This contamination can be avoided influencing both the Țâșla Strem aquatic by insulating or filling the old mine galleries habitats and also the ecosystems of the such that water cannot penetrate, and by upstream Vișeu River. The impact of rain insulating (not greening) the refuse heaps and snow-melt washing through mine from the streams in the basin of the Țâșla galleries, surface mining areas and greened River.

Figure 8: Dissafected industry facilities and mining sterile dumps near the Țâșla River.

As a result of these identified et al, 1998; Viman et al., 2010; Amundsen et pollution sources on the aquatic habitat and al., 2011); establishment of buffer zones for fish species, the assessment of Sabanejewia aquatic systems; integrated management of aurata indicates that it is only “average” in sewage and waste water and surface water status. pollution; creation of integrated water The following management actions resource management for the Vișeu Basin; should be implemented in the researched creation of ecological networks; support for area: management of water use; protecting high quality scientific inventories and water from pollutants such as toxins and studies of integrated watershed heavy metals as these are accumulative and management. have adverse effects on aquatic biota (Staicu

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CONCLUSIONS The fish species Sabanejewia aurata 30% of the studied lotic sectors are of is a characteristic indicator of habitat average conservation status, and could be ecologic status in Maramureş Mountains improved with medium-term restoration Nature Park area, which varies in quality measures. 15% of the studied lotic sectors between reduced, average and good due to are in poor condition where long term many factors. The general decrease in restoration is difficult. habitat quality in the studied park is the With the implementation of result of human-generated organic pollution ecological rehabilitation of the upper Vișeu and mining pollution. River, there is potential for significant Sabanejewia aurata is a moderately improvements in water quality and a related distributed species in the researched area of increase in the status and distribution area of Vișeu River. Sabanejewia aurata. However, if no action 55% of the studied lotic sectors of is taken, the effects of pollution in the area the Vişeu River where Sabanejewia aurata are likely to continue to negatively affect was found are in good conservation status. habitat quality and species populations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These data were collected as part of the project “Inventarierea, cartarea și evaluarea stării de conservare a speciilor de pești din Parcul Natural Munții Maramureșului (ROSCI 0124 Munții Maramureșului)/Inventory, mapping and assessment of the conservation status of fish species of Munții Maramureșului Nature Park (ROSCI 0124 Maramureșului Mountains)”. Special thanks for the continuous support of the Parcul Natural Munții Maramureșului Administration and Scientific Council members especially to: Bogdan C., Bucur C., Szabo B., Brener A. and Mărginean M.

REFERENCES Amundsen P. A., Kashulin N. A., Terentjev Bănăduc D., 2007b – Specii de peşti P., Gjelland K. Ø., Koroleva I. M., dulcicoli şi migratori în mediul Dauvalter V. A., Sandimirov S., dulcicol, de interes comunitar, Kashulin A. and Knudse R., 2011 – prezente în România, în Natura 2000 Heavy metal contents in whitefish în România, Conservarea speciilor şi along a pollution gradient in a habitatelor acvatice, coordonator subarctic watercourse, Curtean-Bănăduc Angela, Edit. Alma Environmental Monitoring and Mater Sibiu, 72-81. (in Romanian) Assessment, 182, 301-316. Bănăduc D., 2008 – Socolău River Basin Bănăduc D., 2005 – Ihtiologie Montană în (Vișeu Watershed) Ichtyofauna, Cartea Muntelui, Edit. Mira Design, Maramureș Mountains Nature Park 199-209. (in Romanian) (Maramureș Romania), Acta Musei Bănăduc D., 2007a – Fish of Natura 2000 maramorosiensis, VII, Muzeul network interest in Romania, în Maramureșului, Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romanian NATURA 2000 NGO 498-506. Coalition contribution for the SCIs Bănăduc D., 2008a – The Hucho hucho designation, editori Curtean-Bănăduc (Linnaeus) 1758 species monitoring Angela, Florescu Florentina, Edit. in the Vişeu River (Maramureş, Alma Mater Sibiu, ISBN 978-973- Romania), Transylvanian Review of 632-402-4. Systematical and Ecological Research, 5, Editura Universităţii „Lucian Blagaˮ din Sibiu, ISSN 1841-7051, 183-188.

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Bănăduc D., 2008b – Natura 2000 sites Bănăduc D., Răchită R., Curtean-Bănăduc proposals regarding the fish species A. and Gheorghe L., 2013 ‒ The of Community interest in the species Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, Romanian Alpine Biogeographical 1758), (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) Region, Transylvanian Review of in Ruscova River (Northern Systematical and Ecological Romanian Carpathians), Acta Research, 6, Edit. Universităţii Oecologica Carpatica, VI, 149-166. „Lucian Blagaˮ din Sibiu, 185-196. Bănărescu P. M., 1964 − Fauna R. P. Bănăduc D., 2008c – Natura 2000 sites Române, Pisces-Osteichthyes, XIII, proposals regarding the European Ed. Academiei Române, 959. (in Community interest fish Romanian) (Cyclostomata) species (Romania), Bănărescu P. M., 1969 – Fauna R. S. Acta Oecologica Carpatica, I, 83-88. România, Cyclostomata și Bănăduc D., 2008d − The Hucho hucho Chondrichthyes, XII, Ed. Academiei (Linnaeus) 1758 species monitoring Române, 125. (in Romanian) in the Vişeu River (Maramureş, Bănărescu P. M., 1994 – Der gegenwärtige Romania), Transylvanian Review of Stand der Fishfauna Siebenbürgens Systematical and Ecological Naturwissen. Forsch. Üb. Research, 5, Edit. Universităţii Siebenbürgen, 5, Böhlau Verl., Köln, „Lucian Blagaˮ din Sibiu, ISSN Weimar, Wien, 257-258. (in 1841-7051, 183-188. German) Bănăduc D., 2011 – New SCIs proposal Bănărescu P. M. and Bănăduc D., 2007 – regarding the ichtiofauna after the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) Fish Alpine Biogeographic Seminar for species (Osteichthyes) on the Romania, Sibiu (Transylvania, Romanian Territory, Acta Romania) 9-12 June 2008, Acta Ichtiologica Romanica, II, 43-78. Oecologica Carpatica, IV, 199-208. Bănărescu P. M. and Bichiceanu M., 1959 – Bănăduc D., Prots B. and Curtean-Bănăduc Un peşte nou pentru fauna R.P.R.: A. (eds), 2011 – The Upper Tisa Leuciscus souffia agassizi, Studii şi River Basin, Transylvanian Review cercetări, Biologie animală, 11, 1, of Systematical and Ecological 59-67. (in Romanian) research, 11, 204. Curtean-Bănăduc A., Bănăduc D. and Sîrbu Bănăduc D., Nagy A. and Bănăduc A., 2012 I. (eds), 2008 – The Maramureş – New SCIs proposal regarding the Mountains Nature Park, ichtiofauna after the Continental Transylvanian Review of Biogeographic Seminar for Romania, Systematical and Ecological Sibiu (Transylvania, Romania) 9-12 Research, 5, 222. June 2008, Acta Oecologica Curtean-Bănăduc A., Schneider-Binder E. Carpatica, V, 145-158. and Bănăduc D., 2014 ‒ The Bănăduc D., Oprean L., Bogdan A. and importance of the riverine ligneous Curtean-Bănăduc A., 2012 – The vegetation for the Danube Basin lotic assessment, monitoring and ecosystems, in Cianfaglione K. (ed.), management of the Carpathian rivers L’importanza degli Alberi e del fish diversity, Management of Bosco. Cultura, scienza e coscienza Sustainable Development, 4, 1, 19- del territorio, Temi Ed., Trento, 27. Italia, ISBN: 978-88-973772-63-9, I- II, 187-210.

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Homei V., 1963 – Fauna ihtiologică a râului Telcean I. and Cupșa D., 2009 – Distribution Vişeu şi importanţa ocrotirii ei, of the species Telestes souffia Ocrotirea naturii, 7, 129-144. (in (Risso, 1827) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Romanian) the upper Tisa River and its Staicu G., Bănăduc D. and Găldean N., 1998 tributaries (Maramureş County – – The structure of some benthic North Romania), Muzeul Olteniei macroinvertebrates and fishes Craiova, Studii şi comunicări, communities in the Vișeu Watershed, Ştiinţele Naturii, Tom. XXV, ISSN Romania, Travaux du Museum 1454-6914. National dʼHistoire naturelle Grigore Telcean I. and Karoly G., 2000 – The Antipa, București, XL, 587-608. antropogenic impact of the Fishfauna Telcean I. and Bănărescu P. M., 2002 – from the Vişeu River Valley, Studii Modifications of the fish fauna in the şi Cercetări, Biologie, Universitatea upper Tisa River and its southern and Bacău, 5, 231-237 eastern tributaries, Tiscia monograph Viman O. V., Oroian I. and Fleșeriu A., series, 6, 179-186. 2010 – Types of pollution: Point source and nonpoint source, AACL Bioflux 3, 5, 393-397.

AUTHORS:

1 Doru BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Applied Ecology Research Center, Dr. Ion Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012

2 Oana DANCI [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Dr. Ion Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012

3 Liliana VOICU

[email protected]

“National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management”, Laboratory of Water management and Eco-Hydrology, București-Ploiești Street 97, București, Romania, RO-013686. 4 Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Dr. Ion Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012

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ROMANOGOBIO KESSLERII (DYBOWSKI, 1862) FISH SPECIES POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT DECISIONS SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ROSCI0227 ‒ SIGHIȘOARA-TÂRNAVA MARE (ROMANIA)

Doru BĂNĂDUC 1, Cristina-Ioana CISMAŞ 2 and Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC 3

KEYWORDS: Kessler᾽s gudgeon, habitats, pressures, threats, management, Natura 2000 site, Transylvania, Romania.

ABSTRACT Based on the ADONIS:CE, a model of sedimentation; diffuse pollution; river-lining Romanogobio kesslerii fish species that field erosion; water regime change; invasive includes all the needs for habitat: the fish species; poaching; longitudinal element that satisfy a favorable conservation fragmentation; organic pollution; river status – the sufficient measures, and the regularisation; and riverbed substrata pressures – and threats on species was overexploitation. created. The authors designed a management The main threats to Romanogobio specific scheme for Romanogobio kesslerii kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) populations in populations in ROSCI0227. ROSCI0227 are: the microhabitat silt

REZUMAT: Sistem support pentru luarea deciziilor de management a populațiilor speciei Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowsky, 1862) in ROSCI0227 – Sighișoara-Târnava Mare (România). Utilizând ADONIS:CE a fost creat sedimente; poluarea difuză; eroziunea un model pentru specia Romanogobio bazinală; modificarea regimului hidrologic; kesslerii, care include toate necesitățile speciile invazive de pești; braconajul; pentru habitat, elementele care satisfac fragmentarea longitudinală; poluarea statutul de conservare favorabilă – măsurile organică; regularizarea râului; de suficiență, presiunile și amenințările supraexploatarea substratului râului. asupra speciei. Autorii au creat o schemă Principalele presiuni și amenințări de management specific pentru populațiile asupra populațiilor de Romanogobio de Romanogobio kesslerii în kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) în ROSCI0227 ROSCI0227. sunt: colmatarea microhabitatelor cu

RESUMEN: Sistema de soporte para decisiones de manejo de las poblaciones del pez Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) en ROSCI0227 – Sighișoara-Târnava Mare. Se generó un modelo para el en ROSCI0227 son la sedimentación de pez Romanogobio kesslerii basado en el limos, contaminación difusa, erosión del modelo ADONIS:CE, el cual incluye como revestimiento de los ríos, cambios en los datos de entrada las necesidades regímenes de agua, especies invasoras, fundamentales de hábitat, aquellos pesca ilegal, fragmentación longitudinal del elementos que satisfacen un estado paisaje, contaminación orgánica, favorable para la conservación (medidas de regularización fluvial y sobreexplotación del manejo), así como también las presiones y sustrato fluvial. En este trabajo, los autores amenazas que enfrenta la especie. Las proponen un diseño específico de manejo principales amenazas para las poblaciones para las poblaciones de Romanogobio de Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, 1862) kesslerii en ROSCI0227.

