DOCSLIB.ORG

Lab II. Morphology and Ecology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lab II. Morphology and Ecology Lab II. Morphology and Ecology Objective To identify algae, you will need to know some phycological terms. There are several ways to describe algae: (a) morphologically, using external and internal characteristics, and (b) ecologically, by distribution and habitat. The following lab exercises will introduce you to external and internal algal morphology. As a reference for the field, ecology and distribution terms for algae are included at the end of this section. These terms will aid in identification of algae, as well as in understanding their morphological features. Notebook Requirement- 11 drawings 1) 2 thallus forms (not branching) 2) 2 branching forms 3) 2 holfast type 4) 1 pneumatocyst type 5) Pterosiphonia (draw thallus under dissecting scope) 6) Apical cell 7) 2 Unknowns (draw & steps to key) A) External Morphology Terms (macroscopic) A thallus is a term for the mass of cellular tissue forming a plant body without true stems, roots, leaves, or vascular system. A variety of terms used to describe thallus morphology follo ws, with species examples. 1) Thallus Forms Articulated/Geniculate Calcified segments connected by uncalcified joints. (Corallina) Bladed Flattened leaf-like thallus or thallus part, may have a stipe. (Laminaria) Branching Alga with axillary divisions. (Ptilota) Catenate arranged in single series (Stephanocystis) Crustose Grows flat along the substrate; crust-like. (Ralfsia, Non-geniculate corallines) Bl a d e Filamentous Thread or hair-like, having a single row of cells. (Cladophora, Chaetomorpha) Foliose A sheet of cells; blade-like, no stipe. St i pe monostromatic One cell thick. (Porphyra, Monostroma) distromatic Two cells thick. (Ulva) polystromatic Many cells thick. (Mazzaella) Ho l d f a s t Prostrate/procumbent Trailing on the ground; procumbent. (Codium setchellii) Saccate Sac-like. (Halosaccion) Single cell Microalgae. (diatom, cyanobacterium, Porphyridium) Stipitate Having a stipe—a thick, stem-like structure bearing other structures like blades (Laminaria) Stoloniferous Proliferating by vegetative branches that creep along the substrate and establish new plants. (Laminaria sinclairii) Tubular Thallus made up of a tube of cells, hollow in center. (Scytosiphon) Upright In an erect position or posture; vertical or nearly so; pointing upward (Gastroclonium) 1 Macrocystis integrifolia demonstrates stoloniferous growth. (Now M. pyrifera, intertidal growth form demonstrates phenotypic plasticity in response to sand) 2) Branching Forms As well as being a useful tool for identification, branching form indicates the growth habit and meristem type of an alga. Here are the main branching forms you’ll encounter. Simple Pectinate Distichous Or Pinnate Dichotomous Monopodial Sympodial Whorled Percurrent Microcladia Neorh odom ela, Cumagloia Plocamium Bryops is Fucus Gelidium Ceramium borealis Odonthalia Dichotomous/Bifurcate Branching by forking in pairs. May be equally or irregularly dichotomous. (Fucus, Silvetia) Distichous Branching on both sides of an axis, may be irregular. opposite Branches oppose each other on the main axis. alternate Branches alternate on the main axis. Irregular No detectable branching pattern. (Chondracanthus canaliculata, Mastocarpus) Monopodial Having a distinct main axis of continual growth and giving off branches. (Microcladia, Neorhodomela) Pectinate/Secund Having unilateral branching on one side of the axis, like the teeth of a comb. The side branches may be equal or unequal in length. (Plocamium violacea, Microcladia borealis, apical tip of Macrocystis pyrifera) Macrocystis pyrifera apical tip Plocamium violacea Examples of pectinate branching. Percurrent Extending through entire length of structure, usually said of a persistant axis. Pinnate Feather-like, regular branching, with distichous laterals on a central axis opposite Branches oppose each other on the main axis. alternate Branches alternate on the main axis. Reticulate Net-like. (Hydroclathrus) Simple Unbranched, undivided thallus or blade. (Ulva, Laminaria) Sympodial Developing so that the apparent main axis does not extend by continuous terminal growth, the former axis usually diverging and ending as a secondary branch. (Ceramium) Verticillate/Whorled Radial branches attached at a common level on the main axis, or branches spiraling off the main axis. (Neorhodomela, Rhodomela, Odonthalia) from Seashore Plants of California 3 3) Holdfast Characteristics A holdfast is a structure by which an alga attaches to the substratum. Some algae may be