Ahruf Sab'ah Dan Qirō'ȃt Sab'ah Sebagai Disiplin Ilmu

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Ahruf Sab'ah Dan Qirō'ȃt Sab'ah Sebagai Disiplin Ilmu AL TADABBUR: JURNAL ILMU ALQURAN DAN TAFSIR Vol: 05 No. 01 Juni 2020 P-ISSN: 2406-9582 E-ISSN: 2581-2564 DOI: 10.30868/at. v5i1.757.30868/at.v4i01.427 AHRUF SAB’AH DAN QIRÔ’ȂT SAB’AH SEBAGAI DISIPLIN ILMU ALQURAN Desri Nengsih1 1IAIN Batusangkar email: [email protected] ABSTRACK Ahruf sab'ah and qirô’ât sab'ah are the two most important forms of scientific discipline in studying and understanding the holy verses of the Quran. Arab background consisting of several tribes with several dialects (lahjah) triggered the emergence of ahruf sab'ah to facilitate Muslims reading and studying the Quran at that time which was originally only ordered in one letter, as a form of compassion of the Prophet towards his people , trying to keep his people from difficulties and make it easy to understand the Koran, as well as one form of the miracles of the Quran. The existence of this diversity of dialects is the reason for the birth of various qirô'ahs at that time which have developed until now with sanad relying on the Messenger of Allah, so that several qirô'ah (qurrâ'a) scholars whose readings have been used as guidelines in reading the Koran to this day have emerged. Among the qirô'ah experts are qirô'ah Abu 'Amr, qirô'ah Nafi', qirô'ah 'Ashim, qirô'ah Hamzah, qirô'ah al- Kisa'i, qirô'ah Ibn' Amir, and qirô'ah ah Ibn Kathir who is better known as qirô'ât sab'ah. The existence of various versions of this qirô'ah also has an influence in interpreting and restating the law in the Quran. ABSTRAK Ahruf sab’ah dan qirô’ât sab’ah merupakan dua bentuk disiplin ilmu terpenting dalam mengkaji dan memahami ayat-ayat suci Al-Qur’an. Latar belakang bangsa Arab yang terdiri dari beberapa suku dengan beberapa dialek (lahjah) memicul munculnya ahruf sab’ah ini untuk memudahkan umat Islam membaca dan mempelajari Al-Qur’an pada waktu itu yang pada mulanya hanya diperintahkan dalam satu huruf saja, sebagai bentuk kasih sayang Nabi terhadap umatnya, berusaha menjaga umatnya dari kesulitan dan memberikan kemudahan untuk memahami Al- Qur’an, sekaligus merupakan salah satu bentuk dari kemukjizatan Al-Qur’an. Adanya keberagaman dialek ini menjadi sebab lahirnya bermacam-macam qirô’ah yang berkembang sampai sekarang dengan sanad yang disandarkan kepada Rasulullah, sehingga muncullah beberapa ulama qirô’ah (qurrâ’) yang bacaannya dijadikan pedoman dalam membaca Al-Qur’an sampai saat ini. Di antara ahli qirô’ah tersebut adalah qirô’ah Abu ‘Amr, qirô’ah Nafi’, qirô’ah ‘Ashim, qirô’ah Hamzah, qirô’ah Al-Kisa’i, qirô’ah Ibn ‘Amir, dan qirô’ah Ibn Katsir yang lebih dikenal dengan qirô’ât sab’ah. Adanya berbagai versi qirô’ah ini juga membawa pengaruh dalam menafsirkan dan mengistinbatkan hukum dalam Al-Qur’an. Kata Kunci: ahruf, qirô’ât, sab’ah, Alquran. Ahruf Sab’ah dan Qirô’ât Sab’ah Sebagai ... 19 A. PENDAHULUAN Apabila masyarakat Arab berbeda Kajian terhadap Al-Qur’an sebagai lahjah dalam pengungkapan suatu sumber ajaran Islam yang pertama makna dengan beberapa perbedaan mendorong munculnya berbagai tertentu, maka Alquran diwahyukan disiplin ilmu dalam ruang lingkup kepada Rasul-Nya Muhammad S.A.W. Ulumul Qur’an. Ilmu-ilmu tersebut menyempurnakan makna berkembang seiring dengan kemukjizatannya, karena mencakup berkembangnya zaman dalam semua huruf dan bentuk qirô’ât pilihan. menjawab berbagai persoalan yang Dan