NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 ART REPORTING: CARTOONING IN THE PRINT MEDIA Buike Oparaugo Former Lecturer, Mass Communication Department, The Polytechnic of Sokoto State, Sokoto [email protected]

ABSTRACT: consider the timeliness of the issue being This paper examined cartooning in presented to the readers. The researcher the print media as a form of reporting. identified some of the functions/roles of Cartooning generally requires a measure of newspaper cartoons, among which is that creativity and ability to depict issues and cartoon provides readers with the platform events in pictorial fashion. The use of of the formation of public opinion. The cartoons has been a long standing feature of researcher concluded that cartoons the print media, specifically newspapers published in newspapers are the critiques and magazines. Caricature as a form of art of the issues, personalities and institutions had existed for a very long time in Nigeria of the current situation as it can be said that before the belief that this form of cartoons are the chronicle of the current satirisation in Nigeria is a colonial history. The researcher therefore, innovation. The Punch, The Guardian, This recommend that Art Reporting should be Day, The Sun, Vanguard, The Nation, Tell, stand as a separate course in the field of Newswatch, etc., all publish cartoons and mass communication just as Photography comic strips on social, political and and Photojournalism, Investigative and economic affairs of the country or as Interpretative Reporting, Editorial Writing, illustrations of some editorial matter. Feature and Article Writing, and News Cartoons are funny drawings on Writing and Reporting. newspapers and magazines making caricature of societal ills or Key words: Cartoon, cartooning, print maladministration. The primary function of media. the cartoon is communication. Cartoon was originally a sketch for a large canvas or INTRODUCTION: fresco painting for architectural drawings, Cartoons have over the years become a for tapestry design or for pictures in mosaic major feature of newspaper and magazine or glass. At present, cartoon has no doubt content in Nigeria. A panoramic observation become an indispensable part of would reveal that most daily newspapers and modern journalism. The article is however, weekly magazines publish various cartoons anchored on two theories: social and comic strips (Onakpa, 2014). The Punch, responsibility theory and agenda-setting The Guardian, This Day, The Sun, Vanguard, theory. The researcher highlighted three The Nation, Tell, Newswatch, etc., all publish major types of newspaper cartoons, which cartoons and comic strips on social, political are: comic strips, political cartoons and gag and economic affairs of the country or as cartoons. While considering the illustrations of some editorial matter. prominence and personality involved in Cartooning has been one of the most significant drawing cartoon, the cartoonist also has to tools in propagating and promoting the cultural

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 heritage in Nigeria. Using imagery, metaphor, and building of public opinion on salient symbolism and other rhetorical devices political and social issues (Abraham, 2009). cartoonist defines political situations and The old thoughts of media historians to deny attempts to interpret them visually in a way the worthiness of cartoons has replaced with that is both amusing and thought provoking. the concept that cartoon communication is The primary function of the cartoon is used for government propaganda, public communication. And communication more catharsis, publicity stunt, or instructional aid, specifically is defined as a process of sharing so the media scholars have started to pay meaning the source of the message and the attention on cartoon research as a powerful individual or group of individuals on the medium of communication (Ashfaq and Bin- receiving end (Tyumbu, 2018, p.137). Udoakah Hussein, 2013). Cartoon certainly ranks among (2003a) remarks that both editors and the oldest core content of mass media of cartoonists consider cartoons as a very communication. It is obvious; however, that effective channel of communication. Udoakah this vital content of mass media has received (2003b) argues that the satirical minimal research attention and or critical representation in graphic form of the lives of analysis in professional journals, series, political actors and actions as well as socio- books, etc. this oversight is actually what has economic, religious, or cultural issues with sparked off the desire for this study. political undertones, reveal the narrative More specifically, media discourse power of cartoons, thus he writes: “narrative harnesses language as an indispensable tool in communication is a process that does not take media communication whereby journalists use place exclusively through linguistic medium both linguistic and nonlinguistic resources as but that all media, whatever their primary devices, techniques or skills of manipulating sensory basis, can serve as vectors of language efficiently and persuasively to create narrative.” The term also means giving and effect and impression in a literary or dramatic receiving signs which have meaning attached work such as cartoons and to evoke a to them. The importance of communication in particular response from audience. These the society cannot be over emphasized. That is devices are employed purposely to why Oyewo (2000) stated that communication communicate with the audience in order to is a central activity that human life revolves persuade them towards perceiving a particular around, a sine qua non to human to human topic from a different point of view to make existence. Just as news writing and reporting is them more receptive and to provide rational a universal feature of print and electronic argument for making public opinion that may media, cartoon is a major feature or aspect of bring positive changes in society (Sani, the print media. Cartoons must meet certain Abdullah, Abdullah and Ali, 2012). criteria which among other things include prominence, proximity, personality involved MEANING OF CARTOON: and so on. Just as editorial relies on topical Cartoons are funny drawings on issues which have been in the news recently, so newspapers and magazines making caricature does cartoons rely on editorial and news to of societal ills or maladministration. Cartoon is draw its meaning when drawn. a pictorial parody or imitation, which, by the Some scholars see the genre of political devices of caricature, analogy as well as cartoons as an important medium of formation ludicrous juxtaposition, sharpens the public

