Fenomena Ahruf Sab'ah Dan Qira'ah Sab'ah

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fenomena Ahruf Sab'ah Dan Qira'ah Sab'ah FENOMENA AHRUF SAB’AH DAN QIRA’AH SAB’AH NUR FITRIANI F Pondok Pesantren Nurul Huda Malang [email protected] Abstrak: Disebabkan bahwa karena banyak nya perbedaan cara membaca Al-Qur’an membuka ruang bagi para orientalis untuk mengkritisi Al-Qur’an, bahwa Alqur’an adalah kitab suci yang rancu disebabkan banyak nya perbedaan bacaan., seyogyanga kita sebagai umat islam harus lebih memahami bahwa perbedaan yang ada dalam Al-Qur’an telah diperdebatkan sejak zaman sahabat, kemudian semua keresahan para sahabat langsung ditanyakan dan dijawab oleh Rosulullah SAW, dan jawaban dari Rosulullah SAW telah menjawab semua ketidakfahaman sahabat tentang Al-Qur’an. Pokok pembahasan dalam karya ilmiyah ini adalah menjelaskan dengan rinci pengertian sab’ah ahruf (tujuh huruf) bahwa Al-Qur’an diturunkan dengan tujuh huruf menurut hadits yang shahih dan pembahasan tentang Qira’ah sab’ah (tujuh bacaan Qira’ah) yang masyhur. Maka perlu diperhatikan beberapa point yang yang menjadi pembahasan dalam karya ilmiyah ini yaitu apa yang dimaksud dengan ahruf sab’ah dan apa yang dimaksud dengan qira’ah sab’ah dan apa perbedaan keduanya, dan bagaimana pendapat para ulama tentang kedua pokok pembahasan tersebut dengan tujuan untuk lebih memahami makna yang tersurat dan tersirat dari diturunkannya Al-Qur’an dalam tujuh huruf, dan perbedaan ulama dalam pembacaan bacaan Al-Qur’an sampai mencapai tujuh bacaan. Dari permasalahan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian dari tujuh huruf adalah tujuh bahasa (dialek) yang Al-Qur’an diturunkan atas nya da nada beberapa pendapat para ulama tentang pemaknaan tersebut, sedangkan pengertian dari Qira’ah sab’ah adalah tujuh bacaan Al-Qur’an yang dipelopori oleh seorang imam qira’at, bacaan itu berbeda dengan car abaca imam yang lain. Kata Kunci: qira’ah sab’ah, Al-Qur’an, dialek, sab’ah ahruf. Pendahuluan Al-Qur’an adalah kalam ilahi yang diturunkan kepada Rosulullah SAW. Sebagaimana definisinya, Al-Qur’an tertulis dalam mushaf yang dapat dibaca dan difahami. Fakta historis mengungkapkan bahwa Al-Qur’an turun pada masyarakat nomaden yang buta huruf (ummiy) dan diturunkan kepada seorang nabi yang juga buta huruf. Karena Al-Qur’an berupa wahyu yang dapat diucapkan, maka Rosulullah SAW mengajarkan Al-Qur’an kepada umatnya dengan cara verbal dari lisan ke lisan (talaqqi) Nur Faizin (2011:111) Para sahabat mengajarkan Al-Qur’an dengan cara yang sama kepada sahabat yang lainnya dan juga kepada tabi’in. memang ada beberapa sahabat yang diperintah rosulullah SAW untuk menulis ayat yang turun, namun jumlah mereka sangat sedikit. Metode pengajaran yang verbalis (talaqqi) ini pun akhirnya menjadi satu-satunya metode yang dianggap sah dalam pengajaran Al-Qur’an. Nash Al-Qur’an tidak cukup 279 dengan ditulis, dibaca, atau difahami tetapi harus diujarkan sebagaimana kaidah pengujaran yang dipelajari dalam ilmu tajwid (ilmu membaca Al-Qur’an). Disebutkan bahwa karena banyak nya perbedaan membaca Al-Qur’an membuka ruang bagi para orientalis untuk mengkritisi Al-Qur’an, bahwa Alqur’an adalah kitab suci yang