free- floating, and therefore have no distinct holdfast. Basal disk Disk at base of plant attaches to substrate. (Fucales) Discoid Disc-shaped. Haptera The network formed by multiple hapteron clasping the substrate (often rock). Hapteron A single branch within a holdfast, singular of haptera. (Laminaria setchelii) Haptera }(plural) Hapteron (singular) Simple modified basal cell One cell attaches to substrate. (Chaetomorpha, Codium) Stolon/Rhizome Creeping vegetative branch occurring at holdfast, giving rise to new plants. (Laminaria sinclairii) B) Internal Morphology Terms (Microscopic) Anticlinal Pattern of cell division perpendicular to surface of plant. Apical cell(s) Cell(s) at apex of alga, often the site of cell division. May be acute/sharp (Pikea, below); blunt (Gelidium); sunken apical pit (Osmundea, Fucus); obscured by terminal branchlets or trichoblasts (Polysiphonia); conspicuous (Sphacelaria). Pikea apical cells. UCSC Marine Botany Course. Coenocytic/Siphonous Plant with multinucleate cell; few or no cross walls. (Codium, Bryopsis) Cortex Pigmented outer layer of cells in cross section. Corticated Having a cortex. Sometimes used to describe the elaboration of the polysiphonous 4 condition; continued proliferation of pericentral cells (Osmundea, Odonthalia, Polysiphonia, Ceramium) Distromatic Sheet of cells is two layers thick. (Ulva) Epidermis Outer layer of cells on some plants. (Laminaria) Filamentous growth Thread-like. (Chaetomorpha—uniseriate, Bangia—multiseriate) Medulla Nonpigmented cells internal to cortex, often of varying size and shape. Midrib The thickened longitudinal axis of flattened branch or blade (Fucus) Midvein A delicate median line of cells, the blade thicker though this region then on either side (Delesseria) Monostromatic Sheet of cells is one layer thick. (Porphyra, Enteromorpha) Multiaxial Thallus has several longitudinal medullary filaments, each derived from an apical cell. (Plocamium) Multiseriate Consisting of several rows of cells in longitudinal series in one or two planes. Parenchymatous 3-dimensional cell division, forming a thallus of adjacent cells with a common origin. In reds, most of the subclass Bangiophycidae are parenchymatous. (Porphyra, below) Porphyra is parenchymatous. Image courtesy Christina Delgado, UCSC Marine Botany Course. Periclinal Cell division parallel to surface of plant. Polysiphonous Composed of tiers of vertically elongated cells; lateral pericentral cells surround a central axis. Unique to red algae. (Polysiphonia, Ceramium) Polystromatic Sheet of cells many layers thick. (Mazzaella) Pseudoparenchymatous Thallus formed from filaments that have a common origin, may be a tangle of filaments. In red algae, the Subclass Florideophycidae is pseudoparenchymatous. (Cryptopleura, Nemalion, Gelidium) 5 Pseudoparenchymatous mass of filaments in Mazzaella. Image courtesy Emily Loufek, UCSC Marine Botany Course. Uniaxial Thallus has one longitudinal central filament forming the axis. (Endocladia muricata) Endocladia muricata is uniaxial. Image courtesy Christina Delgado, UCSC Marine Botany Course. Uniseriate Cells occurring in a single row. Anatomy of Algae and Plants Because most students learn about land plants before studying algae, they may find it useful to compare anatomical features of the two groups. Typically, photosynthesis in land plants occurs in leaves or stems in the chloroplast-laden mesophyll layer under the epidermis (see image below). In a stem, the outer cells of the plant are structurally supported by an inner cortex, which is vascularized to transport water and nutrients around the plant. Algae have a meristoderm layer similar to land plant epidermis, but the algal meristoderm is photosynthetic. A thick layer of cortex gives support to the meristoderm, but there is little or no vascularization of the algal cortex. Towards the center of the algal stipe or leaf lie cells or filaments called the medulla (see photo and illustrations below). 6 Land plant leaf showing epidermis and mesophyll layers. From James D. Mauseth, Plant Anatomy. Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii cross section. Courtesy Julia Bell. Internal cellular structure for two red algae. a. Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (3 mm); b. Rhodymenia sp. (0.5 mm); C = cortex, IM = inner medulla, OM = outer medulla, M = medulla. From Seashore Plants of California, by E. Yale Dawson and Michael S. Foster. 