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 view of a contemporary or topical issue, event, sequence of boxes. Editorial cartoons are single political or social trend. A cartoon carries with panel graphics that comment on political it the caricature as an almost indispensable events and policy, and serve to define the element. Just as the caricature is for an significant topics of political discourse and audience that is familiar with the original, the record them, thus creating a “snapshot” of the cartoon is based on wide acquaintance with the political climate in a given period (Conners, subject. Cartoons come in various 2005) forms/genres: the editorial cartoons which are Some scholars see cartoons as an found in newspapers and magazines, and important medium for the formation of public animations/animated cartoons for the opinions on salient social issues (Agberia, electronic media, e.g. Tom and Jerry, Casper, 2003). They are seen as “both, opinion- Pokemon, Mickey Mouse, etc. moulding and opinion- reflecting”, and they According to Salihu and Oparaugo provide subtle frameworks within which to (2017, p.149) cartoon can be defined as “funny examine the life and political process of a line drawings in newspapers mocking the nation (Caswell, 2004). Cartoons are intended political events and policy.” They further added to transform otherwise complex and opaque that cartoons usually employ humor or irony to social events and situation into quick and easily point out shortcomings or hypocrisies within readable depictions that facilitates the political system. An editorial cartoon, also comprehension of the nature of social issues known as a political cartoon, is a drawing and events (Agberia, 2003). containing a commentary expressing the Cartoon is defined as “a graphic artist's opinion (Sterling, 2009). Shelton (2017) presentation typically designed in one panel, further posits that an artist who writes and non-counting format to make an independent draws such images is known as an editorial statement or observation on political events or cartoonist. They typically combine artistic skill, social policy,” (Edward and Ware, 2005). They hyperbole and satire in order to question often employ humor or irony to point out authority and draw attention to corruption, short-comings or hypocrisies within the political violence and other social ills. political system. While many studies use the Newspaper cartoons are drawings or terms “political cartoon” and “editorial series of art drawings that tell stories about cartoon” interchangeably, others differentiate human actions or inactions in the society. between comic strips and political contents, Cartoons amuse, yet they are veritable means and single panel cartoons that make of exposing social ills, (Ukonu, 2013, p.68). commentary on politics and policy. The latter They as well communicate and covey messages could generally appear on the editorial page of of deep meaning and magnitude. A cartoon is a a printed newspaper, and are the focus of this medium of expressing criticism without study. appearing harmful, (Ukonu, 2013, p.68). It Newspaper cartoons are powerful medium of educates, attacks, irritates, teases or satirizes expressing opinion without looking harmful. societal ills and gross misconduct of people. According to him, cartoon communicates by They may tell stories in single panel format humor and satire. It is used to discuss social with single picture in a box. Here, the story may affairs. It can imitate, educate or tease; cartoon begin and end in box. Multiple panel cartoons informs and reforms, transmitting information involve more than one cartoon in the box or graphically by humor. Cartoons give a