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INTRODUCTION The European Union associate some protected areas (Battes et al., 2005, nations are obliged to guard from harm the 2009; Bănăduc, 2005, 2007a, b, 2008; Habitats Directive (Annex 2) species, and Bănăduc and Curtean-Bănăduc, 2013; they should not allow the deterioration of Bănăduc et al., 2013; Bănărescu, 1964; conservation status produced by human Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007; Oţel, 2007; activities (*, 1992). Simalcsik et al., 2004; Telcean and The Natura 2000 sites of Romania, Bănărescu, 2002; Telcean and Cupșa, 2009a, containing those designed for the b; Meșter et al., 2003; Ureche, 2008). conservation of some fish species, were The present structure of the fish proposed for their ecological status associations, which contain Romanogobio conservation. The approval of site kesslerii in ROSCI0227 (Natura 2000 site suggestions were based on the following Sighișoara-Târnava Mare), reveals less than criteria: well conserved, permanent and optimum individuals as an effect of vigorous fish populations; characteristic anthropogenic impact. The spreading ranges natural habitats; good geographical position; of the fish communities and their relative and low human activities impact. There are a abundance variation in this Natura 2000 few ways the Natura 2000 European studied site reveal the relative effect of lotic network can improve the EU countries’ habitat quality status in the Târnava Mare nature quality: the expanding of the natural River watershed (Bănăduc, 1999, 2000, areas; the building of institutional capacity; 2005; Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2007; application of proper and updated Curtean-Bănăduc and Bănăduc, 2001, management plans for the natural areas; and 2004a, b; Curtean et al., 1999). raising awareness (Bănăduc, 2007a, 2010, Human activities have a great impact 2011; Bănăduc et al., 2012; Curtean- on the worldwide tendency for rivers to Bănăduc and Bănăduc, 2008). become a priceless treasure (Curtean- Romanogobio kesslerii (Dybowski, Bănăduc and Bănăduc, 2012). 1862) represents one of the fish species of If this tendency persists, no conservation interest. These species are general/superficial “cook book type” living in the middle sector of the relatively management elements are going to be big lotic system. They choose a speed of the sufficiently helpful in all protected areas, water of 45-70/90 cm/s, sandy riverbed and due to the fact that various habitat attributes relatively shallow water. These specimens should be assessed. As a consequence, frequently form schools and have a breeding specific management elements should be cycle in June. They spawn in shallow river adapted and suggested for the local habitats’ water over sand or gravel substrata. The no- specific characteristics and conditions. longer live vegetation debris looks to be a Recently, the modeling methods of beneficial factor for the breeding sectors processes are used more to acquire the so selection. The roes are laid down on the called “big picture” of specific systems riverbed and are attached to the substrate. and/or actions of whatsoever sphere. These The edible material consist mainly of small methods are used to facilitate the psamofilic organisms and diatoms. Adults, interpretation process stages for as well as juveniles, are active during the adapted/updated management. The day. (Bănărescu, 1964; Bănărescu and instruments of modeling are fundamentally Bănăduc, 2007) products of software, products used to make In the Romanian territory, the and/or assess models for business spreading area of this species is much more organizations, and to expose information fragmented than it was half a century ago about models. There are three basic (Bănărescu, 1964). Human effects being the functions that are addressed: detail of an main cause - effects which are different actual situation, assessing the effects of from one lotic sector to another, including potential modifications, and documenting

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strategies to change the actual situation in a Natura 2000 site, to reveal the actual human divergent direction. As a last outcome, they impact pressures and threats, to suggest can make diverse charts which present the management elements for the conservation necessary management issues (Hall and and rise of this species conservation status Harmon, 2005). based on a management model developed on The intentions of this study are to specific needs of this species and its specific highlight the state of the Romanogobio habitat indicators, and as a special designed kesslerii population in the ROSCI0227 support system for management decisions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The ROSCI0227 (24°49’16”, The lotic systems sectors of the 46°8’4”, 85,815 ha, between 315 and 829 m researched area where Gobio kessleri were altitude) is located in Braşov, Sibiu and identified are shown in figure 1. Mureş administrative units (county/județ), in The fish specimens were sampled in the Continental biogeographic region. The 2012-2014 with active fishing nets, followed inclusion of this area was proposed for the by on - site identification, and then at once protection of a number of four fish species, released, in their natural habitats. belonging to the Annex 2 of the Habitats Romanogobio kesslerii populations Directive (92/43/EEC), (Gobio kessleri were monitored in the research period and Natura 2000 code 2511 (Romanogobio their ecological status was assessed in kesslerii), Barbus meridionalis code 1138, connection to the human activities, Sabanejewia aurata code 1146, and Gobio pressures, and threats found in the species’ uranoscpus code 1122). (*) habitats.

Figure 1: Gobio kesslerii individuals sampling stations: Scroafa River 321, 320, 318, 317, Şapartoc Stream 314 and Târnava Mare River 253, 252, 250, 249, 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, 221, 220, 219, 218, 217, 216, 215, 214, 184 (GIS support Mr. Pătrulescu A.).

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Assessment of Romanogobio erroneously performed riverbed modifying kesslerii species populations’ state works, river-adjacent humanized or semi- Romanogobio kesslerii populations natural areas surface lessivage by abundant ecological state in the Scroafa Stream in rainfalls, and a situation facilitated by the the lotic sectors 321, 320, 318, and 317 (Fig. general context of reduction of the riparian 1) was considered to be low in relation to vegetation; balanced distribution of the individuals on - permanently diffuse pollution age classes, population size, and a low sources with significant synergic effects; percentage of this fish species’ individuals - problems induced by the river- in the fish communities. The studied lining field erosion and accentuated silt habitats- where the individuals of the species sedimentation in the riverbed, as a result of were sampled- are in a low ecological state. inadequate agricultural practices as riparian The ecological state of Romanogobio vegetation deterioration, is having a negative kesslerii populations in the Șapartoc impact on this species from the perspective Stream 314 (Fig. 1) was considered to be of the quantitative and qualitative reduction low in relation to balanced distribution of of its food sources; the individuals on age classes, population - the modified regime of the water size, and a low percentage of this fish course liquid and solid discharges; species’ individuals in the fish communities. - favoring the occurrence of invasive The studied habitats- where the individuals fish species (Pseudorasbora parva, Gobio of the species were sampled- are in an gobio, etc.) and/or more tolerant to changes average/low ecological state. in the Gobio kessleri’s natural habitat, and Romanogobio kesslerii individuals competing with the latter conservational sampled in Târnava Mare River in 253, interest species; 252, 250, 249, 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, - poaching; 221, 220, 219, 218, 217, 216, 215, 214 and - the longitudinal connectivity of the 184 sectors (Fig. 1) vary among very good Târnava Mare River, including for Gobio (in the sectors 253 and 250), good (in 252, kessleri, also suffers due to severe man- 249 and 220), and low (in 228, 227, 226, made impact in certain sectors (e.g. Copşa 225, 224, 223, 222, 221, 219, 218, 217, 216, Mică, Mediaş, etc.), consequently the 214, and 184) in relation to balanced quality of all the species populations in the distribution of the individuals in age classes, river being impacted; population size, and a low percentage of this - as long as the habitats offering fish species’ individuals in the fish good conditions for this species are communities. The studied habitats- where contracting due to various man-made the individuals of the species were sampled- impacts, each of the sectors still offering are in a good, average and low ecological auspicious conditions to the species are state inducing the fish communities becoming vital for the survival of the condition. species, not only in the here-discussed basin;

Human pressures and threats - pollution, especially organic; During the study in the Scroafa, - there are numerous illegal waste Șapartoc and Hârtibaciu lotic systems, deposits producing lixiviates in the very relatively numerous pressures and threats on proximity of the water courses; the studied fish species of conservation - river regularization and riverbed interest populations were identified: substrata overexploitation, without calling - microhabitat silt sedimentation for alternative solutions of water basin ratio much higher than the natural one due to management is the most frequent and an human-induced erosion in numerous areas increasing threat, with a major negative of the Târnava Mare catchment area as a impact related to the changes of the favourable habitats of the species. result of irrational agricultural practices,

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Specific requirements The overexploitation of mobile Romanogobio kesslerii individuals aggregates from the riverbed to the bed are present in the middle sector of relatively rock, respectively the removal of sand big rivers. The mature individuals need lotic substrate should not be allowed, since the areas with shallow water, with a mostly sand subtrate is an important characteristic sandy substrata and a speed flow of water of of the species habitat needed for 45-70/90 cm/s. Frequently numerous, such preservation. It is necessary to prohibit the fish can be found aggregated in schools. The exploitation of aggregates in areas with breeding takes place in June, when the slow and average flow, shallow and sandy mature individuals choose faster flowing bottom and in areas with less than 3 km water sectors with gravel, sand and plant between exploitations such as Cibin, Olt, debris on the river substrata. Before Hârtibaciu and Târnava Mare rivers. In becoming adults, these fish need relatively Scroafa and Şapartoc rivers the aggregates slow water flowing sectors, low depth, and exploitation from the riverbed is not sandy riverbed. The edible material is recommended. mostly represented by small psamofilic During the reproduction period organisms and diatoms (Bănărescu and (June), the banning of fishing and Bănăduc, 2007). aggregates exploitation in riverbeds is Specific habitat indicators recommended. In relation with the Romanogobio In all river sectors of interest the kesslerii presence and relative abundance in criminal phenomenon linked to poaching is the research sectors, some habitat indicators very intense and almost permanent, for this are suggested: zones in the minor riverbed reason it requires a better control. with water depth of under 0.5 m (66%); The preservation of natural percentage of sandy substrate (66%); vegetation corridors (arboreal, shrub and percentage of pebbles substrate (33%); herbaceous) with a minimum width of 100 vegetal debris weight on the m on both banks of the river is substrate/channel (15%); weight of fast recommended. flow-water surface (66%); and weight of It is necessary to prohibit the slow flow-water surface (33%). abandonment of any kind of waste in the Management measures riverbed and the wetlands surrounding Building lentic areas is not watercourses. recommended if any human interventions/ Seasonal integrated monitoring is hydrotechnical work which modifies the recommended; this should include the liquid flow in such a way that the water monitoring elements of water charging with has more or less than 40-65 cm/sec., or organic substances. even more or less than 4-90 cm/sec., or Site adjusted management model leads to a decrease in the number of The processes for this site individuals of this species until extinction. management model were made using It is recommended to prohibit construction/ modeling library objects ADONIS: CE (for hydrotechnics that have an effect of more details ‒ Hall and Harmon, 2005 ‒ modifying the speed regime of the water in Version 1.1, November, 2005 http://mhc- these rivers. For example, construction of net.com/whitepapers_presentations/2005 bridges, culverts, etc. must be carried out at Process Trends (040 306) .pdf), and multiannual maximum flow level, in order relies on the use of activities, decisions and to maintain the water flow regime. variables accompanied by generators. A complex system of stairs for fish Activities (blue rectangle) are used to that minimize the negative effect of lotic describe the characteristics of the species discontinuities created by series of dams Gobio kessleri. Decisions (yellow and existing lakes must be constructed. diamonds) occur when we want to check if certain indicators measured in the field are

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in conditions for favorable conservation. For “Gobio kessleri indicators” and “Specific decisions, variables and generators are requirements”. “Gobio kessleri indicators” assigned that determine the probability that has also three subprocesses that describe the fulfils these indicators. Subprocesses (blue management measures that should be taken triangles) are used to facilitate into account to assure a favorable comprehension models (works exactly as a conservation state. process and can be called within models). For an easier understanding, as well As it is showed in the model as the references between processes, the hierarchy (Fig. 2), the main process is figure below (Fig. 3a, b) shows the “Gobio kessleri” and has two subprocesses: subprocess called in the basic model.