rancu disebabkan banyak nya perbedaan bacaan., seyogyanga kita sebagai umat islam harus lebih memahami bahwa perbedaan yang ada dalam Al-Qur’an telah diperdebatkan sejak zaman sahabat, kemudian semua keresahan para sahabat langsung ditanyakan dan dijawab oleh Rosulullah SAW, dan jawaban dari Rosulullah SAW telah menjawab semua ketidakfahaman sahabat tentang Al-Qur’an. Para sahabat tidak berasal dari kabilah yang sama, sehingga pada akhirnya timbullah perbadaan dialek (lahjah) bacaan Al-Qur’an. Munculnya term ahruf sab’ah dalam kajian Al-Qur’an disinyalir sebagai keringanan (rukhsah) Allah swt untuk umat islam dalam kaitannya dengan cara membaca Al-Qur’an. Memang para Sahabat belajar Al-Qur’an dari Rasulullah SAW namun perbedaan dialek membuahkan bermacam- macam versi cara membaca. Dalam keadaan seperti ini kemudian para sahabat berpindah dan berdomisili di daerah-daerah yang berbeda-beda. Para tabi’in yang mengambil Al-Qur’an dari mereka pun menerimanya dengan versi bacaan masing sahabat. Demikian juga tabi’ut tabi’in mereka belajar Al-Qur’an dari tabi’in dalam beragam versi. Demikian lah hingga sampai pada imam-imam qira’at yang mendalami cara-cara membaca Al-Qur’an. Perlu diketahui bahwa tujuh huruf dan tujuh qiro’ah adalah pembahasan yang berbeda, maka kami akan merincinya sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahfahaman dan menukas pendapat bahwa Al-Qur’an yang diturunkan kepada nabi Muhammad Saw adalah kitab suci yang rancu dan terdapat banyak perbedaan. Pembahasan Qiraat menjadi salah satu pokok pembahasan dalam kajian ‘ulumul Qur’an karena perbedaan qira’at sering juga mempengaruhi penafsiran Al-Qur’an. Oleh karenanya, tidak sedikit para ulama yang memperhatikan masalah qira’at, bahkan mereka menulis buku yang secara khusus mengkaji tentang qira’at. Munculnya term Ahruf Sab’ah Bangsa Arab pada mulanya adalah bangsa yang tinggal di jazirah Arab. Secara umum, masyarakat dibagi menjadi dua : masyarakat urban (hadhar) dan masyarakat kampung (badui) (Nur, 2011: 112). Masyarakat urban tinggal di daerah Yaman dan sekitarnya (bagian selatan), sedang masyarakat badui di utara Arab. Mereka hidup dari hasil ternak mereka, mengkonsumsi daging ternak, minum air susunya dan membuat pakaian dari kulitnya. Mereka tidak begitu mengindahkan masalah kerajinan, pertanian dan perdagangan. Mereka yakin bahwa mereka adalah anak kabilah dan siap melakukan apa saja untuk membela kabilahnya, sehingga patriotisme masyarakat badui pada waktu itu adalah patrioisme kabilah bukan patriotisme kerakyatan. Masing-masing kabilah mempunyai dialek bahasa yang berbeda-beda sehingga kita mengenal dialek Quraisy, Hawazin, Hudzail, Tamim, Azad, Rabi’ah dan lain sebagainya. Al-Qur’an turun pada masyarakat Arab yang berbeda-beda dialeknya, sehingga Rasulullah SAW sebagaimana diriwayatkan dalam hadits ketika menerima wahyu meminta agar Al-Qur’an diturunkan dalam beberapa huruf. Permintaan Rosulullah SAW tersebut mendapat persetujuan dari Allah SWT kemudian diturunkan lah Al- Qur’an dalam tujuh huruf (sab’ah ahruf). Hal ini diterangkan dalam beberapa hadits, seperti hadits yang diriwayatkan Ibn ‘Abbas bahwasannya dia berkata, “Rosulullah SAW bersabda :”Jibril membacakan