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 symposium reporting and aesthetic roles in John Leech. He used the cartoon to satirize and newspaper and magazine production. lampoon the socio-political abuses of that An editorial cartoon uses a picture period. From that moment, the word cartoon instead of words to get a point cross and acquired its present popular meaning of a expressing opinion of the newspaper but unlike humorous drawing or parody that satirizes. editorials, it is signed, whereas many people Over the years, cartoons have gained won’t read and readers will read an editorial prominence in newspapers and magazines in cartoon, (Levin, 2000, p.112). It is important at different countries, not only as means of this point to note or emphasize that this paper entertainment and education but also as tools focuses on newspapers and magazine editorial for enhancing the sale of the papers. The cartoons. Unlike the newspaper editorial that is relative peace that Europe enjoyed after the not signed, newspaper cartoons are signed, First World War (1914-1918) witnessed a that is, they have by-lines just like news, great boom in the newspaper publishing opinions, features and article writing. business and in turn, this influenced the use of cartoons for sociopolitical commentary. Historical Perspectives of Cartoon: According to Nze (1989), the Cartoon (Italian word, ‘cartone’ importance of cartoons as instrument of meaning paper) was originally a sketch for a political and social commentary was not large canvas or fresco painting for architectural confined to Europe alone. During the American drawings, for tapestry design or for pictures in Civil War, the cartoon became a powerful tool mosaic or glass (Lynch, 1972). Cartoon on the side of the North and in the overthrow acquired its present meaning in 1843 when a (in 1873) of the corrupt political group known great exhibition was organized by Prince as the Tweed Ring which controlled the Albert (Queen Victoria’s consort) to get designs government of New York from about 1870. By for the walls of the new House of Parliament. the 1800s, cartoons had become so important Many of the entries, though lofty in intention, in the American newspaper industry that were ridiculous. The later reflected in John through it a type of journalism that lays Leech drawings which were the first cartoon’ in emphasis on sensationalism, gossip, crime, sex, that sense of the word to be so called. etc. got the name Yellow Journalism. It At present, cartoon has no doubt happened that an American newspaper become an indispensable part of publisher, Hearst, hired an illustrator, Richard modern journalism. Cartoon is originally meant F. Outcault from Joseph Pulitzer‘s The World. to be a drawing, a full size pattern for execution Outcault had drawn a child cartoon character in painting and tapestry. It was the final stage who appeared in yellow dress and became in the series of drawn preparations for painting known as the Yellow Kid. in traditional renaissance studio practice. By Bittner (1989) says however, the kid the 1840s when that studio practice was stayed behind at Pulitzer‘s The World to be rapidly declining, cartoon rather acquired a drawn by George B. Luks. This era became new meaning (earlier given in the known as the yellow journalism era. Coupled introduction). with the popularity of the penny press (an era In 1843 the British parliament ordered that flourished after that of yellow journalism), for designs in a competition for fresco. These newspapers became very powerful and designs were later parodied in The Punch by influential among the masses. Still in the US,

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 general interest in cartoon, their interpretation Communication scholars are all agreed that, as and relevance became heightened when an it is with many subjects, visuals greatly assist in individual like Bill Mauldin of The Chicago Sun arousing readers’ interests. In the print media, Times and nineteen (19) students of Yale cartoons equally assist in providing a clear University started a course in political cartoon. mental picture, speed understanding, help The interest this aroused gave those students memory and provide a shared experience. the opportunity to know the extent of freedom Some cartoons are even featured without of expression that cartoons guarantee. The captions or written explanations, yet the 20th Century saw cartoons become a daily messages inherent in them are still understood feature of newspapers and magazines. by readers. Memoirs in the Saturday Punch is a good example of such. Cartooning in Nigeria: Newspaper cartoons throughout Caricature as a form of art had existed Nigerian history reveal that they have served for a very long time in Nigeria before the belief as unique windows useful in understanding that this form of satirisation in Nigeria is a local and national politics (Olaniyan, 2002). colonial innovation (Onipede, 2005). It could Using imagery, metaphor, symbolism and be pertinent to note that the functional concept others rhetorical devices, the cartoonist defines of cartoons has been embedded in Nigerian political situations and attempts to interpret traditional societies which were used to them visually in a way that both amusing and satirise and correct the ills of the society. Satire thought provoking. The exploit of Akinola in verbal and visual element which include Lasekan with his editorial cartoons in the West abusive and mocking songs during the African Pilot in the 1940 and 1950s reflect traditional festivals such as Ibadan, Gelede, Efe, colonial life, and also depict the struggle for and Bolojo, etc and sculptural mocking images nationhood which later culminated in Nigeria’s on helmet and a facial masks worn by the independence in 1960 (Olaniyan, 2002). masquerades during Egungun festivals Additionally, and perhaps most (Onipede, 2005). importantly, newspaper cartoons serve as a Since the return of civil rule in Nigeria in unique record of the particular events, 1999, it is hard to find a single newspaper attitudes and narratives present during a publication without a cartoon communicating moment in political history (DeSousa and humorously messages of national importance Medhurst, 1982). Newspaper cartoons featured (Oparaugo, 2014). Newspapers in the predominantly during military rule in Nigeria. missionary era, which was considered the first The period (1983-1999) witnessed remarkable period in Nigerian print Journalism never gave events in the democratization of the country. regard to cartoon. The period of the nationalist Characterized by abusive use of power by the press considered as the second era of print military government beginning with General journalism in Nigeria marked the adaptation of Muhammadu Buhari’s coup d’etat on 31 the western tradition of featuring comic strips December 1983, followed closely was the which were normally placed in the foreign tenure of General Ibrahim Babangida, who was news section of the papers. From 1960 to date, described as the “Maradona” of Nigeria politics the trend in most Nigerian newspapers and due to his methods of politics visible in the magazines has been a combination of both annulment of the presidential election in 1993, comics and serious political cartoons. and the eventual transmission to