Figure 2: Gobio kessleri – model hierarchy.

Figure 3a: Outgoing inter-model references (in main process “Gobio kessleri” and in subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators”).

Figure 3b: Outgoing inter-model references (in main process “Gobio kessleri” and in subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators”).

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The main process is “Gobio kessleri” subprocess “Gobio kessleri indicators”. If (Fig. 4) and was modeled using two the conservation status is favorable, then subprocesses (Figs. 5 and 6): one decision scroll to the last activity and the process is that checks if the conservation state is concluded. If the conservation status is not favorable or not, and finishes with an favorable, then it goes again through the two activity which implements an integrated subprocesses and it takes the management monitoring system. measures until it ensures favourable After going through the activities of conservation status. This process finishes the subprocess “Specific Requirements”, it with last activity, “Implemention of an proceeds by checking the indicators in the integrated monitoring system”.

Figure 4: Gobio kessleri – basic process model.

Figure 5: Subprocess “Specific requirements” – characteristic of Gobio kessleri species.

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The subprocess “Specific they fulfill favorable conservation status, it requirements” is modeled using only then gets to the last activity, namely the one activities and presents the characteristic of that shows the danger of poaching, and the Gobio kessleri species: type of habitat, process is closed. If the conservation status specific requirements of habitat, is not favorable, depending on each indicator observations made in the field, other ‒ separately, they are called the environmental demands, the reproduction subprocesses with management measures to period, distribution in the protected area, be taken for the welfare of the species. (e.g.: pressures on the species and the threats “The actual state for the sandy substrate found in Sighișoara – Târnava Mare area. weight is 66%?”, if it goes on the “Yes” It then follows the subprocess branch (“sandy_substrate = ‘Yes’”, “Gobio kessleri indicators” that checks if probability = 99%) then it goes to the next every possible indicator (areas in riverbed decision; if it goes on the “No” branch with water depth less than 0.5 m, sandy (“sandy_substrate = ‘No’”, probability = substrate weight, gravel substrate weight, 1%), then it follows the subprocess plant debris on the substrate weight/ Management measures for 2nd, 3rd and 4th channel, fast flowing water surface weigh, indicators). After the management measures slow flowing surface water weight) fulfill or were taken, it then follows the last activity is not a favorable for conservation status. If and the process ends.

Figure 6: Subprocess “Indicators of Gobio kessleri”.

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Subprocesses “Management riverbed, fishing is banned during measures for 1st and 6th indicators” (Fig. 7), reproduction period, and prohibit the “Management measures for 2nd, 3rd and 4th abandonment of waste). Second, third and indicators” (Fig. 8), and “Management fourth indicators have the same management measures for 5th indicator” (Fig. 9) are a measures and were carried out in one chain of activities with management subprocess “Management measures for 2nd, measures to be taken for each indicator 3rd, and 4th indicators”. For 5th indicator, separately. Indicators 1 though 6 are taken management measures are modeled in the with the same measures of control (e.g.: subprocess “Management measures for 5th keeping natural morphodinamics of indicator”. riverbed, exploiting mobile aggregates in

Figure 7: Subprocess “Management measures for 1st and 6th indicators”.

Figure 8: Subprocess “Management measures for 2nd, 3rd and 4th indicators”.

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Figure 9: Subprocess “Management measures for 5th indicators”.

CONCLUSIONS The present identified main pressures biology/ecology domain, to design a model and threats on the Romanogobio kesslerii of Romanogobio kesslerii fish species that populations in the Natura 2000 site includes the requirements for habitat, the ROSCI0227 – Sighișoara-Târnava Mare are: indicators that assure a favorable microhabitat silt sedimentation; diffuse conservation status, the optimum measures, pollution; river-lining field erosion; water and the existing pressures and threats. regime change; invasive fish species; For the time to come, this type of poaching; longitudinal fragmentation; management should be designed based on habitat bad conditions; organic pollution; systems for other fish species of river regularization; and riverbed substrata conservative interest of ROSCI0227 overexploitation. protected area. The authors designed a management Annual integrated monitoring is specific scheme for Romanogobio kesslerii necessary in the studied area, including fish species in ROSCI0227. The specialised fish monitoring. ADONIS:CE instrument is used here in

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS A part of the outcomes of this study was revealed in the EU Structural Operational Programme Environment Pentru Natură şi Comunităţile locale – Bazele unui management integrat Natura 2000 în zona Hârtibaciu-Târnava Mare-Olt” SMIS CSNR 17049 code.

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REFERENCES Battes K. W., Pricope F., Ureche D. and Bănăduc D., 2008 – Natura 2000 sites Stoica I., 2005 – Ichthyofauna status proposals regarding the fish species in the Siret catchement area, with of Community interest in the emphasis on the effect of the January Romanian Alpine Biogeographical 2001 pollution, Analele Ştiinţifice Region, Transylvanian Review of „Alexandru I. Cuza”, Iaşi, secţiunea I Systematical and Ecological Biologie animală, LI, 2005, Edit. Research, 6, Edit. Universităţii Univ. „A. I. Cuza” Iaşi, 123-143. „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, ISSN Battes K. W., Pricope F., Ureche D. and 1841-7051, 185-196. Stoica I., 2009 – Ichthyofauna status Bănăduc D., 2010 – New SCIS proposal from the Suceava catchment area regarding the ichtiofauna after the from 2001 to 2005, Studii şi cercetări Pannonian Biogeographic Seminar Ştiinţifice, Biologie, Seria biologie for Romania, Sibiu (Transylvania, animală, 17, 59-67. Romania) 9-12 June 2008, Acta Bănăduc D., 1999 – Data concerning the Oecologica Carpatica, III, Bănăduc human impact on the ichthyofauna of D. (ed.), 117-122. the upper and middle sectors of the Bănăduc D., 2011 – New SCIS proposal Olt River, Transylvanian Review of regarding the ichtiofauna after the Systematical and Ecological Alpine Biogeographic Seminar for Research, 1, Edit. Universităţii Romania, Sibiu (Transylvania, „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, ISBN 973- Romania) 9-12 June 2008, Acta 9410-69-3, 157-164. Oecologica Carpatica, 199-208, IV, Bănăduc D., 2000 – Ichthyofaunistic criteria 2011. for Cibin River human impact Bănăduc D. and Curtean-Bănăduc A., 2013 – assesment, Travaux du Museum New SCIs proposal regarding the National d’Histoire naturelle Grigore ichthiofauna for the Stepic Antipa, București, 365-372, XLII. Biogeographic area in Romania, Acta Bănăduc D., 2005 ‒ Fish associations – Oecologica Carpatica, VI, 137-148. habitats quality relation in the Bănăduc D., Nagy A. and Curtean-Bănăduc Târnave rivers (Transylvania, A., 2012 – New SCIS proposal Romania) ecological assessment, regarding the ichtiofauna after the Transylvanian Review of Continental Biogeographic Seminar Systematycal and Ecological for Romania, Sibiu (Transylvania, Research, 2, “The Târnava River Romania) 9-12 June 2008, Acta Basin”, 123-136. Oecologica Carpatica, V, 145-158. Bănăduc D., 2007a – Fish of Natura 2000 Bănăduc D., Stroilă V. and Curtean-Bănăduc network interest in Romania, in A., 2013 ‒ The fish fauna of the Romanian NATURA 2000 NGO Timiș River (Banat, Romania), Coalition contribution for the SCIs Transylvanian Review of designation (eds) Curtean-Bănăduc Systematical and Ecological Angela, Florescu Florentina, Edit. Research, 15, 145-172. Alma Mater Sibiu, ISBN 978-973- Bănărescu P. M., 1964 – Pisces- 632-402-4. Osteichthyes, Fauna R. P. R., XIII, Bănăduc D., 2007b ‒ Middle Olt River Edit. Academiei R. P. R., Bucureşti, (Transylvania, Romania) – Special 962. area for conservation (Natura 2000 Bănărescu P. M. and Bănăduc D., 2007 – Site) proposal for Barbus Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) fish meridionalis Risso, 1827 and species (Osteichthyes) on the associated fish species, Acta Romanian Territory, Acta Ichtiologica Romanica, II, 37-42. Ichtiologica Romanica, II, 43-78.

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Curtean A., Sîrbu I., Drăgulescu C. and Series – C: Environmental Security, Bănăduc D., 1999 – Impactul Springer, 225-238, ISBN 978-1- antropic asupra biodiversităţii zonelor 4020-5995-7. umede din bazinul superior şi Hall C. and Harmon P., 2005 – The mijlociu al Oltului, Edit. Universităţii Enterprise Architecture, Process „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, ISBN 973- Modeling and Simulation Tools 651-003-4, 102. (in Romanian) Report, Version 1.1 (2005) Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Bănăduc D., 2001 – November, 2005, http://mhc- Cibin River (Transylvania, Romania) net.com/whitepapers_presentations/2 management, scientific foundation 005 Process Trends (040306.pdf) proposal, Acta oecologica, VIII, 1-2, Meșter L., Crăciun N., Aioanei F. and Edit. Universităţii „Lucian Blaga” din Ureche D., 2003 – Research on the Sibiu, ISSN 1221-5015, 85-100. fish fauna in the Argeş, Neajlov, Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Bănăduc D., 2004a Sabar, Ialomiţa, Dâmboviţa and – Cibin River fish communities Colentina river basins, Universitatea structural and functional aspects, din Bacău, Studii şi Cercetări Studii şi Cercetări Ştiinţifice – Seria Ştiinţifice, Biologie, Serie nouă, 8, Biologie, Universitatea din Bacău, 9, 140-153. ISSN 122-919-X, 93-102. Oţel V., 2007 – The present status of the fish Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Bănăduc D., 2004b species considered of community and – Aspecte privind dinamica faunei national interest, in the Danube delta râului Cibin în ultimii 150 de ani, Biosphere Reserve, Romanian sector, Studii şi Comunicări, Muzeul Acta Ichtiologica Romanica, II, 177- de Ştiinţele Naturii din Sibiu, 29, 188. ISSN 1454-4784, 205-214. (in Simalcsik F., Misăilă E. R., Misăilă C. and Romanian) Pricope F., 2004 – The effect of Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Bănăduc D., 2008 – Rivers’ pollution with cellulosic and Natura 2000 sites proposals regarding municipal used waters in the fish species of Community ichtyofauna’s integrity, Studia interest in the Romanian Panonian Universitatis Vasile Goldiș, Seria Biogeographical Region, Acta Științele Vieții, 14, 135-140. oecologica cibiniensis, I, Edit. Telcean I. and Bănărescu P., 2002 – Universităţii „Lucian Blaga” din Modifications of the fish fauna in the Sibiu, ISSN 1221-5015, 75-95. upper Tisa River and its southern and Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Bănăduc D., 2012 – eastern tributaries, in Tiscia Aspecte privind impactul deversării Monograph Series, 6, Ecological apelor uzate asupra sistemelor aspects of the Tisa River Basin, ecologice lotice receptoare, în Apa Sarkany A. and Hamar J. (eds), 179- resursă fundamentală a dezvoltării 186. durabile, Metode şi tehnici Telcean I. and Cupşa D., 2009a – The neconvenţionale de epurare şi tratare backwaters and drainage canals as a apei, II, coordonator Oprean L., natural refuges for the lowland rivers’ Edit. Academiei Române, 393-416. fishfauna (Someş, Crişuri, Mureş ‒ (in Romanian) North-Western Romania), Biharean Curtean-Bănăduc A., Bănăduc D. and Bucşa Biologist, 3, 1, 37-44. C., 2007 – Watershed Management Telcean I. and Cupşa D., 2009b – Fishfauna (Transylvania, Romania) – from the lowland Mureş River and implications, risks, solutions, the Floodplain Natural Park area Strategies to Enhance Environmental (Western-Romania), Analele Security in Transition Countries, Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula NATO Security through Science de Biologie, XVI, 2009, 132-136.

