York Book Fair 2018 Highlights & September New Acquisitions
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President's Report Issue
DEC MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE o TRAL OF TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN PRESIDENT'S REPORT ISSUE VOLUM E 77 NUMBER 1I OCTOBER, 1941 Published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts .O I - - - Entered July 13, 1933, at the Post Office, Boston, Massachusetts, as second-class matter under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Station, Boston, Massachusetts, in October, November, February and June. Issues of the BULLETIN include the reports of the President and of the Treasurer, the General Catalogue, the Summer Session, and the Directory of Officers and Students. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE . OF TECHNOLOGY : BULLETIN President's Report Issue I940-I941 Covering Periodfrom Meeting of CorporationOctober, 1940 to Meeting of CorporationOctober, i941 VOLUME 77 NUMBER I OCTOBER, 1941 PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE, CAMBRIDGE I _ ~_·___· -7:-olG _ I ___ TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT. ......... 5 CO-OPERATION IN THE NATIONAL DEFENSE PROGRAM . 6 Personnel ....... 6 Educational Activities ... 7 Defense Research ..... : I I I IO Financing the Research Program 12 SOME EDUCATIONAL EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEFENSE PROGRAM .. TRENDS IN OUR NORMAL OPERATIONS . .. 19 Finances .. ... 19 Enrollment . .. 20 Student Aid S. 21 Placement ....... ... 22 Personnel.......... 23 IMPORTANT GAINS .... ... .. .. 26 SOME OBJECTIVES UNDER STUDY . .. .. 28 REPORTS OF OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS Dean of Students ........... 31 Dean of the Graduate School ........ 34 Registrar .. ... 37 Director of Admissions ...... 58 Chairman of Committee on Summer Session 59 Librarian . S 61 Director of the Division of Industrial Co5peration 69 Director of the Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation 72 Secretary of Society of Arts ..... ... 74 Chairman of Committee on the Museum . -
A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia Abbink, G.J
A bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia Abbink, G.J. Citation Abbink, G. J. (2003). A bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia. Asc Working Paper Series, (52). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/375 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/375 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). African Studies Centre Leiden, the Netherlands ,, A Bibliography on Christianity in Eth J. Abbink ASC Working Paper 52/2003 Leiden: African Studies Centre 2003 © J. Abbink, Leiden 2003 Image on the front cover: Roof of the lih century rock-hewn church of Beta Giorgis in Lalibela, northern Ethiopia 11 Table of contents . Page Introduction 1 1. Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Missionary Churches: Historical, Political, Religious, and Socio-cultural Aspects 8 1.1 History 8 1.2 History of individual churches and monasteries 17 1.3 Aspects of doctrine and liturgy 18 1.4 Ethiopian Christian theology and philosophy 24 1.5 Monasteries and monastic life 27 1.6 Church, state and politics 29 1. 7 Pilgrimage 31 1.8 Religious and liturgical music 32 1.9 Social, cultural and educational aspects 33 1.10 Missions and missionary churches 37 1.11 Ecumenical relations 43 1.12 Christianity and indigenous (traditional) religions 44 1.13 Biographical studies 46 1.14 Ethiopian diaspora communities 47 2. Christian Texts, Manuscripts, Hagiographies 49 2.1 Sources, bibliographies, catalogues 49 2.2 General and comparative studies on Ethiopian religious literature 51 2.3 On saints 53 2.4 Hagiographies and related texts 55 2.5 Ethiopian editions and translations of the Bible 57 2.6 Editions and analyses of other religious texts 59 2.7 Ethiopian religious commentaries and exegeses 72 3. -
Simultaneous Neutral Sulphite Semichemical Pulping of Hardwood and Softwood
Simultaneous Neutral Sulphite Semichemical Pulping of Hardwood and Softwood By Floris Antonides Submitted in fulfihnent of the academic requirements for the Degree of Master in Science in Engineering in the School of Chemical Engineering of the University of Natal December 2000 Abstract The work described in this thesis was aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the neutral sulphite semichemical pulping process employed by Mondi Kraft's Piet Retief mill, and to investigate ways to improve this process. The unique feature of the process in this mill is that hardwood and softwood species are pulped simultaneously in a continuous digester. The pulping trials described were carried out in a laboratory batch digester which was build as a part of this project. Pulps were evaluated for yield, Hypo number as an indication of the residual lignin content and strength properties. The first