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 democratically-elected president in 1999 retreat from reality and that in many ways the (Olaniyan, 2002). world is not particularly comfortable. Many The cartoonist acts as the conscience or cartoons are entirely serious in their the voice of the people. He speaks for and intentions; it is through humour that some of represents the opinion of the people. On this, these difficult matters are exorcised. Alimi and Shopeju (1999) give the following example: When the Uwaifo Judicial panel Theoretical Underpinning: absolved Alhaji Shehu Shagari and Dr. Alex The article is supported with two Ekweme for charges of corruption leveled theories: social responsibility theory and against them, Kabiyesi’ in the National Concord agenda-setting theory. had this comment; why did the army take over? Many Nigerians would have asked this Social Responsibility Theory: question if they had the opportunity. The two Social responsibility theory appealed to scholars cited above also regard cartoon as the idealism of individual media practitioners topical. Because of this, the cartoonist functions and tried to unite them in service of cultural as a chronicler of events, which are graphically pluralism (Okoye and Oparaugo, 2019). It presented. Reading through the cartoons of a encouraged them to see themselves as front- particular period will definitely assist in line participants in the battle to preserve remembering the major events of that period. democracy in a world drifting inexorably The common features of editorial cartoons are towards totalitarianism. Dennis McQuail a good grasp of current affairs, clearly (1987) summarized the basic principles of the identified political issues and problems that are theory as follows: local and international and also deft • Media should accept and fulfill certain craftsmanship and skill in snappy graphic obligations to society language. • These obligations are mainly to be met by The cartoon serves as a capsule version setting high or professional standards of of editorial opinion meant for the reading informativeness, truth, accuracy, objectivity public to swallow and probably get some and balance. societal ills cured. In other words, the drawing • In accepting and applying these obligations, or graphic illustration and the commentaries in media should be self-regulating within the cartoons on political and social issues are not framework of law and established institutions. only intended to create fun for the readers but • The media as a whole should be pluralist and they also seek to ginger their sense of reflect the diversity of their society, giving reasoning into clamouring for positive change access to various points of view and to rights of in the political structure. reply. The political cartoon is often satirical in • Society and the public have a right to expect nature and castigates the social misdeeds, high standards of performance and sayings, views or events that have to do with intervention. highly placed personalities. The cartoon is • The media should avoid whatever might lead therefore a vital tool employed by the press for to crime, violence, or civil disorder or give its watchdog role in the society. By keeping offence to minority groups. public officials on their toes, the cartoon assists This theory was chosen as the in correcting societal ills. Cartoons offer a cartoonists see themselves as front-line