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Ureche D., 2008 – Studii ecologice privind content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31992 ihtiofauna din bazinul mijlociu şi L0043. inferior al râului Siret, Edit. PIM, * – Natura 2000 Standard data form Iaşi, 223. (in Romanian) http://natura2000.mmediu.ro/upl//for *, 1992 – Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 mulare/ROSCI0227%20-%20F.pdf May 1992 on the conservation of * – http://www.boc-group.com/products/ natural habitats and of wild fauna and adonis/bpmn-method/ flora, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

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AUTHORS:

1 Doru BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

2 Ioana-Cristina CISMAŞ [email protected] “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

3 Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Research Center, Dr. I. Rațiu Street 5-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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EXTRACTION OF AGREGATES FROM ALLUVIAL PLAINS. CASE STUDY: BUZĂU RIVER (ROMANIA)

Dorin Alexandru POP 1 and Gabriela STAICU 2

KEYWORDS: Natura 2000 site, alluvial plain, hydromorphic changes. ABSTRACT The aggregate (gravel and sand) paper presents some findings of studies extraction industry is a key economic undertaken by the Ecological University of activity for entire societies, civil Bucharest in Natura 2000 site ROSCI0103 engineering, and real estates, which are “Lunca Buzăului” and also the experience as heavily dependent on it. Aggregates may be custodians regarding the legal and considered conditionally renewable regulatory framework of aggregate resources, being replenished by rivers at extraction. It presents the actual state of certain rates. The exploitation of such aggregate extraction activity from Buzău mineral resources ‒ although strictly alluvial plains, with some of its regulated ‒ may induce long-term changes environmental returns and hazards, and with in lotic and riverine ecosystems, with new trends and potential directions of this insidious effects on human well-being. This activity towards sustainable solutions.

REZUMAT: Exploatarea agregatelor minerale în luncile râurilor. Studiu de caz: râul Buzău (România). Exploatarea agregatelor minerale prezintă rezultate ale studiilor derulate de (pietriș și nisip) este o activitatea foarte Universitatea Ecologică din București în importantă pentru întreaga societate, de situl Natura 2000 ROSCI0103 Lunca aceasta depinzând industria construcțiilor și Buzăului și experiența privind cadrul a dezvoltării infrastructurii. Mineralele pot fi legislativ și de reglementare a activității de considerate resurse regenerabile în mod exploatare a agregatelor minerale din condiționat, fiind depuse de râuri la anumite postura de custode al acestei arii naturale rate. Exploatarea acestor resurse minerale protejate. Articolul prezintă situația actuală a nonenergetice ‒ deși puternic reglementată exploatării agregatelor minerale la nivelul la ora actuală ‒ poate induce modificări ale râului Buzău, cu beneficiile și riscurile de ecosistemelor lotice și a celor adiacente pe mediu asociate, precum și tendințe noi și termen lung, cu efecte greu de prevăzut posibilități de orientare a acestei activități pentru calitatea vieții umane. Acest articol spre opțiuni durabile.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Auswirkungen des Kies- und Sandabbaus in den Flussauen. Fallstudie Buzău-Fluss (Rumänien). Der Kies- und Sandabbau ist eine der Untersuchungen vorgestellt, die von der wichtige Tätigkeit für die gesamte Ökologischen Universität Bukarest im Gesellschaft, da von ihr die Bauindustrie Natura 2000 Gebiet ROSCI0103 Lunca und die Entwicklung der Infrastruktur Buzăului/Buzău-Aue durchgeführt wurden. abhängig ist. Die Mineralaggregate Kies- Auch werden die mit den rechtlichen und Sand können bedingt als erneuerbare Rahmenbedingungen und Regelungen der Ressourcen angesehen werden, da sie von Abbautätigkeit gemachten Erfahrungen aus den Flüssen bei bestimmten Ereignissen der Sicht eines Kustoden dieses angelandet werden. Der Abbau dieser nicht- Schutzgebietes mitgeteilt. Die Arbeit belegt energetischen mineralen Ressourcen kann – den Ist-Zustand des Kies- und Sandabbaus obwohl er gegenwärtig streng geregelt ist – am Beispiel des Buzău Flusses mit allen langfristig Veränderungen der lotischen und damit verbundenen Vorteilen und der angrenzenden Ökosysteme verursachen, Umweltrisiken sowie die neuen Tendenzen deren Folgen für die Lebensqualität der und Orientierungsmöglichkeiten dieser Menschen schwer vorhersehbar sind. In Tätigkeit hin zu nachhaltigen Optionen. vorliegender Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse

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INTRODUCTION Rivers are complex and dynamic (Kondolf, 1997; UNEP, 2014), instability of geomorphic systems whose major function the upstream channel, upstream and is the transportation of water and sediments downstream erosion, deepening of the (Langer, 2003). These systems are in a channel, deposition of fine sediment dynamic equilibrium mostly governed by downstream (siltation), lowering of the highly interdependent hydraulic variables. water-table, with effects on riverine Any change of one variable induces a vegetation, and the reduction of oxbow response in one or more of the others formation/replenishment (Kondolf, 1997; (Langer, 2003). Ward et al., 2001; UNEP, 2014). Although mineral aggregates The aggregate industry gained represent the second most exploited raw momentum in the last 20 years, tripling the material (after water) globally, there is no estimated quantity of exploited aggregates available global homogenous direct data from 1994 to 2012 (acc. to USGS), regarding this type of mining activity especially due to the economic growth of (UNEP, 2014). Indirect assessment from Asia (UNEP, 2014). Special policies for this data of cement industry, civil engineering, field were not developed because the land expansion and ecological restoration environmental impacts caused by in-stream projects, leads to a minimum figure of 40 mining are very insidious and hard to billion cubic meters of sand and gravel quantify and monitor. For instance, at the exploited annually, which is double the international level, any convention to annual estimated global sedimentation rate regulate the extraction, trade and use of (acc. to Milliman and Syvitki, 1992, in aggregates extracted from inland waters UNEP, 2014). In ecological terms, the does not exist (UNEP, 2014). The exceeding sedimentation rate by governance is not coherent in this field and exploitation means the carrying capacity of there are several regulation levels between the lotic and riverine ecosystems will exceed national legislation and several international as well. This over-exploitation led to conventions; there are also no globally degradation of the structure and functions of accepted standards to regulate this mining riverine and lotic ecosystems, like the rise of activity (Velegrakis et al., 2010 and turbidity and its impacts on biodiversity Radzevicius et al., 2010, in UNEP, 2014).

MATERIAL AND METHODS We surveyed the Buzău River from (May 2015) and older (October 2011, 2011 to 2015 between Siriu (Buzău County) November 2011, May 2014, July 2014) and Vișani locality (Brăila County) for satellite imagery was used available through riparian habitats and aquatic species Google Earth Service (Digital Globe, CNES/ (macroinvertebrates, fishes, amphibians, Astrium, 2016). We used the measurement tortoises) and the anthropogenic impact tool from Google Earth software, which has caused by in-stream and riparian aggregate an error of aprox. 0.112%, if placed mining. We also reviewed 68 Aproppriate correctly. We also acknowledged a Assessment Studies for mining projects placement error of aprox. 0.5 m. The developed inside the Natura 2000 site from resolution of imagery varies at the two study 2011 to 2015 and visited project sites sites between 15 and 30 cm. We also did an located between the Viperești and Cilibia extensive legislation screening and ran localities. For changes in river several meetings with local stakeholders morphometry, we selected two in-stream throughout the legal custody period (March mining sites (at Bordușani and Dâmbroca 2011 ‒ March 2016.) Some of the fieldwork localities,) mining projects ordered by and meetings were facilitated through a Buzău-Ialomița Water Branch (regional structural EU funded project, which aimed water management body) for river regulation to elaborate the management plan. and flood control. At those two sites, recent

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Economic activities of production from the crushing processes of open mining and civil engineering depend heavily on the pits was negligible at a national level. extractive industry for raw materials (CE, The rate of aggregates obtained 2011). The quantities of exploited mineral through the crushing of rocks, aggregates at the EU level were estimated at manufacturing, or from recycling building 1 billion tons, the related economic field materials fluctuated at the EU level through registered a rate of turn-over of around 20 2008-2014, reaching in 2014 46% billion euros and an offering of 238.000 aggregates from crushing, 8% from places of employment (UEPG, 2016) (Fig. 1). recycling, 2% from production, 4% from sea Although, at the EU level, the trend dredging and 40% from in-stream and of aggregate extraction is decreasing; in the terrace mining. The upward of aggregates period 2008-2014 the national aggregate obtained through crushing and recycling extraction industry recorded an upward leads to a lower threat on riverine and trend, the extracted volumes nearly tripled riparian ecosystems. between 2008 and 2012 (UEPG, 2012). This is not valid for Romania, where An alarming fact from the the figures for crushed, recycled or produced sustainability point of view of this domain aggregates are negligible. For 2014, of raw material market is that in spite of the Romania was relying on 98% of its European trend, the amount of aggregates aggregate extraction on in-stream and obtained from recycled building materials or terrace mining (see Fig. 2; UEPG, 2016).

Figure 1: The EU 27 Aggregate Industry (total production in grey), split into aggregate extraction (sand and gravel from rivers and terraces; in red), rock crushing (in yellow), aggregate recycling (in green) and aggregate manufacturing (in brown.) The right vertical axis scales the figures of extraction sites (blue line) and of extraction companies (red line) across EU 27.

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Figure 2: The Romanian Aggregate Industry (total production in grey), split into aggregate extraction (sand and gravel from rivers and terraces; in red), rock crushing (in yellow), aggregate recycling (in green) and aggregate manufacturing (in brown – 0 in this case.) The right vertical axis scales the figures of extraction sites (blue line) and of extraction companies (red line) in Romania. At the Natura 2000 site ROSCI0103 One out of the four major threats on Lunca Buzăului, the in-stream and terrace the Buzău river, identified in the Buzău- mining of aggregates is located between the Ialomița Watershed Management Plan, is city Pătârlagele and the Cilibia locality, the hydromorphic alterations (ANAR, being documented since the communist era. 2009). These alterations are effects of Until the Revolution (1989) there were 8 changes undergone by this river in the last gravel plants documented. According to the 40 years generated by aggregate exploitation county’s annual statistic, in 2013, 24 and hydrotechnical works (dams and aggregate mining companies were recorded, crossovers). Thus, the braiding indices from a total of 8,890 economic unities, decreased, it appeared that a loop arrest adding up a turn-over of 127 mil. lei (0.87% phenomena and the length of the river of the county’s turn-over) and having a decreased (EUB, 2014). There were also figure of 951 employees. The civil lateral erosions and channel instability engineering branch, which depends directly recorded, affecting even civil engineering on aggregate mining, recorded in 2013 a structures, like the Mărăcineni bridge, which turn-over of 783 mil. lei’s (5.4% of the was destroyed in 2005 by high waters. county’s turn-over), ran through 730 Natura 2000 site ROSCI0103 Lunca companies, with a total of 5,976 employees Buzăului was designated in 2007 through (10% of the county’s active labour force) Ministerial Order no. 1964 for riverine and (INS, 2013). If we keep in mind that riparian species and habitats. This Natura aggregates are used almost at any type of 2000 site of community interest is a classic civil engineering (road-building, pipe-lining, case where the two Directives (Habitats erosion and flood control works, land-slide Directive 92/43/EEC and Water Framework control works, parking, other types of Directive 2000/60/EC) synergistically apply, buildings), we will grasp a clearer image on for the protection and enhancement of the importance of the aggregate industry – aquatic and dependent ecosystems are a on a county level, national level, and on a common objective of both European European level. directives. Such water bodies are noted in a