7 C) Biogeographic Distribution Boreal Growing in northern, colder waters. Cosmopolitan Found in many parts of the world. Tropical Growing in near-equatorial, warmer waters. Temperate Growing in regions between either tropic and its corresponding polar circle, in moderate temperatures. D) Tidal Distribution Intertidal/Littoral Lying between high and low tide levels, exposed at low tide. In the Monterey area, between about +4.5 feet (1.4 m) and -1.5 feet (0.5 m). Subtidal/Sublittoral Below the lowest low-tide level. E) Substrate Habitat Benthic Attached to substratum, not planktonic. Endophytic Living on and deriving nourishment from another plant. Epiphytic Growing on surface of another plant, usually not parasitic. Hypolithic Living on lower surface of rocks. Neritic Living in coastal ocean waters. Pelagic Living in the open ocean. Parasitic Living on or in another plant and harming it by using its metabolites. Planktonic Drifting, unattached. Psammiphytic Living on sand. Saxicolous/Epilithic Living on rock. 8 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Riot and Dance ANSWER KEY2.Indd
    REVIEW QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY 2 the riot and the dance teacher’s guide • answer key Chapter 1 10. Draw a water molecule (H2O) showing orbitals and shared electrons (atomic 1. A substance that has distinct chemical number of hydrogen: 1). properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical means is a(n) element. 2. The smallest unit of an element is a(n) atom. 3. Two or more atoms bonded together is a(n) molecule. 4. A molecule containing two or more elements is a(n) compound. 5. The two subatomic particles contained in the nucleus of an atom are neutrons and protons. What are their charges? Neutral and positive. 6. The subatomic particles contained in the shells orbiting the nucleus are the electrons. Charge? Negative. 7. Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. 11. A complete transfer of electrons from one 8. Atomic weight or mass number is the sum atom to another resulting in oppositely of protons and neutrons. charged atoms sticking together is called 9. Draw an oxygen atom (atomic number: 8). a(n) ionic bond. 12. When atoms are joined together because they are sharing electrons it is called a(n) covalent bond. 13. In a polar covalent bond how are the electrons being distributed in the molecule? The atoms with the greatest pull on the shared electrons will cause the electrons to swarm around them more than the weaker atoms. 14. In a non-polar covalent bond how are the electrons being distributed in the molecule? The atoms involved have an equal pull on the shared electrons and consequently the electrons are equally distributed between the two or more atoms.
    [Show full text]
  • BS Marine Biology Course Descriptions
    UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS RIO GRANDE VALLEY BS Marine Biology Course Descriptions A – GENERAL EDUCATION CORE – 42 HOURS Students must fulfill the General Education Core requirements. The courses listed in this section satisfy both degree requirements and General Education core requirements. MATH 1343 Introduction to Biostatistics Topics include introduction to biostatistics; biological and health studies and designs; probability and statistical inferences; one- and two-sample inferences for means and proportions; one-way ANOVA and nonparametric procedures. Prerequisites: College Ready TSI status in Mathematics. OR MATH 1388 Honors Topics include introduction to biostatistics; biological and health studies and designs; probability and statistical inferences; one- and two-sample inferences for means and proportions; one-way ANOVA and nonparametric procedures. Prerequisites: College Ready TSI status in mathematics and admission to the honors program CHEM 1311 General Chemistry I Fundamentals of atomic structure, electronic structure and periodic table, nomenclature, the stoichiometry reactions, gas laws, thermochemistry, chemical bonding, and structure and geometry of molecules. Prerequisites: MATH 1314, MATH 1414, MATH 1342, MATH 1343, MATH 1388, MATH 2412, MATH 2413, or MATH 2487 with a grade of “C” or higher.” CHEM 1312 General Chemistry II This course presents the properties of liquids and solids, solutions-acid-base theory, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, chemical thermodynamics, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry, and representative organic compounds. Prerequisites: CHEM 1311 PHIL 1366 Philosophy and History of Science and Technology This course is designed to use history and philosophy in the service of science and engineering education. It does this by examining a selection of notable episodes in the history of science and Techno-Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine, Estuarine and Freshwater Biology Major (B.S.)