Al- Qur’an kepadaku dengan satu huruf, kemudian aku mengembalikan kepadanya. Maka aku pun terus meminta tambah dan dia menambahkan padaku hingga tujuh 280 huruf.” (H.R. Bukhari dan Muslim). Diriwayatkan juga dalam sebuah hadits ketika Umar ibn Khattab mendengar bacaan Hisyam ibn Hakam dalam shalat, yang berbeda dengan bacaannya. Keduanya berselisih dan memutuskan untuk pergi menghadap Rasulullah SAW. Setelah Rasul mendengar bacaan masing-masing, beliau kemudian membenarkan keduanya dan berkata: “Sesungguhnya Al-Qur’an ini diturunkan atas tujuh huruf, maka bacalah apa yang mudah (bagimu) darinya.” (H.R Bukhari dan Muslim) Hadits yang berbicara tentang sab’ah aharuf ternasuk dalam kategori shahih yang dapat diterima. Namun, para ulama masih berbeda persepsi tentang istilah sab’ah ahruf. Sebagian berpendapat bahwa jika hadits tentang turunnya Al-Qur’an atas sab’ah ahruf itu pasti hukum kesahihannya (qat’iyyatuts tsubut), maka ia memberikan pengertian al ‘ilm al-yaqini al dhoruri bagi yang berpendapat bahwa hadits nya mutawatir. Dan menurut Ibn Shalah memberikan hukum al-ilm al yaqini an nadzari, karena hadits nya masih dzanni dilalah sebab makna sab’ah ahruf sendiri masih global (Al-Qattan, 2006). Definisi Ahruf Sab’ah Sebelum masuk pada pembahasan lebih lanjut, terlebih dahulu perlu mengetahui makna term sab’ah ahruf. Menurut terminology bahasa, sab’ah adalah nama bilangan antara enam dan delapan yang dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti tujuh. Sedangkan ahruf, menurut Ibn Faris, huruf ha’ ra’ dan fa’ adalah tiga pokok yang berarti batasan sesuatu, keseimbangan dan takaran sesuatu, Firman Allah SWT: وﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﯾﻌﺒﺪ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮف “Dan sebagian manusia ada yang menyembah Allah dengan satu cara (‘ala harf) (Q.S Al-Hajj : 11) Secara terminogi, belum ada kepastian devinisi dari Rosulullah SAW, maupun ulama. Mereka masih berbeda pandangan dalam mendefinisikan sab’ah ahruf. Rosulullah SAW pun dalam haditsnya tidak memberikan makna pasti terhadap istilah ini, sedangkan untuk mengetahui maksud istilah ini harus menggunakan nash ataupun hadits. Ibn ‘Arabi berpendapat bahwa tidak ditemukan nash maupun atsar (hadits) yang menjelaskan sab’ah ahruf sehingga ulama berbeda pendapat dalam mendefinisikannya (Az-Zarkasyi). Abu Hatim ibn Hibban Al-Bastani berkata, “Ulama berbeda pendapat tentang hal ini menjadi 35 pendapat. Disini kami akan mengemukakan beberapa pendapat diantaranya yang dianggap paling mendekati kebenaran. Pertama, sebagian besar ulama berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud dengan tujuh huruf adalah tujuh macam bahasa dari bahasa-bahasa Arab mengenai satu makna. Dengan pengertian jika bahasa mereka berbeda-beda dalam mengucapkan satu makna, maka Al-Qur’an pun diturunkan dengan sejumlah lafadz sesuai dengan ragam bahasa tersebut tentang makna yang satu itu. Dan jika tidak terdapat perbedaan, maka Al-Qur’an hanya mendatangkan satu lafadz atau lebih saja. Kemudian mereka berbeda pendapat juga dalam menentukan ketujuh bahasa itu. Dikatakan bahwa ketujuh bahasa itu adalah bahasa Quraisy, Hudzail, Saqif, Hawazin, Kinanah, Tamim dan Yaman Menurut Abu Hatim As Sajistani, Al-Qur’an diturunkan dalam bahasa Quraisy, Hudzail, Tamim, Azad, Rabiah, Hawazin, dan Sa’ad bin Abi Bakar. Dan diriwayatkan pula pendapat yang lain. Kedua, Yang dimaksud dengan tujuh huruf adalah tujuh macam bahasa dari bahasa-bahasa Arab yang ada, yang mana