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 participants in the battle to preserve memories when they’re asked to recall it, even democracy in a world drifting inexorably if it doesn’t specifically affect them or register towards totalitarianism. as a prominent issue in their minds. According to McCombs and Shaw (1976) media emphasis Agenda-Setting Theory: on an issues influences the audience to view First introduced in 1972 by college the issue as important. Thus, newspaper professors, Maxwell McCombs and Donald readers view any issue drawn on the cartoon Shaw, they found in surveying North Carolina box as important to have merited such interest voters during the 1968 U.S. presidential from the cartoonist and the editor. election that what people thought were the most important issues were what the mass Types of Newspaper Cartoons: media reported as the most critical. Thus, There are three major types of agenda-setting theory was born, built on the newspaper cartoons: comic strips, political notion that the mass media sets the agenda for cartoons and gag cartoons. what people should care about. According to Okoye and Oparaugo (2019), the agenda- Comic Strip Cartoons: setting theory does not give the media the Comic Strip Cartoons have more than exclusive power or authority to determine one panel. They usually are a series of what the public actually thinks, but it does give humorous drawings put together to make a them the power to determine what the public funny plot. The last panel usually has the punch should be thinking. line. Animation is kind of like a Comic Strip There are however, two core Cartoon, because Animation is basically defined assumptions of the theory. The first is that the as a series of pictures put together one after media filters and shapes what we see rather the other to make it seem as if the characters than just reflecting stories to the audience. An are in motion. example of this is seeing a sensational or scandalous story at the top of a broadcast as Political Cartoons: opposed to a story that happened more Political Cartoons usually serve as a recently or one that affects more people, such visual commentary on current events. Usually as an approaching storm or legislative tax satirical rather than just funny, they may say reform. the political viewpoint of the cartoonist or an The second assumption is that the more addition to an editorial opinion article in a attention the media gives to an issue, the more newspaper or magazine. In other words, they likely the public will consider that issue to be show the Cartoonists view of the Politics that important. Another way to look at it: Mass they are drawing about. But, sometimes media organizations aren’t telling us what to Political Cartoons may express an idea that the think or how we should feel about a story or Government is trying to stop. issue, but are giving us certain stories or issues that people should think more about. Gag Cartoons: There is psychological and scientific Gag Cartoons usually consist of just one merit to the agenda-setting theory. The more a panel. This one panel shows the humor in, or story is publicized in the mass media, the more makes fun of a certain group of people, rather it becomes prominently stored in individuals’

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 than just a single person. Gag cartoons are although he is convinced that no matter where usually found on greeting cards or magazines. the cartoon is placed, it will still get attention. Ogbuoshi (2011, p.106) added that a cartoon is Cartooning in the Print Media: placed on the editorial page to reinforce Political cartoons adorn a small part of a editorial comment. An editorial cartoon also newspaper, often in a corner. Cartooning helps in informing and educating readers generally requires a measure of creativity and (Oparaugo, 2014; Ojobor, 2017; Ogbuoshi, ability to depict issues and events in pictorial 2011 and Ukonu, 2013). fashion (Ofor and Obiorah, 2014, p.188). The The cartoonist may decide to use a print medium often uses cartoons in their daily comic strip, political cartoon or a gag cartoon and weekly publications. Just like the according to the message of the day. However, photojournalist uses pictures to tell stories, the sometimes, the cartoon and the newspaper artiste uses cartoons to tell stories. Like news, editorial of the day have the same message articles and pictures appearing on the pages of albeit using different medium. While the newspapers and magazines are signed under editorial uses only words, the cartoons use their by-lines, the cartoon is also signed. As drawn images and sometimes accompanied by noted by Nkana (2006), cartoons tell stories or few words. While not all readers may have the express message, entertain, teach or comment patience to read the editorial completely, the on a person, event or state of affairs with or readers have the patience to read a complete without words and encourage the reader to cartoon. develop an opinion about someone or something prominent in the news. Determinants of Cartoon: Cartoons are editorials in pictures. Like There are two major issues that an editorial, cartoon is somebody’s opinion. determine what the cartoonist considers Only instead of expressing it through words, before drawing cartoons. They are: timeliness the cartoonist presented his ideas in picture and the prominence and personality involved. form (Ogbuoshi, 2011). In conveying his message to the readers, the cartoonist/artist Timeliness: employs humour and caricature. In This refers to the time an event occurs. newspapers, some newspapers’ house style An idea, event, experience, observation or means that the cartoon will be on the editorial problem prevalent in the society is cartoon page, hence the name editorial cartoon; while worthy when it is new or recent. Its relevance some others place it on any other page as the lies in the fact that it should be hot and juicy. editor deems fit or as dictated by the house Thus, the cartoonist must endeavour to get the style. Thus, Ojobor (2017, p.193) posited that drawing done before others or at least not later an editorial cartoon is an illustration, picture, than others. caricature or comic strip containing a political or social message usually relating to current Prominence and Personality Involved: events or personalities. Because it is often Popularity or eminence is a determining connected with political institutions, some factor for issues that are cartoon worthy. Thus, authorities refer to it as “political cartoon”. the decision of an editor regarding which However, Orhewere (2016) feels cartoons cartoon appears on his national daily can be should be placed on the editorial page, influenced to a very large extent by the