part of the experimental work focused on the effect that different pulping variables have on the process and the resulting pulp. Variables investigated were the chemical charge, pulping temperature, chip composition and anthraquinone dosage. The second part of the work was to investigate ways in which the process can be improved. In particular it was investigated whether it would be advantageous to pulp hardwood and softwood separately and mix the two pulps together after pulping. The effect of changing to_an alkaline sulphite process was also briefly investigated. It was found that the current process is optimized as far as the chemical charge and pulping temperature is concerned. Increasing the softwood percentage used to 50 % (from current value of 41 %) increases the tear strength, whilst decreasing it to 30 % increases the tensile strength of the resulting pulp. -
Wildfires Are Usually the Product of Human Negligence
ACADEMIC READING PRACTICE TEST 5 – Wildfires & The History of Paper-making in the United Kingdom READING PASSAGE 1 Questions 1 – 13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Questions 1 – 4 Reading Passage 1 has 5 paragraphs (A – E). From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – E. Write the appropriate number (i – viii) in boxes 1 – 4 on your answer sheet. NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all. Example: Paragraph A Answer iii Wildfires A Wildfires are usually the product of human negligence. Humans start about 90% of wild fires and lightning causes the other 10%. Regular causes for wildfires include arson, camping fires, throwing away cigarettes, burning rubbish, and playing with fireworks or matches. Once begun, wildfires can spread at a rate of up to 23 kph and, as a fire spreads over a landscape, it could undertake a life of its own – doing different things to keep itself going, even creating other blazes by throwing cinders miles away. Three components are necessary to start a fire: oxygen, fuel and heat. These three make up “the fire triangle” and fire fighters frequently talk about this when they are attempting to put out blazes. The theory is that if the fire fighters can remove one of the triangle pillars, they can take control of and eventually put out the fire. B The speed at which wildfires spread depends on the fuel around them. Fuel is any living or dead material that will burn. -
Handmade Paper: a Review of Its History, Craft, and Science
REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com HANDMADE PAPER: A REVIEW OF ITS HISTORY, CRAFT, AND SCIENCE Martin A. Hubbe a* and Cindy Bowden b For over 2000 years the manual craft of papermaking has been practiced all over the world utilizing a variety of techniques. This review describes the evolution of hand papermaking and its cultural significance. Paper’s evolution has been shaped by the structure and chemical composition of the fibers. Almost every aspect of modern papermaking technology has been foreshadowed by traditional practices. Such practices were passed down for many generations within families of papermakers. The main sources of cellulosic fiber evolved as the ancient craft migrated from its birthplace in China to Korea and Japan, the Islamic world, and then to Europe and America. Though most paper made today comes from automated, continuous production systems, handmade paper has enjoyed a resurgence, both as a traditional craft and as an art-form. In addition, traditional papermaking methods can provide insights to help in modern applications involving cellulosic fibers. Keywords: Handmade paper; History; Handcraft; Science; Cellulosic fibers Contact information: a: Department of Forest Biomaterials; North Carolina State University; Campus Box 8005; Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 USA; b: Robert C. Williams American Museum of Papermaking, Inst. of Paper Science and Technology, Mail Code 0620, Georgia Tech., Atlanta, GA 30332-0620; *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Whenever people engage their hands and minds to make paper, there is a continuing opportunity for evolution of the craft. Each maker adopts or selectively omits parts of the methods that have been passed down to them, sometimes inventing new techniques. -
Aethiopica 08 (2005) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eri- Trean Studies