Recommended publications
  • Hadith and Its Principles in the Early Days of Islam
    HADITH AND ITS PRINCIPLES IN THE EARLY DAYS OF ISLAM A CRITICAL STUDY OF A WESTERN APPROACH FATHIDDIN BEYANOUNI DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC AND ISLAMIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Glasgow 1994. © Fathiddin Beyanouni, 1994. ProQuest Number: 11007846 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007846 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 M t&e name of &Jla&, Most ©racious, Most iKlercifuI “go take to&at tfje iHessenaer aikes you, an& refrain from to&at tie pro&tfuts you. &nO fear gJtati: for aft is strict in ftunis&ment”. ©Ut. It*. 7. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................4 Abbreviations................................................................................................................ 5 Key to transliteration....................................................................6 A bstract............................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Nasal Assimilation in Quranic Recitation Table of Contents
    EmanQuotah Linguistics Senior Paper Hadass Sheffer, Advisor Swarthmore College December 9, 1994 Nasal Assimilation in Quranic Recitation Table of Contents Introduction 1 TheQuran 3 Recitation and Tajwi:d 7 Nasal Assimilation in Quranic Recitation 10 Arabic geminates 12 Nasal assimilation rules 15 Blocking of assimilation by pauses 24 Conclusion 26 Bibliography Grateful acknowledgements to my father, my mother and my brothers, and to Hadass Sheffer and Donna Jo Napoli. Introduction This paper is concerned with the analysis of certain rules governing nasality and nasal assimilation during recitation of the holy Quran. I These rules are a subset of tajwi:d, a set of rules governing the correct prescribed recitation and pronunciation of the Islamic scriptures. The first part of the paper will describe the historical and cultural importance of the Quran and tajwi:d, with the proposition that a tension or conflict between the necessity for clarity and enunciation and the desire for beautification of the divine words of God is the driving force behind tajwi:d's importance. Though the rules are functional rather than "natural," these prescriptive rules can be integrated into a study lexical phonology and feature geometry, as discussed in the second section, since prescriptive rules must work within those rules set by the language's grammar. Muslims consider the Quran a divine and holy text, untampered with and unchangeable by humankind. Western scholars have attempted to identify it as the writings of the Prophet Muhammad, a humanly written text like any other. Viewing the holy Quran in this way ignores the religious, social and linguistic implications of its perceived unchangeability, and does disservice to the beliefs of many Muslims.
