Unravelling the Genetic and Pathophysiological Complexity of the Mitochondrial Myopathies

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Unravelling the Genetic and Pathophysiological Complexity of the Mitochondrial Myopathies Unravelling the genetic and pathophysiological complexity of the mitochondrial myopathies Author: R.G.J. Dohmen Final Graduation Report Unravelling the genetic and pathophysiological complexity of the mitochondrial myopathies University Maastricht General data: Graduation subject Author Mitochondrial Myopathies Richard Gerardus Johannes Dohmen [email protected] Graduation term 23-01-2012 to 25-06-2012 Student number 2016701 Version Deadline 1 May/ June 2011 Education contact information Internship contact information School of Life Sciences and Environment University Maastricht Technology Clinical Genomics Department Lovensdijkstraat 61-63 Universiteitssingel 50 4818 AJ Breda Phone: 076 525 05 00 6229 ER Maastricht Phone: 043 388 19 95 Supervisor ATGM Internship mentor Julian Ramakers Prof. Dr. Bert Smeets [email protected] [email protected] Supervisor UM Ing. Rick Kamps [email protected] Page ii Preface The performed graduation term, 23rd of January 2012 to 25th of June 2012, is documented in this final report. During the graduation my knowledge of the mechanisms of genomics, the use of different databases and my practical skills were improved. The obtained knowledge and results during the graduation are included in this report. I would like to thank Bert Smeets for the opportunity to become an intern at Clinical Genomics. Second of all I want to thank Mike Gerards, Iris Boesten, Auke Otten and Bianca van den Bosch for their assistance, knowledge and practical tricks which they shared with me. Further more I thank the rest of the department Clinical Genomics for a wonderful and educational 9 and half months. And last but definitely not least my supervisor, Rick Kamps. I thank him for all the knowledge and the support and guidance he gave me, his structured and calm way of handling things really inspired me. Page iii Table of contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................................iii Summary.........................................................................................................................................................................................................vii Samenvatting...........................................................................................................................................................................................viii 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................................................1 2. Theoretical background ..........................................................................................................................................................2 2.1 Whole Exome – Enrichment .................................................................................................2 2.2 Illumina Sequencing ..............................................................................................................3 2.3 Bioinformatics........................................................................................................................5 2.3.1 Variant analyses...............................................................................................................5 2.4 Functional tests......................................................................................................................7 2.4.1 Targeting of the protein ..................................................................................................7 2.4.2 Analyses other patients...................................................................................................8 2.4.3 Gene expression levels....................................................................................................8 2.5 Affected patients.....................................................................................................................8 2.5.1 Family DNA 07-2283 ......................................................................................................9 2.5.1.1 LAMA3 ........................................................................................................................9 2.5.1.2 SYNPO2 ......................................................................................................................9 2.5.1.3 DCHS2 ........................................................................................................................9 2.5.1.4 SLC6A8.......................................................................................................................9 2.5.1.5 Zyxin .........................................................................................................................10 2.5.1.6 KIAA1109..................................................................................................................10 2.5.1.7 Transformation fibroblast - Myogenesis ................................................................10 2.5.2 Family DNA 08-5759....................................................................................................10 2.5.2.1 KRTAP10-6...............................................................................................................11 2.5.2.2 PSPH ........................................................................................................................11 2.6 Aim/ hypothesis...................................................................................................................11 Page iv 3. Methodology........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 3.1 Whole Exome Enrichment & Illumina Genoma Analyzer HiSeq 2000 ...........................12 3.1.1 Sample preparation........................................................................................................12 3.1.2 Hybridization .................................................................................................................12 3.1.3 Addition of Index Tags by Post-Hybridization Amplification....................................13 3.1.4 Cluster generation .........................................................................................................13 3.1.5 Sequencing by synthesis................................................................................................13 3.2 Data analyses........................................................................................................................13 3.2.1 Validation & segregation...............................................................................................13 3.2.2 Relate function gene to phenotype ..............................................................................14 3.3 Functional tests....................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 Targeting ........................................................................................................................14 3.3.2 Analyses other patients.................................................................................................14 3.3.3 Gene expression levels..................................................................................................15 3.3.4 Transformation fibroblasts ..........................................................................................15 4. Results & Discussion/ Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 16 4.1 Family DNA 07-2283 ...........................................................................................................16 4.1.1 Variants...........................................................................................................................16 4.1.2 Sanger sequencing validation & segregation ...............................................................17 4.1.3 SYNPO2 protein targeting ............................................................................................21 4.1.4 Myogenesis – qPCR gene expression levels ................................................................22 4.2 Family DNA 08-5759...........................................................................................................28 4.2.1 Variants (2) ....................................................................................................................28 4.2.2 Sanger sequencing validation & segregation (2).........................................................29 5. Discussion/ Conclusion & Recommendations..........................................................................................32 References....................................................................................................................................................................................................35 Page v Appendix’.......................................................................................................................................................................................................38 Appendix 1: Flow diagram WE-enrichment.............................................................................39 Appendix 2: pEGFP-n1 ..............................................................................................................40
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