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NEW ZEALAND and the OCCUPATION of JAPAN Gordon
CHAPTER SIX NEW ZEALAND AND THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN Gordon Daniels During the Second World War His Majesty’s Dominions, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa shared a common seniority in the British imperial structure. All were virtually independent and co-operated in the struggle against the axis. But among these white-ruled states differ- ences were as apparent as similarities. In particular factors of geography and racial composition gave New Zealand a distinct political economy which shaped its special perspective on the Pacific War. Not only were New Zealanders largely British in racial origin but their economy was effectively colonial.1 New Zealand farmers produced agricultural goods for the mother country and in return absorbed British capital and manufac- turers. Before 1941 New Zealand looked to the Royal Navy for her defence and in exchange supplied troops to fight alongside British units in both world wars.2 What was more, New Zealand’s prime minister from 1940 to 1949 was Peter Fraser who had been born and reared in Scotland. His dep- uty, Walter Nash, had also left Britain after reaching adulthood.3 Thus political links between Britons and New Zealanders were reinforced by true threads of Kith and Kin which made identification with the mother country especially potent. These economic and political ties were con- firmed by the restricted nature of New Zealand’s diplomatic appara- tus which formed the basis of her view of the East Asian world. New The author is grateful to the librarian of New Zealand House and Mrs P. Taylor for their help in providing materials for the preparation of this paper. -
Peter Fraser
N E \V z_E A L A N D S T U D I E S 1!!J BOOK 'RJVIEW by SiiiiOII sheppard Peter Fraser: Master Politician Fraser made more important decisions in more interesting times Margaret Clark (Ed), The Dunmore Press, 1998, $29.95 than Holyoake ever did. ARL!ER THIS YEAR I con International Relations at Victoria Congratulations are due to the E ducted a survey among University, the book is derived from organisers of the conference for academics and other leaders in their a conference held in August 1997, their diligence in assembling a fields asking them to give their part of a series being conducted by roster of speakers capable of appraisal of New Zealand's providing such a broad Prime Ministers according spectrum of perspectives on to the extent to which they Fraser. This multi-faceted made a positive contribu approach pays dividends in tion to the history of the that it reflects the depth of country. From the replies I Fraser's character and the was able to establish a breadth of his contribution to ranking of the Prime New Zealand history. Ministers, from greatest to The first three phases of least effective. Fraser's political career are It was no surprise that discussed; from early Richard Seddon finished in socialist firebrand, to key first place. But I was lieutenant in the first Labour intrigued by the runner up. Government, to wartime It was not the beloved Prime Minister and interna Michael Joseph-Savage, nor tional statesman at the the inspiring Norman Kirk, founding of the United or the long serving Sir Keith Nations. -
A Diachronic Study of Unparliamentary Language in the New Zealand Parliament, 1890-1950
WITHDRAW AND APOLOGISE: A DIACHRONIC STUDY OF UNPARLIAMENTARY LANGUAGE IN THE NEW ZEALAND PARLIAMENT, 1890-1950 BY RUTH GRAHAM A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics Victoria University of Wellington 2016 ii “Parliament, after all, is not a Sunday school; it is a talking-shop; a place of debate”. (Barnard, 1943) iii Abstract This study presents a diachronic analysis of the language ruled to be unparliamentary in the New Zealand Parliament from 1890 to 1950. While unparliamentary language is sometimes referred to as ‘parliamentary insults’ (Ilie, 2001), this study has a wider definition: the language used in a legislative chamber is unparliamentary when it is ruled or signalled by the Speaker as out of order or likely to cause disorder. The user is required to articulate a statement of withdrawal and apology or risk further censure. The analysis uses the Communities of Practice theoretical framework, developed by Wenger (1998) and enhanced with linguistic impoliteness, as defined by Mills (2005) in order to contextualise the use of unparliamentary language within a highly regulated institutional setting. The study identifies and categorises the lexis of unparliamentary language, including a focus on examples that use New Zealand English or te reo Māori. Approximately 2600 examples of unparliamentary language, along with bibliographic, lexical, descriptive and contextual information, were entered into a custom designed relational database. The examples were categorised into three: ‘core concepts’, ‘personal reflections’ and the ‘political environment’, with a number of sub-categories. This revealed a previously unknown category of ‘situation dependent’ unparliamentary language and a creative use of ‘animal reflections’. -
Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand, Greece and Britain at War by Martyn Brown. Australian Scholarly Publishing: Melbourne, 2019
Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand, Greece and Britain at War By Martyn Brown. Australian Scholarly Publishing: Melbourne, 2019. RRP: AU$49.95 ISBN: 978-1-925801-68-2 Reviewed by C. Dimitris Gounelas and Ruth Parkin-Gounelas The conventional account of wartime relations between Greece, New Zealand and Britain is one of unwavering solidarity in the face of appalling odds, and few would question its truth as a general narrative. More recent approaches, however, have opened up the cracks in this tripartite relationship. Martyn Brown’s Politics of Forgetting contributes to the on-going analysis of these rifts, demonstrating through an impressive range of scholarly evidence the way the political situation in Greece triggered tensions which sometimes had far-reaching consequences. The need to maintain morale meant that differences were pasted over; wartime censorship and the destruction of compromising documents helped to maintain a narrative of unquestioning mutual trust. But with the gradual release of some previously-classified material, things have begun to look rather different. Brown’s focus is on the New Zealand Official War History Project, which appeared gradually after the war under the general editorship of Howard Kippenberger, who along with Bernard Freyberg played a dominant role in commanding New Zealand forces in the Mediterranean. Citing the French philosopher Ernest Renan, he argues that “forgetting” is crucial to any narrative of nation: we usually remember what enhances an image of something honorable and heroic. These qualities certainly applied to New Zealand’s immediate agreement to send troops to defend the small Balkan nation that at the time, in 1941, appeared to be the only country holding out against the advancing Axis forces on the continent of Europe. -
Life Stories of Robert Semple
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. From Coal Pit to Leather Pit: Life Stories of Robert Semple A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of a PhD in History at Massey University Carina Hickey 2010 ii Abstract In the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Len Richardson described Robert Semple as one of the most colourful leaders of the New Zealand labour movement in the first half of the twentieth century. Semple was a national figure in his time and, although historians had outlined some aspects of his public career, there has been no full-length biography written on him. In New Zealand history his characterisation is dominated by two public personas. Firstly, he is remembered as the radical organiser for the New Zealand Federation of Labour (colloquially known as the Red Feds), during 1910-1913. Semple’s second image is as the flamboyant Minister of Public Works in the first New Zealand Labour government from 1935-49. This thesis is not organised in a chronological structure as may be expected of a biography but is centred on a series of themes which have appeared most prominently and which reflect the patterns most prevalent in Semple’s life. The themes were based on activities which were of perceived value to Semple. Thus, the thematic selection was a complex interaction between an author’s role shaping and forming Semple’s life and perceived real patterns visible in the sources. -
Transformation of the Welfare State in New Zealand with Special Reference
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Transformation of the Welfare State in New Zealand with special reference to Employment A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of the Doctor of Philosophy in Economics at Massey University Anne Marguerite de Bruin 1997 Acknowledgements I am grateful to Professor Rolf D. Cremer, who as Head of the Economics Department, had high expectations for career development of staff of the Department. This provided the initial stimulus for my undertaking PhD study. I sincerely thank my supervisors, Professors Rolf D. Cremer and Ian F. Shirley for their invaluable guidance and assistance. I also thank them for their understanding which made the whole process easier, yet challenging. My sincere thanks also to my friend and colleague, Ann Dupuis, for her advice and constant encouragement. I am particularly thankful to her for always providing a listening ear during my ups and downs and for introducing me to Bourdieu and Gramsci. I wish to thank Massey University for the financial support I received through the Research Award for Academic Women. This made possible a freeing up of some of my time from teaching duties early in 1997, enabling the completion of this thesis. I am indebted to Enterprise Otara and several others in the Otara community who welcomed me into their community, willingly shared their knowledge with me and were also appreciative of what I had to offer to the community. -
The Impact of John A. Lee's Expulsion Upon the Labour Party