    University of New Hampshire 1 MEFB 401 Marine Estuarine and Freshwater Biology: 1 MARINE, ESTUARINE AND Freshmen Seminar MEFB 503 Introduction to Marine Biology 4 FRESHWATER BIOLOGY MEFB 525 Introduction to Aquatic Botany 4 MAJOR (B.S.) MEFB 527 Aquatic Animal Diversity 4 Choose one Freshwater course: 4 http://colsa.unh.edu/dbs/mefb/marine-estuarine-and-freshwater-biology- MEFB 717 Lake Ecology bs or MEFB 719Field Studies in Lake Ecology Choose one Physiology/Function course: 4-5 Description ZOOL 625 Principles of Animal Physiology & ZOOL 626 and Animal Physiology Laboratory The Major in Marine, Estuarine and Freshwater Biology is intended to or ZOOL 773 Physiology of Fish give students interested in the fields of marine and freshwater biology Choose one Marine or Estuarine course: 4 the background to pursue careers, including potential advanced study, in MEFB 725 Marine Ecology this area of biology. The major builds on a broad set of basic scientific or ZOOL 750 Biological Oceanography courses represented by a core curriculum in math, chemistry, physics and biology. The background in basic science is combined with a series of MEFB Electives: Choose 3 required and elective courses in the aquatic sciences from watershed Evolution, Systematics and Biodiversity to ocean. The goal is to provide a solid foundation of knowledge in BIOL 566 Systematic Botany 4 freshwater, estuarine and marine biology while having the flexibility to GEN 713 Microbial Ecology and Evolution 4 focus on particular areas of scientific interest from molecular biology to MEFB 625 Introduction to Marine Botany 4 ecosystem studies. Students will have the opportunity to specialize in areas of their own interest, such as aquaculture and fisheries or animal MEFB 722 Marine Phycology 4 behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
    United States Department of Agriculture Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast Forest Service R10-RG-190 Alaska Region Reprint April 2014 WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasitize or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cultivates tiny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combination of two or sometimes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthetic partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various shapes and colors that can often look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. Lichens reproduce asexually in several ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordovician Land Plants and Fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee
    PROOF The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): 1–33 The Palaeobotanist 68(2019): xxx–xxx 0031–0174/2019 0031–0174/2019 Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee GREGORY J. RETALLACK Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. *Email: gregr@uoregon. edu (Received 09 September, 2019; revised version accepted 15 December, 2019) ABSTRACT The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): Retallack GJ 2019. Ordovician land plants and fungi from Douglas Dam, Tennessee. The Palaeobotanist 68(1–2): xxx–xxx. 1–33. Ordovician land plants have long been suspected from indirect evidence of fossil spores, plant fragments, carbon isotopic studies, and paleosols, but now can be visualized from plant compressions in a Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian or 460 Ma) sinkhole at Douglas Dam, Tennessee, U. S. A. Five bryophyte clades and two fungal clades are represented: hornwort (Casterlorum crispum, new form genus and species), liverwort (Cestites mirabilis Caster & Brooks), balloonwort (Janegraya sibylla, new form genus and species), peat moss (Dollyphyton boucotii, new form genus and species), harsh moss (Edwardsiphyton ovatum, new form genus and species), endomycorrhiza (Palaeoglomus strotheri, new species) and lichen (Prototaxites honeggeri, new species). The Douglas Dam Lagerstätte is a benchmark assemblage of early plants and fungi on land. Ordovician plant diversity now supports the idea that life on land had increased terrestrial weathering to induce the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event in the sea and latest Ordovician (Hirnantian)
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reef Algae
    Coral Reef Algae Peggy Fong and Valerie J. Paul Abstract Benthic macroalgae, or “seaweeds,” are key mem- 1 Importance of Coral Reef Algae bers of coral reef communities that provide vital ecological functions such as stabilization of reef structure, production Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and productive eco- of tropical sands, nutrient retention and recycling, primary systems on the planet, forming heterogeneous habitats that production, and trophic support. Macroalgae of an astonish- serve as important sources of primary production within ing range of diversity, abundance, and morphological form provide these equally diverse ecological functions. Marine tropical marine environments (Odum and Odum 1955; macroalgae are a functional rather than phylogenetic group Connell 1978). Coral reefs are located along the coastlines of comprised of members from two Kingdoms and at least over 100 countries and provide a variety of ecosystem goods four major Phyla. Structurally, coral reef macroalgae range and services. Reefs serve as a major food source for many from simple chains of