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 personality or personalities involved. For example, the proposed Presidential debate between President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan of the PDP and presidential candidate General Muhammadu Buhari of the APC in 2015 was cartooned by Sun newspaper.

Roles of Newspaper Cartoons: The importance of cartoons and illustrations are to use line drawings and Daily Trust newspaper cartoon, May 17, 2020 pictorial representations to tell news (Nnamani, 2016). According to Salihu and Oparaugo (2017, p.153) the following are the roles of cartoons in newspapers: 1. Cartoon serves as a form of entertainment to newspaper readers. 2. Cartoon provides comic relief to readers who are stressed up. 3. Cartoons inform readers of the social ills going on within their environment. 4. Cartoon complements the editorial for easier and better understanding especially to Daily Trust newspaper cartoon, April 27, 2020 impatient readers who don’t like reading lengthy write-ups. 5. Cartoonists use cartoons to express what cannot otherwise be expressed in news/features/editorials. 6. Cartoon provides readers with the platform of the formation of public opinion. 7. Newspapers use cartoons to attack or criticize corrupt public office holders in an The Punch newspaper cartoon, April 29, 2019 unharmful manner.

Samples of some Newspaper Cartoons:

The Guardian newspaper cartoon, September Daily Trust newspaper cartoon, May, 24, 2020 15, 2018 9 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 chronicle of the current history. It is a unique form of communication which edges on the verge of fine art. Cartoonists that must promote democratic ideals must not allow any crisis to lure them away from true patriotism towards “the so-called, nationalism.” Newspaper cartoons have a lot of influence on politics like political elites and decision makers as well as large number of The Punch newspaper cartoon, December 5, audience shaped by information from the mass 2018 media. We therefore, recommend that Art Reporting should be stand as a separate course in the field of mass communication just as Photography and Photojournalism, Investigative and Interpretative Reporting, Editorial Writing, Feature and Article Writing, and News Writing and Reporting. We also recommend that cartoonists Tell Magazine cartoon that have served long and mature enough can occupy seats on the editorial board of media organizations. Cartoonists should be allowed to express the public voices in the form of their creative and unbiased drawings. The impartial and objective attitude is required for ensuring the freedom of expression in Pakistan not only in the field of cartoon communication but also in the whole mass media.