    [Show full text]
  • Revelation of Qur'an in Seven Ahruf (Letters): a Critical Analysis
    EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Humanit Cult Stud ISSN: 2663-0958 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-6743 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-1 | Issue-4| July-Aug-2019 | Review Article Revelation of Qur'an in Seven Ahruf (Letters): A Critical Analysis Dr. Muhammad Kabiru Sabo* Department Of Islamic Studies, Faculty Of Arts And Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Nigeria *Corresponding Author Dr. Muhammad Kabiru Sabo it was established Glorious Qur'an revealed with (ملسوهيلعهللا ىلص) Abstract: According to a Mutawatir Hadith of the Noble Prophet seven letters. There are various opinions of scholars about the meaning of these letters, this paper discussing the opinion and categorized them based on their strength of evidence into three namely; opinion which have no basis whatsoever and opinions which have some apparent basis but a weak opinions, and opinion that has relevance going with majority scholars of Qur'anic science. It is highlighted the relationship between the seven letters and seven Qira'at and them clarify those misunderstood it and finally discuss its wisdom in relation to proper recitation of Glorious Qur'an. Keywords: Revelation, Qur’an, Seven Ahruf, Qira’at and critical analysis. INTRODUCTION so ,(ملسوهيلعهللا ىلص) The Qur'an was revealed in seven ahruf. The proof for this is found in many narrations from the Prophet much so that it reaches the level of mutwaaatir. m Jalaal ad-Deen as-Suyuty lists twenty-one companions who narrated that the Qur’an was revealed in seven :Some of these narrations are as follows 382.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analytical Study of Women-Related Verses of S¯Ura An-Nisa
    Gunawan Adnan Women and The Glorious QurÞÁn: An Analytical Study of Women-RelatedVerses of SÙra An-NisaÞ erschienen in der Reihe der Universitätsdrucke des Universitätsverlages Göttingen 2004 Gunawan Adnan Women and The Glorious QurÞÁn: An Analytical Study of Women- RelatedVerses of SÙra An-NisaÞ Universitätsdrucke Göttingen 2004 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Ein Titelsatz für diese Publikation ist bei der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. © Alle Rechte vorbehalten, Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2004 ISBN 3-930457-50-4 Respectfully dedicated to My honorable parents ...who gave me a wonderful world. To my beloved wife, son and daughter ...who make my world beautiful and meaningful as well. i Acknowledgements All praises be to AllÁh for His blessing and granting me the health, strength, ability and time to finish the Doctoral Program leading to this book on the right time. I am indebted to several persons and institutions that made it possible for this study to be undertaken. My greatest intellectual debt goes to my academic supervisor, Doktorvater, Prof. Tilman Nagel for his invaluable advice, guidance, patience and constructive criticism throughout the various stages in the preparation of this dissertation. My special thanks go to Prof. Brigitta Benzing and Prof. Heide Inhetveen whose interests, comments and guidance were of invaluable assistance. The Seminar for Arabic of Georg-August University of Göttingen with its international reputation has enabled me to enjoy a very favorable environment to expand my insights and experiences especially in the themes of Islamic studies, literature, phylosophy, philology and other oriental studies. My thanks are due to Dr. Abdul RazzÁq Weiss who provided substantial advice and constructive criticism for the perfection of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • A. Qur'an Was Revealed in Seven Hurūf (Sab'atu Ahruf)
    26 CHAPTER II SAB’ATU AH RUF AND SCIENCE OF QIR ’T A. Qur’an Was Revealed In Seven Hur f (Sab’atu Ah ruf) 1. Sab'atu Ah ruf In Had th Literature There are many had th told that al-Qur’an was revealed in seven hur f (sab’atu ah ruf). 