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special register for protected areas, Ministerial Order 19/2010 regarding the according to article 6 from the Water Appropriate Assessment standard Framework Directive. Those protected areas specifications which regulate the activity of receive the status of “water dependent assessment of impact on the environment protected areas” ‒ a case where both of the and Natura 2000 sites. The regulation Directives apply (EC, 2011). The Water process of river in-stream aggregate mining Framework Directive 2000/60/EC is in Natura 2000 sites is presented in figure 3. transposed in Romanian legislation in the The responsible bodies for the Law no. 310/2004, which modifies the regulation process of aggregate extraction Water Law 107/1996, and the Nature activities from in-stream and river terrace Directives (Birds and Habitats) are both are represented by the National Agency for transposed in Urgent Government Ordinance Mineral Resources, Regional Water Branch 57/2007, adopted by the Parliament with and Local Environmental Protection Agency addenda and changes in the Law of Natural (LEPA). The Natura 2000 site is included in Protected Areas no. 49/2011. Article 34 the regulation schema (the from Law 310/2004, with the subsequent administrator/custodian,) in the sense that legal acts, together with the Mines Law no. LEPA asks for and takes into account the 85/2003 and Government Decision custodians advice/notice (Law no. 49/2011 1208/2003 (standard specifications) govern and M. O. 1052/2014). Thus, the custodians the river in-stream and terrace aggregate notice is not a regulatory act (permit or extraction in Romania. The Law of Natural advice), but the Environmental Accept Protected Areas no. 49/2011, Government emitted by LEPA is based on the custodians Decision no. 445/2009 for EIA and the notice.

Figure 3: The regulatory process of in-stream aggregate mining activities in a Natura 2000 site (NAMR = National Agency for Mineral Resources, BIWB = Buzău-Ialomița Water Branch, LEPA = Local Environmental Protection Agency, PPPA Titulary = project/plan/programme/activity titulary, PC = public consultation).

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The mining features in the minor bed and terraces of the Buzău River The strategy documents the norms rehabilitation of the environment are set and permits issued by public authorities that forth in the general norms and in specific regulate the extraction of the mineral exploitation permits, in order to ensure the aggregates from the ROSCI0103 Lunca integrity of the Natura 2000 site and the Buzăului which are: the Ialomiţa River environmental protection. Basin Management Plan, the Flood The main term of the exploitation Prevention, Management and Mitigation permit is banning the exploitation of the Plan, the Flood Risk Management Plan and mineral aggregates from the minor river bed the Management Plan of the Natura 2000 from the 1st of April to the 1st of July, as Site ROSCI0103 Lunca Buzăului. this interval is used by fish for reproduction. The norms issued by the Buzău- In spite of all these terms being Ialomița Water Branch set forth the terms for observed, pressures from extraction of the the exploitation of the mineral aggregates in mineral aggregates were encountered at the the Natura 2000 Site ROSCI0103 Lunca level of lotic ecosystem in the Natura 2000 Buzăului, in order to preserve the natural Site ROSCI0103 Lunca Buzăului (ANAR, hydrology regime that includes: the 2009; ***, 2012; Stoica, 2013; UEB, 2014). observation levels of the thalweg both The river sector from downstream Berca to upstream and downstream from the the river mouth of Siret is included in the exploitation site, keeping safety pillars and exceptions from Art., 4.4. of the Water artificial slopes to the river banks, a careful Framework Directive, by prolongation of the use of the digging equipment, applying a term to reach the good ecological status for specific exploitation methodology, namely the period 2022-2027 (ANAR, ABA Buzău- in longitudinal stripes, from upstream to Ialomița, INHGA, 2015). downstream of the digging site, by During the first planning cycle successive retraction from the longitudinal (ANAR, 2009) four types of pressures were line of the river bed to the shores, while identified, among them is the hydromorphic keeping transversal chocking sills to foster alteration. These pressures jeopardised the deposits of the suspended matter and the efforts to reach the objective of good limitation of regressive erosion, deposit the ecological status for the year 2015, as excavated material for a limited period of provided by the Water Framework Directive. time outside the border of the exploitation During the second planning cycle (ANAR, site (this helps removal of the excess water), 2015), the exploitation of aggregates is topographic monitoring of the configuration listed in the subchapter “Other types of of the minor bed (requested after significant anthropic pressures”, without evaluation of hydrological events, such as floods) and the impact to the ecological status. topographic measurement after works The field studies in ROSCI0103 completion, keeping the natural thalweg Lunca Buzăului documented both positive from before the works as a pre-condition to and negative impacts of the extraction regulate the desilting and retraining of the activity to the lotic and riparian ecosystems river bed. in the area and detailed the threats to the LEPA’s regulatory acts stipulate for a conservation objectives. number of in-stream and terrace mining This article reviews both identified conditions, derived from the environmental direct threats from the mineral aggregates legal framework, as well as from custodian’s exploitation and risks estimated from permit. These terms were elaborated by field structural modifications observed during studies carried out by the Ecological field trips or reported by authorities in- University of Bucharest that is the custodian charge of natural resources administration. of the Natura 2000 Site ROSCI0103 Lunca The article also reviews positive trends that Buzăului. The obligation to complete the can lead the mining in the area to a more works and to deposit financial guarantees for sustainable practice.

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Functional and structural modifications and their effects 1. Decreasing the structural diversity of the lotic ecosystem The leveling of the flowing bed and 5. Decreasing of the habitat complexity, the vertical cut of the banks lead to the mainly of the fractal dimension of the decreasing of the stability of the lotic substrate, which in turn can lead to a ecosystem (O’Conner, 1991; Douglas and decrease in the number of invertebrate Lake, 1994; Elmqvist et al., 2003; Tews et taxa and population density (Taniguchi al., 2004; Scott, 2007). The negative effects and Tokeshi, 2004); to the lotic ecosystem include: 6. Modification of the filtration capacity, 1. Loss of fish reproduction sites; following the impact on the riparian 2. Loss of refugees of the aquatic fauna vegetation (Ashraf et al., 2011); from floods and predators (Palmer et al., 7. Modification in the sedimentation rate, 1996); by removal of the structural diversity 3. Dramatic decrease of available food for elements such as logs (Franklin, 1992); fishes, by decreasing of the detritus 8. Modification of the capacity to dissipate (O’Connor, 1991); the kinetic energy and concentration of 4. Decreasing of the aquatic vegetation, the kinetic energy, leading to negative mainly algae (Dudley et al., 1986); impacts downstream.

2. Lowering the level of the thalweg and of the piezometric level The structure of the Buzău River waters flowing directly into it. The sector within the boundaries of the Natura rehabilitation works started in 2012 to 2000 site ROSCI0103 is modified compared strengthen and clean the river bed (remove to its natural status by 2 major the clogs) in order to protect the concrete hydrotechnical works: Siriu Dam and Berca- abrupt. Cândești Dam. These two dams alter the In the River sector between Moșești solid flow and consequently cause hungry and Vișani villages, the poplar trees from water phenomena (Langer, 2003): retention riverside coppice (managed by the Ianca of the solid flows by the hydrotechnical Forest Unit) withered because of the works while allowing liquid flows to pass lowering thalweg level that continued to the works, mostly during high waters which cause the lowering of the water table. These mobilize the sediments from downstream of poplar (and willow) coppices are a valuable the works and the lower level of the plant association, namely a Natura 2000 thalweg, eventually leading to bank erosion. habitat and is one of the assets for which the Lowering the level of the thalweg area was declared a Natura 2000 site. The causes the lowering thalweg levels of the association survival critically depends on the tributaries and bank to undercut. Three high level of the water table. transversal abrupt discharges, located Both downstream and upstream of between the villages Berca and Vadu Pașii, the river segment located between Vadu- Berca-Cândești Dam, along with the Pașii and Săgeata villages (segment which rigorous topographic monitoring of the exhibits the highest accumulation of natural levels of the thalweg, ensure a agreggates exploitation yards in the minor defense line to the regressive erosion and to river bed) the thalweg level was lowered as the risk of lowering the thalweg levels. a consequence of aggregate mining. Most However, at the berm abrupt likely the aggregates exploitation as well as discharge downstream the road and railway the impact of the two dams caused the loss bridge from Vadu Paşii there is a difference of balance between the erosion rate and the of 1-2 meters to the natural levels. The sedimentation rate which further caused the abrupt discharge was built in 2003 to protect lowering of the thalweg level (and the the bridge. The concrete abrupt discharge lowering of the water table.) was damaged by the erosion caused by

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Although there is data about Buzău In the respect of approvement for River solid flow, and hydraulic models were new terrace mining projects, there is no constructed, including support capacity thorough carrying capacity assessment studies (for Vadu Pașii village sector - regarding availability of underground water Stoica, 2013), we did not find a study on the for fish-ponds resulting from mining carrying capacity of the entire length of the activities. Thus, there are some concerns that Buzău River between the boundaries of the opening more and more water surfaces Natura 2000 site affected by the in-stream through excavating under the water-table mining activities. Such a study is needed to will expose Buzău alluvial cone ROIL5 find out the equilibrium point between the underground water reserve to intense sedimentation rate and the aggregates evaporation phenomena, given the exploitation rate. Nonetheless, the Buzău – temperate-continental climate with steppic Ialomița Basin Management Plan includes character. Cumulated with channel incision, the objective of establishing this equilibrium this exposure of water surfaces would lower point (ANAR, 2009). the water-table, thus affecting local communities and riparian vegetation.

3. Changes in river hydraulic regime Modifications of the hydraulic In ROSCI0103 Lunca Buzăului site regime are mainly due to changes in the there are 2 cases of major changes of river river profile. Thus, a large channel profile cross profile, inside 2 mining leases with appears through sand and gravel bar mining licenses and water management skimming and leveling of the riverbed; this licenses: one along Dâmbroca village and kind of riverbed leveling leads to the lack of the other along Bordușani village. Both in- valley floor clears delineation and channels stream mining operations were designed to instability (Kondolf, 1994; USGS, 2003). cutoff some meanders and to stop right bank Another kind of impact could be that of undercutting. Both in-stream mining lowering the elevation of bar surface by operations reduced the active channel cross sand and gravel extraction, which may profile to 10-20% of its natural width, reduce the threshold water discharge at leaving behind a completely artificial which sediment transport occurs (OWRRI, profile: vertical banks of up to 2 m height, 1995, cited in USGS, 2003). Bar skimming flat river bed with leveled depths, very also leads to reduced oxbow surface and narrow cross profile, unnatural for flat open function, with a certain decrease in wetland country rivers. The mining operations along biodiversity and its services. the Dâmbroca locality managed to rechannel On the other hand, shrinking of the the Buzău River at high discharges, but river cross profile, and thus, the generated bank erosion of the new channel nonobservance of the natural plain river and a downstream in-depth right bank cross section, leads to downstream kinetic erosion of nearly 60 meters, putting an energy build-up and bank erosion, as well as aggregate station at risk (Fig. 4). The mining channel instability. The loss of lotic operation along the Bordușani locality did ecosystems structural diversity also has not manage to rechannel the Buzău River at considerable negative impacts on aquatic high discharges, the river recatching its and riparian species and habitats. former natural channel, with a downstream in-depth right bank erosion of nearly 50 m between 2011 and 2015 (Fig. 5).