ini merupakan salah satu sebab muncul. Di antara kajian terpenting yang memudahkan mereka untuk dalam Ulumul Qur’an adalah ahruf membaca, memahami dan menghafal sab’ah dan qirô’ât sab’ah yang Al-Qur’an, sebagaimana Allah S.W.T. merupakan dua disiplin ilmu yang berfirman: saling berkaitan satu sama lain dan memberikan pengaruh yang besar dalam memahami ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an. “Sesungguhnya Kami Latar belakang bangsa Arab yang menurunkannya berupa Al- Qur’an dengan berbahasa dulunya merupakan komunitas dari Arab, agar kamu berbagai suku, kabilah-kabilah yang memahaminya.” (Q.S. Yusuf: 2) secara umum tersebar disepanjang jazirah Arab, dan setiap suku Allah Zat Maha Bijaksana mempunyai dialek (lahjah) yang menurunkan Al-Qur’an dengan bahasa typicalnya berbeda dengan suku-suku yang mudah dipahami oleh seluruh lainnya. Perbedaan dialek ini tentunya orang Arab dengan maksud untuk sesuai dengan letak geografis dan mempermudah mereka dalam sosio-kultural dari masing-masing memahami Al-Qur’an dan sebagai suku. Namun, mereka menjadikan kemukjizatan serta sebagai tantangan bahasa Quraisy sebagai bahasa bersama kepada bangsa Arab yang ahli dalam (common language) dalam bahasa dan sastra secara khusus, dan berkomunikasi, berniaga, mengunjungi bangsa Arab secara umum, bahkan ka’bah dan melakukan berbagai bentuk sampai waktu yang tidak di batasi, interaksi sesama mereka.. untuk mendatangkan seperti Al-Qur’an, 20 Ahruf Sab’ah dan Qirô’ât Sab’ah Sebagai ... sepuluh surat, atau satu surat, bahkan tergambar dari teks hadis yang pernah satu ayat, namun tidak satupun diantara disampaikan Rasulullah ketika mereka yang mampu mendatangkan menjelaskan bahwa Al-Qur’an yang semisal Al-Qur’an ini. diturunkan dalam tujuh huruf, dan Dengan demikian, diturunkannya makna tujuh huruf tersebut tedapat Al-Qur’an dengan tujuh huruf perbedaan pendapat dikalangan ulama. merupakan sebagai wujud dari Sedangkan qirô’ât sab’ah merupakan kesempurnaan kemukjizatan Al-Qur’an istilah yang muncul berkaitan dengan itu sendiri, karena Al-Qur’an tidak bacaan para imam qirô’ah dalam hanya diturunkan dalam satu huruf, membaca Alquran yang pada mulanya bahkan sampai tujuh huruf. Keadaan ini bacaan-bacaan ini sangat banyak sekali, secara tidak langsung menjadi akibat sehingga para imam qirô’ah lahirnya berbagai macam bentuk melakukan penelitian dengan beberapa bacaan dalam membaca Al-Qur’an, ketentuan dan persyaratan, sehingga sehingga melahirkan para ahli qirô’ah ditetapkanlah tujuh orang imam yang (qurrâ’) yang bacaannya dijadikan bacaannya sesuai dengan syarat qirô’ât pedoman dalam membaca Al-Qur’an yang mutawatir. Oleh karena itu, sampai saat ini yang bersandarkan penulis tertarik untuk membahas lebih kepada Rasulullah. Di antara qirô’ah jauh tentang kedua disiplin ilmu ini tersebut yang lebih dikenal adalah supaya tidak terjadinya kekeliruan qirô’ât sab’ah, yaitu tujuh bentuk dalam pembahasan keduanya. Di bacaan Al-Qur’an yang disandarkan samping itu, ditemukan banyaknya kepada tujuh imam ahli qirô’ah. yang kurang tertarik untuk pembahasan Namun, terkadang sebagian orang ini, kecuali orang-orang tertentu, dan memahami bahwa qirô’ât sab’ah ini baiasanya dari kalangan akademik. Hal sama dengan ahruf sab’ah, hal ini ini dikarenakan mungkin ilmu ini tidak diungkapkan mungkin karena langsung berhubungan dengan kesamaan angka tujuhnya atau sab’ah kehidupan dan mu’amalah manusia nya. Padahal keduanya merupakan sehari-hari, padahal keduanya disiplin ilmu yang berbeda. Istilah merupakan cabang ilmu yang penting ahruf sab’ah ini telah ada semenjak Al- dalam Ulumul Qur’an. Qur’an diturunkan kepada Nabi. Hal ini Ahruf Sab’ah dan Qirô’ât Sab’ah Sebagai ... 