prokaryotic cells to upright vine-like developing nations, provide barriers to high wave action that rockweeds with complex internal structures analogous to buffer coastlines and beaches from erosion, and supply an vascular plants. There is abundant evidence that the his- important revenue base for local economies through fishing torical state of coral reef algal communities was dominance and recreational activities (Odgen 1997). by encrusting and turf-forming macroalgae, yet over the Benthic algae are key members of coral reef communities last few decades upright and more fleshy macroalgae have (Fig. 1) that provide vital ecological functions such as stabili- proliferated across all areas and zones of reefs with increas- zation of reef structure, production of tropical sands, nutrient ing frequency and abundance.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Kelp Phylogeny Sheds Light on the Evolution of an T Ecosystem ⁎ Samuel Starkoa,B,C, , Marybel Soto Gomeza, Hayley Darbya, Kyle W
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 136 (2019) 138–150 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A comprehensive kelp phylogeny sheds light on the evolution of an T ecosystem ⁎ Samuel Starkoa,b,c, , Marybel Soto Gomeza, Hayley Darbya, Kyle W. Demesd, Hiroshi Kawaie, Norishige Yotsukuraf, Sandra C. Lindstroma, Patrick J. Keelinga,d, Sean W. Grahama, Patrick T. Martonea,b,c a Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada b Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield V0R 1B0, Canada c Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Quadra Island, Canada d Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada e Department of Biology, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 657-8501, Japan f Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Reconstructing phylogenetic topologies and divergence times is essential for inferring the timing of radiations, Adaptive radiation the appearance of adaptations, and the historical biogeography of key lineages. In temperate marine ecosystems, Speciation kelps (Laminariales) drive productivity and form essential habitat but an incomplete understanding of their Kelp phylogeny has limited our ability to infer their evolutionary origins and the spatial and temporal patterns of their Laminariales diversification. Here, we
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Assessment of Brown Algae-Derived Ingredients As Used in Cosmetics
    Safety Assessment of Brown Algae-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Status: Draft Report for Panel Review Release Date: August 29, 2018 Panel Meeting Date: September 24-25, 2018 The 2018 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Executive Director is Bart Heldreth, Ph.D. This report was prepared by Lillian C. Becker, former Scientific Analyst/Writer and Priya Cherian, Scientific Analyst/Writer. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200 ♢ Washington, DC 20036-4702 ♢ ph 202.331.0651 ♢ fax 202.331.0088 [email protected] Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote Commitment & Credibility since 1976 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Priya Cherian, Scientific Analyst/Writer Date: August 29, 2018 Subject: Safety Assessment of Brown Algae as Used in Cosmetics Enclosed is the Draft Report of 83 brown algae-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics. (It is identified as broalg092018rep in this pdf.) This is the first time the Panel is reviewing this document. The ingredients in this review are extracts, powders, juices, or waters derived from one or multiple species of brown algae. Information received from the Personal Care Products Council (Council) are attached: • use concentration data of brown algae and algae-derived ingredients (broalg092018data1, broalg092018data2, broalg092018data3); • Information regarding hydrolyzed fucoidan extracted from Laminaria digitata has been included in the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Production of Microphytobenthos in the Ems-Dollard Estuary*
    Vol. 14: 185-196. 1984 MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Published January 2 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. I Primary production of microphytobenthos in the Ems-Dollard Estuary* Franciscus Colijn and Victor N. de Jonge Biological Research Ems-Dollard Estuary (BOEDE), Marine Botany Research Group, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 751 1 NN Haren. The Netherlands ABSTRACT: From 1976 through 1978 primary production of microphytobenthos was measured at 6 stations on intertidal flats in the Ems-Dollard estuary using the 14C method. The purpose of the measurements was to estimate the annual primary production at different sites in the estuary and to investigate the factors that influence the rates of primary production. Therefore benthic chlorophyll a and a set of environmental factors were measured. Only primary production correlated sigruficantly with chlorophyll a concentration in the superficial (0.5 cm) sediment layer; other factors (temperature. in situ irradiance) did not correlate with primary production, primary production rate or assimilation number. Annual primary production ranged from ca. 50 g C m-' to 250 g C m-2 and was closely related to elevation of the tidal flat station. However, highest values were also recorded at the station closest to a waste water discharge point in the inner part of the estuary. Annual primary production can be roughly estimated from the mean annual content of chlorophyll a in the sediment. Use of different calculation methods results in annual primary production values that do not differ greatly from each other. Also productivity rates did not differ much over most of the estuary, except at the innermost station which showed a high production rate in combination with high microalgal biomass; this could not be explained by the high elevation of the station alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Fungi 1. Thallus
    CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI 1. THALLUS ORGANIZATION Except some unicellular forms (e.g. yeasts, Synchytrium). The fungal body is a thallus called mycelium. The mycelium is an interwoven mass of thread-like hyphae (Sing., hypha). Hyphae may be septate (with cross wall) and aseptate (without cross wall). Some fungi are dimorphic that found as both unicellular and mycelial forms e.g. Candida albicans. 1 2. DIFFERENT FORMS OF MYCELIUM (a) Plectenchyma (fungal tissue): In a fungal mycelium, hyphae organized loosely or compactly woven to form a tissue called plectenchyma. It is two types: i. Prosenchyma or Prosoplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are loosely interwoven lying more or less parallel to each other. ii. Pseudoparenchyma or paraplectenchyma: In these fungal tissue hyphae are compactly interwoven looking like a parenchyma in cross-section. (b) Sclerotia (Gr. Skleros=haid): These are hard dormant bodies consist of compact hyphae protected by external thickened hyphae. Each Sclerotium germinates into a mycelium, on return of favourable condition, e.g., Penicillium. 2 (c) Rhizomorphs: They are root-like compactly interwoven hyphae with distinct growing tip. They help in absorption and perennation (to tide over the unfavourable periods), e.g., Armillaria mellea. 3. NUTRITION The fungi lack chlorophyll. Therefore, they cannot synthesize their own food. Depending on from where and how they get nutrition, fungi are of following types: (a) Saprotrophs (= saprobes): They obtain food from dead and decaying organic matter. They secrete digesting enzymes to outside which digest the substratum and then absorb nutrients, e.g., Mucor, Rhizopus (bread mould) etc. (b) Parasitic: They obtain food from living.
    [Show full text]
  • BS in MARINE BIOLOGY -- MARINE CONSERVATION OPTION
    B.S. in MARINE BIOLOGY -- MARINE CONSERVATION OPTION -- Catalog 2018-2019 (75 total hours) The Marine Conservation option provides a B.S. Marine Biology degree plan that is designed for students primarily interested in the biological aspects of conservation science in marine environments (e.g., community ecology, population biology, biogeography, conservation genetics and assessment of threatened or endangered species and habitats). A major in Marine Biology can be declared after completing 24 credit hours and BIO 201 and BIO 202, or equivalent courses, with a grade of ‘C’ (2.00) or better in both courses. Core Requirements: (28 hours total) _____ 201 Principles of Biology: Cells (4) _____ 202 Principles of Biology: Biodiversity (4) ***BIO 201 and 202 are the prerequisite courses for all biology courses numbered 300 and above*** _____ 335 Genetics with lab (3) (1), prerequisites: BIO 201 and BIO 202 _____ Physiology, chosen from one of the following bullets: • 325 Molecular Biology of the Cell with lab (3) (1), prerequisites: BIO 201, BIO 202, and CHM 211/CHML 211 • 340 Plant Physiology (4), prerequisites: BIO 201, BIO 202, and CHM 102 • 345 Animal Physiology with lab (3) (1), prerequisites: BIO 201, BIO 202, and CHM 102 _____ 362 Marine Biology (4), prerequisite or corequisite: BIO 366 _____ 366 Ecology with lab (3) (1), prerequisite: BIO 201 and BIO 202 _____ 466 Conservation Biology (3); prerequisites: BIO 201 and BIO 202 _____ 495 Seminar (1), prerequisites: BIO or MBY major; BIO 201, 202, 335, 366, and a physiology course _____ Applied Learning -- To satisfy the applied learning requirement for the B.S.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION of a BRITISH COLUMBIA FJORD By
    THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF A BRITISH COLUMBIA FJORD by MALVERN GILMARTIN B. A., Pomona College, 195^ M. Sc., University of Hawaii, 1956 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of BIOLOGY AND BOTANY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA June, i960 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of _kcy£b<9FM cwdl Wat Jinterstlg of ^rtttsb (Eoiuittiita GRADUATE STUDIES FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Field of Study: Biological Oceanography Phycology M. S. Doty mil Experimental Marine Botany M. S. Doty Marine Ecology : , S. Townsley Oceanography A. H. Banner PROGRAMME OF THE Taxonomy of Marine Invertebrates S. Townsley Marine Benthonic Organisms and their Environment, FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF R. F. Scagel Marine Phytoplankton R. F. Scagel DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Marine Zooplankton R. F. Scagel of Biological Oceanography R. F. Scagel & W. A. Clemens MALVERN GILMARTIN JR. Other Studies: B.A. Pomona College, 1954 M.Sc. University of Hawaii, 1956 Biometry J. Sawyer IN ROOM 3332, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BUILDING Synoptic Oceanography G.
    [Show full text]