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Figure 4: In-stream aggregate mining on the Buzău River, along Dâmbroca locality: AS = aggregate station, C = Buzău River channel, E = embankment, E1 = right bank erosion upstream of AS, E2 = right bank erosion downstream AS, I = islet, HT = high terrace, LT = low terrace, NC = new channel, OC = old channel, WL = wetland. Changes in flow regime occur toxic suspension back to the water flow because of changes in the flowing section (Langer, 2003); (following the drastic straightening of the - Augmentation of erosion of the flowing river bed), leveling of the flowing bed and bed, in case the extraction rate exceeds formation of vertical banks which result in the sedimentation rate (Kondolf, 1997); bank undercutting, enlargement of the - Regressive erosion, in case of accidental flowing section and augmentation of the decrease below the natural level of the solid flow (Kondolf, 1997). These effects are thalweg; encountered in the Lunca Buzăului Natura - Choking of some downstream areas, 2000 site, in the Berca-Săgeata River sector because of sediment charge, sediments and are marked in the case of the resulted from regressive erosion and regularization works carried out off the bank undercutting; villages Dâmbroca and Bordușani. The - Increase in mobility of gravel beds in effects of changes to the hydraulic regime of the upper layer is discontinued as a the lotic ecosystem are the following: result of mining activity (Parker and - Overcharge of the downstream lotic Klingeman, 1982, in Kondolf, 1997); ecosystem by sediments, mostly fine silt Modification of the hydraulic capacity to type; control the upstream flow (leading to - Decreasing in water quality, following erosion in the low depth areas) (Pauley et an increase in turbidity and decrease in al., 1989, in Kondolf, 1997), that impacts the light penetration depth, increase in fish reproduction areas. temperature and driving the organic and

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Figure 5: In-stream aggregate mining on Buzău River, along Bordușani locality: E = embankment, FP = fish pond in an old terrace mining pit, IBE = intense bank erosion, NC = new river channel, OC = old river channel.

The field studies revealed the Tamaricetea and Securinegion following impacts to the environment from tinctoriae); the changes in the hydraulic regime of the o Disappearance of the areas riparian ecosystems: covered by wooden vegetation, - Bank undercutting; leading to a decrease in shadow - Limited water supply of secondary or degree, vanishing of the cover dead branches, further impacting the areas for the fauna and increasing biodiversity and wetland services. of the water temperature; - As a result of lateral erosion: Increase in bank height and blocking o Disappearance of areas covered energy exchanges (disturbance of the food by Tamarix ramosissima, that chains: hampering of migration between may evolve towards protected lotic and riparian ecosystems of some Habitat 92D0: Southern riparian invertebrate, amphibian, reptile species, galleries and thickets (Nerio-. preventing waders to feed themselves).

4. Changes to the characteristics of the solid flow The in-stream mining of mineral fine alluvium (Rundquist, 1980, in USGS, aggregates from the Buzău River modifies 2003), in the mining area itself and the grading of the substrate by deposition of upstream.

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Changes to the grading causes the following effects: - Hampering the water flow through the conservative interest fish species (April to gravel substrate obstacles which blocks July) partially overlaps with the period of the development of the roe and makes high solid flows and high turbidity (March the elimination of the excretion to May). impossible (USGS, 2003); During the period July to November - Destruction of the reproduction habitats, the roe and the alevins need lower water mainly for Gobio uranoscopus and turbidity and higher values of dissolved Gobio kessleri; oxygen to survive and to allow the alevin’s - Hampering the fixation of the roe to the food ‒ namely aquatic invertebrates ‒ to substrate in the case of Gobio kessleri; grow. During this critical period, mining - Decreasing the population size and the aggregates in the minor river bed may cause biodiversity of the macroinvertebrates, the following: which leads to reduction of the food - The decrease in reproduction success for resource for the fish species; the conservative interest fish species - Inhibition of the fish larvae, alevins and caused by the death of the embryos adults behavior, including the migration following the level of dissolved oxygen behavior and even blocking the or by washing away the roe and its reproduction process; (USGS, 2003). transport downstream, following the Extraction of aggregates from the impossibility to anchor to the substrate; river bed also modifies the temporal - The increase of juvenile’s mortality, dynamics of solid flow, in such a way that following the decrease of available food the modified hydraulic regime increases the and choking or removal of the shelter total suspended matter and the overall areas; turbidity, mostly in the low waters period of - Gill’s irritation for some invertebrates time, in obvious opposition to the natural species and for all fish species (***, flow regime when the turbidity is high at 2012). high waters.

The reproduction period for the Other Risks of mineral aggregates mining in the River bed and River terraces The risks from aggregate mining, (Kondolf, 1994). In the ROSCI0103 Lunca which are threats to the integrity of the Buzăului site there are at least two such Natura 2000 ROSCI0103 Lunca Buzăului, excavation locations placed at least 40 m were assessed from the nature of the distance from the current river channel. Such activities, but in absence of concrete pools could arrest the river channel at high documented cases. discharges, further generating upstream or The first risk is that mining retrograde erosion. activities may exceed the natural A third risk comes from the illegal sedimentation rate, in absence of a study of in-stream mining activities, either by the Natura 2000 site carrying capacity. To exceeding the allowed border of the evaluate the carrying capacity, it is necessary exploitation area and/or by exceeding the to take into account the synergy of the allowed extracted volume of mineral mining with other activities’ impact (such as aggregations. These levels are set forth in hydrotechnical engineering, water the Permits issued by the 3 Authorities: the abstraction, changes to natural flooding authority for mineral resources, the authority regime, the anthropic flow control in the 2 for water management and the authority for upstream dams: Siriu and Cândești). environmental protection. There are written A second risk comes from the or verbal testimonials about such illegal completed excavations that resulted in fish mining activities, but the custodian could not pools, located in the lower meadow document any illegal exploitation.

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Another (relatively) minor risk that aggregates. The complex and costly may be easy to handle is the pollution risk permitting procedure, in connection with a from mineral oils or fuels from the weak presence of the agents in the field may exploitation equipment. encourage such illegalities. These mentioned From the Natura 2000 site aspects are common in many other Member management perspective, there is a risk of States of the European Union, as problems weak institutional cooperation, resulting in a in the implementation of the Water weak control of the environmental crimes, Framework Directive (del Tanago et al., including illegal mining for mineral 2011).

Positive aspects and trends in the mineral aggregates mining from the minor bed and terraces of the Buzau River. Commonly the mining impacts on Additionally, the Buzău-Ialomița environment are assumed negative but Water Branch is very open to cooperation nowadays an increasing number of with stakeholders, an attitude that is also companies implement compensatory specified in the River Basin Management measures for the biodiversity to balance the Plan 2016-2021. The same cooperation aim residual impact, which cannot be diminished is set in the Natura 2000 ROSCI Lunca locally and to invest in ecological Buzăului Management Plan, in the form of rehabilitation of the mining areas. Such the action 3.2.3. – “Identification of actions may lead to an added value to the partnership opportunities, identification of biodiversity potential (Harrison et al., 2010). financing opportunities and elaboration of an Ecological University of Bucharest ecological rehabilitation of the Buzău River specialists field studies revealed the in the sector Berca –Săgeata” – in order to enlargement of the wetland area and of the reconnect the river segments relevant for Emys orbicularis habitat, following the habitats integrity. increasing number of fish pools constructed Although some Western European in old mining pits in the Buzău River terrace Countries completely banned the mining in (UEB, 2014). In these wetlands dwell the minor beds of the rivers (Kondolf, 1997), invertebrates, reptiles, birds and mammals. in our opinion the mining can be allowed in A positive trend at the level of the river beds in Romania, under the terms strategic planning is the adoption of the re- of elaboration of detailed studies to find out naturation measures for the river, known as the carrying capacity of the lotic ecosystem “more room for rivers,” as a blueprint of and to attenuate the environmental impact. natural services rehabilitation, out of which In our opinion, the evaluation of the mining erosion control of the lotic and riparian projects case by case, could be used as a ecosystems plays a central role, (ANAR, good practice in the European Union 2012). environmental impact assessment (according Another positive aspect is the to EIA Directive ‒ 2014/52/EU, art.3) and presence of the activity type, “Reduction of can ensure a greater flexibility to legal the impact of hydromorphic pressures at the control over mining activities. Such an level of water bodies, with the aim of approach also allows matching economic biodiversity protection (passages of development needs to the conservation ichtyofauna over transversal dams, wetland needs, which is a basic aim of the Natura restoration, river bed and meadow 2000 network. rehabilitation ” (MFE, 2015).

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A set of good practices from the Another good practice example is the United Kingdom confirms that the aggregate ecological reconstruction of the Congost mining can be safely carried out by River (Spain) included in the Natura 2000 observing the biodiversity conservation site ES5110025 Riu Congost, near needs and can even lead to improvements in Granollers village (EC, 2010). the quality of lotic and riparian ecosystems, The mineral aggregates exploitation in the historically degraded areas. The by Hanson Aggregates leads to the studies of environmental, social and formation of the Middleton Lakes, economic benefits prove opportunities for administrated by the Royal Society for Birs economic growth while preserving the Protection (RSPB, 2009). The same type of quality of the ecosystem services, mostly in activity leads to the formation of the the situation of a smart development of the Panshanger Park, administrated by Tarmac ecological rehabilitation. Company (part of CRH Group). The Among these studies one may count Panshanger Park is a wetland complex along the Evaluation of net benefits of the the Mimram River, passing through a puzzle ecological rehabilitating of the Ripon City of arable land, pastures and forest, well- Quarry (Worhkshire, England) mining area endowed to serve as a recreational and bird (Olsen and Shanon, 2010). – watching area.

CONCLUSIONS The observations and measurements Aggregate extraction from rivers and undertaken at Dâmbroca, Bordușani and terraces may be developed with significant Vadu Pașii (Buzău County) confirmed a benefits for biodiversity – in the wider negative impact of in-stream aggregate context of habitat fragmentation and mining, especially lateral erosion and diminishing – only with the conditions of channel widening. Diminishing of bank maintaining the lotic ecosystems carrying vegetation areas were documented, capacity, of natural river hydraulics and with including salt cedar habitats (Tamarix an intelligent watershed temporal and spatial ramosissima) as well as the depletion of fish planning of mining activities. The framing trophic resource. of mining within the natural river hydraulics Past in-stream mining activities had depend strictly on the functional cooperation an impact on the evolution capacity of between environmental protection and ecosystem complexes from the studied area, resource management authorities on the one but this involution could be improved hand and of mining companies on the other. through best practices adapted from similar European experiences.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Mr. Radu Jecu from Centirem Mineral Resource Information Center, who kindly invited the first author in November 2015 to present the subject at the round table, “Current trends in sustainable mineral resources exploitation”, organised by INCDMRR and Centirem in the framework of a PNII research project titled “Integrated monitoring and bioremediation system of heavy metals and radionuclids contaminated areas (IMONBIO)”. We would also like to thank the personnel from Buzău Local Environmental Protection Agency for their constant support and fruitful collaboration throughout the study period. Last, but not least, we would like to thank Mr. Nicolae Găldean, former Vice-Rector of Ecological University of Bucharest and head of the Research Center for Natural Protected Areas from E.U.B. for all his support of this study.