1 Some of them are below: 1) Had th narrated by Bukh āri and Muslim ﻋﻦ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎس رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺎل: ﻗﺎل رﺳﻮل اﷲ ﺻﻞ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ أﻗﺮأﱐ ﺟﱪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮف ﻓﺮاﺟﻌﺘﻪ ﻓﻠﻢ ازل أﺳﺘﺰﻳﺪﻩ وﻳﺰﻳﺪوﱐ ﺣﱴ اﻧﺘﻬﻰ إﱃ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﺣﺮف. زاد ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻗﺎل اﺑﻦ ﺷﻬﺎب ﺑﻠﻐﲏ أن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ 2 اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﻮن واﺣﺪا ﻻ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺣﻼل و ﺣﺮام. 2) Had th narrated by Abu Dāwūd ﺣﺪﺛﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻌﻨﱯ، ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ، ﻋﻦ اﺑﻦ ﺷﻬﺎب، ﻋﻦ ﻋﺮوة ﺑﻦ اﻟﺰﺑﲑ، ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺪ اﻟﻘﺎدر، ﻗﺎل: ﲰﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺧﻄﺎب رﺿﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻳﻘﻮل ﲰﻌﺖ ﻫﺸﺎم ﺑﻦ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺰام ﻳﻘﺮأ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎأﻗﺮأﻧﻴﻬﺎ، وﻛﺎن رﺳ ﻮل اﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ أﻗﺮأﻧﻴﻬﺎ، ﻓﻜﺪت أن أﻋﺠﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ، ﰒ 1 According to Dr. Abdul Shabur Syahin, there are 46 had th in many sanad about that. 38 sanad are sah h and others are d’if . The number of sahabat wrapped around narration of those had th is 15 persons. While according to Jal āludd īn al- Suyut i, they are around 21 persons. Most of Ulama agree those had th are mutaw tir . Abu Ubaid al-Qasim Ibn Salam also told the same opinion. See Abdul Shabur Syahin, Trikh al-Qur’an, (Egypt: D ārul Qalam, tth), p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seven Ahruf, Recitations (Qiraat), Hafs and Warsh
    The articles on this website may be reproduced freely as long as the following source reference is provided: Joseph A Islam www.quransmessage.com Salamun Alaikum (Peace be upon you) THE SEVEN AHRUF, RECITATIONS (QIRAAT), HAFS AND WARSH Copyright © 2009 Joseph A Islam: Article last modified 6th May 2012 Within Muslim thought, it is widely accepted that the Quran was revealed in seven variants* (ahruf - singular harf) and that of seven recitations (qiraat). This belief is solely based on the testimonies of the Islamic secondary sources . They have no basis in the Quran. These assertions were not canonised into the Islamic secondary source literature until centuries after the death of the Prophet. * Throughout Islamic history, the actual definition of 'ahruf' in this context has been the subject of much academic debate. Some scholars have been left baffled as to its actual meaning in the context it has been cited. Some refer to 'ahruf' as dialects, others as synonyms, different types of teachings (wa'd, muhkam, mutashabih, halal, haram, wa'id, imthal), different pronunciations, variant readings, different manuscript codices etc. For the purpose of this article, the generic English term 'variants' will be used to indicate a difference of some nature that the phrase 'seven ahruf' implies. It is interesting to note that the Quranic use of the word 'harf' appears in different forms. In its noun form, it means a margin or an edge (22:11) and its verb form can mean to alter, pervert, or to tamper with. (2:75, 4:46, 5:13, 5:41). A brief introduction will be given after which the matter will be assessed through a Quranic perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Ulum Al-Quran
    An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an Ahmad von Denffer Introduction The Qur'an contains the revelations of Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of the Universe, to mankind. It is the message from God to man and therefore of utmost importance to us. To properly grasp a message, one needs first of all to understand its contents exactly, and for this purpose one must study the Qur'an deeply and in detail. In fact, some people do spend their whole lives studying the Qur'an, reading and reflecting upon it and, as they grow and develop, both physically and spiritually, they discover for themselves new meanings and implications. Secondly, some special knowledge of the circumstances that surround the message is also necessary for fuller understanding of its meaning and implications. Although some part of this special knowledge can be derived from the Qur'an itself, there remain other areas of knowledge that can only be discovered by wider study and research. Muslims have from earliest times, applied themselves not only to the message from Allah the Qur'an but also to its setting and framework, and the preoccupation with these ultimately developed into the 'sciences' of or 'knowledge' about the Qur'an, known as "ulum al-qur'an'. The proper approach to the Qur'an, in my humble view, can be described in three stages. You must: first, receive the message of the Qur'an, by hearing or reading it; second, understand the message of the Qur'an by reflecting upon it and studying its meanings; third, apply the message of the Qur'an by ordering your personal life as well as the life of society according to its message.