Aethiopica 08 (2005) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eri- trean Studies ________________________________________________________________ PAOLO MARRASSINI, Università degli Studi di Firenze Article The “Egyptian Saints” of the Abyssinian Hagiography Aethiopica 08 (2005), 112–129 ISSN: 1430–1938 ________________________________________________________________ Published by Universität Hamburg Asien Afrika Institut, Abteilung Afrikanistik und Äthiopistik Hiob Ludolf Zentrum für Äthiopistik The ߋEgyptian Saintsߌ of the Abyssinian Hagiography PAOLO MARRASSINI, Universit¿ degli Studi di Firenze Literally, an ߋEgyptian saintߌ ߃ quite apart from the fact that this word can also indicate every kind of ߋoccidentalߌ or ߋwhiteߌ Mediterranean person ߃ in the Abyssinian hagiographical texts is one who appears, and who was born, or lived, in Coptic Egypt (or even in ߋRomߌ), so being also part of the hagiographical tradition of that country. So, hundreds of saints ߋof Egyptian originߌ can be found in the Abyssinian tradition, to be elicited from the more than 1000 non-Abyssinian saints quoted in the current edi- tions of the Abyssinian Synaxary, and among the nearly 130 in the Gadla Samàʝtàt1 or similar compositions (not all of these Lives are included in the Synaxary, and anyway they often appear in a different version): our task is to identify not so much those saints who hold a traditionally important place in Abyssinia, but those whose ideological influence was still alive and discernible in this country in a recent past. A group which can be easily identified is that of Bulà/Abib, Cyrus, un, Nob, and, for those who act in AbyssiniaصGabra Krestos/Alexius, Lat ,(proper, Gabra Manfas Qeddus, Yoannes Meĺràĺqàwi (John the Oriental and maybe Tàdòwos of Dabra Bàrtàrwà, Yoanni of Dabra Aĺà, and some others, to which the ߋAxumiteߌ saints must be added. -
The Effect of Age and Recycling on Paper Quality
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1996 The Effect of Age and Recycling on Paper Quality Zhuang Wu Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Wu, Zhuang, "The Effect of Age and Recycling on Paper Quality" (1996). Master's Theses. 4921. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4921 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECT OF AGE AND RECYCLING ON PAPER QUALITY by Zhuang Wu A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Paper and Printing Science and Engineering Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 1996 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincere appreciation to the members of my committee, Dr. Raja Aravamuthan, Dr. David Peterson and Dr. Ellsworth Shriver for their guidance and support throughout the course of this work. I wish to thank Mr. Rick Reames for his suggestions and help. Many thanks are due to my friends, colleagues and others who contributed in different ways. Finally, I am also pleased to acknowledge my family members for their financial and other support in finishing my study. Zhuang Wu ii THE EFFECT OF AGE AND RECYCLING ON PAPER QUALITY Zhuang Wu, M.S. -
Aethiopica 18 (2015) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies
Aethiopica 18 (2015) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies ________________________________________________________________ MERSHA ALEHEGNE, Addis Ababa University Article Regularity and Uniformity in the Ethiopian Hagiographical Tradition: A Particular Focus on Narrating the Childhood of Saints Aethiopica 18 (2015), 145߃162 ISSN: 2194߃4024 ________________________________________________________________ Edited in the Asien-Afrika-Institut Hiob Ludolf Zentrum fÛr £thiopistik der UniversitÃt Hamburg Abteilung fÛr Afrikanistik und £thiopistik by Alessandro Bausi in cooperation with Bairu Tafla, Ulrich BraukÃmper, Ludwig Gerhardt, Hilke Meyer-Bahlburg and Siegbert Uhlig Bibliographical abbreviations used in this volume A¨ Annales d߈¨thiopie, Paris 1955ff. £thFor £thiopistische Forschungen, 1߃35, ed. by E. HAMMERSCHMIDT, 36߃40, ed. by S. UHLIG (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner (1߃34), 1977߃1992; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (35߃40), 1994߃1995). AethFor Aethiopistische Forschungen, 41߃73, ed. by S. UHLIG (Wiesbaden: Harrasso- witz, 1998߃2011); 74߃75, ed. by A. BAUSI and S. UHLIG (ibid., 2011f.); 76ff. ed. by A. BAUSI (ibid., 2012ff.). AION Annali dell߈Universit¿ degli studi di Napoli ߇L߈Orientale߈, Napoli: Universit¿ di Napoli ߇L߈Orientale߈ (former Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli), 1929ff. BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London, 1917ff.). CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1903ff. EAe S. UHLIG, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, I: A߃C; II: D߃Ha; III: He߃N; in cooperation with A. BAUSI, eds, IV: O߃X (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010); A. BAUSI in cooperation with S. UHLIG, eds, V: Y߃Z, Supplementa, Addenda et Corrigenda, Maps, Index (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2014). EMML Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa. JAH The Journal of African History, Cambridge 1960ff. JES Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa 1963ff. OrChr Oriens Christianus, Leipzig߃Roma߃Wiesbaden 1901ff. PdP La Parola del Passato. Rivista di studi classici, Napoli 1946ff. -
HOLY HOAXES: a BEAUTIFUL DECEPTION Celebrating William Voelkle’S Collecting Holy Hoaxes: Forgeries, Jokes, Conjurers’S Tricks and Illusions, Or Works of Art?