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Kondolf G. M., 1994 – Geomorphic and RWNA, 2012 – Plan for protection, environmental effects of instream gravel prevention and reduction of flood effects mining, Landscape and Urban in Buzău watershed. Initial version. Planning, 28, 225-243, Elsevier Science http://www.rowater.ro/ B. V., Amsterdam. dabuzau/Proiecte%20in%20curs/ Kondolf G. M., 1997 – Hungry Water: Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=10, accessed Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on on 21.01.2016. (in Romanian) River Channels, Environmental RWNA, BIWB, NIHWM, 2015 – Buzău- Management, 21, 4, 533-551. Ialomița Watershed Management Plan. MEF, 2015 − Large Infrastructure IInd planning cycle 2016 – 2021, Operational Programme 2014-2020. http://www.rowater.ro/ http://www.fonduri-ue.ro/poim-2014, dabuzau/SCAR/Planul%20de%20manag accessed on 21.01.2016. (in Romanian) ement.aspx, accessed on 21.01.2016. (in NSI, 2013 – Buzău County statistics, Romanian) National Statistics Institute County Scott J. C., 1998 – Seeing like a State: How Branch, www.buzau.insse.ro, accessed Certain Schemes to Improve the Human on 28.01.2016. (in Romanian) Condition Have Failed, Yale University, O’Connor N. A., 1991 – The effects of Yale Agrarian Studies Series, Vail- habitat complexity on the Ballou Press. macroinvertebrates colonising wood Stoica M. V., 2013 – Research studies on substrates in a lowland stream, mining activity impact on Focșănei- Oecologia, Springer-Verlag, 85, 504- Scurtești area, Case Study – Vadu Pașii 512. locality. PhD thesis, coord. by prof. Olsen N. and Shannon D., 2010 – Valuing Sorin Câmpeanu. U.S.A.M.V. Doctoral the net benefits of ecosystem School, Bucharest, restoration: The Ripon City Quarry in http://www.usamv.ro/wp-content/ Yorkshire, Ecosystem Valuation uploads/doctorat/documente-de- Initiative Case Study no.1. IUCN and invatamant/Stoica%20Mihaela/rezumat Aggregate Industries UK (Holcim), %20romana.pdf, accessed on https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ripo 28.01.2016 n_city_quarry_ecosystem_valuation.pdf Taniguchi H. and Tokeshi M., 2004 – , accessed on 28.01.2016. Effects of habitat complexity on benthic Palmer M. A., Arsenburger P., Martin A. P. assemblages in a variable environment, and Denman D. W., 1996 – Disturbance Freshwater Biology, 49, 9, 1164-1178. and patch-specific responses: the Tews J., Brose U., Grimm V., Tielborger K., interactive effects of woody debris dams Wichmann M. C., Schwager M. and on lotic invertebrates, Oecologia, 105, Jeltsch F., 2004 – Animal species 247-257. diversity driven by habitat RSPB, 2009 – Volunteering towards the heterogeneity/diversity: the importance vision – a team effort at Middleton of keystone structures, Journal of Lakes, in RSPB Reserves. A Review of Biogeography, 31, 79-92. Our Work, Tarmac, 2016 – Panshanger Park. About. http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/reserves http://www.tarmac.com/panshanger- 1_tcm9-229499.pdf#page=35, accesat la park, accessed on 21.01.2016. data de 20.01.2016. UEPG, 2016 – Estimates of Aggregates RWNA, 2009 – Buzău-Ialomița Watershed Production data. Union Européenne des Management Plan 2009 – 2015, Producteurs de Granulats, http://www.rowater.ro/dabuzau/SCAR/P http://www.uepg.eu/statistics/ accessed lanul%20de%20management .aspx, on 28.01.2016. accessed on 28.01.2016. (in Romanian)

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United Nations Environmental Programm, Ward D., Holmes N. and José P. (Eds.), 2014 – Sand, rarer than one thinks in 2001 – The new rivers and wildlife UNEP Global Environmental Alert handbook. Royal Society for the Service, http://www.unep.org/pdf/ Protection of Birds, National River UNEP_GEAS_March_2014.pdf Authority and The Wildlife Trusts. accessed on 28.01. 2016. ***, 2012 – Impact study of sand and gravel USGS, 2003 – Research Studies and Related extraction activities on ROSCI0103 Documents concearning In Stream Sand Lunca Buzăului Natura 2000 site and and Gravel Mining Impacts. Missouri adjacent areas (including DH Annex Department of Natural Resources, IV species) – resumee, “Grigore http://dnr.mo.gov/geology/lrp/docs/Rese Antipa” Natural History Museum, archbyUSGS.pdf, accessed on Bucharest. (in Romanian) 28.01.2016.

AUTHORS:

1 Dorin Alexandru POP [email protected]

Ecological University of Bucharest, Vasile Milea Avenue 1G, 6th District, Bucharest, Romania, RO-061341.

2 Gabriela STAICU

[email protected]

Ecological University of Bucharest, Vasile Milea Avenue 1G, 6th District, Bucharest, Romania, RO-061341.

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TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 16 (2014) SPECIAL ISSUE ‒ THE IRON GATES NATURE PARK

‒ REVIEW ‒

Mirjana LENHARDT 1

Angela Curtean-Bănăduc and Doru acerosus Lindley and Hutton 1831 is Bănăduc, Transylvanian Review of reported for the first time in Romania and Systematical and Ecological Research, 16 - these fossils represent significant geological special issue (2014), “Lucian Blaga” heritage values of the Iron Gates Nature University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Parks. From a paleoecological point of view, Department of Ecology and Environment Lepidophloios acerosus is a coal generator, Protection. The Iron Gates Nature Park, 218 occurring in wet habitats such as the edges pages, Ed. Universităţii “Lucian Blaga” din of coal producing mires. The carboniferous Sibiu, ISSN 1841-7051. deposits of the Sirinia Basin (Svința- Volume 16, a special issue of the Svinecea Mare sedimentary zone) were Transylvanian Review of Systematical and known since the XX century. The author and Ecological Research (TRSER) was recently his collaborators show evidence of covered issued by “Lucian Blaga” University of outcrops in the Sirinia Basin using GPS gear Sibiu/Romania. The publication is based on and GIS methods, as well as the emergence scientific papers representing different fields of new, although smaller outcrops, such as of investigation and studies relating to the those along Dragosela Valley. Iron Gates Nature Park. Papers include The study presented by the author geological studies, morphometric analyses Erika SCHNEIDER-BINDER refers to of the river basin, microclimatic features as “Phytogeographical importance of the well as micro- and macro-habitat analyses. mountains along the Danube mountain gap The importance of the conservation of valley and surrounding area”, and relates to autochthonous species as well as possible the high biodiversity of the studied area negative impacts of non-native on native which is represented by many xero- species is also considered in papers in this thermophilous species, phytocoenoses and volume. Significant social and economic habitats of Southern origin. The variety of changes, the return to private ownership phyto-geographical regionalisation regime and establishment of the protected highlights the uniqueness of the area, being area which happened in this region at the a meeting point of species with their end of XX and start of XXIst centuries have Northern, Southern, Western or Eastern had an impact on landscape typology and limits in the Danube Gorge. The South- fragmentation. Altogether, papers in this Western Carpathians between Serbia and volume give valuable contribution for the Romania represent the most thermophilous determination of the ecological status of the corner of the Carpathians. Specific geology Iron Gates Natural Park with an overview of of this region creates unique site conditions changes induced by human impact in this that contribute to the large variety of sector of the Danube. macro- and micro-habitats in the region of The first paper presented by author the Danube gorge. The author also Mihai Emilian POPA is dedicated to highlights the relevance of the habitats “Lepidophloios acerosus Lindley and occurring in the Danube cross valley and Hutton 1831 in the carboniferous cucuiova surrounding area (including the formation, Iron Gates Natural Park (Banat, characteristic phyto- and zoo-coenoses) for Romania)”. The lycopsid Lepidophloios the Natura 2000 network.

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The paper of Cristian TETELEA, temperatures in this area than in other areas “Morphometric analysis to extrapolate the in the Iron Gates Natural Park. The authors geoecological potential of the rivers in the conclude that the lower Eselentia watershed Iron Gates Natural Park (Banat, Romania)”, represents a stable region regarding climatic is based on morphometric analysis of parameters and an excellent habitat for watersheds from the Iron Gates Natural populations of Testudo hermanni boettgeri. Park. The author emphasizes the importance They also suggest a monitoring period of of morphometric analysis because at least 50 years in order to elaborate in morphometric parameters of a river basin depth conclusions on the oscillations of are influenced by a series of biotic and climatic parameters in the lower Eselentia abiotic factors. These parameters are a very watershed. good alternative for understanding the The paper “The current state of underlying geoecological factors at phyto-coenological research in the “Iron watershed scale when there is a scarcity of Gates“ Danube Gorge (Banat, Romania)” is other data relating to soil, lithology, presented by Constantin DRAGULESCU. geomorphology and vegetation. Also, using The author of this study presents a concise morphometric analysis of the river network history of phyto-coenological research and watersheds can be of great support in conducted previously in the Danube Gorge the determination of river ecosystem health. based on 55 important papers authored by The results of this paper can be useful for 54 specialists in the period from 1931 to the conservation of aquatic and riparian 2006. The author reports that the vegetation habitats as well as for the ecological and flora of the Iron Gates Gorges were both restoration of certain river segments and well studied for more than half of a century water bodies. before the construction of the Iron Gates, Results of researchers concerning the and after the formation of the new “Microclimate observation at Hermann's anthropogenic lake, especially after the tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri) establishment of the Iron Gates Natural habitat in the Iron Gates Natural Park. Case Park. study: lower Eselnita watershed (Banat, In the paper concerning the Romania)” are presented and discussed by “Orchidaceae L. family in the Iron Gates Cristiana-Maria CIOCANEA, Athanasios- Park (Romania)” the author Stretco Alexandru GAVRILIDIS and Vasile MILANOVIC explains the problem relating BAGRINOVSCHI. This paper highlights to the insufficient information which is the necessity for monitoring both the available about orchid flora in the Iron Gates evolution of microclimatic features in the Nature Park. The main problem is lower Eselentia watershed, and species represented by the lack of the data regarding behaviour, in order to determine if global the detailed geographical distribution and climate change endangers the conservation the actual conservation status of species and management of the tortoise. The Iron Gates populations. In the Danube Gorge 29 species Natural Park represents suitable habitat for of orchids are found in accordance with the existence and development of Testudo literature data. The study performed by hermanni boettgeri due to its Mediterranean author in the Iron Gates Nature Park in the climatic influences and vegetation structure. 15 year period from 1996 to 2011 recorded Hermann's tortoise represents a flagship the presence of 23 orchid species. The species for the Iron Gates Natural Park and author also recorded the presence of 2 new it is strictly protected due to the decreased species in the Danube Gorge area: Epipactis number of individuals caused by illegal purpurata Sm. and Listera ovata (L.). At the trade and habitat loss. Monitoring and end author highlights the fact that the recording of the temperature and humidity current protection measures to conserve parameters in lower Eselentia watershed orchid species in the Iron Gates Natural Park revealed higher multiannual mean cannot be considered sufficient.