21 B. PEMBAHASAN sebagai simbol kesempurnaan bilangan, 1. Ahruf Sab’ah Pengertian Ahruf bukan diartikan secara harfiah.2 Sab’ah bermakna bilangan سبعة Adapun Huruf (Al-harf) secara etimologi yang terletak antara enam dan delapan.3 ”الطرف“ bahasa Arab dimaknai dengan Sebagian ulama memahami bahwa kata yang bermakna sisi atau ”الجانب“ dan adalah simbol yang menunjukkan سبعة pinggir. Sebagai contoh banyak dan tidak terbatas pada angka penggunaannya dalam bahasa Arab tujuh saja. Para ulama secara umum dikatakan “harf as-safînah wa al-jabâl”, سبعة cenderung berpendapat bahwa maka kata harf di sana bermakna jânib dalam hadis bermakna arti tujuh yang (sisi). Makna ini Allah abadikan dalam sebenarnya bukan kiasan.4 Al-Qur’an Surat Al-Haj Ayat 11 ketika Sedangkan secara terminologi, Allah menceritakan bagaimana orang para ulama berbeda pendapat dalam yang imanya di pinggir atau di sisi saja menjelaskan makna ahruf sab’ah dengan menggambarkan bahwa mereka tersebut. Hal ini juga dilatarbelakangi bersukacita ketika Allah memberikan karena tidak adanya informasi secara mereka nikmat dan berwajah muram tegas dari Nabi yang menjelaskan ketika mendapatkan cobaan.1 Muthafa makna dan bentuk-bentuk-huruf Shadiq Ar-Rafa’i juga mengemukakan tersebut. Seperti yang diungkapkan bahwa yang di maksud dengan “ahruf” oleh Ibn Hayyan,” Ulama berbeda adalah bahasa yang membedakan pendapat tentang makna ahruf sab’ah lahjahnya Arab, sampai meluas kepada ini sebanyak 35 pendapat. Sedangkan setiap kaum membaca dengan As-Suyuthi mengungkapkan perbadaan lahjahnya mereka, dan tidaklah mereka tersebut ada sekitar 40 penafsiran, di memahami dari makna huruf dalam antaranya adalah: 5 ucapan kecuali dengan bahasa, kemudian di khususkan lafazh huruf 2 Musthafa Shadiq Ar-Rafa’i. (2000). I’jâz dari Al-Qur’an pada setiap kalimat Al-Qur’ân wa Balâghah An-Nabawiyyah. dengan satu bentuk dari bahasanya. Beirut: Dâr Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyah. hlm. 48. 3 Ibn Manzhur. (t.t.). Lisân Al-‘Arab. Adapun dijadikan tujuh tersebut hanya Kairo: Dâr Al-Ma’rifah. hlm. 1924. 4 Nashrddin Baidan. (2011). Wawasan Baru Ilmu Tafsir. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. hlm. 98 5 Manna’ Al-Qaththan. (1973). Mabâhits 1 Nuruddin ‘Itr. (2012). ‘Ulûm Al-Qur’ân fî ‘Ulûm Al-Qur’ân. Surabaya: Al-Hidayah. Al-Karîm. Kairo: Dâr al-Bashâir. hlm. 136. hlm. 158-161. 22 Ahruf Sab’ah dan Qirô’ât Sab’ah Sebagai ... Pertama, Tujuh bahasa dari bahasa- Ketiga, di antara ulama yang lain bahasa yang terkenal di kalangan mengatakan bahwa yang dimaksud bangsa Arab yang maknanya adalah ahruf sab’ah adalah tujuh bentuk ,yaitu amr, nahy, wa’du, wa’îd , (أوجه) sama. Adapun bahasa tersebut adalah bahasa Quraisy, bahasa Hudzail, bahasa halal, haram, jadal, qashash, dan mitsal. Tsaqif, bahasa Hawazin, bahasa Atau juga bisa dipahami tujuh bentuk Kinanah, bahasa Tamim, dan bahasa dari segi amr, nahy, halal, haram, Yaman. Sedangkan menurut Abu muhkam, mutasyabih, dan amtsal. Hatim As-Sijistani bahasa-bahasa Keempat, Menurut sebagian kelompok tersebut adalah bahasa Quraisy, bahasa bahwa yang dimaksud dengan ahruf Hudzail, bahasa Tamim, bahasa Azid, sab’ah adalah tujuh cara pembacaan bahasa Rabi’ah, bahasa Hawazin, dan yang terjadi perbedaan; 1.
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