LES ENLUMINURES HOLY HOAXES: A BEAUTIFUL DECEPTION Celebrating William Voelkle’s collecting Holy Hoaxes: Forgeries, Jokes, Conjurers’s Tricks and Illusions, or Works of Art? Forgeries tell us much about any civilization. Look at what people are judgement. He says that she fixed him with an icy stare: “’Young man’,” forging, and we will learn what matters to them most. Christians of the she said, after briefly examining the manuscript, “’you have a splendid early Middle Ages were earnestly counterfeiting relics of saints, to create book there … Yes, a splendid example of the work of the Spanish Forg- tangible evidence of supernatural beliefs which they longed to validate. er’.” Even as the exchange is reported, we can detect her grudging ad- In twelfth-century Europe, people fabricated land charters, inventing miration of the artistry. The twist in that particular story is that she was documentation of title to feudal property on which livelihoods and soci- in this instance wrong: the manuscript (perhaps even to her disappoint- ety depended. In the sixteenth century, it was commonplace to concoct ment) was actually genuine. spurious ancestors, faking up complex family trees for the ambitious, in a time when social ranking was a necessity for advancement. Today, people No other manuscript custodian in the world has taken up this responsibil- forge works of art. This is the ultimate tribute to the place of art in our ity with more diligence and joy than William Voelkle. He is one of best lives, both as objects of beauty and as tokens of wealth. known and most widely liked curators the Morgan has ever had. -
Ethiopia As a Manuscript Culture¹
Alessandro Bausi Writing, Copying, Translating: Ethiopia as a Manuscript Culture¹ 1 Introduction Beginning with the remote past of the Aksumite kingdom (1st to 7th centuries CE, an “African civilization of Late Antiquity”), the Ethiopian cultural area offers a peculiar case study for the “manuscriptology” of ancient, medieval and modern times. Historically a land of written civilizations since the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, the areas nowadays corresponding to the highlands of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia witnessed the early introduction of the parchment roll and codex, the latter having been strongly fostered by the Christianization of the country in the 4th century CE. Taking advantage of the safe, dry climate of the Abyssinian highlands, which makes chemical treatment quite unnecessary, man- uscript production has enjoyed a steady run of centuries, down to the present day. Even now, parchment is still produced in several areas of the region. Mainly an object of interest to historians, philologists and linguists as precious reposito- ries of written historical and linguistic data, the Ethiopian manuscripts written in Ethiopic (especially literary texts), and to a lesser extent in Amharic (especially documentary texts), Arabic and Harari (in Islamic contexts), have not yet become a topic of codicological study within the frame of modern, so-called “manu- script archaeology”, nor have they been properly assessed from a comparative or quantitative perspective. The estimated number of manuscripts ranges from a minimum of 25,000 to 200,000, and the figure may even be higher if we take into account the treasure of still unexplored and hardly accessible manuscripts pre- served in the Tegray monasteries, the “cradle” of Ethiopian civilization. -
Benefits of Paper Recycling
Benefits of Paper Recycling What Are the Most Significant Benefits of Paper Recycling? Recycling paper conserves natural resources, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and keeps landfill space free for other types of trash that can't be recycled. Recycling one ton of paper can save 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, 380 gallons of oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space and 4,000 kilowatts of energy — enough to power the average U.S. home for six months — and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one metric ton of carbon equivalent (MTCE). Who Invented Paper? A Chinese official named Ts'ai Lun was the first person to make what we would consider paper. In 105 AD, at Lei-Yang, China, Ts'ai Lun stirred together a combination of rags, used fishing nets, hemp and tree bark to make the first real paper the world had ever seen.3 Before Ts'ai Lun invented paper, people wrote on papyrus, a natural reed used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to create the paper-like material from which paper derives its name. Those first sheets of paper Ts'ai Lun made were pretty rough, but over the next few centuries, as papermaking spread throughout Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, the process improved and so did the quality of the paper produced. When Did Paper Recycling Begin? Papermaking and producing paper from recycled materials came to the United States simultaneously in 1690. William Rittenhouse learned to make paper in Germany and founded America's first paper mill on Monoshone Creek near Germantown, which is now Philadelphia. -
Icons of Devotion/Icons of Trade Creativity and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary “Traditional” Ethiopian Painting
Icons of Devotion/Icons of Trade Creativity and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary “Traditional” Ethiopian Painting Neal Sobania and Raymond Silverman ksum is one of Ethiopia’s major tourist destina- tions. Although only a small town in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, it is the spiritual home of the ALL PHOTOS BY RAYMOND SILVERMAN AND NEAL SOBANIA Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC) and rich in ancient monuments. Archaeologically it has been occupied since c. 350 bce. Later, c. 100–600 ce, it is where the capital of the Aksumite empire once stood, and Afrom where it dominated an area from the highlands of north- ern Ethiopia and southern Eritrea to the Red Sea and at times beyond. Its fine architectural stonework is plainly evident in the elite residences, tombs, and the carved stelae that dot the land- scape. Coins of copper, bronze, and gold reveal the roots of an exceptional metalworking tradition, while works of stone and clay, including figurative sculpture, are evidence of a fine sculp- ture tradition. Not long after the introduction of Christianity to the region in the early fourth century, Aksum became a recognized center for the production of paraphernalia associated with the church. Today the production of metal objects, from censers, sistra, and horns to processional, hand, and neck crosses, continues to thrive. So too does a tradition of religious painting—illumi- nations in manuscripts, icons on wood, and large paintings on cloth destined for the walls of churches. A tradition that has been practiced for the better part of 1500 years, the paintings of the EOC have both taught and sustained the Christian faith.