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Results of research concerning the this type of habitat. One of the main “Particularities of the aquatic vegetation purposes of this paper is to contribute to the from Iron Gates Natura 2000 site (Banat, assessment of biodiversity in the Iron Gates Romania)” are presented and discussed by Nature Park, for a future management plan. Irina GOIA and Adrian OPREA. The results At the end author points out that the limited of investigations on aquatic vegetation along mobility of gastropods and the continuous Romanian bank of the Danube River in the landscape change makes the colonization of area of Iron Gates are presented by authors. habitats in Iron Gates Nature Park difficult. In this protected area the authors identified In their case study “Preliminary data some newly described phytocoenotaxons. In on the ecological requirements of the order to assess the conservation status of the invasive spiny-cheek crayfish in the Lower plant communities, phytosociologic tables Danube” the authors Malina PIRVU and were accompanied with coenotaxonomic, Angheluta VADINEANU present phytogeogaphical, ecological and social preliminary data on the ecological strategy analysis. The authors have newly preferences of the invasive species identified eleven plant association and sub- Orconectes limosus as well as on its control. associations in the investigated area, which Monitoring was performed of relevant could be a consequence of vegetation tributaries in the invaded Danube sector in succession after the construction of dam. order to assess the species ability to colonize Irina GOIA, Cristina-Maria small river systems. Analyses showed a CIOCANEA and Athanasios-Alexandru preference of species for deep and warm GAVRILIDIS presented interesting work rivers, low water velocity and also high which relates to “Geographic origins of concentration of calcium. The authors report invasive alien species in Iron Gate Natural for the first time data relating to the contact Park (Banat, Romania)”. They present an between the indigenous crayfish species, inventory and distribution of invasive alien Astacus astacus and Astacus torrentum, and species and their direct impact on non-indigenous crayfish species Orconectes conservation status of habitats, and also their limosus. Orconectes limosus can present a indirect economic and sociological impact future threat for the indigenous crayfish on human communities. They especially species, and a risk of coming into contact emphasized the most aggressive alien with the protected species. species. The authors identified 43 invasive Analysis of the longitudinal alien species in the Iron Gates Natural Park dynamics of the benthic macroinvertebrate and made impact assessments. The most communities of the left Danube tributaries is vulnerable areas are the wetlands. At the end presented in the paper “Benthic authors make recommendations for the macroinvertebrate communities in the establishment of concrete actions for northern tributaries of the Iron gates Gorge monitoring invasive alien species. (Danube River)” by Angela CURTEAN- The main objective of the “Land BANADUC. The Sirinia, Liubicova, snail fauna of Portile de Fier (Iron Gates) Berzasca and Mraconia Rivers have their Nature Park (Banat, Romania)” presented by sources in the Almaj mountains and are the author Voichita GHEOCA, is to analyse classified into western Carpathian type with terrestrial mollusc fauna of the Iron Gates short length, large slope and relatively high Nature Park. The author identified 45 flow rates. The results, based on 95 species of terrestrial gastropods on 17 quantitative benthic macroinvertebrate sampling locations. Four of these 45 species samples collected at 19 locations, show that were recorded for the first time in the area. the Sirinia, Liubcova and Berzasca Rivers The results of the analyses presented by have a relatively big structural variability, author confirm that the current legal and while the communities of the Marconia illegal exploitation of limestone threatens River have a smaller structural variability, the molluscan communities associated with which emphasises the good ecological status

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of the analysed rivers, except the Berzasca NIŢĂ and Gabriel VANĂU is to evaluate River sector downstream of the town the ecological impact of landscape Berzasca which is under man-made fragmentation, identifying and classifying modifications. threats affecting habitats of community Doru BĂNĂDUC and Angela interest in the Iron Gates Natural Park. The CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC present very authors quantified landscape fragmentation interesting results which reveal some aspects for the period 1990 – 2006 using landscape of the ichthyofauna of the Berzasca, Sirinia, metrics, and evaluated its effects on habitats Liubcova and Mraconia Rivers. The of community interest, and identified and dynamic environmental conditions in the classified the main categories of threats to last few decades, induced partly by the Iron and priorities for the areas where they Gate I Lake area, were correlated with some generate environmental conflicts in relation qualitative and quantitative changes over a to habitats of community importance. The period of time in fish fauna. The fact was results of the analyses show that the Iron revealed that all the studied rivers play a Gates Natural Park represents an area in significant role as reproduction and shelter which landscapes have suffered reduced habitats for lotic fish species of small- modifications after its establishment as a medium size, within the near Danube Iron protected area in 2000. Also, recent changes Gate I Lake in the structure of the landscapes have not The authors Doru BANADUC, yet induced significant changes in spatial Angela BANADUC, Mirjana LENHARDT, relations established in time between and Gabor GUTI present in their paper landscape elements. “Portile de Fier/Iron Gate area (Danube) fish Finally the last paper included in the fauna” the impact of major hydrotechnical volume presented by Mihăiţă-Iulian works, pollution, overexploitation and NICULAE, Mihai Razvan NIŢĂ, Gabriel poaching on the ichthyofaunal structure in VANĂU, Cristina CIOCANEA and the “Iron Gates” area of the Danube River. Athanasios GAVRILIDIS concerns the The study includes data from 65 fish species “Spatial and temporal dynamic of rural and and their status in the XIX – XXIst urban landscapes identified in the Iron Gates centuries. This Danube sector is well known Natural Park”. This paper presents landscape as very rich in fish and as a consequence is typologies in the Iron Gates Natural Park very important for fisheries. The authors and evaluates their dynamics in the period emphasize that due to anthropogenic impact 1990 – 2006. The dynamics of the landscape in the “Iron Gates” sector, drastic changes are assessed based on changes of land use have been induced in the structure of fish and land covers within the Corine Land communities. Changes were represented by Cover databases. Changes were recorded in the decrease of populations of only 4.4% of the study area, with the highest autochthonous, economically and culturally ratio of change in forest landscapes, and important anadromous fish species significant decreases were recorded in shrub (sturgeons and shads) and the increase in the and rare vegetation landscapes as well as catch of allochthonous fish species. mixed agricultural landscape. One of the Improvement of conservation status needs main objectives of this paper is also to involvement of national and international evaluate the spatial and temporal dynamic of authorities, and better monitoring and landscape typologies in the study area in the management of fish communities, including period of significant social and economic habitat management. change, return to a private ownership regime The aim of the paper “Analysing and establishment of the protected area. At landscape fragmentation and classifying the end authors suggest that the typologies threats to habitats of community interest in of landscapes identified in the Iron Gates the Iron Gates Natural Park” written by Natural Park can serve as a support for Mihaita-Iulian NICULAE, Mihai Razvan future studies and public administration. A

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model for the dynamic of landscapes animal species, and plant associations, as represented in this study can be improved by well as significant changes in adding data of a better spatial resolution or macroinvertebrate and fish communities. integrating the views of residents as an Analyses of the morphometric parameters of important element in landscape evaluation. the river basin and evaluation of This volume of Transylvanian microclimatic features give more Review of Systematical and Ecological information about the specific characteristics Research (TRSER) is presented on 218 of this region. Some papers in this volume pages which include the 14 papers indicate the negative impact of mentioned above, with maps, photos, allochthonous invasive species, especially diagrams, graphics and tables. on autochthonous endangered species. The papers presented in the Special Landscape typology and fragmentation issue Volume 16 represent a unique represent studies which offer a good basis collection of data relating to the Iron Gates for future monitoring and management National Park area. The authors of the above plans. papers emphasize the specific geology of The editors of this volume have this region which contributes to the large succeeded in the preparation of a valuable variety of micro- and macro-habitats in the product relating to Iron Gates Natural Park. studied area. This area is also known for its We congratulate them for the excellent high biodiversity and representativity of organization, coordination and editorial fossils, flora and fauna which are the activities which have resulted in a complex geological, natural and cultural heritage of and valuable volume devoted to unique area this Danube River sector. The authors of Iron Gates Natural Park. confirm new records of particular plant and

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REVIEWER:

1 Mirjana LENHARDT

[email protected], [email protected] Institute for Biological Research University of Belgrade Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade/Serbia, RS-11000

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“A GÂNDI DESPRE APĂ ... DIN APĂ”, UN CURS PRACTIC DE “SFIDARE A GRAVITAŢIEI”/ THINKING OF WATER ... FROM THE WATER”, A PRACTICAL COURSE OF “DEFYING GRAVITY”

‒ REVIEW ‒

Anca-Narcisa NEAGU 1

“Thinking of water…from the day. For me and for all who know him, but water” is unique in Romanian limnology, also for those who will read this book, the freshwater science, but also in recent name Miron remains strongly associated Romanian biological literature, which is with symbols that will never be separated: quite poor in „confessions” and too shy in batiscape LS 1, which is unique in the defining new world views that will inspire country; the ship „Emil Racoviţă”; „steaua future generations of students and de pe lac” in which are domesticated trout; researchers. The book is indeed a and The Potoci Biological Station, where a confessional document, centered on an idea whole series of students from Romania and that I found recently reading a book by other parts of the world have learned from Richard Dawkins, “the most famous him how to “think of water...from the biologist of our times”, entitled “A water”. So, I learned that the laboratory boundless curiosity: how I became a experiment could never replace, explain or scientist”: “Ethologists tend to focus on the elucidate the laws governing the complexity role of species behaviour in the natural of the processes taking place in nature. The environment”. microcosm created by man in flasks, in a Reading the book by Professor Ionel closed laboratory, is always too far from the Miron, I realized that his entire scientific enormity of the macrocosm that houses the journey has been built following a single colossal representations of nature! The thread: “thinking of water…from the water” young researcher Ionel Miron also probably and I understood the essence of the well- understood this when he began the journey chosen title, centered on the absolute of science and this book shows that nothing necessity of direct observation of life in the can replace the value of direct observation water, starting with the largest lake in the of living organisms, whose behaviour in country, Bicaz Lake, but extending to other nature can never be similar to those exiled in lakes and even the sea and ocean or rivers laboratory. And, so… “it is enough to learn that pulse under the Sahara desert. to love the sea to begin to build ships...”! Life in water is brought before our I thought to write about this book as eyes painted through the experience of a “a practical course of defying gravity”. The HUMAN-researcher lifetime, whose passion metaphor of “defying gravity” belongs to and perseverance has metamorphosed the Caroline Myss, but I dare to use it this time way we see the universe. Celebrating 80 more in its own sense than the figurative years of life, the author gives us his personal one, because I know that the Professor has example of achievements in the harsh always been in love with the feeling of environment of scientific research, with all weightlessness, so I think that this impetus the ingredients of success, the whole book and tendency of the defying of his own developing Saint-Exupéry’s idea that “there weight by diving in water represents the is only direction, ascension and fight for moment of his ascension both in land and something” and while paraphrasing the same especially in water. And when you really writer, I realized that only the hard-won way want to defy gravity you undertake and has allowed him to reach this celebration invest everything to learn how to do this. In

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this case, defying gravity was achieved by procedure, in conquering international inventing and experimenting research in a visibility, in penetration of educational submerged laboratory named a bathyscape, administrative systems that are always and also by learning the skills needed to get suffocated by bureaucracy, in continuous into this laboratory, with the help of the verification of new hypotheses, in binding autonomic diver and also with the help of a research work with family life, in a long scientific boat, named „Emil Racoviţă”. I series of sacrifices for the practical also saw that Dawkins remembers how “my application of research results, in an insane life has changed” next to his mentor, Niko curiosity that never sleeps, in a desire for Tinbergen, the well-known Nobel laureate boundless success, in a thirst to share all the ethologist, just as our author, early in his results of research, in a passion and mission confessions, links the defining of his to build new destinies. personality with the Academician Peter And all of these should be imagined Jitariu, assimilated as “spiritual father”, and in an entirely different dimension: that of helped by his wisdom and understanding, aquatic universe, governed by its own harsh defying gravity and entering the aquatic laws, ruthless, that only a “human-fish” can universe have become concrete, thus understand, as Commander Cousteau called becoming not only a direction but also the the aquanauts. Morphed into “human-fish” assurance of a future that guided the rest of by his passion, Professor Miron, reveals all his life. the graces mentioned by Caroline Myss, that This book can be considered a page are required by any aspirant on the path of of history of the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” scientific research: strength of character, University of Iaşi, and also of Romanian curiosity, wisdom, knowledge, biological research in general, because of understanding, honour and guidance. The the power of his statements. Numerous practical course of “defying gravity” teaches photos and documents that the author has us what steps you need to make on land so initiated, maintained and published in this that you can dive into water, so that you can book demonstrate good and bad, the prize out even the slightest information; beautiful and the ugly, major ups and downs what love for a unique profession means; that any devoted researcher passes in tireless perseverance, passion, curiosity overcoming search for funds for financing, in building fear by facing a world where life always worthy teams, lasting friendships, in swings between the mirage of “defying discovery of new research methods and gravity” and the attraction of “the resources, in efficiency of the entire research inebriation of the deep”.

REVIEWER:

1 Anca-Narcisa NEAGU

[email protected] “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Faculty of Biology, Carol I Boulevard 20, Iaşi/Romania, RO-700505.

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