REFERENCES: Books 1) Bittner, J. (1989). Mass communication: An introduction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Tell Magazine cartoon, 2013 2) Levin, M. (2000). Journalism: A Handbook for Journalists. New York: National CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Textbook Company. Predicated on the Agenda setting theory 3) Lynch, B. (1972). A history of caricature. of the press, this paper maintains that cartoons Colorado: Gale Press. help to set the tone of public discussions over 4) McQuail, D. (1987). Mass communication issues of national concern. Cartoons published theories: An introduction. California: Sage in newspapers are the critiques of the issues, publication Inc. personalities and institutions of the current situation as it can be said that cartoons are the 10 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 5) Nnamani, F.U. (2016). Copy editing in print Communication Monographs, 11(2), media. Enugu: Enizol. Pp.118- 165. 6) Nze, C. (1998). Cartoons: Beyond 2) Agberia, J. (2003). The role of cartoon in the amusement and laughter. Nsukka: social cultural development of Nigeria. University publishing company Nigerian Journal of Art. 3(1&2), P.32-42 7) Ofor, O.C. & Obiorah, C.C. (2014). Opinion 3) Alimi, M. & Shopeju, J.O. (1999). A thematic writing in the media. Awka: SCOA Heritage and functional analysis of cartoons in the 8) Ogbuoshi, L.I. (2011). The dynamics of Nigerian print media. Journal of editorial writing. Enugu: Newmoon Communication and language Arts, vol. 1, 9) jobor, J.I. (2017). Editorial writing : A July. Ibadan: Delby concepts. practical perspective. Enugu : John Jacobs 4) Ashfaq, A. & Bin-Hussein, A.B. (2013). Books. Political cartoonists versus readers: Role of 10) Okoye, J.I. & Oparaugo, B. (2019). An political cartoonists in building public introductory text on political opinion and readers' expectations towards communication. Enugu: Quadratic print media cartoons in Pakistan. Concepts. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 11) Olaniyan, T. (2002). Cartooning Nigerian 4(3), Pp. 265-273 anti-colonial nationalism: An exhibition of 5) Caswell, L.S. (2004). Drawing swords: War commemorative cartoons. California: in American editorial cartoons. Journal of University of California Press. American Journalism, 21(2), P.13-45. 12) Orhewere, J.A. (2016). Production in print 6) Conners, J.L. (2005). Visual representation journalism. Benin City: Justice Jeco Printing. of the 2004 presidential campaign: Political 13) Udoakah, N. (2003b). The Nigerian press Cartoons and Popular Culture References. and political communication. Uyo: Media American Behavioural Scientist. Mark Associates Limited. 7) DeSousa, M.A. & Medhurst, M.J. (1982). 14) Ukonu, M. O. (2013). Fundamentals of “Political cartoons and American culture: editorial writing. Nsukka: Charisma Significant symbols of campaign 1980”. Publishers. Studies in Visual Communication, 8, 84-97. 15) Sterling, C. (2009). Encyclopedia of 8) Edwards, J.L. & Ware, L. (2005). journalism. Thousand Oaks: Sage Representing the Public in the Campaign Publications, Inc. Media: A Political Cartoon Perspective. American Behavioural Scientist Book chapters: 9) McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1976). The Nkana, N. (2006). Film and documentary agenda-setting function of mass media. techniques. In Des Wilson (ed). Fundamentals Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176 of Human Communication. Ibadan: Stirling- 10) Onakpa, M (2014). Cartoons, cartoonists Horden. and effective communication in the Nigeria print media. An International Journals: Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 8 (1), 1) Abraham, L. (2009). Effectiveness of Pp. 32-41 cartoons as a uniquely visual medium for 11) Oyewo, Y. (2003). Human communication: orienting social issues. Journalism and An introduction. In Tyumbu, M.M. (2018). A Semiotic Study of Political Cartoon Strips in

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2021 The Nation National Daily. International Newspapers and Magazines: Journal of Language, Literature and Gender 1) Onipede, A. (2005).Cartooning in Nigeria: A Studies (LALIGENS), Bahir Dar- Ethiopia. brief outline. Daily Champion. 7(2). Pp. 136-145. 2) The Guardian newspaper cartoon, 12) Salihu, N.A. & Oparaugo, B. (2017). Cartoon September 15, 2018 as a device for political critique in Nigerian 3) The Punch newspaper cartoon, December 5, newspapers. The Beam: Journal of Arts and 2018 Science, 11(2), Pp. 149-155 4) The Punch newspaper cartoon, April 29, 13) Sani, I., Abdullah, M.H., Abdullah, F.S. & Ali, 2019 A.M. (2012). Political cartoons as a vehicle 5) Daily Trust newspaper cartoon, April 27, of setting social agenda: The newspaper 2020 example. Asian Journal of Science. 8(6). Pp. 6) Daily Trust newspaper cartoon, May 17, 156-164 2020 14) Tyumbu, M.M. (2018). A semiotic study of 7) Daily Trust newspaper cartoon, May, 24, political cartoon strips in The Nation 2020 national daily. International Journal of 8) Tell Magazine, 2013 Language, Literature and Gender Studies

(LALIGENS), Bahir Dar- Ethiopia. 7(2). Pp. Unpublished: 136-145. Oparaugo, C. (2014). Effects of newspaper 15) Udoakah, N. (2003a). Uyo residents’ cartoon as a tool for political communication: A perception of political cartoons in Nigerian Study of Sun Newspaper from December 2013 newspapers. Nsukka Journal of History, to May 2014. Unpublished HND Project. Mass 270. Communication Department, Institute of Internet: Management and Technology, Enugu. Shelton, M. (2017). Editorial cartoons: An introduction. Retrieved 2017-06-28.

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