The Impact of John A. Lee's Expulsion upon the Labour Party IN MARCH 1940 the Labour Party expelled John A. Lee. Lee's dynamism and flair, the length and drama of the battle, not to mention Lee's skill as a publicist, have focussed considerable attention upon his expulsion. Almost all historians of New Zealand have mentioned it, and most have portrayed it as a defeat for extremism, radicalism, dissent or a policy of industrialization.1 According to one political scientist, although Labour did not quite blow out its metaphorical brains in expelling Lee, his expulsion heralded the victory of the administrators and consolidators.2 While few of those who have attributed a significance to Lee's expulsion have hazarded a guess at its effect .upon the Labour Party's membership or the party itself, Bruce Brown, who gave the better part of two chapters to the disputes associated with Lee's name, pointed out that 'hundreds of the most enthusiastic branch members' followed Lee 'out of the main stream of political life.'3 Brown recognized that such an exodus undoubtedly weakened the Labour Party although, largely because he ended his history in 1940, he made no attempt to estimate the exact numbers involved or the significance of their departure. This essay is designed to suggested tentative answers to both questions. Immediately after his expulsion Lee believed that radicals, socialists and even five or six members of parliament would join him. The first 1 For instance, W.H. Oliver, The Story of New Zealand, London, 1960, pp.198-99; W.B. -
Collaboration Between Truth and the Police Special Branch/Security Intelligence Service During the Cold War
SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE HISTORY SERIES Collaboration between Truth and the Police Special Branch/Security Intelligence Service during the Cold War British historian Philip M. Taylor once described the Cold War as ‘the apogee of the twentieth- century struggle for hearts and minds … by its very nature a global propaganda conflict, the alternative to real war.’1 Here in New Zealand, far from both the geographical frontlines and the major players, the fisticuffs of the Cold War tended to play out in the columns of major daily metropolitan newspapers like the New Zealand Herald and the unruly weekly tabloid Truth. In 1948, after public servant, film-maker and union official Cecil Holmes was (literally) exposed as a card-carrying communist, the weekly hissed: ‘The creeping insidious blight of Communism can be as great a menace in New Zealand as in other parts of the world. It can happen here.’2 This paper explores how, between 1953 and 1959, Truth forged a working collaboration with the security intelligence apparatus that would allow the tabloid to actively combat the ‘insidious blight’ by running anti-communist copy. It was an informal, provisional and always deniable connection that was to provide Truth with a rich supply of exclusive information for stories, a critical competitive advantage. It laid down the foundation for a role for Truth as a conduit for material sourced from the intelligence community, one that persisted well into the 1970s.3 At its heart was a remarkable, at times bizarre, partnership between Truth’s board chairman James Hamilton Dunn and former security policeman J.S. -
Fraser and Churchill: a Working Partnership Between Two Prime Ministers
Fraser and Churchill: A Working Partnership Between Two Prime Ministers GERALD HENSLEY Mr. Hensley was a New Zealand diplomat (1958-80), who subsequently served two premiers as head of the Prime Minister's Department and was Secretary of Defence. Retiring in 1999, he was honoured by being appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. A prolific writer on Pacific and Asian affairs, he is the author of a memoir, Final Approaches (2006); Beyond the Battlefield (2009), a history of New Zealand's relations with its World War II allies; and Friendly Fire (2013), on nuclear politics and the collapse of ANZUS, 1984-87. hey couldn’t have been more different in outlook and in background—yet TWinston Churchill and Peter Fraser had greatness, a quality more easily Churchill with Fraser and General Eisenhower on a visit to Allied troops recognised than pinned down, but on the eve of D-Day, May 1944. which might be summed up as the ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY ability to rise to any large occasion. FINEST HOUR 161 / 18 -oth Britain and New Zealand acquired their true dreamy and leisurely rumination on the obvious,” with B-war leaders after war had broken out—and both decisions bundled hastily together at the close. almost by accident. Neither Winston Churchill nor Peter Fraser had been heads of government, and both were dis- trusted by large elements of their own parties. But for both countries, half the globe away from each other, World War II was the direst emergency of their existence. Michael Joseph Savage, Both sensed the need for someone who could rise to the New Zealand Prime challenge, and both were lucky that the lottery of politics Minister 1935-1940. -
Introduction