    [Show full text]
  • Sufi Commentaries on the Qur1an in Classical Islam
    SÁFI COMMENTARIES ON THE QUR1AN IN CLASSICAL ISLAM The Classical period of Islam, from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries, was the period in which the most influential commentaries on the Qur1an were written. Sufi Commentaries on the Qur1an in Classical Islam looks at the unique contributions of Sufis to this genre and how these contributions fit into the theological and exegetical discussions of the time. The study begins with an examination of several key hermeneutical assumptions of Sufis, including their understanding of the ambiguous and multivalent nature of the Qur1anic text, the role that both the intellect and spiritual disciplines play in acquiring knowledge of its meanings, and the ever-changing nature of the self which seeks this kind of knowledge. The second half of the study is an analysis and comparison of the themes and styles of several different commentaries on the Qur1anic story of Musa (Moses) and al-Khadir; the figure of Maryam (The Virgin Mary); and the Light Verse. It demonstrates that, while Sufi interpretation has often been characterized as allegorical, these writings are more notable for their variety of philosophical, visionary, literary, and homiletic styles. Sufi Commentaries on the Qur1an in Classical Islam is the first comprehensive study of the contributions of Sufis to the genre of commentaries on the Qur1an and is essential reading for those with research interests in Sufism, Qur1anic exegesis and Islam. Kristin Zahra Sands is a Mellon Fellow and Assistant Professor of Islamic Studies at Sarah Lawrence College. Her research interests include Sufism, Qur1anic exegesis, and Islam and media. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES IN THE QURAN Series Editor: Andrew Rippin University of Victoria, Canada In its examination of critical issues in the scholarly study of the Quran and its commentaries, this series targets the disciplines of archaeology, history, textual history, anthropology, theology, and literary criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Spoken Scripture: Insights Gained by Reading Mark and the Qur'an In
    Spoken Scripture: Insights Gained by Reading Mark and the Qur’an in Tandem Through an Oral Lens by N.A. Qureshi, M.D. Department of Religion Duke University Date: ______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Mark Goodacre, Supervisor __________________________ Ebrahim Moosa __________________________ Cavan Concannon Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 ABSTRACT Spoken Scripture: Insights Gained by Reading Mark and the Qur’an in Tandem Through an Oral Lens by N.A. Qureshi, M.D. Department of Religion Duke University Date: ______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Mark Goodacre, Supervisor __________________________ Ebrahim Moosa __________________________ Cavan Concannon An abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Nabeel Asif Qureshi 2012 Abstract The field of orality studies has provided new perspectives and insights on a vast array of literature, including the Gospel of Mark and the Qur’an. Despite numerous historical and literary parallels between these two works, the enriched perspectives gained by orality studies have not often been brought to bear upon one another. This thesis brings Mark and the Qur’an together under an oral lens with the aim of mutually elucidating intriguing characteristics of both texts. After introducing the field of orality studies and assessing the oral characteristics of each text, it will be concluded that both Mark and the Qur’an were composed primarily for recitation via an oral register, that the controversial bookends of each work may be a result of codifying oral tradition, and that these early texts, once codified, potentially spurred the production of elaborative material within their own traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The People of the Book, Ahl Al-Kitāb: a Comparative Theological Exploration
    The People of The Book, ahl al-kitāb: A Comparative Theological Exploration By Richard Lawrence Kimball A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Irish School of Ecumenics, The University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin 2017 i Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and that it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the Library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of the use and acknowledgement. Signed: Richard Lawrence Kimball ii Summary This thesis offers a comparative theological exploration of the challenges and opportunities presented by the Qur’ānic representation of Christianity as the People of the Book, ahl al- kitāb, in the Qur’ānic and commentary tradition. It examines the social, cultural and historical background; through the early Arabic Christian response; and in modern discourse for the purpose of improving of interfaith dialogue and understanding of religious plurality. The research is divided into three parts. The first part explores the Qur’ānic understanding of the People of the Book through traditional Islamic exegesis, known as tafsīr, of four respected Islamic scholars whose work spans more than a thousand years. These scholars are Mujahid ibn Jabr (c. 722), Muhammad ibn Jarir Al-Tabari (d. 923), Ismail Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) and Muhammad Rashid Rida (d. 1935). The research demonstrates a wide range of opinions regarding Christians and Christianity.