INTRODUCTION to the Index of Death Notices, Obituaries, Estate Notices and In Memoriams as published in the Port Arthur Daily News and Port Arthur News-Chronicle 1906 - 1919 This alphabetical index was created to provide an easy reference for researchers seeking family information, biographical sources and estate files of individuals. The references cited are from the Port Arthur Daily News 1906 - 1916 and the Port Arthur News-Chronicle 1916 - 1919. These references are in most cases the first published notice. Researchers are urged to search forward about a week or two in the newspaper on microfilm from the date the death notice or obituary was published to find references to inquest cases or cards of thanks notices, as these are not included here. When variations in spellings of names were found, both variations were usually entered. In the time period of this database, death notices were not published for every person who died in the district. There were many news reports of men killed in industrial accidents such as the C.N.R. construction, however, names were not always included. Comparisons of the Ontario vital statistics and this database show only about 50 – 70% of deaths had published notices. There are very few notices in the pre-1910 Daily News. The reasons might have been editorial, social custom or cost of the notice. Rural deaths were more commonly noted in the correspondent updates from the district, especially for infants. If references about an individual are not found here or the Daily Times- Journal, please consult the Ontario Death Indexes and Registrations at the LDS Thunder Bay Family History Centre or at www.Ancestry.com available at Brodie Library. -
PETER FRASER Photograph: B
PETER FRASER Photograph: B. J. Harris, Oxford Peter Marshall Fraser 1918–2007 THE SUBJECT OF THIS MEMOIR was for many decades one of the two pre- eminent British historians of the Hellenistic age, which began with Alexander the Great. Whereas the other, F. W. Walbank (1909–2008),1 concentrated on the main literary source for the period, the Greek histor- ian Polybius, Fraser’s main expertise was epigraphic. They both lived to ripe and productive old ages, and both were Fellows of this Academy for an exceptionally long time, both having been elected aged 42 (Walbank was FBA from 1951 to 2008, Fraser from 1960 to 2007). Peter Fraser was a tough, remarkably good-looking man of middle height, with jet-black hair which turned a distinguished white in his 60s, but never disappeared altogether. When he was 77, a Times Higher Education Supplement profile of theLexicon of Greek Personal Names (for which see below, p. 179) described him as ‘a dashing silver-haired don’. He was attract ive to women even at a fairly advanced age and when slightly stout; in youth far more so. The attraction was not merely physical. He was exceptionally charming and amusing company when not in a foul mood, as he not infrequently was. He had led a far more varied and exciting life than most academics, and had a good range of anecdotes, which he told well. He could be kind and generous, but liked to disguise it with gruffness. He could also be cruel. He was, in fact, a bundle of contradictions, and we shall return to this at the end. -
World Energy Outlook
Acknowledgements This study, a cross‐agency effort, was prepared by the World Energy Outlook team in co‐operation with all divisions in the Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks, the Strategic Initiatives Office and the Directorate of Energy Markets and Sustainability. The study was designed and directed by Laura Cozzi, Chief Energy Modeller. The lead authors and co‐ordinators were: Christophe McGlade and Daniel Wetzel. Daniel Crow, Blandine Barreau and Davide D’Ambrosio were also part of the core group. Laszlo Varro, Chief Economist, provided essential guidance. The International Monetary Fund, in particular Benjamin Hunt and Keiko Honjo, partnered with the IEA to provide the macroeconomic analysis. The other main authors were: Zakia Adam (subsidies and data support), Yasmine Arsalane (power), Heymi Bahar (renewables), Stéphanie Bouckaert (modelling co‐ordination), Arthur Contejean (access), Elisabetta Cornago (transport), Amrita Dasgupta (transport), Connor Donovan (power), Musa Erdogan (industry), Araceli Fernandez Pales (innovation lead), Timothy Goodson (buildings lead), Maxine Jordan (buildings), Vanessa Koh (power), Kevin Lane (buildings), Pharoah Le Feuvre (biofuels), Lilly Lee (transport), Olivier Lejeune (macro analysis), Sara Moarif (context), Samantha McCulloch (innovation), Kieran McNamara (grids), Ariane Millot (buildings), Sarbojit Pal (transport), Leonardo Paoli (transport), Sebastian Papapanagiotou (grids), Claudia Pavarini (power), Daniele Perugia (grids), Apostolos Petropoulos (transport lead), Alison Pridmore (urban infrastructure), Uwe Remme (innovation), Arnaud Rouget (access), Hugo Salamanca (industry), Andreas Schroeder (industry lead), Leonie Staas (jobs), Brent Wanner (power lead). The study also relied on support from across the entire World Energy Outlook team. Teresa Coon and Eleni Tsoukala provided essential support. Edmund Hosker carried editorial responsibility. Debra Justus was the copy‐editor.