    [Show full text]
  • AHRUF SAB Abstract: the Set of Knowledge Used to U Qur'an
    20 ISSN : 2088 - 6829 Jurnal Al-Irfani STAI Darul Kamal NW Kembang kerang Volume 2 No 1 Tahun 2018 AHRUF SAB’AH DAN QIRAAT Muhammad Imamul Umam MA Nurul Islam Tengaran [email protected] Abstract: The set of knowledge used to understand the Qur'an is commonly called Ulumul Qur'an. Among those belonging to it is Qira'at Study, the outline is the science of reading. On this occasion, we will discuss a bit about Qira'at Study. Although, some scholars of the Qur'anic scholars have assumed that qiraat is an unattractive study, since this study is not in direct contact with the daily lives of Muslims. However, it is noteworthy that the extent to which the discourse qiraat able to give us benefits, especially related to the verses of the law and others. Therefore we need understanding, knowledge and matters concerning qiraat. Key Word: Al-Qur’an, Qira’at, Ahruf Sab’ah. Abstrak: Seperangkat ilmu yang digunakan untuk memahami Al-Qur’an lazim disebut Ulumul Qur’an. Diantara yang tergolong di dalamnya adalah Ilmu Qira’at, secara garis besar merupakan ilmu cara baca. Pada kesempatan ini, kami akan membahas sedikit mengenai Ilmu Qira’at. Walaupun, sejumlah ulama’ ahli Al-Qur’an ada yang menganggap bahwa qiraat merupakan kajian yang kurang menarik, karena kajian ini tidak bersentuhan langsung dengan kehidupan umat islam sehari-hari. Namun demikian, justru yang diperhatikan adalah sejauh mana wacana qiraat mampu memberi kita manfaat, khususnya berkaitan ayat-ayat hukum dan lainnya. Oleh karena itu kita perlu pemahaman, pengetahuan dan hal-hal yang menyangkut mengenai qiraat.
    [Show full text]
  • Author Biography
    2 | The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾan Author Biography Shaykh Ammar Khatib is a scholar of the Qur’anic sciences and specialist in ​ Arabic linguistics. He has written many treatises on matters related to qira’at and ​ the Qur’anic text and has collaborated closely with Dr. Ghanim Qadduri al-Hamad, one of the foremost specialists in Qur’anic studies in the Muslim world. He is a volunteer Imam in Winnipeg and a consultant for the Manitoba Islamic Association Fiqh Committee. Dr. Nazir Khan is the Director of Research Strategy at Yaqeen Institute. He is a medical doctor and clinical neuroscientist, volunteer Imam, and consultant for the Manitoba Islamic Association Fiqh Committee. He has received traditional certification (ijazah) in the study of the Qur’an, Hadith, and Islamic theology ​ ​ (aqeedah). ​ ​ Disclaimer: The views, opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in these papers and articles are strictly those of the authors. Furthermore, Yaqeen does not endorse any of the personal views of the authors on any platform. Our team is diverse on all fronts, allowing for constant, enriching dialogue that helps us produce high-quality research. Copyright © 2019, 2020. Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research 3 | The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾan Note: This article was updated on July 1, 2020. Introduction The Qur’an is the literal word of God, the sacred scripture of the Islamic faith, and God’s final revelation to humanity. This single text produced the largest and most diverse civilization ever to exist on Earth, and for one and a half millennia it has been recited, memorized, and practiced by billions of human beings across the globe.
    [Show full text]